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THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


archaeological  institute  of  Sincrtca 

American  ^c^ool  of  Clascal  ^tutiteg  at  It^ens 


THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


BY 


CHARLES  WALDSTEIN 

Pit.  D.,  L.  H.  D.,  Litt.  D. 

SOMETIME  DIRECTOR  OF  THE  AMERICAN  SCHOOL  OF  CLASSICAL  STUDIES  AT  ATHENS 
SLADE  PROFESSOR  OF  FINE  ART ,  UNIVERSITY  READER  IN  CLASSICAL 
ARCHAEOLOGY ,  AND  FELLOW  OF  KING'S  COLLEGE ,  CAMBRIDGE 
SOMETIME  DIRECTOR  OF  THE  FITZ  WILLIAM  MUSEUM ,  CAMBRIDGE,  ETC.,  ETC. 


WITH  THE  COOPERATION  OF 

GEORGE  HENRY  CHASE,  HERBERT  FLETCHER  DE  COU,  THEODORE  WOOLSEY 
HEERMANCE,  JOSEPH  CLARK  HOPPIN,  ALBERT  MORTON  LYTHGOE,  RICHARD 
NORTON,  RUFUS  BYAM  RICHARDSON,  EDWARD  LIPPINCOTT  TILTON 
HENRY  STEPHENS  WASHINGTON,  AND  JAMES  RIGNALL  WHEELER 


IN  TWO  VOLUMES 
VOLUME  II 

TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES,  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS,  VASES  AND 
VASE  FRAGMENTS,  BRONZES,  ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES, 
COINS,  EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 
HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 
Wi )t  MtoerstDe  press,  CambrtDgr 

1905 


COPYRIGHT,  1905 

BY  THE  TRUSTEES  OF  THE  AMERICAN  SCHOOL  OF  CLASSICAL  STUDIES  AT  ATHENS 

ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


Published  April ,  1905 


NOTE 


This  work  is  issued  by  the  authority  and  under  the  auspices  of  the  Archaeological 
Institute  of  America  and  the  American  School  of  Classical  Studies  at  Athens,  which 
share  the  financial  responsibility  for  it.  The  supervision  of  its  publication  has  been 
intrusted  to  a  Committee  which  consists  of  representatives  of  both  bodies. 

Each  contributor  has  been  left  entirely  free  to  express  his  opinions  and  sentiments 
regarding  the  subjects  treated  by  him-— even  where  in  these  he  differed  from  his  asso¬ 
ciates  —  and  is  therefore  solely  responsible  for  the  statements  made  in  the  articles 
written  by  him. 

Committee  on  Publication  :  — 

JOHN  WILLIAMS  WHITE, 

HAROLD  N.  FOWLER, 

EDWARD  ROBINSON, 

On  behalf  of  the  Institute. 

THOMAS  D.  SEYMOUR, 

JAMES  R.  WHEELER, 

JOHN  H.  WRIGHT, 

On  behalf  of  the  School  at  Athens. 


PREFATORY  NOTE  TO  VOLUME  II. 


In  the  preface  to  the  first  volume  of  this  publication  I  expressed  my  regret  at  the  delay 
in  bringing  before  the  world  the  results  of  our  excavations  which  were  completed  in  1895. 
I  also  regretted  that  we  were  obliged  to  issue  the  first  volume  before  the  completion  of 
the  second.  I  then  thought  myself  justified  in  announcing  that  the  second  volume  would 
“  follow  within  a  few  months.”  Circumstances  over  which  I  have  had  no  control  have 
extended  this  period  of  a  few  months  to  what  will  now  in  all  probability  exceed  a 
twelvemonth.  As  in  the  case  of  the  first  volume  I  deplore  this,  not  only  because  it 
has  kept  from  the  archaeological  world  the  material  which  we  have  to  offer  for  study,  but 
also  because  full  justice  cannot  be  done  to  my  collaborators,  especially  to  Dr.  Hoppin 
and  Mr.  Chase,  whose  work  has  been  completed  and  in  type  for  several  years.  Quite  apart 
from  the  question  of  priority  with  regard  to  the  antiquities  we  have  excavated  as  well 
as  the  deductions  we  may  have  drawn  from  them,  the  work  of  my  collaborators  may 
not  be  justly  appreciated  when  considered  in  the  light  of  more  recent  discoveries,  —  I 
mean  those  that  have  been  made  since  our  excavations  were  completed.  I  have  in  mind 
especially  the  important  discoveries  made  in  Crete,  Melos,  and  the  more  recent  excavations 
of  Thera.  In  any  case,  the  complete  and  final  publication  of  the  work  on  those  sites  was 
not  available  for  our  purposes ;  while  in  the  case  of  Crete,  notably  of  Cnossos,  the  exca¬ 
vations  themselves  have  not  been  brought  to  a  termination,  and  the  material  furnished 
does  not  present  itself  in  a  form  admitting  of  final  conclusions  and  general  deductions. 
Still,  it  may  not  seem  right  that,  covering  as  we  do  similar  fields  of  inquiry  to  that  of 
recent  work  on  other  Aegean  sites,  we  should  not  have  considered  at  least  the  suggestions 
which  they  offer  in  the  elaboration  of  our  own  material ;  and  it  may  not  be  unfair  to 
criticise  us  for  not  having  redistributed  all  the  type  set  years  ago  and  rewritten  all  that 
had  been  written.  But  I  venture  to  think  that  the  scientific  value  of  the  archaeological 
material  which  we  here  offer  in  our  publication,  and  even  of  the  conclusions  which  we 
have  drawn  from  the  study  of  them,  is  increased  by  the  fact  that  in  our  study  we  have 
confined  ourselves  to  what  was  actually  before  us  in  our  own  material,  and  to  the  defi¬ 
nitely  published  results  of  the  work  that  had  preceded  us.  Whether  our  results  as 
here  published  are  confirmed,  rejected,  or  modified  by  those  of  future  excavators  and 
inquirers,  our  exposition  can  but  gain  in  its  claim  to  trustworthiness  from  not  having 
been  biased  by  premature  side-glances  at  the  foreshadowed  results  of  contemporary  exca¬ 
vation  ;  while  those  who  must  elaborate  the  discoveries  made  since  our  own  will  be  able 
to  make  the  better  use  of  ours  in  their  independent  presentation,  even  if  this  use  should 
be  to  controvert  our  conclusions. 

A  similar  explanation  may  be  called  for  with  regard  to  the  fact  that  we  have  not 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


viii 

considered  the  work  done  since  our  excavations  were  completed  on  wider  questions  of 
historic  and  prehistoric  archaeology,  in  which  our  own  material  must  find  a  place  as 
evidence.  These  include  especially  the  wide  and  complicated  problems  of  the  earliest 
ethnology  of  the  ancient  world,  together  with  the  greatly  expanded  study  of  Hellenic  and 
primitive  mythology.  The  whole  question  of  the  Mycenaean  age  and  the  periods  that 
preceded  and  followed  it  has  entered  a  new  phase,  owing  to  the  remarkable  work  done  by 
such  writers  as  Professor  Ridgeway  and  Dr.  J.  G.  Frazer,  and  to  the  cognate  discoveries 
and  inquiries  of  explorers  and  scholars  like  Professor  Flinders  Petrie.  I  have  been 
directly  criticised  for  not  having,  in  my  General  Introduction  in  the  first  volume,  clearly 
taken  sides  on  the  main  issues  raised  by  such  important  inquiries.  Dr.  Rouse,  in  his 
review  of  our  first  volume,1  says:  “Dr.  Waldstein  has  not  thought  well  to  examine  the 
bearing  of  this  book  (Professor  Ridgeway’s  Early  Age  of  Greece)  on  his  Introduction, 
part  of  which  might  have  been  modified  by  it.  He  does  indeed  mention  Professor 
Ridgeway  in  a  footnote,  not  without  approval ;  but  there  was  time  to  have  formed  a 
more  definite  opinion  than  he  gives  on  the  new  theories,  whether  to  accept  them  or  to 
reject.”  Now,  all  that  I  have  urged  above  regarding  the  undesirability  of  entering  into 
wider  inquiry  beyond  the  range  of  our  own  material  in  this  publication  applies  still  more 
emphatically  to  the  questions  raised  by  Professor  Ridgeway’s  bold  and  far-reaching  work. 
I  wish  in  no  way  to  discourage  this  stirring  expansion  of  the  study  of  classical  antiquity 
into  wider  spheres,  where  it  establishes  its  immediate  relationship  to  general  ethnology, — 
nay,  to  anthropology.  The  day  may  come  when  all  our  views  of  the  early  history  of 
man,  including  the  peoples  of  Ancient  Greece  and  Rome,  will  present  a  picture  containing 
a  full  and  organic  composition  instead  of  the  smaller  groups  and  single  portraits  which 
we  now  have  before  us ;  and  when  the  whole  image  of  the  past  in  the  eyes  of  our  poster¬ 
ity  may  gain  in  truth  and  even  in  clearness.  But  to  my  mind  this  day  has  not  yet  come ; 
because  the  material  for  such  wider  generalization,  which  we  may  reasonably  hope  for  in 
the  future,  is  not  yet  to  hand.  Excavations,  not  only  in  Egypt,  in  Assyria,  in  the  whole  of 
Asia  Minor,  in  the  northern  portions  of  Ancient  Greece,  in  the  islands  of  the  Aegean,  in 
Sicily  and  in  Italy,  but  also  in  many  other  centres  of  Europe  and  other  parts  of  the  world, 
will  have  to  yield  their  treasures  of  the  past,  before  a  great  genius,  happily  arising,  is 
prepared  to  fuse  the  disjointed  ingots  of  evidence  together,  at  the  slow  and  steady  fire  of 
sober  yet  imaginative  induction,  into  the  great  and  malleable  bar  of  precious  metal  out 
of  which  the  monumental  forms  of  truth  are  forged  and  cast.  In  the  mean  while,  how¬ 
ever,  truth  is  advanced  by  a  select  few  who  form  legitimate  scientific  hypotheses  in 
presenting  theories  by  means  of  which,  for  the  time  being,  we  can  in  some  way  grapple 
with  the  vast  mass  of  material  before  us.  But  in  presenting  the  results  of  our  excava¬ 
tions  of  one  site,  and  in  drawing  our  conclusions  from  the  material  before  us,  we  are 
emphatically  not  called  upon  to  take  sides  on  problems  of  much  wider  issue,  the  solution 
of  which  may  ultimately  be  furnished  by  our  facts  and  our  exposition.2 

1  Classical  Review,  October,  1903,  p.  308.  opinions  tended  to  support  those  of  Professor  Ridgeway, 

2  I  think  it  right  to  state  that  wherever  my  results  and  they  were  on  my  part  arrived  at  quite  independently 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


IX 


Still,  since  the  first  volume  was  published,  the  final  and  official  publication  of  Troja 
and  Ilion  has  been  issued  by  Dr.  Dorpfeld  and  his  collaborators.  Furthermore,  the 
work  done  and  the  wonderful  results  attained  by  Dr.  A.  J.  Evans  and  his  colleagues  in 
Cnossos  of  Crete,  as  well  as  that  of  Professor  Halbherr  and  his  colleagues  at  Phaestos, 
though  the  excavations  are  not  completed,  have  led  to  preliminary  publications  in  which 
final  conclusions  have  in  some  instances  been  drawn  which  hear  directly  upon  essential 
points  of  our  discoveries  at  the  Argive  Heraeum.  As  the  conclusions  thus  arrived  at  by 
the  excavators  of  Cnossos  seem  to  militate  against  my  main  contention  with  regard  to  the 
Argive  Heraeum,  I  feel  that  I  must  in  a  few  words  touch  upon  this  question,  even  at  the 
risk  of  being  premature. 

I  claimed  preeminent  importance  for  the  Argive  Heraeum,  because,  as  compared  with 
sites  like  Troy  and  other  early  “  classical  sites  ”  including  Crete,  it  was  one  about  which 
there  could  be  no  doubt  in  regard  to  its  intrinsic  association  from  the  earliest  times  with 
what  is  to  us  Hellenic  life ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  in  contradistinction  to  Tiryns  and 
Mycenae,  which  only  present  definite  periods  in  the  development  of  Hellenism,  the  Argive 
Heraeum  was  continuously,  in  all  ages  about  which  we  know  anything,  an  important 
centre  of  that  life.  I  maintained,  and  I  still  maintain,  that  our  excavations  have  yielded 
material  giving  undeniable  proof  that  this  site  was  occupied  in  what  is  commonly  called 
the  Neolithic  period.  By  an  oversight  the  first  volume  contained  no  illustrations  of 
stone  implements  found  in  our  excavations.  I  wish  here  to  supplement  this  deficiency 
by  inserting  specimens  of  such  Neolithic  articles  of  use. 


Stone  Implements  from  the  Argive  Heraeum. 


From  the  Neolithic  age  onward  there  is  abundant  evidence  of  a  continuous  occupation 
of  that  site,  be  it  as  a  citadel  or  as  a  temple,  down  to  Roman  times.  I  wish  here  to 
emphasize  more  strongly  than  I  have  done  in  the  first  volume  that  the  earliest  walls  and 
dwellings,  together  with  the  stone  implements,  confirm  the  tradition  which  I  maintained  1 

from  him.  Any  suggestion  I  received  from  him  has  been  some  of  our  material  before  publication.  We  are  nei- 
duly  acknowledged  ;  just  as  he  has  acknowledged,  both  in  tlier  of  us  responsible  for  the  other’s  views  and  conclu- 
his  article  in  the  Hellenic  Journal  in  1896,  as  well  as  in  sions. 

his  book,  the  cases  in  which  I  enabled  him  to  consider  1  Classical  Review,  December,  1900,  pp.  473  ff. 


X 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


is  given  in  Bacchylides  (xi.  43-84),  that  the  site  of  the  Temple  of  Hera  was  also  that 
of  the  Pre-Proetean  citadel  of  Argos.  On  every  side  there  is  thus  evidence  of  a  Pre- 
Mycenaean  civilization  at  the  Heraeum ;  and  in  tradition,  monuments,  and  minor  works 
we  have  there  an  illustration  of  the  systematic  origin  and  organic  growth  and  develop¬ 
ment  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization  and  the  periods  following  it.  No  doubt  there  is  evi¬ 
dence  (which  moreover  we  should  a  priori  expect)  of  waves  of  foreign  influence.  But 
the  main  current  of  civilization  leading  up  to  the  Mycenaean  age,  through  it  and  beyond 
it,  is  central  and  continuous  on  the  site  of  the  Argive  Heraeum.  As  far  as  our  evidence 
goes,  there  is  no  reason  for  assuming  that  the  Mycenaean  civilization  came  to  the  Argolid 
from  without,  and  that  it  was  not  continuously  developed  in  that  centre  of  ancient  life. 

Now,  the  conclusions  which  Dr.  Evans  has  drawn  from  his  Cnossian  discoveries  tend 
to  make  Crete  the  earliest  focus  of  Mycenaean  civilization  from  which  it  radiated  to  other 
parts  of  the  world,  including  Greece  Proper.  Mr.  Mackenzie,  moreover,  in  a  very  ingen¬ 
ious  and  able  article1  has  endeavored  to  prove  this  definitely  by  the  evidence  of  the  vases 
found  at  Cnossos.  He  maintains  that  the  evolution  of  the  Mycenaean  ceramic  style 
out  of  the  Kamares  ware,  which  again  is  evolved  from  Cretan  Neolithic  ware,  is  to  be 
found  in  Crete.  He  further  maintains  that  from  Crete  it  found  its  way  into  the  Argolid 
and  the  other  parts  of  the  ancient  world.  In  short,  it  is  maintained  that  Crete  is  “  the 
cradle  of  the  Mycenaean,  and  hence  of  Hellenic,  civilization.” 

This  seems  to  me  improbable.  Moreover,  if  it  were  true,  my  own  conclusions  with 
regard  to  the  position  of  the  Argive  Heraeum  would  he  unfounded.  In  spite  of  the 
prematureness  of  any  attempt  to  arrive  at  a  final  decision  on  the  nature  of  the  Cnossian 
excavations  while  they  are  not  yet  completed,  and  before  the  objects  there  found  have 
been  subjected  to  a  thorough  examination  in  their  completeness,  I  wish,  in  view  of  the 
partial  publication  of  such  conclusions  on  the  part  of  the  excavators,  to  enumerate  briefly 
my  doubts,  and  to  commend  them  to  the  consideration  of  the  Cretan  explorers. 

On  the  one  hand,  I  do  not  doubt  of  the  ample  evidence  as  to  the  early  settlement  of 
the  Cnossian  and  other  Cretan  sites  in  the  Neolithic  period,  and  I  view  favorably  Dr. 
Evans’s  suggestion  of  a  chronology  reaching  back  much  farther  than  we  have  hitherto 
been  wont  to  conceive,  namely,  well  into  the  third  and  even  the  fourth  millennia  b.  c. 
As  Dr.  Dbrpfeld  has  admitted,  the  earliest  layers  of  Hissarlik  distinctly  point  to  such 
remote  ages ;  and  I  have  always  expressed  my  belief  that  we  should  have  to  go  much 
farther  back  when  looking  for  the  beginnings  of  early  Greek  civilization. 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  we  are  informed  that  the  objects  on  the  Cnossian  site  end 
witli  the  Mycenaean  period,  that  there  are  no  objects  belonging  to  a  later  date  found 
there,  and  that  therefore  the  life  they  reflect  antedates  that  of  the  sites  in  Greece  Proper, 
and  that  the  Mycenaean  civilization  found  in  the  latter  is  derived  from  Crete. 

It  is  now  some  years  ago 2  since  I  expressed  the  view  that  it  is  a  mistake  to  believe 
that  the  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  forms  of  art  production  ceased  in  all  parts  of  Greece 
at  the  same  time,  and  were  superseded  in  the  same  period  by  the  archaic  forms  of 
1  J.  II.  S.  XXIII.  1903,  pp.  Iu7  £f.  2  At  a  public  meeting  of  the  American  School  of  Athens  in  1892. 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


XI 


distinctly  “  Hellenic  ”  character.  It  then  appeared  to  me  that,  especially  in  ceramic  art, 
the  familiar  polychrome,  black-figured  and  red-figured  vases  never  became  the  indigenous 
manufacture  of  certain  portions  of  the  ancient  world ;  but  that  the  Mycenaean  and  the 
Geometric  forms  of  ornamentation  as  well  as  the  so-called  u  Proto-Corinthian  ”  (our  later 
Argive-Linear)  maintained  themselves  long  into  the  historic  period.  Of  this  survival,  this 
persistency  of  earlier  styles,  Crete  seems  to  me  a  most  probable  instance.  Though  the 
Cnossian  city  reach  far  back  into  the  remotest  antiquity,  and  nothing  later  than  Mycenaean 
ware  has  as  yet  been  found  there,  we  must  at  least  await  the  completion  of  those  excava¬ 
tions  and  those  of  other  Cretan  sites  before  we  exclude  the  possibility,  nay,  the  probability, 
that  the  latest  of  the  “  Mycenaean  ”  remains  at  Cnossos  reach  far  down  to  the  gates  of 
the  historic  Greek  periods  when  elsewhere  in  the  Hellenic  world  other  Hellenic  forms 
had  been  developed.  The  grounds  for  my  doubt  in  the  face  of  the  mass  of  evidence 
which  is  even  now  adduced  by  the  Cnossian  excavators  are  based  upon  the  intrinsic  char¬ 
acter  of  this  evidence  itself. 

To  begin  with  the  more  general  point  of  view  (though  I  cannot  enter  upon  a  minute 
critical  estimate  of  the  ethnological  “  evidence  ”),  the  confused  tangle  of  ancient  tradition 
concerning  the  early  inhabitants  of  ancient  Crete, — the  Eteocretans,  Pelasgians,  Achaeans, 
Dorians,  the  Carians,  Leleges,  and  their  relation  to  the  Lycians,  —  does  not  point  to  a 
unity  of  organization  and  civilization  which  could  have  produced  the  Mycenaean  style 
foreshadowing  the  typically  Hellenic  art. 

Moreover,  I  cannot  feel  that  the  literary  traditions  concerning  the  Minoan  Cycle  in  any 
way  warrant  us  in  assigning  a  central  position  to  it  in  the  formation  of  Hellenic  tradi¬ 
tion.  In  its  relation  to  the  established  and  predominant  body  of  earliest  tradition  it  par¬ 
takes  of  what  I  should  like  to  call  an  u  episodical  ”  character.  We  can  conceive  of  the 
organism  of  Hellenic  myth  and  heroblogy  retaining  its  organic  character  if  this  cycle 
were  expunged.  An  intimate  connection  with  Greece  Proper,  so  as  to  suggest  an  essen¬ 
tial  influence  in  the  form  of  civilization,  is  not  manifest,  certainly  not  as  regards  the 
Argolid.  The  only  real  point  of  union  in  this  sphere  is  with  Attica  in  the  Thesean  story  ; 
and  here  it  is  of  a  passing  nature,  indicating  a  war  which  implied  no  conquest  or  lasting 
occupation  of  the  country.  On  the  contrary,  the  balance  of  evidence  in  the  tradition  of 
Daidalos  points,  as  regards  art  and  style,  rather  to  an  influence  from  the  mainland  (in 
this  case  Attica)  upon  Crete,  than  from  Crete  on  Greece  Proper.  This  is  quite  different 
from  the  wave  of  influence  which  we  can  clearly  trace  in  sculpture  in  the  Daedalids,  the 
so-called  Ionian  period,  when  we  are  at  the  very  gates  of  the  Historic  period.1  In  fact, 
I  cannot  help  feeling  that  the  Minoan  and  Thesean  tradition  is  comparatively  late,  as  the 
complex  elaboration  of  the  tradition  concerning  the  life  and  deeds  of  Theseus  and  his 
worship  bears  traces  of  contamination  and  points  to  a  late  date  compared  with  the  body 
of  Greek  myths  and  heroology. 

There  was  one  period  when  the  influence  of  Crete  upon  the  mainland  of  Greece  was 

1  See  my  article  on  ‘  Dddale  et  l’Artdmis  de  Ddlos,’  2  Cf.  Essays  on  the  Art  of  Pheidias,  pp.  254  £f. 

Rev.  Archeologique,  December,  1881,  pp.  321  fE. 


Xll 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


paramount,  when  accordingly  the  life  in  Crete,  especially  at  Cnossos,  must  have  been 
most  thriving  and  have  manifested  itself  in  active  art-production.  This  is  the  period 
which  in  the  history  of  sculpture  we  call  the  Ionian  period :  when  the  craft  of  making 
temple-statues,  the  profession  of  the  dyaX^aTonoLo^  was  really  established  and  introduced 
from  these  centres  into  Greece  Proper.  According  to  the  literary  traditions  the  chief 
centres  whence  this  art  sprung  were  Crete,  Chios,  and  Samos.  The  activity  of  these 
schools  of  sculptors,  immediately  derived  from  Daidalos  (in  my  opinion  the  historical 
Daidalos),  and  the  most  effective  transmitters  of  this  skill,  were  the  Cretan  Daidalidae, 
Dipoinos  and  Skyllis.  These  we  can  trace  in  their  journeys  through  the  Greek  continent 
engrafting  their  craft  at  Sicyon,  through  the  Peloponnesus,  and  as  far  north  as  the 
Aetolian  Ambracia.  Is  it  not  startling  to  find  that  of  this  period,  corresponding  to  the 
orientalizing  wave  in  ceramic  art  in  Greece,  concerning  which  we  have  undoubted  evi¬ 
dence  as  to  the  predominant  position  of  Crete,  not  a  single  trace  should  have  been  found, 
especially  in  such  centres  as  Cnossos  ?  Is  this  conceivable  ?  Are  we  not  justified  in  ask¬ 
ing  for  some  reasonable  explanation  of  such  a  singular  phenomenon  ?  And  may  I  not 
suggest  that,  however  early  some  of  the  Cnossian  remains  and  the  earliest  building 
may  be,  some  parts  of  the  palace,  especially  its  plastic  decoration  in  stucco  as  well  as  some 
of  the  wall-painting,  belong  to  this  later  historical  period?  We  need  not  expect  to  find 
“ archaic  Greek”  objects  there,  unless  they  were  imported  ;  hut  the  native  orientalizing 
style,  which  presents  a  continuous  survival  of  the  Cretan-Mycenaean  art  down  to  these 
later  historical  times,  we  can  expect.1 

But  let  us  turn  to  the  more  specifically  archaeological  evidence. 

(1)  The  architecture  of  Cnossos  in  its  “  Minoan  ”  periods  appears  to  me  to  be  of  a 
distinctly  later  date  than  the  Cyclopean  structures  of  Tiryns  and  of  those  parts  of  the 
Heraeum  of  the  “  Tirynthian  ”  period  —  a  fortiori  the  earlier  walls  of  more  primitive 
settlements.  If  the  Cnossian  walls  correspond  most  closely  to  the  sixth  layer  of  Hissarlik- 
Troy,  it  stands  to  reason  that  the  earliest  Heraeum  walls,  which  correspond  to  the  first, 
second,  and  third  layers  of  Hissarlik,  are  distinctly  earlier.  The  walls  of  the  Heraeum 
present  a  continuous  development  from  these  primitive  beginnings  through  all  ages  to 
the  later  Roman  period,  and  thus  admit  of  no  break  or  hiatus.2 


1  Since  I  wrote  the  above,  my  attention  has  been  drawn 
to  a  passage  which  I  overlooked  in  Mr.  Evans’s  Report 
on  the  Excavations  of  the  Palace  of  Knossos  in  the  Annual 
of  the  British  School  at  Athens,  vii.  (1900-1901),  p.  118  ff. 
In  it  is  an  account  of  the  find  of  “  bone  ‘  fish  ’  ”  upon 
which  were  incised  signs.  “  Out  of  twenty-one  varieties, 
ten  are  practically  identical,  both  in  shape  and  position, 
with  later  Greek  alphabetic  forms,  while  four  more  are 
the  same,  though  in  a  different  position.  Thus  we  have 
A,  A,  H,  A/,1,  n,  P,  Y,  +  and  a  form  approaching  the 
digamma,  etc.  .  .  .  Yet  the  Mycenaean  date  of  these 
bone  pieces  is  as  well  ascertained  as  anything'  found 
within  the  walls  of  the  Palace.”  I  must  ask  :  What  is 
the  “Mvcenaean  date  ”  here  referred  to  as  an  established 


fact  ?  The  date  of  the  “  later  Greek  alphabet  ”  we  do 
know.  Do  not  these  later  Greek  objects  speak  rather 
in  favor  of  my  view,  that  the  Mycenaean  style  survived 
in  the  Palace  of  Cnossos  down  to  historical  Greek  times  ? 

2  Quite  recently  Professor  Noack  ( Homerische  Palaste, 
1903)  has  pointed  out  that  there  is  a  “  contrast  ”  (ein 
Gegensatz)  between  the  elevation  and  ground-plan  of  the 
“  Greek  ”  (Troy,  Tiryns,  Mycenae,  and  Arne)  and  the 
Cretan  palaces.  It  seems  strange  to  me  that  he  should 
nevertheless  consider  the  Greek  palaces  to  have  been  in¬ 
fluenced  by  the  Cretan  form,  especially  when  he  (pp. 
27  ff.)  refers  the  principle  of  the  breitstirnige  Front  which 
distinguishes  Cretan  from  “  Greek  ”  palaces  to  the  East, 
Syria  and  Egypt,  for  its  origin.  This  “  oriental  ”  ele- 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


xm 


(2)  Though  the  Terra-Cotta  figurines  from  Cnossos  have  not  yet  been  published  sys¬ 
tematically,  occasional  publications  have  given  enough  to  show  that  they  do  not  present 
that  full  and  organic  development  which  Mr.  Chase  and  I  have  endeavored  to  demon¬ 
strate  in  this  publication.  None  of  the  specimens  from  Crete  which  I  have  since  seen 
represent  the  earliest  beginnings  as  illustrated  by  our  first  and  second  class ;  nor  do  they 
show  the  continuity  of  development  of  our  Tirynthian-Argive  class  out  of  its  primitive 
beginnings.  The  causes  for  regret  at  the  delay  in  our  publication  are  exemplified  by  the 
fact  that  in  the  excellent  publication  of  ancient  Terra-Cottas  just  issued  by  Dr.  Winter1 
he  should  have  had  to  rely  for  the  choice  of  his  terra-cottas  from  the  Heraeum  upon  my 
preliminary  publication  of  our  first  year’s  work  published  in  1892,  and  that  he  has  thus 
been  unable  to  use  for  his  general  exposition  the  richest  find  of  such  objects,  represent¬ 
ing  the  most  varied  classes  and  presenting  instances  of  such  continuous  development. 
In  view  of  what  I  had  put  in  the  first  volume 2  on  the  nature  of  the  typically  Mycenaean 
terra-cottas  and  their  “  ceramic  ”  style,  he  could  hardly  have  given  to  them  a  position 
earlier  than  our  Tirynthian-Argive,  still  less  than  our  primitive  class.3 

(3)  As  regards  the  pottery  from  Cnossos,  we  are  already  in  possession  of  much  fuller 
publication  ;  and  quite  recently  Mr.  Duncan  Mackenzie  4  in  a  very  thoughtful  and  able 
article  has  made  an  attempt  to  give  a  systematic  account  of  the  evolution  of  Cretan 
pottery.  The  discovery  of  Mr.  J.  L.  Myres  established  the  fact  that  the  pottery  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  Kamares  ware  is  peculiar  to,  and  characteristic  of,  Crete.  Mr.  Mac¬ 
kenzie  has  in  a  conclusive  manner  shown  how  the  earliest  form  of  this  Kamares  ware  is 
immediately  developed  out  of  the  primitive  Neolithic  pottery  with  incised  patterns.  Upon 
this  follows  a  class  of  “  early  Minoan  ”  ware  which,  according  to  him,  is  the  precursor  of 
the  Mycenaean  ware,  out  of  which,  in  fact,  he  maintains  the  Mycenaean  style  grew.  But 
this  Minoan  class  presents  two  different,  if  not  antagonistic,  groups  :  the  one  monochrome, 
the  other  polychrome  in  its  decoration.  On  his  own  showing  (p.  171)  the  polychrome 
was  the  more  favorite  style  of  the  two.  Now  he  maintains  that  these  two  groups  contend 
with  one  another,  as  it  were,  mingle  their  influence,  the  monochrome  ultimately  winning 
the  day,  and  that  the  final  result  is  the  establishment  of  the  Mycenaean  style. 

It  is  on  this  most  important  point  with  regard  to  the  evolution  of  the  Mycenaean  style 
that  Mr.  Mackenzie’s  arguments  have  failed  to  convince  me.  For  the  whole  nature  of 
this  polychrome  style  in  the  Kamares  as  well  as  in  the  Cretan-Mycenaean  ware  is  to  my 


ment  (contrasted  with  the  “Greek”  element)  in  the 
Mycenaean  style  of  Crete  would  correspond  exactly  to 
what  I  maintain  below  characterizes  the  Cretan  pottery 
of  the  Mycenaean  age. 

1  Die  Antiken  Terrakotten,  etc.,  by  R.  Kekule  von 
Stradonitz,  vol.  III.  1903. 

2  Vol.  I.  p.  45. 

3  When  Dr.  Winter,  l.  c.  (p.  xxx.),  says  of  these  earliest 
classes  :  Die  Entstehungszeit  auch  der  primitiv  gebildeten 
Stiicke  diirfte  kaum  sehr  iveit  fiber  das  achte  Jalirhundert 
zuriickreichen,  it  is  enough  to  point  to  the  tray,  examined 


by  Mr.  Chase,  containing  the  objects  from  a  tholos  tomb 
at  Mycenae  in  which  a  Heraeum  terra-cotta  of  our  second 
(Argive-Tirynthian)  class  was  found,  to  prove  that  even 
our  second  class  can  at  least  not  be  later  than  the  Myce¬ 
naean  period.  Cf.  p.  102. 

4  J.  Hellen.  Stud.  XXIII.  (1903)  pp.  157  ff.  Other 
articles  dealing  with  Cnossian  pottery  have  appeared  by 
Mr.  D.  G.  Hogarth,  British  School  Annual,  VI.  1899- 
1900,  p.  74  ;  by  Dr.  A.  J.  Evans,  B.  S.  A.  VII.  1900- 
1901;  by  the  same  writer,  B.  S.  A.  VIII.  1901-1902,  pp. 
88  ff. 


XIV 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


mind  a  most  characteristic  differentiation  of  Cretan  pottery ;  one,  moreover,  which  also 
differentiates  it  from  the  essential  characteristics  of  the  Mycenaean  style  as  presented  to  us 
in  the  representative  vases  from  the  mainland  of  Greece  and  other  sites.  The  very  first 
specimens  of  Mycenaean  vases  found  in  Crete  which  were  shown  to  me  some  time  ago 
gave  me  the  impression  that  they  had  local  characteristics  mixed  up  with  the  Mycenaean 
style  which  distinguished  them  from  the  general  run  of  Mycenaean  ware,  and  which  I  con¬ 
sider  foreign  to  the  main  feature  of  Mycenaean  ware,  in  some  sense  antagonistic  to  it.  For 
want  of  a  better  word  I  should  describe  this  differential  characteristic  as  “  orientalizing.” 
I  mean  by  that  term  those  features  of  decoration  which  are  found  in  a  much  later  age, 
namely,  the  “  orientalizing  ”  period  as  illustrated  in  the  Corinthian  vases  preceding  the 
development  of  the  archaic  black-figured  vases  which  are  more  purely  Greek  in  style. 
The  distinctive  decorative  features  of  this  “  orientalizing  ”  style  are  a  tendency  towards 
the  polychrome  or  piebald  in  color  and  towards  a  redundancy  of  ornaments  in  design. 
Plate  XII.  vol.  XXII.  of  the  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies  will  illustrate  my  meaning.  The 
bronze  age  vase  (No.  1  in  the  middle)  from  Zakro  is  in  shape  and  general  ornamen¬ 
tation  distinctly  Mycenaean.  But  the  manner  in  which  the  partly  naturalistic  and  other 
ornaments  have  been  scattered  about  the  whole  body  and  neck  of  the  vase  (with  a  redun¬ 
dancy  which  has  led  German  archaeologists  to  talk  of  such  as  “  Fullornamente  ”)  is 
foreign  to  the  essential  characteristics  of  the  pure  Mycenaean  vase  and  style.  Yet  we 
must  not  he  astonished  to  find  this  characteristic  in  a  Mycenaean  vase  from  Crete  when  it 
is  manifestly  already  the  leading  characteristic  of  the  “  early  Minoan  ”  style,  the  precursor 
of  the  Mycenaean  period,  in  that  island.  The  primitive  Cretan  painted  vases  published 
by  Messrs.  Hogarth  and  Welsh  in  1901 1  with  the  polychrome  and  characteristic  Kamares 
vases  given  on  Plates  VI.  and  VII.  will  illustrate  this  more  fully;  while  the  polychrome 
cups  Nos.  1  and  2  on  Plate  VI.  of  Mr.  Mackenzie’s  article  will  most  strikingly  illustrate 
the  principle  of  the  “ Fullornamente''  at  the  early  stage  of  Cretan  ware  preceding  the 
Mycenaean  period.  Thus,  through  a  careful  and  sober  study  of  the  style  in  the  Cretan 
remains  themselves,  without  the  intrusion  of  any  further  theory,  I  cannot  feel  on  the  one 
hand  that  this  polychrome  style  could  ever  lead  to  the  Mycenaean  style,  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  that  the  distinctive  characteristics  which  it  embodies  could  ever  be  entirely  expunged 
from  the  ware  manufactured  in  Crete  at  any  period  of  its  production.  It  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Mycenaean  ware  of  distinctly  Cretan  origin,  and,  in  some  form  or  other,  the  devel¬ 
oped  Kamares  ware  manifests  a  similar  character.  It  is  a  significant  and  interesting  fact 
that  the  place  where  these  characteristics  of  Cretan  style  manifest  themselves  in  a  strong 
survival  most  clearly  in  a  far  later  period  is  Naucratis,  where  we  find  the  main  features 
of  the  Kamares  ware  in  the  ornamentation  of  the  interior  of  the  characteristic  Naucratite 
pottery. 

With  the  evidence  furnished  up  to  this  moment  before  us,  it  seems  to  me  more  probable 
that  the  active  influence  which  won  the  day  in  Crete  for  the  monochrome  decoration 
contending  with  the  polychrome  style  was  the  introduction  of  pure  Mycenaean  patterns 

1  II.  S.  1901,  pp.  78  ff. 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


XV 


which  probably  came  into  Crete  from  elsewhere,  and  which  were  never  assimilated  in  their 
complete  purity  of  character.  This  course  in  the  history  of  ceramic  decoration  seems  to 
me  more  probable  than  that  the  elements  of  the  Mycenaean  style  were  engrafted  from 
Crete  upon  the  ware  of  those  centres,  notably  the  Argolid,  where  the  Mycenaean  style  has 
hitherto  been  supposed  to  have  had  its  native  home.  As  far  as  the  Heraeum  is  concerned, 
there  appears  to  me  to  be  no  room  for  Mr.  Mackenzie’s  hypothesis.  For  we  have  there, 
as  I  have  endeavored  to  trace  it,1  a  continuous  and  organic  development  from  the  incised 
and  early  painted  ornamentation  of  the  Neolithic  ware,  through  the  dull-colored  linear 
ornament  with  free-hand  drawing  of  the  early  Mycenaean  ware,  to  the  fully  developed 
forms  of  that  style;  and  it  appears  to  me  that,  out  of  the  principle  of  free-hand  drawing 
with  spirals  and  curved  lines  and  waved  patterns  in  the  dull-colored  vases,  the  natural¬ 
istic  ornament  of  the  period  of  advanced  ceramic  art  in  the  Mycenaean  age  naturally 
follows.  There  is  no  room  in  the  chain  of  development  for  the  intrusion  of  the  peculiar 
early  Minoan  vase. 

One  important  point  Mr.  Mackenzie  has  succeeded  in  making  highly  probable,  namely, 
that  the  use  of  glaze-color  in  vase  decoration,  which  is  to  be  found  at  the  very  earliest 
period  in  Crete,  may  have  originated  there,  and  may  have  spread  thence  to  other  parts 
of  the  Mycenaean  area.  This  is  most  probable  in  view  of  the  large  numbers  of  such 
specimens  found  in  Crete ;  though  all  sites  of  the  ancient  world  have  not  yet  been  exca¬ 
vated.  But  the  introduction  of  such  a  technical  innovation  is  readily  made  from  one  part 
of  the  world  into  another  ;  not  so  the  introduction  of  a  characteristic  style.  The  isolated 
specimens  of  distinctively  Cretan  Mycenaean  ware  which  have  been  found  in  other  parts  of 
the  Mycenaean  world  do  not  justify  the  conclusion  of  such  a  predominant  influence  on  the 
part  of  the  Cretan  style,  when  we  consider  the  paucity  of  these  isolated  specimens  in 
their  proportion  to  the  pure  Mycenaean  ware  found  in  the  Argolid  and  elsewhere.  We 
must  wait  for  a  careful  differentiation  between  the  peculiar  Mycenaean  ware  found  in  Crete 
and  the  ware  which  is  purely  Mycenaean  and  corresponds  to  the  predominant  class  of 
Mycenaean  vases  found  in  the  Argolid,  and,  comparing  their  relative  numbers,  we  must 
then  ask  whether  there  is  not  actual  evidence  which  makes  it  probable  that  a  great 
quantity  of  Mycenaean  ware  may  have  been  imported  into  Crete  from  the  Argolid.  I  may 
finally  add  that  the  evidence  from  Troy  confirms  me  in  this  supposition ;  for  we  there 
find  a  pronounced  and  distinctive  form  of  primitive  ware  with  its  characteristic  material, 
shape,  and  ornaments ;  while  the  advent  of  the  Mycenaean  style  in  the  sixth  layer  is 
foreshadowed  in  the  adoption  of  spiral  ornaments  in  the  previous  layer,  which,  though 
incised  in  the  predominant  system  of  Trojan  vases,  manifests  a  decorative  feeling  intro¬ 
duced  and  adopted  from  elsewhere.  Dr.  Dorpfeld  says  of  these  ornaments  : 2  “  Ebenso 
neu,  aber  nicht  eigentlich  troisch,  sind  die  eingetieften  Spiralen,  welche  in  der  Zeit  der 
dritten  Periode  aufkommen.”  These  designs  correspond  to  the  usual  ornaments  as  we 
find  them  on  the  earliest  dull-colored  vases  in  the  beginning  of  the  Mycenaean  period. 

These  remarks  on  the  Cretan  question  in  its  relation  to  our  discoveries  may,  as  I  have 


1  Vol.  I.  pp.  53  ff. 


2  Troya  und  Ilion,  1902,  p.  279. 


XVI 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


said  before,  be  premature,  and  I  am  quite  ready  to  retract  the  statements  here  made  when 
fuller  evidence  warrants  such  a  change.  But  as  it  was  not  proper  to  ignore  the  brilliant 
results  and  the  excellent  work  of  the  Cretan  excavators  while  presenting  this  volume  to 
the  public,  it  was  not  possible  to  consider  them  without  giving  such  a  critical  estimate 
of  the  bearings  of  their  work  upon  ours. 

In  the  preface  to  the  first  volume  I  announced  that  “  the  principle  which  I  followed  in 
this  publication  was  to  allow  each  member  intrusted  with  a  department  as  much  inde¬ 
pendence  as  possible ;  ”  and  that  “  I  have  not  stood  in  the  way  of  expression  of  well- 
founded  individual  opinion  for  which  each  collaborator  deserves  the  credit  and  retains  the 
responsibility.”  This  clearly  applies  to  Dr.  Hoppin’s  conscientious  publication  of  the 
Vases.  It  will  be  seen  from  his  own  statement  that  there  is  a  point  on  which  we  differ, 
namely,  the  question  of  the  Argive-Linear  Avare.  But  upon  examination  it  will  be  found 
that  the  difference  is  but  slight  and  not  of  essential  importance.  Dr.  Hoppin  accepts  what 
is,  after  all,  the  most  important  point,  which  I  raised  some  years  ago,  and  which  to  my 
knoAvledge  had  not  been  put  before,  namely,  that  the  linear  ornament  (we  might  call  it 
the  geometric  system  of  ornamentation  —  not  to  be  confused  with  the  later  geometric 
period  of  Greek  ceramics)  preceded  the  naturalistic  ornamentation  of  the  Mycenaean  vases. 
As  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  the  more  recent  excavations  in  Crete  and  Melos  and  other 
ancient  sites  have  strongly  supported  the  view  I  urged  in  1892.  I  have  not  yet  come 
across  any  specimen  of  early  dull-colored  Mycenaean  vases,  nor  of  Neolithic  vases  from 
classical  sites,  which  can  be  held  to  contain  ornamentation  that  is  not  purely  linear  in 
character.  Moreover,  Dr.  Hoppin  admits  that  in  the  more  advanced  and  wheel-turned 
vases  of  the  Mycenaean  period  an  important  part  of  the  ornamentation  ahvays  remains 
linear ;  Avhile  in  many  of  the  small  vases  which  he  attributes  to  the  Mycenaean  period  this 
linear  system  alone  appears.  Furthermore,  in  some  small  vases  which  he  attributes  to  the 
Geometric  period,  the  same  principle  applies  ;  Avhile,  of  course,  in  the  succeeding  period  his 
own  Argive-Linear,  there  is  nothing  but  linear  ornamentation.  He  can  thus  not  deny 
my  contention  that  in  the  early  vases  from  the  Heraeum  the  linear  principle  of  ornamenta¬ 
tion  Avas  never  absent,  from  its  beginnings  in  the  incised  Neolithic  Avare  to  the  end  of  the 
Prehistoric  period.  Our  difference  of  vieAV  thus  narrows  itself  down  to  what  is  almost  a 
difference  of  Avords.  In  vieAv  of  the  continuous  presence  of  a  certain  system  of  ornament, 
its  predominance  at  the  earliest  period,  as  Avell  as  at  the  latest,  I  have  maintained  that  there 
Avas  thus  in  the  vase  decoration  a  continuous  Argive-Linear  system  at  the  Heraeum,  the 
pedigree  of  which  goes  back  to  the  Neolithic  period,  and  the  flourishing  day  of  which  is 
to  be  found  in  the  later  Argive-Linear  period,  formerly  called  Proto-Corinthian.  Dr. 
Hoppin  believes  that  my  later  Argive-Linear  ware  marks  the  degeneration  of  the  Mycenaean 
system,  and  he  proposes  to  restrict  the  term  Argive-Linear  to  that  later  development.  I 
am  quite  Avilling  and  quite  ready  to  grant  the  main  point  of  Dr.  Hoppin’s  observation, 
namely,  that  the  linear  principle  could  not  have  asserted  itself  so  strongly  in  the  later 
period  if  the  naturalistic  element,  predominant  in  the  Mycenaean  period,  had  not  lost  its 
vitality.  But  in  vieAv  of  the  fact  that  in  none  of  the  previous  periods  had  the  linear 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


XVII 


principle  of  decoration  been  eliminated,  it  cannot  be  correct  to  imply  that  there  is  any 
new  departure  in  its  more  exclusive  assertion  when  the  Mycenaean  style  lost  its  vitality. 
Nor  can  it  be  correct  to  maintain  that  in  this  later  period  it  originated  out  of  the  decline 
of  the  Mycenaean  system  immediately  preceding  it,  when  it  was  the  predominant  principle 
in  the  period  preceding  the  Mycenaean,  out  of  which  this  grew. 

The  conscientious  work  that  Mr.  DeCou  has  bestowed  upon  the  publication  of  the 
Bronzes  will  be  manifest  to  all  readers.  But  they  cannot  realize  the  infinite  care  and 
persevering  labor  which,  before  he  wrote,  he  bestowed  for  several  years  upon  the  cleaning 
and  sorting  of  the  confused  mass  of  shapeless  material  with  which  he  had  to  deal.  He 
has  chosen  to  avoid  drawing  any  wider  conclusions  from  his  facts,  —  a  course  which  is 
thoroughly  justifiable  and  has  much  in  its  favor.  But  we  should  have  also  been  grate¬ 
ful  to  him  if  he  had  given  us  the  fruits  of  his  experience  in  further  historic  and  archaeo¬ 
logical  appreciation  of  his  material,  seeing  that  there  is  hardly  any  archaeologist  alive 
who  has  had  more  experience  in  dealing  with  ancient  bronzes  than  he. 

Professor  R.  Norton’s  work  is  of  high  interest.  If  he  is  right  in  his  classification, 
there  are  two  distinct  classes  of  engraved  stones  preceding  the  distinctly  Mycenaean 
stones.  This  would  furnish  very  strong  evidence  of  artistic  activity  on  our  site  before 
the  developed  Mycenaean  period.  Moreover,  the  numerical  preponderance  of  the  u  new 
type  Argive  ”  stones  over  the  Mycenaean  stones  is  significant.  I  would  suggest  as  an 
explanation  of  the  comparative  paucity  of  Mycenaean  stones  on  this  site,  that  this  class 
of  gem  was  not  commonly  used  as  a  votive  offering.  They  are  thus  generally  found  in 
graves,  and  were  used  in  life  as  ornaments  or  amulets.  At  the  same  time,  the  presence 
of  comparatively  large  numbers  of  stones  on  the  Heraeum  site  antedating  the  Mycenaean 
period  might  be  a  confirmation  of  our  view  that  in  these  earlier  times  the  site  was  a 
citadel  and  not  merely  a  sanctuary,  as  it  became  in  the  later  period. 

Mr.  Lythgoe’s  publication  of  the  Egyptian  objects  confirms  the  views  he  previously 
expressed,  and  which  are  embodied  in  the  General  Introduction  in  the  first  volume.1 

CHARLES  WALDSTEIN. 

King’s  College,  Cambridge,  February  28,  1904. 


1  Since  this  has  been  in  type,  and  nearly  two  years 
after  Volume  I.  of  this  publication  appeared,  a  review 
is  published  in  the  Berliner  Philologische  Wochenschrift 
(June  25,  1904,  pp.  811  If.)  by  Professor  Furtwangler 
which  is  a  caricature  of  all  that  a  fair  review  ought  to  be. 
This  I  answered  in  No.  39,  September  24,  of  the  same 
journal.  To  all  who  are  acquainted  with  the  nature  of 
the  controversies  carried  on  at  present  between  us  his 
action  will  be  intelligible.  In  this  long  review  he  passes 
over  the  most  important  question  of  the  Polycleitan  char¬ 
acter  of  the  Heraeum  sculptures  —  the  main  subject  of 
controversy  between  us  —  with  a  few  lines.  Readers  of 
Volume  I.  (pp.  184  ff.,  and  elsewhere)  will  remember 
how  fully  I  dealt  with  the  question  of  the  Polycleitan 
character  of  the  sculptures,  and  how  I  controverted  in 
detail  Professor  Furtwangler ’s  dogmatic  statement  that 
“  all  these  sculptures  have  not  the  least  relation  to  Polycleitus 


and  his  school.  .  .  .  The  head  of  Hera  and  most  of  the 
sculptures  from  the  Heraeum  known  to  me  are  certainly 
Attic.”  While  denying  all  my  views  in  his  review,  he 
inserts  the  phrase  that  two  of  the  metope  heads  “  may  he 
admitted  to  have  something  of  Polycleitan  style.”  What 
does  this  retreat  from  his  former  position  mean  ?  That 
two  heads  of  this  chief  Argive  temple,  in  which  Polyclei¬ 
tus,  the  leader  of  the  Argive  school  of  sculpture,  made 
his  famous  statue,  are  admitted  by  him  to  be  Polycleitan 
in  character.  If  any  of  the  metopes  show  Polycleitan 
style,  the  leading  art  of  the  place  was  present  in  the 
sculptured  decorations.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  with  minor 
differences  among  each  other  (such  as  the  Parthenon 
marbles  and  all  other  temple-sculptures  show),  all  these 
Argive  sculptures  from  this  temple  are  of  the  same  style. 

C.  W. 

January  30,  1905. 


CONTENTS 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 

BY  CHARLES  WALDSTEIN  AND  GEORGE  HENRY  CHASE 

PAGE 

Introduction . 3 

I.  Primitive  Argive . 10 

II.  Tirynthian  Argive . 17 

Group  1 :  Slightly  Developed  Plastic  Ornamentation . 17 

Group  2  :  Considerably  Developed  Plastic  Ornamentation . 18 

Group  3  :  Elaborate  Plastic  Ornamentation  . . 19 

III.  Mycenaean . 22 

IV.  Geometric . 23 

V.  Advanced  Argive . 24 

VI.  Figures  under  Oriental  Influence . ' . 28 

VII.  Early  Archaic . 29 

Group  A  :  Hand-made  Figures . 29 

Group  B :  Mould-made  Figures . 31 

VIII.  Advanced  Archaic . 38 

IX.  Free  Style . 39 

X.  Animals . 39 

XI.  Various  Objects . 42 

THE  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS 

BY  CHARLES  WALDSTEIN  AND  JOSEPH  CLARK  HOPPIN 

Introduction . 47 

Reliefs  Nos.  1-10 . 49 

THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 

BY  JOSEPH  CLARK  HOPPIN 

Preface . 57 

Abbreviations  Employed . 59 

Introduction . 60 

Chapter  I.  Primitive  Vases . 68 

Chapter  II.  The  Mycenaean  Style . 71 

Vases  with  Dull  Decoration . 72 

Fragments . 72 

Vases . 74 

Vases  with  Lustrous  Decoration . 74 

Class  I.,  Not  represented . 74 

Class  II.,  Division  1 . 78 

Class  II.,  Division  2 . 79 

Class  III.,  Division  1 . 81 

Class  III.,  Division  2 . 82 

Flower  Buds . 83 

Circles,  Diamonds . 84 

Spiral  Forms  and  their  Development . 84 


XX 


CONTENTS 


Flower  Patterns . 85 

Flower  Branches . 85 

Murex,  or  Purple  Fish  Patterns . 86 

Linear  and  Textile  Patterns . 86 

Class  IV . 89 

Birds,  Animals,  and  Human  Figures . 90 

The  Bee-Hive  Tombs  near  the  Heraeum . 91 

Jugs  with  Handle . 92 

Amphoras . 93 

Three-handled  Vases . 94 

Teapot-shaped  Jugs . 94 

Pseud-amphora . 95 

Kylixes  . 95 

Cups  . 95 

Miscellaneous  Vases . 96 

Saucers  . 96 

Bowls  . 98 

Jugs  . 99 

I.  Without  Decoration . 99 

One-handled  Jugs . 99 

Three-handled  Jugs . 100 

II.  With  Decoration . 100 

Two-handled  Vase  . 101 

Chapter  III.  The  Geometric  Style . 101 

Class  I.  Transitional  Stage . 104 

Class  II.  Purely  Geometrical  Types . 106 

Class  III.  The  Introduction  of  Human  and  Animal  Motives . 107 

A.  Birds . 108 

B.  Horses . 109 

C.  Men  . Ill 

D.  Women . 114 

E.  Miscellaneous . 115 

Other  Miscellaneous  Types . 115 

Chapter  IV.  The  Argive  Style . 119 

Class  I.  Early  Argive . 124 

Lekythoi . 124 

Kalathoi . 124 

Saucers . 125 

Class  II.  Linear  Argive . 126 

Lekythoi . 126 

Oinochoai . 128 

Skyphoi . 132 

Pyxides . 136 

Covers . 139 

Knobs . 140 

Plates . 141 

Miscellaneous  Forms . 143 

Kothons . 143 

Ring-form  Aryballos . 143 

Jugs . 143 

Openwork  Vases . 144 

Class  III.  Oriental  Argive . 144 

Lekythoi . 145 

Oinochoai . 148 

Skyphoi . 151 

Pyxides . 153 

Jugs . 153 


CONTENTS 


XXI 


Plates . 154 

Alabastra . 155 

Aryballoi . 155 

Note  on  the  Use  of  Applied  Color  in  Certain  Styles . 156 

Mycenaean . 156 

Dull  Finish . 156 

Lustrous  Finish,  Class  III . 156 

Geometric . 157 

Argive . 157 

Polychrome  Vases,  or  Decoration  on  a  White  Ground . 158 

Chapter  V.  Miscellaneous  Types . 159 

Chapter  VI.  The  Corinthian  Style . 165 

Old  Corinthian  Style . 167 

Skyphoi . 167 

Oinochoai . 168 

Pyxides . 168 

Covers . 169 

Sugar-bowl  Form . 170 

Tripod  Bowls . 170 

Alabastra . 171 

Amphora . 171 

Aryballoi . 171 

Askos . 171 

Kylikes . 172 

Plates . 172 

New  Corinthian  Style . 172 

Foreign  Types . 173 

Early  Attic . 173 

Cyrenean . 173 

Chapter  VII.  Black-  and  Red-Figure  Styles . 174 

Black-Figure  Style . 176 

Kylikes . 176 

Skyphoi . 177 

Tripod  Bowl . 177 

Amphora . 178 

Lekythos . 178 

Plate . 178 

Polychrome  Ware . 178 

Red-Figure  Style . 178 

Severe  Style . 179 

Later  Style . 179 

Polychrome  Ware . 179 

Chapter  VIII.  Vases  in  Relief  and  Later  Vases . 180 

Red  Ware . 180 

Megarean  Ware . 182 

Lamps . 183 

Glass . 184 

Byzantine . 184 

INSCRIPTIONS  ON  VASES 

BY  THEODORE  WOOLSEY  HEERMANCE 

I.  Painted  Inscriptions . 185 

II.  Incised  Inscriptions . 185 


XXII 


CONTENTS 


THE  BRONZES  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 

BY  HERBERT  FLETCHER  DE  COU 

Introduction . 191 

Catalogue . 194 

I.  Fragments  of  Statues,  Nos.  1,  2 . 194 

II.  Statuettes  and  Fragments  of  Statuettes,  Nos.  3-7 . 194 

III.  Animals  (free  and  attached),  Nos.  8-51 . 197 

1.  Horses,  Nos.  8-18 . 197 

2.  Deer,  Nos.  19-21 . 200 

3.  Sheep,  No.  22  .  201 

4.  Cattle,  Nos.  23-28  201 

5.  Lions,  Nos.  29,  720,  946,  2204  .  203,  235,  249,  293 

6.  Rodent,  No.  30  203 

7.  Frog,  No.  31 . 203 

8.  Serpents,  Nos.  32-35 .  204 

9.  Birds,  Nos.  36-51  204 

IV.  Ornament  and  Toilet,  Nos.  52-1849  .  207 

1.  Pins,  Nos.  52-948  .  207 

A.  Straight,  Nos.  52-807  .  207 

B.  Safety,  Nos.  808-946  .  240 

C.  Pseudo-safety,  Nos.  947,  948  .  249 

2.  Needle,  No.  949  250 

3.  Rings,  Nos.  950-1546  250 

A.  Finger-rings,  Nos.  950-970  h . 250 

B.  Bracelets,  Nos.  971-974  .  251 

C.  Decorative,  Nos.  975-1524  .  251 

D.  Structural,  Nos.  1525-1540  .  263 

E.  Pieces  of  wire  twisted  into  the  form  of  rings,  Nos.  1541-1546  .  264 

4.  Beads,  Nos.  1547-1552  .  264 

5.  Pendants,  Nos.  1553-1559  .  264 

6.  Mirrors  and  Mirror-handles,  Nos.  1560-1589  a  ...  . . 264 

7.  Objects  in  Sheet  Bronze,  Nos.  1590-1846  .  266 

A.  Diadems,  Nos.  1590-1599  .  266 

B.  Disks,  Nos.  1600-1718  b . 267 

C.  Binding  strips,  Nos.  1719-1747  .  269 

D.  Ornamented  hands,  Nos.  1748-1751  .  270 

E.  Coatings,  Nos.  1752-1796  .  270 

F.  Rims,  Nos.  1797-1800 .  . .  272 

G.  Plates,  Nos.  1801-1827  . .  272 

H.  Cut  ornaments,  Nos.  1828-1832  a . 274 

I.  Figures,  Nos.  1833-1838  .  274 

J.  Uncertain  objects,  Nos.  1839-1846 .  274 

8.  Leaves,  Nos.  1847,  1848 .  274 

9.  Leather  gear,  No.  1849  .  275 

V.  Vessels,  Nos.  1850-2251  . 275 

1.  Vases  and  Cauldrons,  Nos.  1850—2217  .  275 

A.  Without  shoulder,  Nos.  1850-2019 .  275 

B.  Witli  shoulder,  Nos.  2020,  2021  .  286 

C.  With  shoulder  and  neck,  Nos.  2022-2047  .  286 

D.  Handles,  Nos.  2048-2207  .  288 

E.  Connecting  rods,  Nos.  2208—2214  .  294 

F.  Ornaments,  Nos.  2215-2217  .  294 

2.  Tripods  and  Standards,  Nos.  2218-2234  .  294 

A.  Fragments  of  large  tripods,  Nos.  2218-2224  .  294 

B.  Low  tripod  standards,  Nos.  2225-2230  .  295 

C.  Feet  of  standards,  Nos.  2231-2234  .  296 


CONTENTS  xxiii 

3.  Miscellaneous  Forms,  Nos.  2235-2251  .  296 

A.  Containers,  Nos.  2235-2244  .  296 

B.  Handles,  Nos.  2245-2251  .  297 

VI.  Implements,  Utensils,  Structural  Pieces  and  Materials,  Nos.  2252-2841  ....  298 

1.  Parts  of  Vehicles,  Nos.  2252-2255  .  298 

A.  Fragment  of  antyx,  No.  2252  .  298 

B.  Small  wheels,  Nos.  2253-2255  .  298 

2.  Strigil,  No.  2256  .  299 

3.  Bell,  No.  2257  299 

4.  Cymbals,  Nos.  2258-2261  .  299 

5.  Key,  No.  2262  299 

6.  Knives,  Nos.  2263-2272  .  299 

7.  Spits,  Nos.  2273-2711  e . 300 

8.  Spear-butt,  No.  2712  .  323 

9.  Pestle  or  Plektron,  No.  2713  .  324 

10.  Hooks,  Nos.  2714-2728  .  324 

A.  Free,  Nos.  2714-2722  .  324 

B.  Attached,  Nos.  2723-2728  . . .  324 

11.  Nails,  Nos.  2729-2764  .  324 

12.  Button,  No.  2765  .  327 

13.  Fasteners,  Nos.  2766-2772  .  327 

A.  Wire,  Nos.  2766-2769  .  327 

B.  Chain,  Nos.  2770,  2771  .  327 

C.  Eyelet,  No.  2722  .  328 

14.  Clamps,  Nos.  2773-2776  .  328 

15.  Caps,  Nos.  2777-2782  .  328 

16.  Centre-piece,  No.  2783  .  328 

17.  Binding,  No.  2784  .  328 

18.  Decorative  Braces  and  Strips,  Nos.  2785-2808  .  328 

A.  Straight  applied  braces,  Nos.  2785-2787  .  328 

B.  Curved  applied  brace,  No.  2788  .  329 

C.  Strips  and  rods,  Nos.  2789-2808  .  329 

19.  Inserted  Disks,  Nos.  2809-2812  a . 330 

20.  Other  Decorative  Attachments  and  Fragments,  Nos.  2813-2816  .  330 

21.  Supports,  Nos.  2817-2818  a . 330 

22.  Rods,  Nos.  2819-2821  . .  330 

23.  Bars,  Nos.  2822-2827  .  330 

24.  Ball,  No.  2828  .  331 

25.  Castings,  Nos.  2829-2841  .  331 

A.  Partially  formed  objects,  Nos.  2829-2835  .  331 

B.  With  accidental  resemblances  to  various  objects,  Nos.  2836-2839  .  331 

C.  Formless,  Nos.  2840,  2841  331 

Appendix  :  Inscriptions  on  the  Bronzes . 332 

ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 

BY  RICHARD  NORTON 

The  Stones  and  Gems . 343 

Class  I.  Prehistoric  or  Primitive . 345 

Class  1 1.  New  Type  —  ‘  Argive  ’ . 346 

Class  III.  ‘Geometric’ . 349 

Class  IV.  Mycenaean . 350 

Class  V.  Nondescript . 350 

The  Ivories . 351 

Articles  of  Apparel  or  of  Household  Use . 353 

Human  or  Animal  Figures . 353 

Miscellaneous  Objects . 353 


XXIV 


CONTENTS 


COINS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 

BY  HERBERT  FLETCHER  DE  COU 

Introduction . 357 

Catalogue . 357 

A.  Greece  (Autonomous  and  Municipal) . 357 

Addenda  to  Coins  of  Argos . 359 

B.  Rome  (Empire) . 361 

C.  Rome  (Eastern  Empire) . 362 

D.  Venice . 363 

E.  Uncertain  .  .  363 

EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 

BY  ALBERT  MORTON  LYTHGOE 

Introduction . 367 

Catalogue . 370 


Index . 375 


ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  THE  TEXT 

PAGE 

Stone  Implements .  ix 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Primitive  Argive  Type . 16, 17 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines. — Tirynthian  Argive  Type,  Group  1 . 17, 18 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Tirynthian  Argive  Type,  Group  2 .  19 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Tirynthian  Argive  Type,  Group  3 . 19-22 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Mycenaean  Types . 22,  23 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Geometric  Types .  23 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Advanced  Argive  Types . 24-27 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Under  Oriental  Influence  .  . . 28,  29 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Early  Archaic  :  Hand-made . 29-31 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Early  Archaic  :  Mould-made . 31-38 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Advanced  Archaic . 38,  39 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Free  Style .  39 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Animals . 40,  41 

Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Various  Objects . 42-44 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Primitive  Vases . 70,71 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style:  Dull  Decoration . 73,74 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Lustrous  Decoration,  Class  II.  1  ....  79 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style:  Lustrous  Decoration,  Class  II.  2  ...  .  80 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style:  Ldstrous  Decoration,  Class  III.  2  .  .  83,  84,  87,  89 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Lustrous  Decoration,  Class  IV . 90,91 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Contents  of  Bee-Hive  Tomb . 92-95 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Miscellaneous  Vases . 96-101 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Geometric  Style  :  Amphora,  etc . 117,118 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Early  Argive . 124,125 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Linear  Argive  . . 126-143 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Oriental  Argive .  146,  147,  151,  155 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments. — Miscellaneous  Types . 159,161 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Old  Corinthian  Style . 171, 172 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  New  Corinthian  Style .  172 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Local  Style .  176 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Glass  Vase .  184 

Vases  and  Vase  Fragments.  —  Byzantine  Ware .  184 

Inscriptions  on  Vases.  —  Painted  Inscriptions .  185 

Inscriptions  on  Bronzes .  332,  337,  338 

Engraved  Stones.  —  Argive  Style .  348,  349 

Engraved  Stones.  —  Geometric  Style .  349 

Engraved  Stones.  —  Mycenaean  . .  350 

Engraved  Stones.  —  Nondescript .  350 

Ivories  .  351,  352,  354 

Archaistic  Scarab  op  Thothmes  III.  from  Eleusis .  369 

Scarabeoid  from  Eleusis.  Probably  of  Phoenician  Origin .  372 

Porcelain  Whorl .  373 


PLATES 


***  The  descriptions  of  the  Plates  begin  at  the  pages  indicated,  but  the  Plates  themselves  are  grouped  and  placed  as  follows :  Plates 
XL1I.-XL  VIII.,  after  page  44  ;  Plate  XLIX.,  after  page  54  ;  Plates  L.-LXIX after  page  188 ;  Plates  LX  X.-CX  X  X  V II. , 
after  page  340  ;  Plates  CXXXVIII.-CXL.,  after  page  354  ;  Plates  GXLI.,  CXLII.,  after  page  304  ;  and  Plates  CXLIII. 
and  CXLIV.,  after  page  374. 

***  Plates  I.-XLI.  are  in  Volume  I. 


Plate  Page 

XLII.  Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Primitive  and  Tirynthian  Argive  Types :  Standing  Figures  16 

XLIII.  Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Tirynthian  Argive  Type  :  Seated  Figures . 17 

XLI V.  Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Advanced  Argive  Type . 24 

XLV.  Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Advanced  Argive  Type  :  Heads . 26 

XLVI.  Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Early  Archaic  Type . 33 

XLVII.  Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Early  Archaic,  Advanced  Archaic,  and  Free  Style  Types  : 

Heads . 31,  37 

XL VIII.  Terra-Cotta  Figurines.  —  Animals .  23,  29,  39 

XLIX.  Terra-Cotta  Reliefs . 47 

L.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Primitive  Vases . 69 

LI.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Dull  Finish,  and  Lustrous  Finish,  Class  II.  1  72 

LII.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Classes  II.  2,  and  III.  1 . 79 

LIII.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Class  III.  2 . 83 

LIV.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style :  Class  III.  2 . 85 

LV.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Mycenaean  Style  :  Classes  III.  2,  and  IV .  87 

LVI.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Geometric  Style  :  Linear  Motives,  Horses,  Birds,  etc . 105 

LVII.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Geometric  Style  :  Human  and  Animal  Figures . Ill 

LVIII.  Vase  Fragments. — Geometric  Style :  Dipylon  and  Aeginetan . 115 

LIX.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Argive  Style .  128,  130,  134,  138,  141,  148,  151,  152 

LX.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Local  Style .  156,  159,  164 

LXI.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Corinthian  Style . 167 

LXII.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Early  Attic,  Cyrenean,  Red-Figure,  Black-Figure,  and  Megara 

Ware,  etc .  173,  177,  183 

LXIII.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Vases  in  Relief . 180 

LXIV.  Vase  Fragments.  — Various  Argive  Types  (in  color ) .  91,  134,  145,  147 

LXV.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Argive  Style  :  Class  III.  (in  color ) .  135,  150,  153,  158 

LXVI.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Geometric,  Argive,  and  Local  Types  (in  color )  .  153,  154,  157,  165 

LXVII.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Local  Type  (in  color ) . 161 

LXVIII.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Fragments  of  a  Polychrome  Kylix  (in  color) . 179 

LXIX.  Vase  Fragments.  —  Inscriptions  Incised  on  Vases . 185 

LXX.  Bronzes. — Fragments  of  Statues,  Statuettes . 194 

LXXI.  Bronzes.  —  Statuette . 194 

LXXII.  Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines . 197 

LXXIII.  Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines . 199 

LX  XIV.  Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines . 200 

LX XV.  Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines . 201 

LXXVI.  Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines . 203 

LXXVII.  Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines .  205,  20 1 

LXXVIII.  Bronzes.  —  Animal  Figurines,  Straight  Pins .  205,  206 

LXXIX.  Bronzes.  —  Straight  Pins . 210 

LXXX.  Bronzes.  —  Straight  Pins . 2L> 

LXXXI.  Bronzes.  —  Straight  Pins . 220 

LXXXII.  Bronzes.  —  Straight  Pins . 224 


XXV111 


PLATES 


LXXXIII.  Bronzes.  —  Straight  Pins . 229 

LXXXIV.  Bronzes.  —  Straight  Pins,  Safety  Pins . 235 

LXXXV.  Bronzes.  —  Safety  Pins . 240 

LXXXVI.  Bronzes.  —  Safety  Pins . 242 

LXXXVII.  Bronzes.  —  Safety  Pins . 244 

LXXXVIII.  Bronzes.  —  Safety  Pins,  etc. ;  Needle,  Finger-Rings . 247 

LXXXIX.  Bronzes.  —  Finger-Rings  and  Bracelets . 250 

XC.  Bronzes.  —  Decorative  Rings . 252 

XCI.  Bronzes.  —  Decorative  and  Structural  Rings . 259 

XCII.  Bronzes.  —  Structural  Rings,  etc. ;  Beads,  Pendants,  Mirrors . 263 

XCIII.  Bronzes.  —  Mirrors . 265 

XCIY.  Bronzes.  —  Mirrors . 265 

XCV.  Bronzes.  —  Mirrors . 265 

XCYI.  Bronzes. — Mirrors . 265 

XCVIX.  Bronzes.  —  Mirror . 266 


XCVIII.  Bronzes.  —  Mirrors 


266 


XCIX. 

c. 

Cl. 

CII. 

cm. 

civ. 

cv. 

cvi. 

CVII. 

CVIII. 

CIX. 

cx. 

CXI. 

CXII. 

CXIII. 

CXIV. 

cxv. 

CXVI. 

CXVII. 

CXVIII. 

CXIX. 

cxx. 

CXXI. 
CXXII. 
CXXIII. 
CXXIV. 
CXXV. 
CXXVI. 
CXXVII. 
CXX  VIII. 
CXXIX. 

exxx. 

CXXXI. 
CXXXII. 
CXX  XIII. 
(XXXIV. 

cxxxv. 

C  XXXVI. 
CXXXVII. 
CXXXVIII. 


Bronzes.  —  Diadems,  etc. ;  Disk . 266 

Bronzes.  —  Disks . 268 

Bronzes.  —  Disks,  Binding-Strips . 269 

Bronzes.  —  Binding-Strips,  Ornamented  Bands,  Coatings . 270 

Bronzes.  —  Coatings . 271 

Bronzes.  —  Coatings,  Rims,  Plate . 271 

Bronzes.  — Plate,  Cut  Ornaments . 272 


Bronzes.  —  Plate  with  Inscription.  From  Photograph . 

Bronzes.  —  Plate  with  Inscription.  From  Drawing . 

Bronzes.  —  Figures,  etc. ;  Leaves,  Thongs,  Plates . 

Bronzes.  —  Plates,  Platters . 

Bronzes.  —  Plates  with  Inscriptions . 

Bronzes.  —  Plates,  Platters . 

Bronzes.  —  Platters,  Saucers . 

Bronzes.  —  Saucers . 

Bronzes.  —  Saucers . 

Bronzes.  • —  Saucers,  Bowls . 

Bronzes.  —  Bowls . 

Bronzes.  —  Bowls,  Suspension  Vase,  etc.;  Pitcher,  Jars . 

Bronzes.  —  Jars,  Basin . 

Bronzes.  —  Cauldron,  Bosses,  Horizontal  Handles . 

Bronzes.  —  Horizontal  Handles . 

Bronzes.  —  Horizontal  Handles . 

Bronzes.  —  Horizontal  and  Vertical  Handles . 

Bronzes.  —  Vertical  Handles,  Various  Ornaments,  Fragments  of  Large  Tripods  .  . 

Bronzes.  — Fragments  of  Large  Tripods,  Small  Tripod-Standards . 

Bronzes.  —  Feet  of  Standards,  Miscellaneous  Vessels . 

Bronzes.  —  Miscellaneous  Vessels  and  Handles,  Various  Implements  and  Utensils  . 

Bronzes.  —  Various  Implements,  Spits . 

Bronzes.  —  Spits . 

Bronzes.  —  Spits . 

Bronzes.  —  Spits . 

Bronzes.  —  Spits . 

Bronzes.  —  Spits . 

Bronzes.  —  Spits,  Various  Implements  and  Utensils . 

Bronzes.  —  Various  Utensils  and  Constructive  Pieces . 


273 

273 

274 

275 
277 

277 

278 

279 
281 

283 

284 

285 

286 

287 

288 
289 

292 

293 

294 

296 

297 
299 
302 
309 
313 
315 
319 
321 
326 


Bronzes.  —  Constructive  and  Decorative  Pieces . 329 

Bronzes.  —  Castings . . 831 

Bronzes.  —  Miscellaneous  Addenda  .  .  .  199,  211,  215,  217  n.,  251,  263,  266,  268,  269 

Engraved  Stones.  —  Classes  I.,  II .  345,347 


PLATES 


XXIX 


CXXXIX.  Engraved  Stones.  —  Classes  III.-V.  —  Ivories .  349,351 

CXL.  Ivories.  —  Articles  of  Apparel  or  of  Household  Use,  Human  or  Animal  Figures,  Miscel¬ 
laneous  . 352 

CXLI.  Coins.  —  Mainly  Greek . 357 

CXLII.  Coins.  —  Mainly  Roman . 360 

CXLIII.  Egyptian,  or  Graeco-Egyptian,  Objects . 370 

CXLIV.  Egyptian  Objects.  —  From  the  Heraeum  and  from  Aegina . 373 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 

By  CHARLES  WALDSTEIN  and  GEORGE  HENRY  CHASE 

The  great  bulk  of  the  Terra-cotta  Figurines  found  at  the  Heraeum  belong  to  what 
must  be  called  pre-archaic  Greek  types.  When  we  consider  the  find  as  a  whole,  we  dis¬ 
cover  the  following  significant  facts  :  — 

I.  The  number  of  terra-cottas  dating  from  the  clearly  historical  periods  of  Greek 
civilization,  i.  e.  the  eighth  century  b.  c.  and  later  times,  is  very  small.  Out  of  2865 
figures  preserved  by  us,  not  counting  the  ordinary  figures  of  animals  and  small  objects, 
which  cannot  be  accurately  classified,  there  are  2557  of  pre-archaic  style  to  308  of 
archaic  and  later  types.1 

II.  Among  the  terra-cottas  of  the  archaic  and  later  periods,  a  strikingly  small  pro¬ 
portion  belong  to  the  periods  of  advanced  archaism  and  technical  freedom  ;  in  fact,  there 
are  only  fifty-two  specimens  of  the  former  and  two  specimens  of  the  latter. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  closest  parallelism  exists  between  the  main  conditions  of 
the  find  in  terra-cottas  and  those  of  the  vases,  bronzes,  and  other  objects ;  namely,  the 
absolute  preponderance  of  “  prehistoric  ”  material,  the  absence  of  works  of  the  later  Greek 
periods,  and  the  fact  that  in  the  layers  which  we  excavated,  hardly  any  object  is  syn¬ 
chronous  with  the  erection  of  the  Second  Temple  or  of  a  later  period.2 

The  bulk  of  the  find  in  terra-cottas  was  made  in  the  black  layer  about  and  below  the 
foundation  walls  of  the  Second  Temple,  as  well  as  in  the  deposits  on  the  southeast  and 
southwest  slopes  of  the  Second  Temple  terrace.3  But  this  general  statement  must  be 
qualified  by  the  following  significant  facts :  — 

1.  We  can  assert  as  practically  established  the  fact  that  no  terra-cotta  figurines  were 
found  beneath  the  surface  of  the  upper  or  Old  Temple  platform. 

2.  Nearly  all  the  specimens  of  the  archaic  and  subsequent  periods  were  found  on  the 
southern  slope  and  the  southeast  corner  and  slope  of  the  Second  Temple  (not  in  the 
black  layer  about  the  foundations  of  the  Second  Temple). 

3.  No  prehistoric  Greek  specimens  were  found  within  the  large  West  Stoa  (one  speci¬ 
men  of  a  draped  female  figure,  belonging  to  the  archaic  period,  was  found  here),  and 
none  at  all  on  the  site  of  the  Roman  Building. 

The  fact  that  no  terra-cottas  were  found  on  the  site  of  the  Old  Temple,  as  it  pre¬ 
sented  itself  to  us  for  excavation,  may  lead  us  to  any  one  of  three  conclusions  :  (1)  that 
our  terra-cottas  belong  to  a  later  period  than  that  marked  by  the  site ;  or  (2)  that  the 
custom  of  offering  such  figurines  did  not  exist  at  the  time  when  the  temple  was  built  — 


1  Cf.  the  Table,  p.  9. 

2  Cf.  General  Introd.  vol.  I.  pp.  37  ff. 

3  The  custom  of  burying  the  smaller  objects  dedicated 
in  temples,  often  apparently  with  great  care  (cf.  the  find 
of  terra-cottas  made  by  Orsi  at  Terravecchia  near  Gran- 
michele  in  the  Province  of  Catania,  Mon.  Ant.  VII.  pp. 
201-274,  esp.  pp.  212  ff.),  is  one  which  has  been  illustrated 
by  a  large  number  of  excavations  upon  Greek  soil  and 


elsewhere  (cf.  Homolle,  ‘  Donarium  ’  in  Daremberg  et 
Saglio,  Diet,  des  Ant.  Gr.  et  Rom.  II.  pp.  363  ff.,  esp. 
p.  371,  note  130).  In  the  case  of  the  Heraeum,  these 
offerings  seem  to  have  been  used  as  “  dry  rubbish  ”  in 
leveling  up  about  the  Second  Temple,  just  as  the  offer¬ 
ings  upon  the  Acropolis  which  were  demolished  by  the 
Persians  were  later  used  in  leveling  that  site. 


4 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


that  it  was  an  aniconic  period ;  or  (3)  that  the  site  in  question  was  not  the  natural  reposi¬ 
tory  for  such  votive  offerings.  We  are  inclined  to  one  of  the  latter  views.1 

The  two  other  points,  while  they  show  that  the  main  sites  excavated  about  the  Second 
Temple  were  pre-archaic  Greek,  and  that  the  Argive  .period  of  the  Heraeum  marks 
the  change  in  the  entrance  from  the  west  side  to  the  south  slope,  also  show  that  the  main 
hulk  of  our  terra-cottas  belong  to  the  pre-archaic  period. 

With  such  a  mass  of  material  before  us,  even  in  the  selected  specimens  which  we  brought 
to  Athens,  our  first  care  was  to  find  some  principle  of  classification.  Two  courses  seemed 
open  to  us  :  We  might  classify  our  figures  either  according  to  their  form  and  style,  or 
according  to  their  decoration.  On  mature  consideration,  the  former  method  has  appeared 
preferable,  especially  as  a  classification  by  decoration  must  confine  itself  almost  entirely 
to  plastic  decoration —  the  paint  having  disappeared  entirely  from  many  of  our  figures. 
Moreover,  no  systematic  chronological  development  could  be  established  on  the  decora¬ 
tive  principle  only.  At  the  same  time,  the  principle  of  classification  by  decoration  has 
seemed  to  us  a  sound  one,  and  we  have  employed  it  as  a  secondary  principle  for  dis¬ 
tinguishing  a  few  classes,2  and  for  drawing  distinctions  within  one  class.3 

Class  I.  —  Such,  then,  being  our  principle,  our  first  class,  which  we  have  called  “  Prim¬ 
itive  Argive,”  consists  of  a  great  number  of  very  rudely  modeled  figures,  to  which,  in 
fact,  the  term  “  modeled  ”  can  hardly  be  applied.  They  are  really  nothing  but  a  small 
lump  of  clay,  elongated,  then  pinched  in  the  middle  to  indicate  a  waist,  the  resulting 
projection  above  forming  two  stumpy  arms,  while  another  pinch  at  the  top  indicates  the 
head.  This  head  soon  develops  into  the  well-known  bird-like  head,  in  which  the  beak-like 
nose  is  formed  by  a  compression  of  the  clay  between  the  two  fingers  of  the  “modeler.”4 
These  are  the  characteristics  of  the  earliest  specimens.5 *  Later,  two  disks  are  plastered  to 
the  sides  of  the  “  beak  ”  to  represent  the  eyes,5  a  lump  of  clay  is  added  to  form  a  kind  of 
pilos  or  cap,7  or  a  strip  of  clay  wound  about  the  head  forms  a  stephane,8  while  in  many 
figures  one  or  more  short  strips  of  clay  are  added  to  the  back  of  the  head  to  represent 
the  hair  9  (exceptionally  the  hair  is  indicated  in  a  few  early  specimens  by  grooves  at  the 
back  of  the  head).  So  one  sometimes  finds  —  though  this  is  quite  exceptional  —  a  fig¬ 
ure  in  which  the  artist  has  tried  to  imitate  nature  more  closely,  in  which  two  lumps  of 
clay  are  added  to  the  front  of  the  figure  to  represent  the  breasts ; 10  the  fall  of  the  dra¬ 
pery  in  front  is  rudely  reproduced  by  one  or  more  grooves,11  or  a  cutting  across  the 
“  beak  ”  forms  a  rude  mouth.12  But  even  in  the  most  advanced  figures  of  this  class, 
the  development  is  exceedingly  slight,  and  the  body  always  remains  essentially  a  rude 
lump  of  clay.13 

Class  II.  —  A  distinct  advance  is  made  when  the  rude  standing  figure  is  converted  into 
a  seated  one.14  The  technical  change,  indeed,  is  not  great ;  the  standing  body  is  simply 


1  Cf.  General  Introd.  vol.  I.  pp.  39  ff. 

-  Such,  for  instance,  as  the  Mycenaean  and  the  Dipy¬ 
lon  classes,  in  which  the  influence  of  vase  painting  is 
very  apparent. 

8  Cf.  p.  11. 

4  It  should  be  noted  that  this  lack  of  modeling  is 

partially  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  nearly  all  our 

figures  are  female  (cf.  p.  13,  note  5).  The  drapery  of 

such  figures  in  the  early  stages  does  not  admit  of  fine  dis¬ 

tinctions  in  modeling,  such  as  the  indication  of  the  legs, 

the  torso,  and  its  articulations. 

*  Cf.  No.  1. 

0  Cf.  Nos.  2,  3,  etc. 


7  Cf.  No.  3. 

8  Cf.  Nos.  4,  5,  etc. 

9  Cf.  No.  4. 

10  Cf.  No.  8. 

11  Cf.  No.  9. 

12  Cf.  Nos.  9  and  10. 

18  We  might  have  subdivided  this  first  “Primitive” 
class  into  three  minor  classes,  according  to  the  differences 
enumerated  above.  But  we  find  it  desirable  at  this 
stage  not  to  confuse  by  too  minute  classification,  leaving 
it  to  future  inquiry  to  accentuate  these,  or  even  to  estab¬ 
lish  further  distinctions. 

14  Cf.  Nos.  12  ff. 


PRINCIPLES  OF  CLASSIFICATION 


5 


bent  at  the  middle  and  supported  by  two  stumpy  legs,1  a  process  which  prevails  down  to 
the  latest  period  of  this  class.  Even  in  the  most  advanced  specimens,  the  employment  of 
a  separately  made  chair  as  a  support  is  rare.  But  although  this  change  is  of  little  impor¬ 
tance  technically,  it  is  of  great  importance  historically.  It  marks  the  change  in  the  con¬ 
ception  of  the  goddess  which  is  represented  in  the  traditions  of  Argos  by  the  story  of 
Pirasus  and  his  seated  figure  of  Hera  dedicated  at  Tiryns.2  Now  it  is  a  striking  fact 
that,  aside  from  the  Heraeum  and  Tegea  (of  which  we  shall  speak  later),  Tiryns  is  the 
place  where  these  seated  figures  have  been  found  in  greatest  numbers.  We  have  there¬ 
fore  ventured  to  call  the  figures  of  this  class  “  Tirynthian  Argive,”  and  we  believe  that 
they  represent  roughly  the  period  of  the  supremacy  of  Tiryns  in  the  Argive  plain.3 

In  these  “  Tirynthian  Argive  ”  figures,  we  have  a  long  and  complicated  development 
of  the  drapery ;  while  the  figures  themselves,  although  constantly  increasing  in  size, 
remain,  with  very  few  exceptions,  a  mere  oblong  piece  of  clay,  bent  forward  into  the 
seated  posture,  and  the  heads  still  have  the  “  bird  face.”  This  development  of  the 
drapery  even  affects  the  standing  type,  and  we  find  in  our  later  standing  figures  a  tend¬ 
ency  to  elaboration  which  corresponds  closely  to  the  development  in  the  seated  types. 
The  various  steps  in  this  development  are  exceedingly  interesting,  and  we  shall  revert  to 
them  later.  Suffice  it  here  to  say  that,  for  practical  purposes,  we  have  divided  our 
“  Tirynthian  Argive  ”  class  into  three  subordinate  groups,  basing  our  distinctions  upon 
the  greater  or  less  elaborateness  of  the  ornamentation.4 

The  next  step  in  the  development  of  this  type,  of  terra-cotta  figurines  is  the  change 
from  the  “  bird  face  ”  to  the  human  face,  with  all  the  features  carefully  distinguished. 
But  before  we  take  up  this  class  of  “Advanced  Argive”  figures,  we  must  speak  of  two 
intermediate  classes,  which  we  have  set  apart  by  reason  of  their  decoration  as  well  as 
their  form  and  style.  We  mean  the  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  classes. 

Class  III.  —  The  “  Mycenaean  ”  terra-cottas  differ  from  those  of  the  Primitive  and 
Tirynthian  Argive  classes  in  that  they  show  a  quite  different  technique,  both  in  regard 
to  the  fineness  of  the  clay  and  in  regard  to  ornamentation.  A  careful  comparison  of  the 
Mycenaean  figures  with  the  preceding  classes,  moreover,  brings  out  the  following  facts : 

( 1 )  They  are  numerically  very  weak  —  there  are  only  sixty-three  fragments  of  Myce¬ 
naean  types  among  our  selected  terra-cottas,  and  of  these  ten  are  fragments  of  animals.5 

(2)  Prima  facie,  the  schematic  outline  of  these  figures,  ending  below  like  the  foot 
of  a  vase,  and  above  with  the  polos,  like  the  neck  of  a  vase,G  the  whole  crossed  by  round 
or  pelta-shaped  body  and  arms,7  is  much  less  naturalistic  than  the  figures  of  the  primi¬ 
tive  and  Tirynthian  Argive  classes.  On  the  other  hand,  the  detail  workings  of  the 
body,  such  as  the  indication  of  the  breasts,8  show  far  greater  knowledge  and  skill  in 
modeling  than  we  find  in  Classes  I.  and  II.  Both  these  facts  would  seem  to  indicate 
that  we  are  dealing  with  a  later  class  of  figures.  Moreover,  the  color  decoration  shows 
the  same  use  of  glaze  color,  applied  in  a  similar  manner,  that  we  find  in  Mycenaean 
vases.  We  thus  consider  this  class  of  terra-cottas  an  intrusion  into  the  general  and  con¬ 
tinuous  scheme  of  Argive  terra-cottas,  which  began  and  ceased  during  the  period  of  our 
first  and  second  classes,  but  which,  strangely  enough,  was  but  very  little  influenced  by 
the  Primitive  and  Tirynthian  Argive  styles,  and  exercised  little  influence  on  them.'1 


1  As  it  happens,  the  most  primitive  specimen  of  the 
seated  type  which  we  found  (No.  12)  is  provided  witli  a 
separate  four-legged  chair,  but  this  is  exceptional. 

2  Of.  Paus.  II.  17.  5,  and  General  Introd.  vol.  I.  p.  44. 
8  Cf.  General  Introd.  vol.  I.  p.  44. 

^  Cf.  p.  11. 


5  Cf.  the  Table,  p.  9. 

6  Cf.  No.  07. 

7  Cf.  Nos.  Go,  07,  70. 

8  Cf.  especially  No.  Go. 

9  See,  however,  our  remarks  on  No.  70. 


6 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


The  peculiarities  of  this  Mycenaean  style,  we  believe,  are  due  to  the  fact  that  it  was 
essentially  a  development  from  vase  painting,  perhaps  even  the  work  of  the  Mycenaean 
/cepap-eu?,  not  of  the  coroplast  proper.1  We  believe  this  for  these  three  reasons:  — 

These  figures  are  never  found,  to  our  knowledge,  except  where  there  are  also  Myce¬ 
naean  vases  (whereas  our  “  Primitive  ”  figures  were  found  together  with  all  classes  of 
vases). 

The  conventionalization  of  the  figure,  notably  at  head  and  foot,  points  to  ceramic  art. 

The  use  of  glaze  color  is  certainly  borrowed  from  vase  painting. 

In  this  matter  of  the  use  of  glaze  color,  we  have  come  to  a  question  which  requires 
much  greater  amplification,  and  which  will  lead  us  much  further  afield.  In  the  figures 
of  Classes  I.  and  II.  (as  also,  to  a  less  extent,  in  the  later  classes),  the  whole  figure  was 
usually  covered  with  a  white,  chalky  slip,  and  upon  this  was  applied  a  simple  line  deco¬ 
ration  in  red  and  black.2 *  This  white  slip,  owing  to  its  flaky  character,  has  in  many 
cases  been  entirely  lost,'5  and  is  often  preserved  only  in  cracks  and  holes.4  The  isolated 
instances  in  which  figures  of  Classes  I.  and  II.  have  a  glaze  color  applied  directly  to  the 
clay  seem  to  us  to  point  to  an  introduction  of  this  specifically  Mycenaean  technique  to 
contemporary  specimens  of  those  classes.  Indeed,  we  have  a  number  of  specimens  in 
which  the  white  coat  is  used  for  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  while  the  lower  part  is 
given  a  solid  color,  applied  directly  to  the  clay,6  and  this  is  common  in  the  later,  “  Ad¬ 
vanced  Argive  ”  specimens.7  The  use  of  the  white  slip,  however,  appears  to  have  been 
the  specifically  coroplastic  method,  which  obtained  throughout  all  periods  down  to  the 
latest  times s  —  a  fact  which  strongly  confirms  our  contention  that  these  terra-cottas  (in 
which  the  color  is  applied  directly)  were  made  under  the  influence  of  the  /cepa/xeus-9 

Class  IV.  —  The  single  female  figure  (No.  75),  which  we  have  assigned  to  a  distinct 
“  Geometric  ”  class,  seems  to  us  to  warrant  this  distinction  by  reason  of  its  peculiar  decora¬ 
tion,  which,  with  its  bands  of  geometric  ornaments,  divided  by  straight  lines,  is  very  similar 
in  plan  to  the  decoration  of  the  large  Geometric  vases  which  form  this  class.  Its  position 
in  the  series  is  determined  by  the  fact  that  the  face  was  evidently  of  the  primitive  “  bird- 
faced  ”  type.  With  this  figure  we  have  grouped  another  distinctly  Geometric  specimen 
(No.  76),  a  horse  of  the  type  so  common  upon  the  covers  of  Geometric  vases.10  The  two 
specimens  do  not  represent  the  entire  influence  of  the  Geometric  style  upon  our  terra¬ 
cottas.  Traces  of  that  influence  are  to  be  seen  in  a  number  of  other  figures,  especially 
among  the  animals  and  small  objects,11  but  the  two  which  we  have  placed  together  are 
the  only  ones  which  are  so  distinctly  Geometric  in  character  as  to  warrant  a  place  by 
themselves.  In  fact,  though  at  Olympia  a  large  number  of  Geometric  animals  (espe- 
cially  horses)  have  been  found,  it  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  we  can  hardly  identify  any 
plastic  representations  of  the  human  figure  with  this  period.  It  appears  to  us  that  this 


1  Cf.  General  Introd.  vol.  I.  pp.  45  ff. 

2  Cf.  Nos.  7,  11,  12,  13,  14,  etc. 

2  Cf.  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  5,  9,  etc. 

4  It  is  this  perishability  of  the  white  slip,  doubtless, 
that  led  Schliemann  to  speak  so  often  of  “  unpainted  ” 
terra-cottas  from  Tiryns  (cf.  Tiryns,  pp.  150  ff.).  In  the 
light  of  our  discoveries,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  nearly 
all,  if  not  all,  the  figures  from  Tiryns  were  originally 
painted. 

■  Cf.  Nos.  10,  21,  25. 

6  Cf.  Nos.  4,  24. 

7  Cf.  p.  7. 


8  Cf.  Martha,  in  the  introduction  to  his  Catalogue  des 
Figurines  en  Terre  Cuite  du  Musee  de  la  Societe  Archeo- 
logique  d'Athenes. 

9  This  matter  of  the  interaction  of  vase  painting  and 
coroplastic  art  has  never  been  carefully  worked  out. 
The  early  Tanagra  “  irairaSes,”  for  instance,  show  distinct 
traces  of  the  Geometric  influence.  The  white  Athenian 
lekythi,  on  the  other  hand,  seem  to  be  a  result  of  the  ap¬ 
plication  of  coroplastic  technique  to  vase  painting. 

10  Cf.  Rayet  et  Collignon,  Hist,  de  la  Ceramique  Grecque, 
p.  33,  fig.  21. 

11  Cf.  Nos.  248,  272. 


PRINCIPLES  OF  CLASSIFICATION 


7 


arises  out  of  the  constructive  nature  of  that  style,  which  is  essentially  decorative  and 
conventional  —  in  so  far  un-naturalistic  and  opposed  to  plastic  art. 

Class  V.  —  A  very  marked  advance  in  the  development  of  the  terra-cotta  figurines 
found  at  the  Heraeum  from  the  earliest  primitive  type  onward  is  made  when  once  the 
“  bird  face,”  which  obtains  in  all  the  classes  hitherto  mentioned,  is  superseded  by  the 
human  head.1  This  type  we  have  called  “Advanced  Argive.”  The  figures  of  this  class 
are  plainly  a  development  from  our  second,  Tirynthian  Argive,  class.  Even  in  the  most 
advanced  specimens,  with  very  few  exceptions,2  the  bodies  of  these  figures  are  essentially 
the  same  flat  oblong  which  we  found  in  the  figures  of  the  Tirynthian  Argive  class.  The 
heads,  on  the  other  hand,  are  of  archaic  type,  with  wide,  staring  eyes,  large  ears  placed 
high,  the  mouth  often  having  the  well-known  archaic  smile.3  Most  important  of  all, 
these  heads,  almost  without  exception,  were  made  in  moulds.  Here,  then,  we  see  the 
beginnings  of  that  use  of  moulds  which  later  became  the  prevailing  mode,  and  revolu¬ 
tionized  the  manufacture  of  terra-cottas.  Another  characteristic  of  this  class  of  figures 
is  the  tendency  to  elaborate  ornamentation,  of  which  we  shall  have  more  to  say  later.4 

In  the  colored  decoration  of  the  figures  of  this  class,  also,  we  find  again  the  two  pro¬ 
cesses  which  we  have  before  noted.  Thus,  while  the  use  of  the  white  slip  as  a  basis  for 
decoration  in  color  is  always  retained  for  the  upper  parts  of  the  figure,  and  in  many 
cases  is  used  for  the  entire  figure  as  well,5  in  the  large  specimens  the  color  is  often 
applied  directly  to  the  chiton,  usually  a  red  stripe  at  the  top,  and  dark  brown  for  the 
rest  of  the  garment.6 

It  is  also  a  noteworthy  fact  that  in  these  figures  the  seated  type  prevails  almost  exclu¬ 
sively.  Indeed,  the  only  standing  figure  which  we  have  ventured  to  place  among  the 
advanced  Argive  specimens  differs  from  them  so  widely  that  we  have  even  doubted 
whether  it  ought  not  to  be  placed  in  a  category  by  itself.  This  is  No.  107,  a  figure 
which  again  illustrates  the  influence  of  ceramic  upon  eoroplastic  art.  This  figure  has 
traces  of  a  human  head.  In  the  upper  part  of  the  figure  there  is  a  certain  degree  of 
naturalness,  but  the  lower  part  of  the  body  is  emphatically  conventionalized,  without 
any  attempt  at  naturalism.  The  roundness  is  so  complete  that  it  at  once  suggests 
mechanical  work,  such  as  the  turning  of  the  potter’s  wheel.  The  use  of  the  wheel  is  still 
further  confirmed  by  the  application  of  the  brush  in  making  the  accurate  parallel  lines 
in  groups  of  three,  and  the  broad  line  at  the  waist  around  the  cylindrical  body.  The 
ornamentation,  as  well  as  the  structure  of  the  figure,  thus  points  to  the  influence  of  the 
Kepafievs,  belonging  to  the  period  of  the  fully  developed  Argive-Linear,7  as  the  Myce¬ 
naean  terra-cottas  showed  the  influence  of  the  Mycenaean  Kepapevs.  We  have  placed 
it  among  the  advanced  Argive  figures  on  the  ground  that  it  has  a  human  head  and  a 
conventionalized  body,8  and  that  the  decoration  would  mark  it  as  belonging  to  about 
the  period  to  which  we  must  assign  our  advanced  Argive  figures. 

Class  VI.  —  Our  next  class,  “  Figures  under  Oriental  Influence,”  consists  of  a  small 
number  of  figures  which  are  marked  out  as  a  separate  category  by  their  subjects  —  two 
lions,  heraldically  grouped,  winged  female  figures  like  the  so-called  Nike  of  Arehermus,9 

1  Cf.  Nos.  77  ft.  6  Cf.  Nos.  86,  90,  91,  92. 

2  Figures  like  Nos.  90  and  91,  in  which  the  bodies  7  Cf.  pp.  126  ft. 

have  a  considerable  thickness  and  there  is  some  attempt  8  It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  the  conventionali- 
to  represent  the  waist,  are  extremely  rare.  zation  in  this  figure  is  quite  different  from  that  which  we 

3  Cf.  Nos.  93  ft.  have  seen  in  the  Mycenaean  figurines. 

4  Cf.  pp.  10  ft.  9  Cf.  Collignon,  Hist,  de  la  Sculpture  Grecque,  I.  p.  136, 

5  Cf.  Nos.  79  and  80.  fig.  68. 


8 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


several  figures  of  the  Egyptian  lies,  and  a  number  of  representations  of  the  Sphinx.1 
With  these  we  have  grouped  a  small  figure  of  a  horseman,2  which  is  certainly  of  Egyp¬ 
tian  manufacture.  It  would  of  course  have  been  possible  to  catalogue  these  figures 
under  our  next  class  of  archaic  figures,  as  they  are  all  archaic  in  style ;  but  it  has  seemed 
to  us  more  desirable  to  collect  in  one  category  the  specimens  which  distinctly  show  the 
influence  of  the  East,  just  as  in  vases  this  influence  is  recognized  in  the  so-called  Corin¬ 
thian  vases.  It  is  the  analogy  of  the  history  of  vases,  moreover,  in  which  the  Corinthian 
style  follows  the  Argive  style,  that  has  led  us  to  place  this  category  immediately  after 
the  class  of  advanced  Argive  figures.3 

Class  VII.  —  With  the  beginning  of  the  historical  Greek  period,  the  art  of  terra-cotta 
making  becomes  more  dependent  upon  sculpture,  and  from  this  time  on,  its  history  is  bet¬ 
ter  known  and  more  easily  traceable.  To  the  beginning  of  this  archaic  period  we  must 
assign  a  number  of  figures  rudely  made  by  hand,4  which,  although  they  still  preserve  a 
high  degree  of  conventionalism,  manifest  an  endeavor  on  the  part  of  the  eoroplast  to  imi¬ 
tate  more  closely  the  forms  of  the  human  body.  Their  conventionalism,  moreover,  is  the 
conventionalism  with  which  we  are  familiar  in  the  early  statues  of  Greek  art  (the  tjoava), 
beginning  with  the  Nieandra  statue  from  Delos.5 *  We  have  therefore  classed  these 
figures,  and  those  immediately  following  them,  as  “  Early  Archaic,”  but  have  subdivided 
them  into  two  groups  :  — 

Group  a.  —  Hand-made  Figures.  These  we  regard  as  in  a  certain  sense  a  transitional 
type  from  the  earlier,  hand-made  Argive  figures  to  the  moulded  figures  of  the  archaic 
period  proper. 

Group  b.  —  Mould-made  Figures.  The  archaic  period  proper  begins  with  the  intro¬ 
duction  of  the  use  of  moulds  for  the  whole  figure,  the  second  step  —  the  modeling  of 
the  heads  of  the  advanced  Argive  figures  being  the  first  —  toward  the  developed  terra- 
cotta  figurine  of  later  centuries.  Here  we  have,  at  the  beginning  of  the  class,  a  very 
interesting  transitional  specimen,1  in  which  we  have  a  mould-made  torso,  decked  out 
at  the  shoulders  with  two  disks,7  such  as  are  common  in  the  primitive  and  advanced 
Argive  types.8  After  this  we  have  a  long  series  of  both  seated  and  standing  figures, 
in  which  we  can  trace,  as  in  the  work  of  the  sculptor,  the  struggle  of  the  artist  with 
his  material,  the  gradual  advance  in  the  representation  of  the  folds  of  the  chiton,9  the 
development  of  the  arms  from  mere  stumps  to  well-modeled  members  of  the  body,10 
which  are  raised  to  the  breast,11  and  carry  attributes.12  The  final  period  of  this  de¬ 
velopment  corresponds  to  the  period  of  the  well-known  female  figures  on  the  Athenian 
Acropolis.13 

As  to  color  technic  pie,  we  find  in  the  archaic  terra-cottas  the  same  two  opposing  influ¬ 
ences  which  we  have  noted  in  our  earlier  classes.  The  great  majority  of  our  archaic 


1  Cf.  Nos.  108-116. 

2  Cf.  No.  117. 

;  Here,  too,  might  be  placed  Nos.  207-213,  which 
also  show  traces  of  Oriental  influence  ;  but  it  seemed 
better  to  catalogue  them  among  the  archaic  heads,  for 
in  them  it  is  the  archaic,  rather  than  the  Oriental  ele¬ 
ment,  which  is  most  characteristic. 

*  Cf.  Nos.  118-131. 

Cf.  Collignon,  Hint,  de  la  Sculpture  Grecque,  I.  p.  120, 
fig.  59. 

«  Cf.  No.  132. 

7  Cf.  p.  10. 


8  It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  this  figure  is  almost 
without  a  parallel  in  our  finds.  For  the  most  part,  these 
archaic  terra-cottas  were  very  little  influenced  by  the  Ar¬ 
give  type,  although  the  two  classes  must  have  existed 
side  by  side  for  a  considerable  period. 

9  Cf.  Nos.  153,  157,  163,  etc. 

10  Cf.  No.  157  with  No.  148  and  No.  154. 

11  Cf.  Nos.  153,  155. 

12  Cf.  No.  165  ft’. 

13  Cf.  Collignon,  Hist,  de  la  Sculpture  Grecque ,  I.  pp. 
341  ff.,  figs.  170  if. 


NUMBER  OF  SPECIMENS  IN  EACH  CLASS 


9 


figures  show  numerous  traces  of  the  white  slip,  which  we  have  described  as  the  typically 
coroplastic  method  of  decoration ; 1  but  some  have  paint  applied  directly  to  them,  at  least 
in  parts.2 

Class  VIII.  —  Of  terra-cottas  belonging  to  a  later  age  than  this  early  archaic  period 
we  have  but  few  specimens,  and  these  are  almost  exclusively  heads  of  figures  and  votive 
busts,  in  which,  owing  to  the  very  gradual  development  of  the  archaic  style,  no  sharp  line 
of  demarcation  can  be  drawn  between  early  and  later  specimens.  We  believe,  however, 
that  the  forty-two  specimens3  which  we  have  included  in  an  “Advanced  Archaic”  class 
will  be  found  to  mark  a  higher  stage  of  development  than  is  attained  by  any  specimens 
of  Class  VII. 

Class  IX.  —  Finally,  we  come  to  the  last  group,  which,  as  has  been  said  above,  is  re¬ 
presented  by  a  remarkably  small  number  of  specimens.  In  regard  to  Nos.  239  and  240, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  belong  to  the  best  period  of  Greek  terra-cotta  work, 
and  we  have  not  hesitated  to  place  them  as  “  Figures  of  Free  Style,”  in  a  separate  class. 

The  figures  of  animals  and  of  various  small  objects  are  in  general  so  rudely  modeled 
that  they  do  not  lend  themselves  to  any  classification  based  upon  style.4  We  have 
therefore  been  led  to  adopt  the  manifest  principle  of  classification  according  to  subject, 
and  thus  to  distinguish  two  further  classes,  —  “  Animals  ”  (under  which  Ave  include  fig¬ 
ures  of  men  and  women  seated  upon  animals)  and  “  Various  Objects.” 

So  much  for  the  principles  upon  which  Ave  have  based  our  classification,  and  the  gen¬ 
eral  development  of  the  manufacture  of  terra-cottas  at  Argos,  as  represented  by  our  finds. 
But,  as  Ave  ha\Te  already  suggested,  these  classes  are  by  no  means  of  equal  importance. 
Nothing,  indeed,  is  more  instructive  than  the  table  of  the  numerical  strength  of  the 
classes,  which  is  as  follows  :  — 


NUMBER  OF  SPECIMENS  IN  THE  VARIOUS  CLASSES. 


I. 

Primitive  Argive  .  .  .  . 

122 

VII.  Early  Archaic 

249 

II. 

Tirynthian  Argive 

1961 

VIII.  Advanced  Archaic  . 

42 

III. 

Mycenaean  .... 

63 

IX.  Free  Style  . 

o 

IV. 

Geometric  ..... 

2 

V. 

Advanced  Argive  .  .  .  . 

409 

Animals  ..... 

715 

VI. 

Figures  under  Oriental  Influence 

15 

Various  Objects 

.  433 

That  is,  of  2865  specimens,  not  counting  animals  and  various  objects,  2492,  or  over 
85  per  cent.,  are  figures  of  the  flat-bodied  type,  with  either  the  “  bird  face  ”  (2083  speci¬ 
mens)  or  Avith  the  archaic  head  Avhich  is  its  successor  (409  specimens).  It  is  the  pre¬ 
ponderance  of  this  type  which  justifies  us  in  calling  these  specimens  distinctively  Argive. 
They  have  been  found,  it  is  true,  in  other  places,  notably  at  Tiryns 5 6  (as  Ave  have  recognized 
by  our  qualification  of  a  certain  class  of  them  as  Tirynthian),  at  Haghios  Sostis  (Tegea),G 


1  Cf.  Nos.  132,  1.35,  140,  etc. 

2  Cf.  Nos.  137,  138,  103,  etc. 

3  Cf.  Nos.  227-238. 

4  The  only  exception  which  we  have  made  to  this  rule 
is  in  the  case  of  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  animals, 
where  the  decoration  leaves  no  possible  doubt  as  to  their 
place. 

3  Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  pp.  149  If.,  figs.  70-96. 

6  Cf.  Lenormant,  Gaz.  Arch.  1878,  pp.  42-48;  Pervano- 


glou,  Nuove  Mem.  clell ’  Ins.  II.  pp.  72-70,  pi.  vi. ;  Martha, 
Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mas.  d’Athenes,  Nos.  541  ff.  These  Tegean 
figures  present  the  closest  parallels  to  our  Argive  types. 
They  occur  with  human  as  well  as  with  “  bird  faces,”  and 
the  later  specimens  are  often  very  elaborately  decorated. 
They  were  found  in  such  numbers  as  to  preclude  the 
theory  that  they  were  imported  from  Argos.  We  must 
conclude,  therefore,  that  the  art  of  the  coroplast  passed 
through  much  the  same  development  at  Tegea  as  at  Argos, 


10 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  EIGURINES 


and  sporadically  elsewhere.1  But  nowhere  have  they  been  found  in  such  numbers  or 
exhibiting  such  a  clearly  marked  development  as  at  Argos.  They  are  hardly  found  at 
all  at  Mycenae."  We  feel  justified,  therefore,  in  giving  them  the  distinctive  name  of 
“  Argive.” 

But  if  these  Argive  figures  form  the  great  bulk  of  our  find  in  terra-cottas,  they  also 
present  the  most  serious  and  difficult  problems  of  all  our  figures.  How,  for  instance, 
shall  we  designate  the  great  mass  of  plastic  ornament  which  is  so  characteristic  of  the 
later  “advanced”  type,  and  also,  to  some  extent,  of  the  earlier  specimens?  In  the  pre¬ 
liminary  publication  of  the  Heraeum  finds,  it  was  suggested  that  the  elaborate  orna¬ 
ments  upon  the  shoulder  of  the  Argive  figures  might  be  bunches  of  flowers,  having 
some  reference  to  Hera  Antheia.3  But  further  consideration  has  convinced  us  that,  for 
the  great  mass  of  our  figures,  this  view  is  untenable.  In  the  first  place,  the  large  orna¬ 
ments  for  which  this  interpretation  was  suggested  4  are  plainly  developed  from  the  small 
round  bosses  of  earlier  figures.5  The  beginning  of  this  development  is  very  plain  in 
one  specimen, 11  where  the  wedge-shaped  ornament  at  the  shoulder  is  no  more  than  an 
elongated  boss.  Now  in  many  later  specimens 7  this  boss  develops  into  a  regular  fibula 
of  the  “four-leaved  clover”  type,8  which  Helbig9  proposes  to  identify  with  the  Homeric 
eXt^.111  Moreover,  in  one  fragment11  we  have  the  most  evident  attempt  to  represent  a 
bronze  fibula  of  the  usual  “bow”  shape;12  while  with  the  elaborate  ornaments  like 


or  (what  seems  to  us  more  probable)  that  the  coroplasts 
of  Tegea  were  strongly  influenced  by  those  of  Argos,  and 
that  there  was  an  intimate  connection  between  these  two 
places  (cf.  Ridgeway,  J.  II.  S.  XVI.  [1896],  p.  99,  on  the 
close  connection  between  Tegea  and  Argolis);  Curtins,  as 
Ridgeway  remarks,  pointed  out  (Gr.  Gesch.  I.  p.  156) 
that  Nauplius  is  represented  as  the  servitor  of  the  king 
of  Tegea.  We  may  also  point  to  the  fact  that  the 
priestess  Chrysis  sought  and  found  refuge  at  Tegea  after 
leaving  the  Heraeum  (Pans.  III.  5.  6). 

1  At  Bathos,  on  a  spur  of  Mt.  Lycaon  (cf.  Bather  and 
Yorke,  J.  II.  S.  XIII.  [1893],  p.  228;;  in  Cyrenaica  (cf. 
Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  xl.  1);  at  Thisbe  in  Boeotia  (cf. 
Arch.  Anz.  1895,  p.  220,  4)  ;  one  or  two  specimens  were 
found  by  the  English  School  at  Phylakopi  in  Melos. 
There  are  a  few  specimens  very  similar  to  ours  (all  with 
human  faces)  in  the  museum  at  Syracuse,  but  the  Sicilian 
terra-cottas  are  for  the  most  part  of  a  far  less  primitive 
character  than  those  of  Argos  ;  cf.  the  figures  from 
Agrigentum  (cf.  Kekule,  Ant.  Terrakotten,  II.  pp.  17,  18, 
figs.  21-27),  from  Gela  (ibid.  p.  22,  fig.  47),  and  the 
specimens  from  the  vicinity  of  Terravecchia  near  Gran- 
miehele,  published  by  Orsi  (Mon.  Ant.  VII.  pp.  239  If., 
figs.  31,  32).  Finally,  a  number  of  vases  from  Cyprus 
in  the  British  Museum,  of  Geometric  style,  are  decorated 
with  figures  very  similar  to  our  advanced  Argive  type  ; 
they  are  placed  on  the  neck  of  the  vase,  and  hold  in 
one  hand  a  small  jug  which  served  as  a  spout  to  the 
vase. 

2  A  tray  in  the  Central  Museum  at  Athens  (numbered 
.3071)  contains  a  number  of  figures  of  the  type  of  our 
primitive  and  advanced  Argive  specimens,  which  came 
from  a  tholos  tomb  near  Mycenae.  Dr.  Tsountas  in¬ 
forms  us,  however,  that  the  roof  of  this  tomb  had  fallen 
in  and  the  contents  had  been  disturbed,  so  that  no  sure 
conclusions  can  be  drawn  from  them.  The  tray  con¬ 
tains  — 


Primitive  standing  figures,  no  ornamentation  •  .  .2 

Primitive  standing  figures,  one  necklace  ....  5 

Primitive  sitting  figures,  no  ornamentation  ....  1 

Primitive  sitting  figures,  one  necklace  ....  2 

Primitive  sitting  figures,  two  necklaces . 8 

Primitive  heads  .........  2 

Advanced  sitting  figures  ........  1 

Advanced  heads  . . 2 

Warriors  .  .  . . 11 

Animals . 6 

Animal  with  bird  face  (probably  a  centaur). 

Fragment  of  a  Mycenaean  vase. 


Several  of  the  figures  have  pins  of  the  “  dumb-bell  ” 
shape  (cf.  No.  84),  while  the  “clover-leaf”  type  (cf.  su¬ 
pra)  also  occurs.  One  of  the  advanced  heads  has  a  cala- 
thos  and  a  double  taenia,  closely  resembling  Nos.  101- 
104.  We  think  it  right  to  draw  attention  to  the  fact 
that  this  beehive  tomb,  even  if  it  was  disturbed,  contained 
no  object  later  than  the  Mycenaean  period.  In  so  far, 
the  presence  of  the  “  Tirynthian  Argive  ”  terra-cottas 
would  place  them  not  later  than  the  Mycenaean  period. 

3  Cf.  Waldstein,  Excavations  of  the  American  School  at 
the  Heraeum  of  Argos,  1892,  p.  20.  Cf.  No.  52,  where 
the  ornament  certainly  suggests  a  mass  of  flowers. 

4  Cf.  Nos.  83  and  93. 

5  Cf.  Nos.  27,  28,  40. 

6  Cf.  No.  43. 

7  Cf.  Nos.  54,  90,  91. 

8  Cf.  Montelius,  La  Civilization  Primitive  en  Italie,  pi. 
xxi.  286-289;  Furtwangler,  Olympia;  Ergebnisse,  IV. 
pi.  xxi.  360. 

9  Cf.  Das  Horn.  Epos  aus  den  Denkmdlern  erlautert,  2te 
Aufl.  pp.  280  ff. 

10  But  cf.  Studniczka,  Beit,  zur  Geschichted.  Gr.  Tracht, 
Abh.  d.  Arch.-Epig.  Seminars  d.  Universitdt  Wien,  VI.  p. 
114,  footnote. 

11  No.  82. 

12  Cf.  Montelius,  loc.  cit.  pis.  i.,  iv.,  v.,  viii.,  ix. 


tup:  argive  type 


11 


No.  84,  we  may  compare  fibulae  found  in  our  own  excavation,1  and  others  published 
by  Montelius.2  It  thus  appears  evident  that  these  ornaments  are  intended  to  represent 
simply  the  pins  by  which  the  Doric  chiton  was  fastened  at  the  shoulder,  whether  this 
be  the  straight  pin  (nepovr)),  or  the  fibula  of  the  clover  leaf  or  bow  form ;  and  we  have 
therefore  had  no  hesitation  in  so  designating  them  in  our  descriptions.  There  is  room 
for  doubt,  perhaps,  in  the  specimens  which  have  only  the  simple  round  boss,  whether 
this  boss  is  meant  to  represent  a  fibula  of  the  type  or  a  simple  straight  pin.  We 
have  used  the  term  u  pin,”  therefore,  to  include  both  fibulae  and  7repocat. 

The  bands  across  the  breasts  of  our  figures3  are  in  many  cases  evidently  meant  to 
represent  necklaces,  and  we  can  perhaps  distinguish  in  some  cases  between  the  lo-0/juov, 
or  close-fitting  necklace,  of  Homer4  and  the  op/ro?,5  or  long  necklace.  Certainly  the 
many  cases  in  which  we  find  bands  ornamented  with  pendants1 *’  can  be  meant  for  nothing 
but  necklaces.  But  very  often  our  band  extends  only  from  shoulder  to  shoulder,  and 
appears  to  have  some  intimate  connection  with  the  pins  which  we  have  just  discussed.' 
Schliemann  8  called  such  ornaments  simply  “  bands,”  while  Perrot,9  in  describing  a  figure 
very  similar  to  No.  34,  calls  the  ornament  “a  sort  of  scarf.”  In  the  later  development,10 
when  the  figures  are  adorned  with  a  large  number  of  these  bands,  the  lower  one  is 
usually  so  wide,  and  is  stretched  so  straight  from  shoulder  to  shoulder,  that  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  it  is  the  fold  of  the  Doric  chiton.11  Moreover,  in  specimens  like  No.  30, 
the  band  is  plainly  the  fold  of  a  garment  arranged  like  the  t/xart ov  in  later  works.12  It 
must  be  said,  however,  that  even  in  fairly  early  specimens  the  “  bands  ”  often  become 
subordinated  to  a  general  principle  of  elaborate  ornamentation,  so  that  it  is  impossible 
to  assign  a  given  ornament  to  one  class  or  the  other,  to  say  categorically,  it  is  a  neck¬ 
lace  or  it  is  a  fold.  In  the  most  advanced  Argive  specimens  13  we  find  a  further  com¬ 
plication  in  the  elaborate  plastic  ornaments  across  the  breast,  which  seem  to  be  made 
in  imitation  of  lace  or  metal  adornments  attached  to  the  fold  itself,  or  possibly  of  long- 
chains,  such  as  the  women  of  modern  Greece  wear  on  feast  days.  But  even  if  they  are 
such,  they  are  plainly  developed  from  the  earlier  necklace  and  simple  fold,  and  these 
are  the  most  characteristic  forms  of  decoration  of  the  Argive  type.  It  is  the  constant 
recurrence  of  these  bands  which  has  led  us  to  adopt,  as  convenient  subdivisions  of  our 
Tirynthian  Argive  class,  the  following  categories  : 14  — 

1.  Figures  with  slightly  developed  plastic  ornamentation  at  shoulder  (no  decorative 
bands). 

2.  Figures  with  considerably  developed  plastic  ornamentation  (one  band). 


1  Cf.  p.  242,  No.  852. 

2  Loc.  cit.  pis.  xvii.  ancl  xviii. 

3  Cf.  Nos.  27  ff. 

4  Cf.  Nos.  27  and  36.  Compare  also  Od.  xviii.  300  :  — 

'tadpiov  tjveiKev  depdiroov,  wepiKaAAes  ayaApa. 

And  Schol. :  — 

tadpLov’  ladpbs  b  TpaxyAos.  toOpiov  obv  irepLTpaxvAiov  Kitrpov 
irepiireirAeypevov,  ov  pevroi  Koap-ppard  rt  va  iKKpep.dp.eva. 
Kal  HaAois’  neptTpaxyAiov,  evdev  ku\  irapiadpia ■  Siacpepei  Se  tov 
ttppov.  t b  pev  yap  -rrpoaex^TaL  tQ  rpaxv Acp,  b  Se  oppos  KexdAa- 
arai. 

5  Cf.  Hym.  Horn.  v.  10  (Gemoll)  :  — 

Seiprj  S’  dpcp’  anaAfj  Kal  crrijOeaiv.  apyvpeoimv 

oppoiai  xpv&tOKTL  eKiapeov,  oToi  irep  avra i 

TClpa i  Koopeiadpv  xpv<ntu7ru/ces. 

And  ibid.  iii.  88  :  — 


'6ppoi  8’  dp<p ’  dwaAfi  Seipy  TrepLKaAAees  9/crav 
KaAoi,  TrapirotKiAoi  bis  Se  aeArivt] 

cTTrideaiv  dp<p ’  awaAoTai  iAdpirero.  8avpa  ISeadai. 

6  Cf.  Nos.  40,  42,  80,  etc. 

7  Cf.  Nos.  28,  34,  37,  40,  41,  etc. 

8  Cf.  Tiryns,  p.  156. 

9  Cf.  Perrot  et  Chipiez,  Hist,  de  V Art,  VI.  p.  750. 
The  figure  is  No.  344,  taken  from  Schliemann,  Tiryns, 
p.  359,  fig.  159. 

10  Cf.  Nos.  86,  93. 

11  Cf.  Studniczka,  loc.  cit.  pp.  6  ff. 

12  Cf.  Nos.  163,  164,  175. 

13  Cf.  Nos.  90  and  91. 

14  For  the  advanced  Argive  terra-cottas  no  such  dis¬ 
tinction  seems  necessary,  as  they  are  practically  all  of 
the  elaborately  ornamented  type. 


12 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


3.  Figures  with  elaborate  plastic  ornamentation  (two  or  more  bands). 

It  will  be  found,  in  general,  that  increasing  elaborateness  of  ornamentation  at  the 
shoulders  of  these  figures  corresponds  to  the  multiplication  of  bands,  and  that  both 
advance  with  the  growth  of  perfection  in  technique.1 

It  remains  to  note  the  other  decorative  elements,  which,  although  they  are  not  of 
sufficient  importance  to  form  a  basis  for  classification,  yet  display  a  very  considerable 
development  in  our  series  of  figures,  —  namely,  the  earrings,  the  hair,  and  the  head¬ 
dress.  Of  the  earrings  not  much  need  be  said.  They  begin  comparatively  late  in  the 
series  (the  small  size  of  the  earlier  figures  naturally  precludes  the  use  of  such  ornaments) 
with  much-decorated  “bird-faced”  figures,  and  develop  from  the  simple  disk  to  the  disk 
with  a  central  boss,2  the  rosette,3  and  even  the  disk  with  pendant.4 

The  development  of  the  hair  is  more  complex.  In  the  earliest  figures,  as  we  have 
before  stated,5  the  hair  is  not  represented  at  all,  or  at  best  it  is  marked  by  a  few  par¬ 
allel  grooves  at  the  back  of  the  head  or  by  two  or  three  strips  of  clay  attached  to  the 
back  of  the  head  and  falling  to  the  shoulders,  most  usually  notched  or  twisted.  Then 
one  or  two  strands  are  brought  forward  over  the  shoulders,6 7  while  a  corkscrew  curl  is 
added  to  each  side  of  the  forehead.'  The  use  of  the  simple  mass  to  represent  the  hair 
as  it  falls  to  the  shoulders  8  seems  to  be  a  later  development.  It  is  employed  almost 
exclusively  in  the  most  advanced  heads,9  where  the  front  hair  is  usually  represented 
by  two  notched  bands,10  or  by  large  curls  which  leave  between  them  a  wide  parting.11 
In  a  few  cases  we  find  over  the  forehead  a  row  of  small,  separate  curls,  similar  to  those 
commonly  given  to  archaic  heads  in  stone.12 

In  the  headdress  we  find  a  development  very  similar  to  that  which  we  have  noted  for 
the  hair.  Very  early  in  our  series,  as  we  have  already  pointed  out,13  we  find  a  simple 
band  of  clay  wound  about  the  head  to  represent  the  stephane.  This  is  often  so  broad 
and  high  that  it  might  more  properly  be  called  a  polos  or  stephanos.14  To  this  is 
often  applied  a  single  boss,15  or  a  double  boss,16  or  even  a  number  of  bosses  in  a  row, 
with  perhaps  a  double  boss  in  the  middle.17  In  one  case  1S  the  edge  of  the  stephane  is 
pierced  with  holes,  apparently  to  receive  metal  ornaments.  But  the  stephane  (stephanos, 
polos)  is  not  the  exclusive  headdress  of  our  figures.  As  the  coroplast  came  to  model 
larger  and  taller  figures,  he  evidently  began  to  feel  the  need  of  a  more  stately  headdress 
to  correspond  to  the  elaborate  adornment  of  the  body.  Thus  we  find  that  in  the  later 
figures  the  most  common  headdress  is  the  high,  bell-shaped  calathos.19  This  is  usually 
bound  about  the  bottom  with  a  taenia,  and  is  often  decorated  at  the  top  with  bosses.20 
Most  remarkable,  of  all,  however,  are  the  horn-like  adornments  which  are  the  final  deco- 


1  It  is  not  always  possible  to  use  the  number  of  bands 
as  an  absolute  criterion,  for  there  are  cases  in  which 
other  decorative  elements,  such  as  applied  layers  of  clay, 
representing  the  garments  (ef.  Nos.  56,  60,  61),  or  the  in¬ 
fants  which  the  KovpoTpicpos  figures  bold  (cf.  Nos.  37,  57, 
58,  etc.),  take  the  place  of  the  bands.  But,  for  the  most 
part,  the  distinction  of  the  classes  according  to  the  num¬ 
ber  of  bands  upon  the  figures  will  be  found  to  have  been 
carried  out  with  considerable  strictness. 

Cf.  No.  53. 

a  Cf.  Nos.  54,  104. 

1  Cf.  No.  04. 

•  Cf.  p.  4. 

o  Cf.  No.  20. 

7  Cf.  Nos.  25,  45,  etc. 


8  Cf.  Nos.  42  and  51  (which  are  of  the  Tirynthian 
Argive  class),  where  the  mass  is  crossed  by  grooves. 

9  Cf.  Nos.  93,  94,  97,  98,  99,  etc. 

10  Cf.  Nos.  94,  97. 

11  Cf.  Nos.  101-104. 

12  Cf.  No.  105. 

13  Cf.  p.  4. 

14  Cf.  Nos.  40,  53. 

ls  Cf.  Nos.  7,  33,  53,  96. 

16  Cf.  Nos.  44,  97. 
ii  Cf.  Nos.  40,  42,  98,  99. 

48  Cf.  No.  54. 

19  Cf.  No.  94. 

20  Cf.  Nos.  98,  99. 


WHOM  DO  THE  FIGURES  REPRESENT? 


13 


ration  of  this  later  type.1  These  consist  of  a  strip  of  clay,  bulging  slightly  at  the 
extremities,  placed  about  the  calathos  in  such  a  way  that  the  two  ends  rise  above  it  in 
front.  A  boss  is  sometimes  added  to  each  end  for  further  effect,2  and  between  the 
“  horns”  a  disk  or  rosette  is  quite  usual.3  We  are  inclined  to  regard  these  “  horns”  as 
an  attempt  to  represent  plumes  of  some  sort,  although  we  know  of  no  parallel  cases.4 5 * 7 

Another  point  which  naturally  arises  in  connection  with  these  “  Argive  ”  figures  is 
the  question,  Whom  do  the  figures  represent  ?  Now  the  most  striking  fact  about  them 
(as,  indeed,  about  the  human  figures  in  general)  is  the  great  preponderance  of  female 
forms.  In  the  whole  find  of  terra-cottas,  there  are  but  sixty-six  figures  which  are  male 
beyond  a  doubt,  and  of  these  forty-eight  belong  to  the  well-known  type  of  the  mounted 
warrior,  and  eight  to  the  type  of  the  Egyptian  Bes.  '  This  fact  would  naturally  lead 
us  to  the  conclusion  that  our  female  figures  represent  the  chief  goddess  of  Argos,  Hera, 
and  many  arguments  can  be  brought  to  support  this  interpretation.  Thus,  the  great 
majority  of  our  Argive  figures  are  seated,  and  we  know  from  the  Pirasus  story  and 
from  Pausanias’s  account  of  an  early  image  of  Hera,  as  well  as  from  his  account  of  the 
statue  of  Polycleitus,  that  Hera  was  conceived  at  Argos  as  a  seated  divinity.  The  head¬ 
dresses  which  we  have  noted  upon  our  figures,  stephane,  polos,  stephanos,  and  calathos, 
belong  to  the  regular  wardrobe  of  Hera ; G  while  as  a  goddess  of  childbirth  '  she  could 
be  represented  with  an  infant  in  her  arms.  But  such  arguments  as  these  are  extremely 
fallible ;  and  for  the  early  time,  especially,  we  certainly  cannot  postulate  any  such  fixity 
in  the  functions  and  attributes  of  the  goddess  as  such  statements  imply.  The  proof  of 
this  fact  is  not  far  to  seek  ;  for  in  Tegea,  where,  as  we  have  already  stated,8 9  we  find 
figures  exactly  similar  to  all  classes  of  our  Argive  terra-cottas,  these  figures  were  dedi¬ 
cated  to  Demeteiv1  The  headdresses  that  we  have  mentioned  are  found  in  the  Tegfean 
figures,  as  in  those  of  Argos,  and  they  are  by  no  means  the  exclusive  property  of  Hera. 
The  KovpoT pocfios  figures  are  much  better  explained  as  human  mothers,10  especially  as  Hera 
(and  the  divinities  of  the  Argive  plain  in  general)  is  rarely  represented  with  an  infant 
in  her  arms,11  and  the  epithet  Kovporpocpos  for  Hera  rests  upon  very  doubtful  authority.12 
Again,  the  groups  of  two  seated  females,13  while  they  might  be  taken  as  Hera  and  Hebe 


1  Cf.  Nos.  100-104. 

2  Cf.  No.  103. 

3  Cf.  Nos.  100,  104. 

4  Mr.  De  Con  suggests  that  these  adornments  may  be 
borrowed  from  the  headdress  of  Isis,  and  that  the  disk  or 
rosette  may  then  represent  the  sun.  If  this  theory  be 
correct,  we  should  then  find  in  these  figures  another 
trace  of  Oriental  influence. 

5  It  may  be  said  that  the  early  numbers  of  our  series 
are  so  rude  as  to  be  practically  sexless.  But  the  early 
development  of  the  hair  and  the  ornaments,  which  points 
distinctly  to  female  figures,  as  well  as  the  great  pre¬ 
ponderance  of  female  figures  in  the  later  types,  make  it 
practically  certain  that  our  early  figures,  also,  are  meant 
to  represent  females. 

B  Cf.  for  the  polos,  the  well-known  head  from  Olym¬ 
pia,  Botticher,  Olympia,  p.  237,  fig.  44  ;  for  the  stephane, 
Overbeck,  K unstmylhologie,  pis.  ix.,  x. ;  for  the  stephanos, 
ibid.  vol.  III.  Hera,  Miinztafel  ii. ;  for  the  calathos,  ibid. 
Miinztafel  i.  Nos.  1-9. 

7  Cf.  on  Hera  Eileithyia,  General  Introd.  vol.  I.  p.  8. 

8  Cf.  p.  9.  note  6. 

9  Cf.  Lenormant,  (Jaz.  Arch.  1878,  pp.  44  ff. 


10  On  the  analogy  of  the  woman  with  an  infant  on  her 
back  (No.  39),  the  woman  kneading  bread  (No.  24),  and 
the  performers  upon  musical  instruments  (Nos.  21,  22, 
23).  This  is  the  interpretation  which  we  are  inclined  to 
favor  for  these  /couporpif^os  figures.  A  third  possibility, 
that  these  figures  are  modifications  of  the  Oriental  As- 
tarte,  seems  to  be  excluded  by  the  fact  that  they  bear 
such  close  resemblance  to  the  Argive  type,  and  are  plainly 
only  a  development  of  it. 

11  Cf.  O.  Miiller,  Handbuch  d.  Arch.  d.  Kunst,  §  353,  1; 
and  Tsountas,  ’E/ prjpepis  ’  Apxa.Lo\oyiKT),  1888,  p.  170. 

12  Suidas,  s.  v.  "Oprjpos.  gives  the  verses  :  — 

k\v8'i  fioi  evxo/m-evoj.  Kovporpbtpe.  fibs  be  yvvocKa, 
rpvbe  veuiv  avi]va<jdai  (piXirpra  /cal  evr-pv, 

and  adds  :  — 

acpiKero  eh  Sapor  /cal  evpe  yvva~Ka.  KovporpAcpw  Bvovaar,  Kal 
\ eyei  to  errp  raSe. 

Bernhardy  (cf.  Suid.  ed.  Bern.  IT.1  p.  1101)  refers 
Kovporpbfw  to  Apollo.  Athenaeus  (XIII.  592)  refers  the 
verses  to  Sophocles,  and  says  the  poet  calls  on  Aphro¬ 
dite. 

13  Cf.  Nos.  59-G2. 


14 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


or  Hera  and  Eileitliyia,  seem  to  us,  to  judge  from  the  analogy  of  similar  groups  in  later 
times,  to  be  better  taken  as  representations  of  the  Earth-mother  and  her  daughter,  the 
later  Demeter  and  Kore.1  In  the  case  of  these  Argive  terra-cottas,  therefore,  we  can 
only  say  that  they  prove  to  us  the  existence  at  the  Heraeum,  in  very  early  times,  of  a 
cult  of  the  primitive  female  divinity,  the  real  “  great  mother  of  the  gods,”  whether  we 
call  her  Ge,  or  Demeter,  or  Aphrodite,  or  Cybele,  or  Hera,  or  perhaps  even  Athena  or 
Artemis.  She  was  early  conceived  as  a  seated  figure,  and  this  conception  strongly  influ¬ 
enced  the  ideas  of  later  times,  when  men  began  to  call  her  Hera,  and  to  reproduce  her 
image  in  wood  and  stone.  Finally,  the  use  of  exactly  the  form  that  is  employed  to  repre¬ 
sent  the  goddess  for  figures  that  are  certainly  human  2  proves  conclusively  that  we  are 
here  dealing  with  one  of  those  early  types  which  are  already  familiar  to  us  in  the  seated 
figures  from  Branchidae,  the  “Apollo”  figures  from  all  over  the  Greek  world,  the 
standing  types  of  the  Acropolis,  and  many  other  works. 

We  have  dwelt  thus  at  length  upon  the  “Argive”  figures  both  because  they  form 
the  most  important  and  characteristic  part  of  our  find,  and  because  this  type  has  never 
heretofore  been  subjected  to  the  careful  study  which  it  deserves,  and  which,  fortunately, 
our  numerous  finds  of  early  figures  in  so  unbroken  a  series  enabled  us  to  make. 

The  remainder  of  our  finds  belong,  for  the  most  part,  to  well-known  types,  and  can 
be  dismissed  in  a  few  words.  Of  the  Mycenaean  figures,  the  greater  part  belong  to 
the  common  type  with  round  or  pelta-shaped  bodies.  The  large  bull’s  or  cow’s  head  is, 
we  believe,  unique  in  terra-cotta,  although  this  subject  is  common  enough  in  Mycenaean 
art  in  other  materials.3  The  paucity  of  figures  of  this  class  of  terra-cottas  at  the 
Heraeum  is  very  striking,  in  view  of  the  large  numbers  of  them  that  were  found  at 
Mycenae  and  at  Tiryns,  and  suggests  the  explanation  that  these  figures  were  not  regarded 
as  appropriate  offerings  at  this  particular  temple.  The  Argive  style,  in  fact,  had  become 
invested  with  a  hieratic  character,  and  was  regarded  as  the  proper  object  of  votive 
dedication  at  the  Heraeum.4  The  same  remark  holds  true  of  figures  of  Geometric 
style,  of  which  the  paucity  is  very  striking,  in  marked  contrast  to  the  early  figures  of 
Boeotia,  which  are  distinctly  Geometric.5 

So,  too,  even  our  283  figures  of  the  Archaic  class  form  a  strikingly  small  proportion 
of  the  find,  when  we  consider  the  prevalence  of  this  class  on  other  early  sites.0  Here, 
indeed,  tire  figures  themselves  seem  to  show  that  these  archaic  terra-cottas  are  not  a 
natural  Argive  product.  We  do  not  mean  to  say  that  they  were  not  made  at  Argos. 


1  Cf.  the  argument,  pp.  22  f. 

2  Cf.  Nos.  21-24,  39. 

3  Cf.  the  parallels  cited  on  p.  23. 

4  So  at  Athens,  in  early  times,  the  fashion  seems  to 
have  been  for  figures  of  Athena  of  archaic  type  (cf. 
Winter,  Arch.  Anz.  1893,  pp.  141  If.).  At  Corcyra  the 
popular  offering  was  apparently  a  figure  of  Artemis  (cf. 
Lechat,  B.  C.  //.  XV.  [1891],  pp.  1  ff.).  At  Tegea  the 
Argive  type  was  later  superseded  by  an  archaic  hydro- 
phoros  type  (cf.  Pervanoglou,  Nuove  Mem.  dell'  Ins.  II. 
pp.  74  f.).  In  Sicily  archaic  figures  carrying  a  pig  are 
found  in  great  numbers  (perhaps  connected  with  the 
cult  of  Deineter  and  Kord  ;  cf.  Lidnard,  Gaz.  Arcli.  1880, 
pp.  1.1  ff.;  Caylus,  Rec.  d'Ant.  vol.  VI.  pi.  xxxvii.).  On 
the  subject  of  “fashions”  in  terra-cottas,  cf.  the  re¬ 
marks  of  Paris  upon  the  terra-cottas  of  Elateia,  B.  C. 

II.  XI.  (1887),  pp.  405-444. 


5  Cf.  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  xvii.  3  ;  Jamot,  B.  C.  H. 
XIV.  (1890),  pp.  207  ff.,  figs.  1,  2,  5,  and  pi.  xiv.  ;  Mar¬ 
tha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mus.  d’Ath'enes,  Nos.  213  ff.  These 
figures  are  interesting  as  examples  of  coroplastic  art 
developing  on  lines  parallel  to  those  which  it  followed  at 
Argos,  yet  differing  from  Argive  art  in  many  particulars. 
In  Boeotia,  as  at  Argos,  the  flat,  conventional  body  of  the 
“  bird-faced  ”  type  was  retained  long  after  the  advent  of 
the  archaic  style  of  head.  In  marked  contrast  to  the  Ar¬ 
give  figures,  the  standing  type  is,  in  Boeotia,  the  prevail¬ 
ing  one,  and  the  ornamentation  is  almost  entirely  painted, 
not  plastic.  The  technique,  too,  is  ceramic,  rather  than 
coroplastic,  i.  e.  the  paint  is  applied  directly  to  the  clay. 

6  Cf.  the  excavations  cited  in  note  4,  and  especially 
those  conducted  by  Orsi  in  Sicily  —  at  Megara  Hyblaea 
(cf.  Mon.  Ant.  I.  p.  089,  esp.  pp.  913  ff.),  and  at  Terra- 
vecchia  (ibid.  VII.  p.  201,  and  esp.  pp.  210  ff.). 


MYCENAEAN  AND  ARCHAIC  FIGURES.  ANIMALS.  VARIOUS  OBJECTS  15 


The  large  number  of  replicas  1  would  prove  that  most  of  them  were  made  there,  if  such 
proof  were  necessary ;  but  they  seem  to  be  the  product  of  outside  influences,  rather 
than  the  result  of  native  development.2  So  we  find  a  number  which  show  traces  of  the 
schools  of  Rhodes  and  of  Cyprus.3  So,  too,  the  great  majority  of  these  archaic  figures 
are  standing  types,  whereas  the  conception  of  Hera  which  prevailed  at  the  Heraeum  was, 
as  we  have  seen,  that  of  a  seated  figure.  Moreover,  a  number  of  these  archaic  figures 
are  shown  by  their  attributes  to  be  representations  of  goddesses  in  no  way  connected 
with  Hera,  or  even  hostile  to  her.  Such  are  the  figures  of  Artemis  and  Aphrodite.4 5 
For  the  rest  we  can  only  say  that  the  archaic  figures  without  attributes  may  be  meant  for 
statues  of  Hera,  and  in  many  cases,  doubtless,  were  so  thought  of  by  the  donors ;  but  in 
many  others  they  may  have  been  meant  for  priestesses  or  even  persons  unconnected 
with  the  cult  of  the  goddess,  who  offer  their  own  image  to  her.  We  are  again  dealing, 
that  is  to  say,  with  a  type,  and  all  attempts  to  dogmatize  at  this  stage  on  the  subjects  of 
these  figures  are  futile.  ’ 

The  animals  display  all  the  variety  usually  found  in  temple  offerings.  They  include 
horses  (both  with  and  without  riders),  bulls,  dogs,  pigs,  bears,  cocks,  and  birds,  and 
even  some  less  common  types,  such  as  the  centaur,  the  serpent,  the  tortoise,  the  monkey, 
and  the  bull  attacked  by  a  lion.  It  does  not  seem  possible  that  even  the  lively  imagina¬ 
tion  of  the  Greeks  can  have  thought  of  any  very  definite  association  of  all  these  animals 
with  the  goddess.  But  few  of  the  animals  represented  are  sacrificial,  so  that  the  idea 
that  they  are  “  substitutions  ” e  for  actual  sacrifices  is  in  most  cases  excluded.  At 
best  this  explanation  can  hardly  apply  to  more  than  the  cows,7  the  rams,  and  the  pigs. 
In  most  of  our  figures,  therefore,  we  are  inclined  to  see  only  examples  of  the  cheap 
kind  of  offerings  which  were  sold  at  the  entrance  to  the  temple,  —  offerings  whose  value 
depended  not  so  much  upon  their  intrinsic  worth  as  upon  the  spirit  of  the  donor. 

The  same  must  be  said  of  most  of  the  “  various  objects  ”  which  we  have  catalogued  in 
our  last  class.  The  rough  pear-shaped  weights  8  and  the  cones,9  —  which  were  probably 
meant  for  use  upon  the  loom,10  —  the  spools,11  and  the  rude  oven  12  —  probably  from  a 
baking  scene  —  are  not  inappropriate  offerings  to  a  female  divinity  like  Hera.  So,  too, 
the  dish  of  cakes  13  and  the  numerous  fragments  of  tables  14  are  doubtless  to  be  regarded 
in  the  light  of  banquets  offered  to  the  divinity.  The  flower-like  disks,15  which  occurred  in 


1  Cf.  Nos.  141,  144,  148,  149,  177,  188,  200,  231. 

2  Cf.  the  analogy  in  the  proportion  of  black-figured 
vases  to  those  of  the  Argive-Linear  s'tyle,  pp.  60,  174. 

3  Cf.  Nos.  207-211,  212,  213. 

4  So  we  interpret  the  figure  holding  a  bow  and  a 
deer  (No.  179),  and  the  figures  which  have  in  their  hands 
a  hare  (Nos.  176-178),  or  a  flower  (Nos.  166,  174),  or  a 
fruit  (Nos.  172,  173,  197),  or  a  dove  (Nos.  166-171,  199, 
200).  Some  of  these,  to  be  sure,  may  be  connected  with 
the  cult  of  Hera,  as  the  figure  with  the  wreath  (No. 
175)  probably  is.  Thus  we  know  that  Hera  as  Eilei- 
thyia  was  represented  with  how  (cf.  vol.  I.  p.  8)  ;  and 
the  fruit  of  Nos.  172,  173,  and  197  may  be  a  pome¬ 
granate  (cf.  Philost.  Apoll.  Tyan.  IV.  28  :  Tl  f. )da  5e  /xdioj 
(pvrSiv  rfj  "H pa  <pv*Tcu).  But  such  attempts  are  certainly 
far-fetched,  and  if  we  consider  the  wide  distribution 
of  these  types  (see  the  references  under  the  separate 
numbers),  the  connection  with  Hera  does  not  seem  prob¬ 
able. 

5  Cf.  Furtwangler,  ‘Aphrodite,’  in  Roscher,  Lex.  d. 


Myth.  p.  410  :  “  Docli  ist  der  Typus  ein  so  allgemeiner, 
dass  er  aucli  fiir  andere  Gottlieiten,  ja  auch  sterbliche, 
die  Votivgaben  darhringen,  beniitzt  wurde.” 

6  Cf.  Perrot  et  Chipiez,  Hist,  de  V Art,  VI.  p.  818. 

7  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  large  Mycenaean 
hull’s  or  cow’s  head  (No.  72)  has  a  hole  in  the  top,  which 
may  have  been  meant  to  receive  a  bronze  axe  (cf.  the 
references  given  in  the  catalogue,  p.  23). 

8  Cf.  Nos.  290,  291. 

9  Cf.  Nos.  283-285. 

10  Pottier  and  Reinach  (La  Necrople  de  Myrina,  pp. 
248  ff.)  explain  these  cones  as  cakes  “by  substitution,” 
and  give  the  literature  of  the  subject.  The  older  inter¬ 
pretation  of  them  as  loom-weights  seems  to  us  to  be  pre¬ 
ferable. 

11  Cf.  Nos.  286-289. 

12  Cf.  No.  279. 

13  Cf.  No.  267.  Cf.  also  the  mould,  No.  277. 

14  Cf.  Nos.  268-270. 

15  Cf.  Nos.  281,  282. 


10 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


such  numbers,  have  reference,  perhaps,  to  Hera  Antheia.  But  the  appropriateness  of 
the  foot  with  a  sandal 1  (which  seems  too  elaborate  to  have  been  part  of  a  human  fig¬ 
ure),  of  the  object  which  we  have  called  a  tree,2  of  the  whorls 3  and  the  rings,4  it  is 
impossible  to  see.  Here,  then,  we  doubtless  again  have  examples  of  small,  inexpensive 
offerings,  which  were  turned  out  by  the  score  by  the  coroplasts,  and  served  to  satisfy 
those  among  the  poorer  classes  whose  means  did  not  permit  them  to  present  more  elabo¬ 
rate  offerings. 

But  these,  after  all,  are  points  of  minor  importance.  The  chief  interest  and  value  of 
our  find  of  terra-cottas  lies  in  the  fact  that  they  reveal  to  us  —  in  the  figures  of  the 
“  Argive  ”  classes  —  the  existence  of  an  artistic  tradition  which  began  long  before  the 
period  of  the  distinctly  Mycenaean  civilization,  and  continued  unbroken  for  centuries 
after  it.  They  thus  strengthen  us  in  the  position  which  we  have  been  led  to  take  from 
a  general  survey  of  the  whole  result  of  our  excavations. 

A  detailed  catalogue  of  the  Terra-cotta  Figurines  follows.  Upon  the  Plates  (XLIL- 
XLVTII.)  the  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  numbers  of  this  catalogue. 


I.  PRIMITIVE  ARGIVE. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


1.  (Plate  XLII.  1.)  Rude  standing  figure,  modeled  by  hand,  —  a  simple  strip  of  clay, 
pinched  together  at  the  middle  to  form  a  waist  and  a  stumpy  pair  of  arms  (now  broken),  and 
pinched  at  top  into  a  pointed  head.  No  traces  of  color.  Height,  5  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  p.  150,  No.  78. 

2.  (Fig  1.  )  Similar  figure,  arms  broken.  To  each  side  of  the  nose  is  fixed  a 

fan '  v  &  j  »’ 

mm  lump  of  clay,  to  represent  the  eyes.  The  bottom  is  rounded  to 

M  mar  form  a  base.  No  trace  of  color.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Light  yellow 
*  clay. 

3.  (Fig.  2.)  Similar  figure  with  a  lump  of  clay  attached  to 
each  side  of  the  nose  to  represent  the  eyes,  and  another  lump  on 
top  of  head,  to  form  a  sort  of  pilos  or  cap.  The  figure  is  attached 
to  a  base  and  possibly  formed  part  of  a  group.  No  traces  of 
color.  Height,  5  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  p.  153,  No.  82. 

4.  (Figs.  3  and  4.)  Similar  figure,  with  lumps  for  eyes  anti  a 
strip  of  clay  wound  about  the  head,  forming  a  stephane. 

Below  this  stephane,  at  back,  three  strips  of  clay  are 
applied  to  represent  the  hair.  The  figure  stands  on  a 
plinth  and  may  have  formed  part  of  a  group.  The 
body  is  painted  brown  ;  the  face  is  covered  with  a  white 
slip.  Height,  5.5  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

5.  (Fig.  5.)  Similar  figure,  wearing  stephane.  The 
body  is  pierced  by  a  round  hole,  apparently  for  the 
purpose  of  suspending  the  figure.  No  traces  of  color. 

Height,  6.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

6.  Fragments  of  two  similar  figures  with  holes  for  suspension. 

7.  (Plate  XLII.  6.)  P  rimitive  figure,  right  arm  broken.  Eyes,  the  usual 
lumps.  The  stephane  has  a  boss  added  in  front.  Traces  of  white  slip.  Height,  6  cm. 
light  yellow. 

8.  (  Fig.  6.)  Primitive  figure,  which  originally  had  two  lumps  for  eyes,  now  lost.  The  figure 
is  remarkable  for  the  two  lumps  of  clay  which  are  evidently  meant  for  the  breasts,  although 


Fig.  ,‘i. 


Clay, 


1  Cf.  No.  270. 


2  Cf.  No.  280. 


Cf.  No.  294. 


4  Cf.  No.  292. 


TIRYNTHIAN  ARGIVE 


17 


The  mouth  is  rudely 


they  are  placed  very  low.  Color,  red,  shading  to  black  (apparently  from  burning ).  Height,  5.5 
Yellow  clay. 

9.  (Fig.  7.)  Similar  figure,  with  the  usual  lumps  for  eyes, 
represented  by  a  cutting  across  the  “  beak.”  The  ver¬ 
tical  grooves  in  the  lower  part  of  the  figure  seem  to 
represent  the  folds  of  the  chiton.  No  trace  of  color. 

Height,  5.5  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

10.  (Fi  g.  8.)  Standing  male  figure  with  stephane. 

The  eyes  are  not  indicated,  but  the  lower  part  of  the 
“  beak  ”  is  drawn  out  to  form  a  beard,  and  the  mouth 
is  represented  by  a  short  cutting.  Body  and  stephane 

are  painted  red.  Height,  5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

11.  One  hundred  and  eleven  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos. 

1-9,  showing  the  same  development  of  hair  and  stephane,  but  no  devel¬ 
opment  of  drapery.  They  are  all  of  small  dimensions,  made  by  hand,  of  rather  coarse  clay,  and 
generally  show  traces  of  a  white  coat,  with  simple  line  patterns  applied  in  red  and  black. 


Fig.  0. 


Fig. 


Fig.  8. 


II.  TIRYNTHIAN  ARGIVE. 


GROUP  1:  SLIGHTLY  DEVELOPED  PLASTIC  ORNAMENTATION  (NO  DECORATIVE 

BANDS). 

12.  (Plate  XLIII.  1.)  Seated  female  figure,  simplest  form.  The  figure  is  made  in  the 
same  way  as  No.  1,  but  it  is  slightly  bent  in  the  middle,  and  to  the  back  is  applied  a  four-legged 
support  (cf.  p.  5,  note  1).  There  is  a  simple  stephane  on  the  head,  and  the  feet  are  represented  by 
two  lumps  applied  to  the  bottom  of  the  figure.  White  slip,  traces  of  red  on  stephane.  Height, 
4.5  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 

13.  Seventy-five  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  No.  12,  exhibiting  no  adornment  other  than 
stephane  and  slight  development  of  hair.  They  are  usually  covered  with  a  white 
coat,  and  decorated  with  red  and  black  lines. 

14.  Fragment  of  figure  similar  to  No.  12,  broken  at  waist,  and  at  neck  and  left 
shoulder.  Above  the  waist  are  two  holes  for  inserted  arms,  with  fragments  of 
arms  still  in  place.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6.5  -cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

15.  (Fi  g.  9.)  Bearded  seated  figure,  broken  at  waist  and  lacking  arms.  Eyes, 
the  usual  lumps.  Round  pilos-like  cap.  Mouth,  a  deep  cut,  and  beard  marked 
by  four  vertical  grooves.  White  slip.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

16.  (Fig.  10.)  Seated  male  figure  in  high  pilos,  with  strap  passing  under 
chin.  The  figure  has  a  band  across  the  mouth,  plainly  for  holding 

now  broken  away.  The  alSota  are  represented  by  a  round  lump  of 
clay.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

Cf.  for  headdress,  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  p.  159,  No.  93: 

Furtwangler,  Jahrbuch ,  1887,  p.  202,  No.  8  ;  Furtwangler, 

Olympia ,  Ergebnisse :  Die  Bronzen ,  pi.  xvii.  288. 

17.  (Fig.  11.)  Seated  figure  with  feet  extended.  Part 
of  face,  both  arms,  feet,  and  legs  of  chair  missing.  The 
figure  has  a  stephane  with  boss,  but  otherwise  is  unadorned. 

A  strip  of  clay  over  each  temple  forms  the  hair.  White 
slip.  Height,  8  cm.  Length,  6.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

pIG  ]]  Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  p.  159,  No.  91. 

18.  T  wo  similar  figures,  badly  broken. 

19.  Similar  figure,  with  band  over  mouth,  apparently  for  holding  flute.  Traces  of  white  coat. 
Height,  5  cm.  Length,  6  cm.  Yellow  clay. 


Fig.  10. 


18 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


20.  Similar  figure,  broken  at  waist,  legs  of  chair  also  broken.  At  left  side,  near  feet,  are  traces 
of  a  smaller  figure,  also  broken  at  waist.  No  traces  of  color.  Height,  5  cm. 
Length,  6.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

21.  (Fig.  12.)  Flute  player  of  uncertain  sex.  Right  arm  and  right  half  of 
flute  broken  away.  With  the  exception  of  the  face  and  the  flutes,  the  figure  is 
entirely  covered  with  dark  red  paint.  Height,  7  cm.  Light  yellow 
clay. 

22.  (Fig.  13.)  Performer  on  the  syrinx  —  the  “  bird-faced  ” 
type,  with  simple  stepliane.  The  nature  of  the  Pan’s  pipe  is  clearly 
indicated  by  a  cross  strip  at  top  and  bottom  of  the  instrument. 

Broken  at  bottom.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

Fig.  12.  23.  (Fig.  14.)  Similar  figure  with  double  flute.  Stephane 

adorned  with  a  boss.  Red  stripe  indicates  the  flute  strap.  Height, 

5.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

24.  (Fig.  15.)  Woman  kneading  bread.  She  wears  a  stephane,  and  has  a  lump  of  clay 
attached  to  each  shoulder,  to  represent  dress-pins  (Treporai). 

Small  disks  of  clay  represent  the  dough  in  the  pan.  Traces 
of  white  on  arms  of  woman  and  on  pan,  of  red  on  stephane, 
of  brown  on  woman's  body.  Height,  6  cm.  Clay,  reddish 
yellow. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  p.  149,  No.  76.  The  motive  is 
very  ancient  —  it  occurs  in  the  oldest  sculpture  of  Egypt ;  cf. 

Perrot  et  Chipiez,  Hist,  de  V  Art,  I.  p.  74,  fig. 

48,  and  p.  662,  fig.  448. 

25.  (Plate  XLII.  3.)  Standing  female 
figure,  showing  an  attempt  at  more  careful  re¬ 
presentation  of  the  hair.  Under  the  stephane  there  is  a  large  curl  over  each  eye, 
and  an  oblong  strip  of  clay  at  the  back  of  the  head,  now  mostly  broken  away. 
Stephane,  red ;  hair  and  body  black.  Height,  8  cm.  Red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  pi.  xxv.  k. 

26.  (Fig.  16.)  Flute  player  (flutes  now  missing),  showing  further  development 
of  hair  into  two  strands  in  front  of  each  shoulder,  and  four  curls  across  forehead. 
There  is  also  an  attempt  to  represent  the  feet.  Traces  of  white  slip.  Height, 

Fig.  1G.  8.5  cm.  Clay,  dark  yellow. 

GROUP  2  :  CONSIDERABLY  DEVELOPED  PLASTIC  ORNAMENTATION  (ONE  BAND). 

27.  (Plate  XLII.  4.)  Standing  figure,  with  close-fitting  necklace  (cf.  p.  11)  extending  to 
nape  of  neck,  and  bosses  at  shoulders,  to  represent  -n-epovai.  The  figure  has  a  stephane.  Traces  of 
white.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

28.  (Plate  XLII.  12.)  Similar  figure,  with  wide  band  stretched  from  shoulder  to  shoulder, 
surmounted  by  round  bosses  (cf.  pp.  10  f.).  The  hair  is  represented  by  curls  across  the  fore¬ 
head,  bound  with  a  taenia.  White  slip,  traces  of  red  lines  on  band  and  down  left  side.  Height, 
11  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

29.  F  orty-three  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  27  and  28,  adorned  with  one  necklace  only. 
Almost  all  have  the  stephane,  and  show  some  development  of  the  hair.  They  also  have  very 
considerable  traces  of  white  coat  and  ornamentation  in  red  and  black. 

30.  (Plate  XLII.  2.)  Standing  figure,  arms,  head,  and  feet  broken  away,  with  narrow  band 
which  passes  over  left  shoulder  and  under  right  arm.  About  the  neck  are  traces  of  a  close-fitting 
necklace.  Slight  traces  of  white.  Height,  6  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

Here  the  band  seems  clearly  to  represent  the  fold  of  an  outer  garment,  arranged  in  the  manner 
of  the  later  himation  (cf.  the  Acropolis  statues,  Musees  d' Athenes ,  pis.  ii.  and  iii. ;  Heuzey,  Fig. 
Ant.  pi.  xii.  4;  and  our  own  Nos.  163,  164,  and  175).  The  oblique  band  is  very  similar  to  that 
of  the  primitive  vase  in  human  form  from  Hissarlik,  Schliemann,  Ilios ,  p.  343,  No.  235. 


Fig.  14.  Fig.  15. 


Fig.  13. 


TIRYNTIIIAN  ARGIVE 


19 


31.  Two  fragments  of  similar  figures,  with  bands  passing  from  left  shoulder  to  right  side. 

32.  (Fig.  17.)  Standing  figure  without  stephane.  The  hair  is  formed  by  curls  arranged  about 
a  centre.  The  arms  and  all  the  upper  part  of  the  body  were  enveloped  in  a  thin 
layer  of  clay,  which  formed  a  sort  of  shawl  (now  preserved  only  on  right  side). 

No  traces  of  color.  Height,  7  cm.  Greenish  yellow  clay. 

33.  (Plate  XLIII.  2.)  Seated  female  figure  with  stephane,  similar  to  No. 

12,  but  decorated  with  a  necklace  from  shoulder  to  shoulder.  The  eyes  are  not 
indicated  plastically.  The  stephane  has  a  boss.  The  feet  are  indicated  by  two 
projections.  Covered  with  white  slip,  marked  with  red  and  black  horizontal 
lines  on  chiton  and  chair.  Height,  9  cm.  Red  clay. 

Cf.  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  xl.  1  (from  Cyrenaica). 

34.  (Plate  XLIII.  3.)  Similar  figure,  with  ends  of  necklace  enlarged  into 
iTcpovai..  The  figure  has  no  separate  support,  but  is  held  upright  by  two  legs 
attached  directly  to  the  back.  Covered  with  white  slip,  traces  of  red  lines  at 
neck  and  waist.  Height,  9.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  p.  157,  Nos.  87  and  88 ;  and  on  the  whole  series  of  seated  figures,  the 
figures  from  Tegea  (Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mus.  d' Athenes,  Nos.  541,  542 ;  and  Lenormant, 
Gaz.  Arch.  1878,  pp.  44  ff.). 

35.  Four  hundred  and  ninety-one  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  33  and  34,  with  stephane 
and  single  necklace,  both  with  and  without  separately  made  chairs.  They  all  show  the  same  sys¬ 
tem  of  decoration  in  red  and  black  lines  on  a  white  ground,  with  occasional  use  of  color  applied 
directly  (for  the  bodies).  Clay,  usually  red  or  yellow. 


Fig.  17. 


GROUP  3:  ELABORATE  PLASTIC  ORNAMENTATION  (TWO  OR  MORE  BANDS). 


36.  (Plate  XLII.  5.)  Standing  figure  with  two  necklaces.  The  hair  was  formed  by  four 
notched  strands  at  back  of  head,  and  shows  traces  of  a  stephane.  Hair,  eyes,  and  body  painted 
black,  face  and  breast  natural  color  of  the  clay.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 

37.  (Plate  XLII.  11.)  Similar  figure  with  two  necklaces  and  Trepovai  as  Korporpo^os  (with  an 
infant  in  her  arms).  The  head  of  the  child  is  broken  away.  White  slip,  traces  of  red  on  neck¬ 
lace,  on  infant,  and  on  lower  edge  of  chiton.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

Cf.  p.  13. 

38.  Six  almost  identical  figures  carrying  infants,  both  with  and  without  necklaces. 

39.  (Fig.  18.)  Standing  female  figure,  carrying  a  child  on  her  back ;  he  sits 
on  her  shoulders  and  grasps  her  around  the  head.  She  wears  the  customary 
stephane  with  boss.  Hair,  two  strands  over  eyes.  General  traces  of  white. 
Height,  5.5  cm.  Gray  clay. 

Cf.  the  figure  given  by  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  iv.  4,  which  has  a  child  both 
at  front  and  at  back. 

40.  (Plate  XLII.  10.)  Standing  female  figure  of  usual  type  in  stephane, 
with  one  double  and  (originally)  two  single  bosses.  She  wears  a  close-fitting 
necklace  with  pendant,  and  long  double  necklace  across  shoulders,  between  two 
round  pins.  Plentiful  traces  of  white  slip,  and  of  red  lines  on  stephane  and  neck¬ 
laces.  Height,  8  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 

41.  (Plate  XLII.  13.)  Similar  figure,  but  without  stephane.  The  hair  was  originally  long 
curls,  now  broken  away.  She  has  three  necklaces,  consisting  of  a  twisted  band  between  two  plain 
ones,  and  double  bosses  represent  the  dress-pins.  The  fold  of  the  chiton  between  the  legs  seems 
to  be  represented  by  a  slight  indentation,  but  this  might  be  due  to  a  defect  of  the  clay.  The 
body  is  painted  black.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Gray  clay. 

42.  (Plate  XLII.  7.)  Similar  figure  in  high  stephane  with  three  bosses.  Hair,  simple  mass, 
crossed  by  horizontal  grooves.  Long  necklace  with  three  pendants  across  breast.  Large  round 
pin  on  left  shoulder ;  the  one  on  the  right  is  broken  away.  The  feet  are  carefully  indicated  by 
wedge-shaped  projections,  and  the  figure  stands  on  a  plinth.  White  slip,  with  traces  of  red  on 


Fig.  18. 


20  TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 

necklace,  pin,  hair,  and  stephane ;  body,  from  waist  down,  black.  Height,  10  cm.  Dark  yellow 
clay. 

43.  (Fig.  19.)  Fragment  of  figure  with  two  necklaces  and  peculiar  form  of  pin  on  right 
shoulder  ;  this  consists  of  a  wedge-shaped  piece  of  clay,  and  is  plainly 
only  an  elongated  form  of  the  round  pin  of  earlier  numbers ;  it  forms 
a  transition,  however,  to  the  elaborate  pins  of  later  numbers.  Hair 
two  large  curls,  surmounted  by  stephane.  Traces  of  white.  Height, 

5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

44.  (Fi  g.  20.)  Similar  female  figure,  with  elab¬ 
orate  applied  ornaments.  She  has  a  stephane  with 
double  boss,  bound  about  the  bottom  with  a  taenia. 

The  hair  is  represented  by  four  spiral  curls  over 
forehead,  three  long  curls  at  back.  Four  neck¬ 
laces  (one  twisted,  one  with  pendant),  and  under  them  (appearing  at  left  side) 
two  more  bands,  which  can  hardly  be  anything  but  an  attempt  to  represent 
the  fold  of  the  chiton.  On  the  right  shoulder  is  an  elaborate  pin,  consisting 
of  two  cross-bars  and  two  bosses,  with  traces  of  a  third  cross-bar  (type  of 
No.  84).  The  feet  are  marked  with  three  grooves  each.  A  wide  band  of 
clay,  broken  at  both  extremities,  appears  under  right  arm,  and  there  are 
traces  of  a  similar  band  under  left  arm.  These  may  have  served  to  form  a 
loop  for  suspension,  for  the  figure  could  never  have  been  intended  to  stand. 
White  sli p,  with  red  lines  on  face  and  breast ;  stephane,  taenia,  and  body  red  ; 

Fig.  20.  hair  black,  black  band  at  waist  and  at  bottom  of  chiton.  Height,  9  cm.  Clay, 

dark  yellow. 

45.  (Plate  XLII.  8.)  Similar  figure,  with  deep  indentation  in  beak,  which  brings  out  nose 
and  chin.  The  figure  wears  a  simple  stephane.  Hair,  two  large  curls  over  forehead,  six  notched 
strands  at  back.  There  are  three  necklaces  (simple  band  between  two  notched  bands),  with  flower¬ 
shaped  Trepovy]  on  left  shoulder.  Face  and  necklaces  show  thick  white  slip;  the  body  has  horizontal 
red  lines.  Height,  18.5  cm.  Clay,  greenish  yellow. 

46.  (Plate  XLII.  9.)  Similar  figure  with  the  same  indentation  for  mouth.  The  hair  con¬ 
sisted  originally  of  thick  twisted  braids  (two  pieces  only  are  preserved).  Four  necklaces  —  twisted 
band  between  two  plain  ones,  topped  by  waved  band.  The  fibulae  were  elaborate  ;  each  consisted 
originally  of  two  large  bosses  of  three  concentric  circles,  with  small  bosses  between.  Thick  white 
slip  on  face  and  necklaces,  narrow  red  line  at  waist.  Height,  11.5  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

47.  Thirty  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  40-46,  with  two  or  more  necklaces.  They  are 
all  crudely  made,  often  without  trace  of  color,  although  all  probably  had  at  least  the  usual  white 
coat  with  line  decoration. 

48.  Fifteen  fragments  of  bodies,  broken  below  waist,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  determine 
scheme  of  decoration. 

49.  (  Plate  XLII  I.  6.)  Seated  figure  with  stephane  (broken  at  front)  and  two  necklaces;  also 
originally  with  pins  at  the  shoulders.  The  hair  is  treated  as  a  single  mass  over  each  eye.  Cus¬ 
tomary  white  slip,  some  traces  of  red  horizontal  lines  on  neck  (to  represent  another  necklace?), 
necklace,  waist,  and  lower  part  of  chiton.  Height,  12. .5  cm.  Clay,  red. 

50.  (Plate  XLIII.  7.)  Similar  figure  with  four  necklaces  (three  plain  bands  and  one  twisted 
band ),  seated  in  wide  chair.  Hair  is  treated  as  one  single,  large  curl  on  top  of  head.  White  slip. 
Height,  9.5  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Ti.ri/n. s,  p.  156,  No.  86. 

51.  (  Plate  XLIII.  10.)  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  waist  and  right  shoulder,  with 
three  necklaces  (a  plain  band  between  two  twisted  bands),  ending  on  each  shoulder  in  two  round 
bosses.  The  mouth  is  distinctly  marked  by  a  straight  groove  across  beak.  The  figure  has  earrings 
consisting  of  one  boss  applied  to  another,  and  stephane.  The  hair  is  treated  as  a  single  strand 
over  each  eye,  notched  in  front,  as  a  mass  at  back,  criss-crossed  with  vertical  and  horizontal 
grooves,  and  notched  at  sides  of  head.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5.5  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 


Fig.  19. 


TIRYNTHIAN  ARGIVE 


21 


52.  (Fig.  21.)  Upper  part  of  female  figure,  with  a  remarkable  brooch  on  right  shoulder  — 
a  large  spiral,  adorned  with  rosettes  and  bosses.  (In  this  single  case,  it 
seems  possible  that  this  ornament  is  of  a  floral  nature,  and  has  some  connec¬ 
tion  with  Hera  Antheia;  cf.  p.  10.)  Hair,  a  large  mass,  which  covers  head 
and  shoulders,  hatched  with  horizontal  and  vertical  grooves.  The  earrings 
have  the  form  of  rosettes,  with  raised  bosses  in  the  centre.  Traces  of  white. 

Height,  5  cm.  Red  clay. 

53.  (Plate  XLIII.  8.)  Similar  figure,  elaborate  decoration.  It  has  six 
necklaces,  four  plain  and  two  twisted  bands ;  the  lower  one  passes  around 
the  back.  Earrings  in  the  forms  of  double  bosses.  The  stephane  also  has 
a  large  boss.  The  hair  is  treated  as  a  long  notched  curl  over  each  eye,  with  five  spirals  at  back  of 
head.  Traces  of  white,  with  red  on  stephane.  Height,  7  cm.  Reddisli  yellow  clay. 

54.  (Plate  XLIII.  9.)  Elaborate  figure,  broken  at  waist ;  left  arm  and  right  forearm  missing. 
The  figure  has  no  necklaces,  but  a  deep  groove  runs  across  the  breast  and  around  the  shoulders 
and  back,  to  mark  the  edge  of  the  chiton.  The  stephane  is  pierced  by  three  holes,  probably 
intended  for  inserted  ornaments.  Earrings  in  the  form  of  rosettes.  The  hair  consists  of  two  bands 
above  forehead,  filled  with  irregular  lines  of  small  holes,  —  a  not  altogether  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  indicate  the  texture  of  the  hair.  Below  these  bands  the  hair  falls  in  spiral  curls  (originally 
there  were  two  which  fell  in  front  of  shoulders,  and  four  at  back),  which  remind  one  strongly  of 
metal  work.  The  treatment  of  the  body  at  the  waist  marks  a  style  which  is  net  constructively 
that  of  terra-cotta  figures,  but  is  more  like  the  technique  of  beaten  metal.  On  the  shoulders 
are  fibulae  in  the  form  of  four-leaved  clovers  (cf.  p.  10).  Some  traces  of  red  on  chiton  and  on 
stephane.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Gray  clay,  now  black  from  burning. 

55.  F  ive  hundred  and  seventy-seven  more  or  less  broken  seated  figures  of  the  type  of  Nos. 
49-58,  with  two  or  more  necklaces,  usually  with  stephane  and  pins.  Some  traces  of  decoration  in 
red  and  black  lines  on  a  white  ground,  with  occasional  application  of  paint  directly  to  the  clay. 

56.  (Fig.  22.)  Upper  part  of  “bird-faced”  figure,  broken  at  waist.  Hair, 
single  wavy  curl  above  forehead.  The  figure  is  entirely  wrapped  in  a  sort  of 
•shawl,  which  rises  to  a  point  over  the  head.  Thick  white  slip ;  traces  of  red 
and  black  on  fragment  of  back  of  chair.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

Cf.  No.  82  and  the  figure  from  Tegea,  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mus. 
d'Athenes,  Nos.  554-558. 

57.  (Plate  XLIII.  4.)  Seated  female,  figure,  holding  infant  (heads  of  both 
figures  missing).  The  seated  figure  is  of  the  regular  Tirynthian  type,  with 
a  necklace  from  shoulder  to  shoulder.  The  child  is  an  oblong  lump  of  clay, 
with  a  groove  at  bottom  to  mark  the  feet.  Some  traces  of  white.  Height, 

o  o  1 


Fig.  21. 


Fig.  22. 


6  cm.  Red  clay. 

Cf.  p.  13. 


58.  Fr  agments  of  seven  similar  figures,  all  of  the  regular  “  bird-faced  ”  type,  to  which  a  lump  of 
clay  is  added  to  represent  a  child.  Some  traces  of  white.  Clay,  red  to  yellow. 

59.  (Plate  XLIII.  11.)  Fragment  of  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  waist,  on  wide  seat, 
which  was  evidently  intended  for  two  figures.  The  fragment  preserved  wears  a  waved  necklace  of 
two  bands,  and  was  doubtless  of  the  “  bird-faced  ”  type.  In  her  lap  she  holds  an  object  like  a 
broad  roll  or  band,  marked  with  five  grooves,  which  evidently  extended  to  the  other  figure  of  the 
group.  Slight  traces  of  white,  with  red  on  taenia  and  black  on  the  body  of  the  woman.  Height, 
6.5  cm.  Length,  8.5  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 

60.  (Plate  XLIII.  5.)  Female  figure  from  a  similar  group  (the  seat  is  here  broken  close  to 
the  figure,  but  was  plainly  intended  for  two  figures,  as  it  shows  no  traces  of  legs  at  the  point  of 
breakage.  The  face  is  of  the  usual  “  Tirynthian  Argive  ”  sort,  with  a  single  mass  of  hair  over 
each  eye.  The  entire  figure  is  wrapped  in  a  mantle  (cf.  No.  56)  meeting  in  front,  which  rises  to  a 
point  above  the  head.  In  the  lap  are  traces  of  a  roll  or  band,  similar  to  that  of  No.  59.  Traces 
of  brown  on  hair  and  lower  part  of  chiton.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 


22 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


Fig.  23. 


61.  (Fig.  23.)  Similar  female  figure  from  right  hand  side  of  group.  The  mantle  is  here 
broken  at  the  back,  while  in  front  it  leaves  the  neck  and  shoulders  bare.  The 
figure  has  a  simple  stephane  and  a  single  necklace,  adorned  with  three  bosses. 
White  slip,  traces  of  red  on  necklace.  Height,  6  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

62.  Fragment  of  a  similar  group  of  large  size  (only  left  hand  figure  preserved, 
broken  at  shoulder  and  at  lower  right  hand  corner).  In  the  lap  is  a  fragment  of 
a  broad  band,  similar  to  the  bands  of  Nos.  59  and  60.  General  traces  of  white. 
Height,  11  cm.  Red  clay. 

The  interpretation  of  these  groups  is  an  interesting  problem.  So  far  as  we  can 
judge,  both  the  figures  were  feminine,  for  in  Nos.  59,  60,  and  62  we  have  the  left 
hand  figure  of  the  group,  and  in  No.  61  the  right  hand  figure,  and  these  are  all 
feminine.  Moreover,  the  traces  of  the  second  figure,  preserved  on  the  seat  of  No. 
59,  point  to  a  female  rather  than  to  a  male  figure.  This  fact  at  once  declares  against  the  theory 
that  we  are  here  dealing  with  a  representation  of  Zeus  and  Hera,  a  sort  of  Upo s  y d/xos  (such  as  the 
group  given  by  Overbeck,  Kunstmythologie ,  Hera,  fig.  4  a,  from  Gerhard,  Ant.  BildwerJce,  pi.  i.), 
which  we  should  most  naturally  expect  to  find  at  a  sanctuary  of  Hera.1  The  association  of  Hebe 
with  Hera,  as  she  was  later  associated  with  her  in  the  group  of  Polycleitos  and  Naukydes,  seems 
hardly  probable  at  the  early  date  to  which  we  must  assign  these  groups.  We  are  reduced,  then, 
to  the  view  that  we  have  here  an  early  form  of  two  female  divinities  like  the  later  Demeter  and 
Kore.  (For  another  very  primitive  group  of  these  goddesses,  cf.  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  xiii.  3  ; 
later  examples  are  pis.  xviii.  bis.  3  :  xxiv.  1.  Cf.  the  same  author’s  article,  ‘  Groupe  de  Demeter 
et  Ivore,’  in  Mon.  grecs  pub.  par  V  Assoc,  pour  V encouragement  des  etudes  grecques  en  France , 
1876.)  The  roll  may  then  be  the  symbol  of  the  bond  between  the  two  goddesses. 

63.  F  our  hundred  and  thirteen  fragments  of  bodies  of  the  early  seated  type  —  lower  parts  only 
preserved.  They  usually  show  some  traces  of  the  white  coat,  and  often  are  decorated  at  the  lower 
edge  and  at  the  waist  with  simple  line  patterns  in  applied  red  and  black. 

64.  Two  hundred  and  fifty-nine  detached  heads  of  the  “  bird-faced  ”  type,  with  round  lumps 
for  eyes,  and  (usually)  simple  stephane.  Traces  of  the  white  coat  are  common,  and  the  stephane 
is  often  red. 


III.  MYCENAEAN. 


65.  (Fig.  24.)  Fragment  of  female  idol  of  the  usual  Mycenaean  form  — 
round  body  —  broken  at  waist  and  neck.  Ornamenta¬ 
tion  in  wavy  lines,  brown  to  black.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Fine 
yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Mycenae  and  Tiryns ,  pi.  C,  fig.  m. 

66.  N  ine  fragments  of  similar  figures,  same  clay,  same 
ornamentation. 

67.  (  Fig.  25.)  Female  figure  with  arms  raised  (pelta- 
shaped  body.)  Ornamentation  in  red 
lines.  Height,  8  cm.  Fine  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Mycenae  and  Tiryns ,  pi.  B,  figs,  e  and  f. 

68.  Tli  irteen  fragments  of  similar  figures,  same  clay,  orna¬ 
mentation  in  red,  changing  to  brown  and  black. 

69.  (Fig.  26.)  Female  idol  with  arms  (two  applied  strips  of 
clay)  crossed  below  breasts,  which  are  also  represented  plastically,  by  applied 
disks.  Broken  at  top  and  bottom.  Ornamentation  in  red  lines.  Height,  5.5  cm. 
Fine  yellow  clay. 

Fig.  20.  Cf.  Schliemann,  Mycenae  and  Tiryns ,  pi.  C,  fig.  1. 


1  The  Ileraea  mentioned  by  Paus.  (II.  24.  2)  probably  whole  subject,  cf.  ibid.  pp.  177-181  ;  Roscher,  Lex.  der 
had  some  relation  to  the  Upbs  ydpos  (cf.  Daremberg  et  Myth.  I2  p.  2098;  Forster,  Die  Hochzeit  des  Zeus  u.  der 
Saglio,  Diet,  des  Ant.  ‘  Ilidros  gamos,’  p.  179).  On  the  Hera,  Breslau,  1867. 


GEOMETRIC 


23 


Fig.  27. 


70.  (Fig.  27.)  Body  of  Mycenaean  figure  with  arms  raised,  broken  at  top  and  bottom.  The 
breasts  are  connected  by  a  crescent-shaped  band  (meant  to  represent  a  neck¬ 
lace?  cf.  No.  36,  and  the  Tirynthian  Argive  figures  generally).  Usual  wavy 
lines,  shading  from  light  to  dark  brown.  Height,  3.5  cm.  Reddish  yellow 
clay. 

71.  Twenty-six  fragments  of  Mycenaean  ware,  so  broken  that  the  exact 
form  cannot  be  determined  ;  same  fine  clay, 
with  ornamentation  in  wavy  lines. 

72.  (Fig.  28.)  Large  bull’s  or  cow’s  head,  broken  at  neck  and 
minus  horns.  Ornamentation  in  light  red,  straight  lines  on  fore¬ 
head  and  nose,  circle  around  eyes  and  end  of  nose,  hatched  lines 

^  on  horns,  filling  of  double  squares  on  cheeks,  and 

peculiar  ornament  at  back  of  neck  (Fig.  28  6).  In 
the  middle  of  the  forehead  is  a  vertical  hole,  possibly 
meant  to  contain  a  bronze  axe  or  some  other  orna- 
ment  (cf.  Schliemann,  Mycenae,  p.  218,  figs.  329,  330 ;  and  the  large  silver  head, 

Fig.  28  b.  ibid.  p.  216  f.,  figs.  327,  328).  The  theory  of  Perrot 
( Histoire  de  V Art,  VI.  p.  822),  that  this  axe  symbolized 
the  axe  used  to  slaughter  the  victim,  seems  to  us  probable.  Height, 

8  cm.  Width,  10.5  cm.  Fine  yellow  clay. 

73.  (Fig.  29.)  Body  of  horse,  broken  at  legs  and  neck.  Line  orna¬ 
mentation  in  brown,  shading  to  black.  Length,  7.5  cm.  Fine  yellow 
clay. 

74.  Nine  fragments  of  other  animals,  much  broken,  same  clay,  same  ornamentation. 


Fig.  28. 


Fig.  29. 


IV.  GEOMETRIC. 


75.  (Fig.  30.)  Rude  round-bodied  figure,  overladen  with  ornamentation.  It  presents  many 

analogies  to  the  elaborate  Tirynthian  Argive  figures.  The  nose  was 
originally  of  the  “  beak  ”  type.  The  eyes  are  incised  triangles.  Ear 
very  large,  with  large  pendant.  The  hair  was  a  large  mass,  now  broken 
away.  A  single  band  passes  from  the  neck  under  each  arm,  and  there 
ai-e  two  simple  necklaces,  which  carry  a  large  brooch,  broken  at  lower 
edge.  On  the  shoulders  are  “  clover-leaf  ”  pins,  with  five  bosses  each. 
The  decoration  in  color  is  Geometric  (Dipylon),  in  red  paint,  shading  to 
black.  It  consists  of  horizontal  lines,  zigzags,  and  dots  below  waist,  of 
dots  alone  on  necklace,  pins,  and  brooch.  Height,  12.5  cm.  Reddish 
yellow  clay. 

Cf.  pp.  6  f. 

76.  (Plate  XLVIII.  13.)  Geometric  horse,  legs  broken.  The  deco¬ 
ration  is  entirely  in  straight  lines,  except  at  shoulder,  where  there  are  two 
curved  lines.  This  horse  is  very  similar  to  the  horses  which  are  so  com¬ 
mon  upon  the  covers  of  Geometric  vases  (cf.  Rayet  et  Collignon,  Histoire 
jrIG  30  de  la  Ceramique  Grecque,  p.  33,  fig.  21),  and  perhaps  came  from  a  vase. 

Color,  lustrous  black.  Height,  9  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

Among  the  other  animals  of  Class  IX.  several  show  traces  of  Geometric  influence  in  their  deco¬ 
ration,  but  in  none  are  these  traces  so  pronounced  as  to  justify  their  transference  to  the  Geometric 
class. 

Cf.  p.  6. 


24 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


V.  ADVANCED  ARGIVE. 


77.  (Ei  g.  31.)  Seated  female  figure,  varying  from  primitive  type  only  in  that  the  head  has 
eyes,  nose,  and  mouth  carefully  modeled.  The  face  is  of  pronounced  archaic 
type  —  mouth  turned  up  at  corners,  eyes  wide  and  staring.  The  body  is  still  a 
mere  oblong  piece  of  clay  ;  it  shows  traces  of  two  necklaces.  General  traces  of 
„  white.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Clay,  red. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  p.  160,  No.  95. 

78.  (Fig.  32.)  Similar  figure,  broken  at  waist,  and  lacking  right  arm.  Face  of 
marked  archaic  type  —  eyes,  protruding  masses.  Hair,  single 
long  curl  over  each  shoulder,  topped  by  stepliane  with  (originally) 
seven  small  bosses.  The  breasts  were  modeled  separately  and 
applied,  as  is  evident  from  depression  to  receive  right  breast.  In 
the  hand,  the  thumb  and  the  fingers  are  distinguished,  and  a  hole  is  left  between 
them  (for  holding  an  object?).  Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  stepliane.  Height, 

8  cm.  Red  clay. 

79.  (Pl  ate  XLIV.  2.)  Seated  figure,  which  shows  some  attempt  at  model¬ 
ing  the  body.  The  swell  of  the  breast  is  quite  well  reproduced,  the  hair  is 
moulded  with  the  face,  the  ear  is  fairly  well  given,  although  placed  too  high. 

The  stepliane  has  long  ends  behind,  and  thus  forms  a  sort  of  taenia.  The  dress- 
pins  are  of  the  usual  “  boss  ”  type.  The  band  is  here  plainly  a  necklace,  for  the  fold  of  the  chiton 
is  reproduced  at  the  neck.  There  is  no  chair,  but  only  two  legs  attached  to  the  back  of  the  figure. 
Color,  white,  with  red  on  necklace,  at  waist,  and  on  lower  edge  of  chiton.  Height,  12  cm. 

Yellow  clay. 


Fig.  32. 


Light 


80.  (Plate  XLIV.  1.)  Flat-bodied  figure  (head  missing),  seated  in  elaborate  chair.  She  wears 
three  necklaces  —  the  second  has  three  pendants,  and  the  third  ends  in  small  round  pins.  On 
the  back  and  arms  of  the  chair  are  round  bosses.  Ground  color,  white ;  the  shorter  necklaces  are 
red  ;  the  long  one  has  oblique  lines;  back  of  chair,  vertical  lines;  arms  of  chair,  horizontal  lines; 
bosses,  radiating  lines;  broad  band  at  waist  and  below  knees  —  all  red.  Height,  8  cm.  Yellow 
clay. 

Cf.  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  da  Mas.  d'At/t'enes,  No.  731 ;  and  the  statuette  from  Thisbe,  now 
in  Dresden,  Arch.  Anz.  1895,  p.  220,  4. 

81.  (Fig.  33.)  Fragment  of  seated  figure,  broken  at  neck  and 
below  waist.  Simple  necklace  with  pendant,  followed  by  twisted 
necklace,  and  wide  band,  which  is  probably  here  the  fold  of  the 
chiton.  The  fragment  on  the  right  shoulder  is  pai't  of  a  large 
fibula.  The  figure  is  interesting  as  showing  the  method  of  attach¬ 
ing  the  head  in  these  advanced  Argive  figures;  the  body  was 
drawn  out  into  a  wedge-shaped  projection  at  the  top,  upon  which 
the  head  was  fitted  ;  the  joint  was  then  covered  by  a  necklace  in 
front  and  by  the  mass  of  the  hair  behind.  This  figure  also  shows 
the  legs  of  chair  attached  directly  to  the  figure.  General  traces  of 
white ;  slight  traces  of  red  on  orna¬ 
ments.  Height,  12  cm.  Clay,  red. 

82.  (Fig.  34.)  Fragment  of  right 
shoulder,  with  fibula  of  the  usual 
bronze  type  (cf.  p.  10).  The  figure 

has  two  twisted  necklaces,  and  the  fold  of  the  chiton  is  distinctly 
marked  by  an  applied  band  of  clay;  to  this  is  affixed  the  fibula  in 
form  of  a  semicircle,  with  two  pairs  of  rings  for  decoration.  Slight  traces  of  white,  and  of  red 
on  fold.  Height,  4  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 


ADVANCED  ARGIVE 


25 


Fig.  35. 


83.  (Fig.  35.)  Body  of  figure,  which  shows  greatest  development  of  fibula.  This  here  consists 

of  a  long  bar,  decorated  with  rosettes,  and  with  cross-bars  of 
dumb-bell  shape.  Four  bars  and  three  rosettes  are  preserved, 
and  this  is  probably  the  original  number,  as 
the  pin  begins  to  narrow  considerably  at  the 
points  of  breakage.  The  ends  undoubtedly 
curved  forward,  as  in  No.  84.  The  figure  has 
two  necklaces  (one  twisted)  and  distinctly 
marked  fold.  Traces  of  white  on  neck,  neck¬ 
laces,  fibula,  and  back,  of  red  on  fold  and  on 
cross-bars  of  fibula.  Height,  12.5  cm.  Clay, 
red. 

84.  (Fig.  36.)  Fibula  of  most  elaborate 
type,  broken  from  its  figure.  It  has  three  pIG  ;>(; 
cross-bars  and  two  rosettes,  and  curves  for¬ 
ward  at  the  ends.  Ground  color  white,  cross-bars  marked  with 
red  and  black  criss-cross  lines,  rosettes  with  radiating  red  and  black  lines  ;  lower  tip  red.  Height, 
7  cm.  Clay,  yellow. 

Cf.  pp.  11,  242. 

Head  and  left  arm  of  seated,  flat-bodied  figure,  with  an  infant  on  her  arm 
(only  legs  and  feet  of  infant  preserved).  Of  the  hair,  only  a  single  mass, 
with  horizontal  grooves,  is  preserved  over  the  left  temple.  The  figure  wears  a 
necklace  with  three  pendants.  General  traces  of  white,  red  lines  below  neck¬ 
lace,  red  band  at  infant’s  knees.  Height,  8  cm.  Red  clay. 

Cf.  p.  13. 

86.  (Plate  XLIV.  3.)  Large  seated  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and 
at  left  lower  edge.  She  held  an  infant  in  her  arms,  of  which  traces  are  pre¬ 
served  only  in  her  lap.  Elaborate  adornment  with  double  necklace,  which 
carries  two  pendants  at  the  sides,  double  waved  band,  double  straight  band, 
and  wide  fold.  The  pins,  strangely  enough,  are  only  small  disks,  as  in  the 
earlier  types.  Left  arm  disproportionately  short.  The  chair  was  made 
separately.  Traces  of  white,  with  applied  red  on  upper  body  and  child.  Lower  body  is  painted 
brown  with  red  horizontal  lines.  Height,  18  cm.  Yellow  clay. 


85.  (Fig.  37.) 


Fig.  37. 


87.  (Fig.  38.)  Similar 


KOVpOTp 


ocfros  figure  with  large  infant  on  left  arm.  The 


infant’s  head  is  missing.  Both  woman  and  child  are  entirely  enveloped  in  a  thin 
layer  of  clay,  which  includes  the  back  of  the  chair  as  well  (cf.  Nos.  56  and  60)  ; 
but  a  break  on  the 
right  side  shows  that 


Fig.  38. 


the  figures  were  com¬ 
plete  before  the  appli¬ 
cation  of  this  layer. 
The  woman  has  a 
necklace  with  pen¬ 
dant,  which  was  entirely  hidden.  The 
child  wears  the  chiton,  with  small, 
round  pins  at  the  shoulders.  The 
woman’s  face  is  round,  with  protrud¬ 
ing  eyes.  The  hair  is  treated  in 
notched  strands.  Traces  of  white,  of 
red  on  shawl.  Height,  7.5  cm.  4  el- 
low  clay. 

88.  (Fig.  39.)  Bust  of  very  large 
seated  figure,  with  three  necklaces 


Fig.  39. 


26 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


(plain  necklace  between  two  twisted  ones),  double  waved  band  and  wide  fold.  On  the  back  are 
traces  of  hair  treated  as  a  mass,  and  of  back  of  chair.  General  traces  of  white,  with  red  on  fold. 
Height,  12  cm.  The  entire  figure  must  have  been  fully  40  cm.  tall.  Red  clay. 

89.  (Fig.  40.)  Similar  large  fragment,  with  three  necklaces  and  wide  fold,  topped  by  two 

narrow  bands  with  round  pendants.  Traces  of 
white,  fold  red.  Height,  10  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

90.  (Plate  XLIV.  4.)  Torso  of  seated  figure 
with  very  elaborate  adornment.  About  the  neck 
runs  a  simple  necklace  decorated  with  a  line  of 
holes,  followed  by  a  twisted  chain  with  large  pen¬ 
dants,  which  are  decorated  alternately  with  grooves 
and  rows  of  holes.  The  chiton  is  a  distinct  layer 
of  clay.  From  shoulder  to  shoulder,  over  the 
chiton,  runs  a  waved  band,  adorned  with  fine 
holes  ;  between  the  turns  of  this  band  are  rosettes 
(an  imitation  of  lace  ?  or  should  we  find  here  a 
trace  of  the  metal  ornaments  found  by  Schlie- 
mann,  which  were  intended  to  be  sewn  to  the 
garment?  cf.  p.  11).  The  pins  are  of  the  “clover-leaf”  type,  with  double  bosses  in  the  centre, 
and  single  bosses  on  the  leaves.  At  the  back  are  traces  of  curls,  and  two  notched  bands  are 
stretched  from  shoulder  to  shoulder  over  the  chiton.  General  traces  of  white  on  neck  and  neck¬ 
laces,  body  brown.  Height,  8  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow. 

91.  (Plate  XLIV.  5.)  Similar  elaborate  torso.  The  chiton  is  a  separate  layer  of  clay.  Two 
twisted  necklaces.  Over  the  chiton  in  front  is  stretched  a  waved  stripe,  decorated  with  incuse 
disks  (such  as  are  found  in  ceramic  ware)  followed  by  a  line  of  pendants,  with  similar  incuse 
disks,  bosses  at  top  and  notches  at  bottom  (cf.  p.  11).  The  pin  is  similar  to  that  of  No.  90,  but 
larger.  Behind,  there  are  traces  of  curls  and  a  line  of  pendants  from  shoulder  to  shoulder.  Traces 
of  brown  paint  on  chiton.  Height,  8  cm.  Clay,  yellow. 

92.  One  hundred  and  eighty  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  77-91.  The  plastic  decora¬ 
tion  is  throughout  very  elaborate  ;  the  painted  decoration  consists  sometimes  of  red  and  black  lines 
on  a  white  ground.  Sometimes  this  treatment  is  applied  only  to  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  and 
the  lower  part  is  given  a  solid  brown  color,  applied  directly  to  the  clay. 

93.  (Plate  XLV.  11.)  Head  and  shoulder  of  advanced  Argive  type.  The  headdress  is  broken 
away.  The  hair  was  a  row  of  curls  over  the  forehead,  topped  by  a  notched  mass,  with  the  usual 
simple  mass  at  the  back,  now  broken  away.  The  figure  has  two  close-fitting  necklaces  with  three 
pendants,  followed  by  three  larger  ones  (one  of  them  twisted),  decollated  at  the  shoulder  with  a 
pin  of  the  round  boss  type.  The  fold  of  the  chiton  is  represented  by  two  narrow  bands  ;  it  was 
held  by  a  large  fibula  of  the  usual  elaborate  kind,  of  which  only  the  upper  part  remains.  White 
slip,  red  on  ornaments.  Height,  12  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

94.  (Plate  XLV.  13.)  Similar  head  and  shoulder,  color  well  preserved.  Close-fitting  necklace 
with  pendant,  followed  by  three  others  (simple  band  between  two  twisted  bands)  and  double  waved 
band.  The  pin  is  placed  altogether  too  high,  so  that  it  can  only  be  intended  for  ornament,  — 
possibly  as  a  pendant  to  the  necklace.  Disk  earrings  with  pendants.  Hair,  two  masses  above 
forehead,  with  horizontal  grooves,  large  mass  at  back,  notched  at  sides  of  neck,  The  headdress 
consists  of  a  calathus,  bound  by  a  wide  taenia.  The  ground  color  is  white  ;  black  is  found  on 
hair  (except  at  sides  of  neck),  above  the  eyebrows,  and  inside  of  eyes;  in  radiating  lines  on  ear¬ 
rings,  in  dots  on  pin  and  waved  band;  red  appears  in  radiating  lines  on  earrings,  in  dots  on  pin 
and  waved  band,  and  in  two  wide  streaks  above  and  below  close-fitting  necklace.  All  the  colors 
are  carelessly  applied,  and  seem  to  be  meant  simply  to  enliven  the  figure,  without  much  regard  to 
its  anatomy.  Height,  12  cm.  Clay,  yellow. 

95.  (  Plate  XLV.  2.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  type,  with  double  stephane.  The  hair  consists 
of  four  loops  over  forehead,  single  long  curl  at  each  side.  Ground  color,  white  ;  traces  of  red  on 
hair.  Height,  5.5  cm.  Gray  clay. 


Fig.  40. 


ADVANCED  ARGIVE 


27 


96.  (Plate  XLV.  4.)  Similar  head,  with  stephane  and  boss.  Hair,  two  notched  strands  over 
forehead,  topped  by  two  masses  with  horizontal  grooves  ;  single  strand  over  shoulder.  Simple 
disk  earrings.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

97.  (Plate  XLV.  8.)  Similar  head  ;  has  stephane  with  double  boss,  bound  by  a  taenia.  Hair, 
two  notched  strands  over  forehead,  and  mass  at  back.  Double  boss  earrings.  Traces  of  two 
necklaces.  Ground  color,  white  ;  stephane,  red ;  hair,  brown.  Height,  6  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

98.  (Plate  XLV.  9.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  type,  in  high  calathus  with  three  bosses  and 
double  taenia.  Hair,  two  masses  over  forehead,  wedge-shaped  mass  at  back.  One  earring  is  pre¬ 
served  —  a  simple  disk.  Traces  of  one  plastic  necklace,  with  pendant  and  boss,  and  of  two  painted 
necklaces,  red.  Ground  color,  white  ;  hair,  black  ;  red  stripes  on  calathus,  necklace,  and  neck. 
Height,  9  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

99.  (Plate  XLV.  5.)  Similar  head.  The  calathus  has  three  bosses  and  is  bound  by  double 
taenia.  Hair,  two  notched  strands,  topped  by  two  masses  over  forehead,  large  mass  at  back. 
Plain  disk  earrings.  White  slip ;  taenia,  red  ;  hair,  black.  Height,  7  cm.  Clay,  yellow. 

100.  (Plate  XLV.  7.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  type  with  high  calathus,  fronted  by  two 
plumes  (cf.  p.  13)  with  a  disk  at  the  base.  Hair,  notched  mass  over  forehead,  topped  by  wide 
strands,  which  extend  to  shoulders.  Earrings,  large  disks.  A  wide  band  represents  the  fold  of  the 
chiton.  White  coat ;  traces  of  red  on  brows,  earrings,  side  hair,  and  fold.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Dark 
yellow  clay. 

101.  (Plate  XLV.  10.)  Similar  head,  plumes  broken  away.  Double  taenia.  Hair,  two  notched 
masses  over  forehead,  topped  by  large  curls,  mass  at  back.  Plain  round  earrings.  Traces  of 
necklace.  White  slip  ;  hair,  black  ;  red  on  taenia.  Height,  9.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

102.  (Plate  XLV.  1.)  Similar  head,  calathus  small,  plumes  large.  Double  taenia.  Hair, 
two  large  curls  over  forehead,  mass  at  back.  Rosette  earrings.  General  traces  of  white.  Height, 
7.5  cm.  Clay,  gray. 

103.  (Plate  XLV.  6.)  Similar  head.  The  plumes  are  here  connected  behind  the  calathus, 
and  the  one  that  is  preserved  is  adorned  with  a  disk.  Double  taenia.  Round  earrings.  Hair, 
large  curl  over  each  temple,  mass  at  back.  Traces  of  necklace  with  pendants.  Slight  traces  of 
white.  Height,  11  cm.  Clay,  dark  yellow,  shading  to  red. 

104.  (Plate  XLV.  12.)  Similar  head,  with  large  rosette  between  plumes,  which  here,  also,  are 
connected  behind  calathus.  Double  taenia.  Rosette  earrings.  Hair,  mass  over  forehead  and  at 
back,  topped  by  two  large  curls.  Slight  traces  of  necklace  with  pendant.  White  slip  ;  hair  black  ; 
red  on  necklace.  Height,  9  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 

105.  (Plate  XLV.  3.)  Head  of  advanced  Argive  type.  The  features  are  very  sharp  and  dis¬ 
tinctly  archaic,  —  indeed,  it  may  be  a  question  whether  this  head  ought  not  to  be  placed  in  the 
“  Archaic  ”  class.  The  eyes  are  wide  and  staring,  mouth  accentuated,  in  that  the  region  separating 
the  mouth  from  the  cheeks  and  the  chin  is  here  defined  by  a  round  hollowing,  which  at  the  same 
time  gives  hardness.  Hair,  tight  curls  over  forehead,  treated  in  a  conventional  manner,  like 

inverted  wave  pattern,  spirals  at  back,  now  broken.  Simple  band  about  hair,  traces 
of  another  ornament  (perhaps  calathus)  on  crown  of  head.  Simple  earrings.  Traces 
of  white  on  face  ;  hair,  black.  Height,  4  cm.  Clay,  yellow. 

106.  Two  hundred  archaic  heads,  similar  to  Nos.  93-105,  always  showing  the 
same  tendency  to  elaborate  headdresses. 

Here,  too,  we  have  placed  (see  p.  7)  — - 

107.  (Fig.  41.)  Body  of  standing  female  figure,  broken  at  neck.  The  body  is 
a  perfect  cylinder ;  in  fact,  it  seems  to  have  been  made  on  the  wheel.  The  hair  was 
a  simple  mass  at  back,  red.  The  ornamentation  consists  of  a  broad  stripe  at  waist, 
and  four  series  of  thi'ee  fine  red  lines  below  waist  —  very  similar  to  Argive-Linear 
work  (see  p.  3)  in  vases.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  for  round  body,  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  ix.  No.  3  (from  Cyprus). 


Fig.  41. 


28 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


VI.  FIGURES  UNDER  ORIENTAL  INFLUENCE. 


108. 


(Fig.  42.) 


Fig.  42 


Plaque  with  heraldic  lions,  broken  at  right  lower  corner.  The  position  of  the 
lions  is  very  schematic ;  each  rests  one  fore  paw  on  a  pedestal,  and  raises  the 
other  horizontally,  so  that  the  two  raised  legs  meet  for  their  whole  length. 
The  tail  is  curved  over  the  back.  The  heads  turn  and  look  backward.  The 
surface  is  treated  rather  superficially,  and  the  muscles  are  but  little  developed. 
No  trace  of  color.  Height,  10  cm.  Clay,  red,  in  many  places  burned  black. 

The  Lion  gate  at  Mycenae  is  strikingly  similar  to  this  plaque,  as  well  as 
some  Mycenaean  gems  (for  instance,  the  one  published  by  Tsountas,  ’E</>.  ’A px- 
1888,  p.  175,  2  ;  pi.  x.  2).  Between  the  two  lions  of  our  plaque  probably 
stood  a  pedestal  or  altar  (the  upper  edge  can  still  be  made  out)  similar 
to  those  of  the  gate  and  the  gem.  The  plaque  would  seem  to  belong  to  the 
end  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization.  On  the  whole  subject  of  heraldic  animals, 
see  Curtins,  ‘  Uber  Wappengebrauch  u.  Wappenstil  im  gr.  Alterthum,’  in  his 
Gesammelte  Abhandlungen ,  II.  pp.  77-115,  pi.  i.  (cf.  with  our  plaque 
especially  Nos.  8  and  11). 

109.  (Fig.  43.)  Upper  part  of  winged  female  figure,  broken  at  waist.  The  face  is  badly  worn, 
but  plainly  archaic.  Three  notched  strands  of  hair  fall  to  each  shoulder. 
The  head  is  surmounted  by  a  stepliane.  Arms  akimbo,  —  the  hands  held 
sickle-shaped  objects,  badly  worn.  Hair,  red  ;  red  bands  on  stephane, 
body,  and  wings.  Height,  7  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

This  figure  is  very  similar  to  the  Delos  statue  (A5.  C.  II.  III.  [1879], 
pp.  393-399,  pis.  vi.  and  vii.),  and,  like  it,  was  undoubtedly  a  running 
figure  with  one  knee  touching  the  ground.  In  terra-cotta,  we  have 
similar  figures  in  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  ]\Ius.  d'  Athene  s,  No.  9,  and 
in  Dumont  et  Chaplain,  Les  Ceramiques  de  la  Grece  Propre ,  II.  p.  229, 
No.  46.  These  are  both  explained  as  gorgons,  and  that  is  the  interpreta¬ 
tion.  we  are  inclined  to  give  to  our  figure.  On  the  subject  of  running 
figures,  cf.  Curtins,  ‘  Die  knieenden  Figuren  d.  altgr.  Ivunst,’  in  Gesarn- 
L bhandlungen ,  II.  pp.  116  ff.  pi.  ii.,  and  Gerhardt,  ‘Uber  die  Fliigelgestalten  der  alten 
Ivunst,’  in  his  Gesammelte  Akad.  Abhandlungen ,  I.  pp.  157  ff.  pis.  ix.-xii. 

110.  (Fig.  44.  )  Fragment  of  a  similar  figure,  running  to  right,  badly  broken.  All  that 

appears  is  the  body,  with  arms  akimbo,  a  small  part  of  right  wing,  right 
leg  to  knee,  and  left  leg  to  middle  of  thigh.  But  the  figure  is  plainly 
an  archaic  running;  figure.  Traces  of  white  ;  some  red  on  chiton. 

<j  o 

Height,  5.5  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  No.  109. 

111.  (Fig.  45.)  Squatting  male  figure,  type  of  the  Egyptian  Bes, 
broken  at  knees.  The  figure  is  that  of  a  dwarf  with 
hands  placed  on  the  abdomen,  which  is  abnormally 
developed.  Hair,  a  mass  with  horizontal  grooves. 

No  trace  of  color.  Height,  6  cm.  Red  clay, 
of  this  class  of  figures  may  be  seen  from  Orsi’s  note  on 


Fig.  43. 


rnelte 


Fig.  44. 


Tin;  wide  distribution 


the  find  at  Megara  Hyblaea,  Mon.  Ant.  I.  p.  838,  note  1.  Cf.  the  figure  there 
given,  pi.  vi.  4.  The  development  of  this  type  is  traced  by  Ileuzey,  ‘  Sur 
( 


uelques  representations  du  dieu  grotesque  appele  Bes  par  les  Egvptiens,’ 
Comptes  1 1 end 'us  de  V Academic  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles-Lettres ,  1879,  p.  140. 

112.  Six  replicas  of  No.  1 1 1,  all  more  or  less  broken.  Same  clay,  some  traces 
of  white  coat. 

113.  Similar  figure  of  smaller  size,  feet  broken  away.  No  trace  of  color. 
Height,  5  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 


Fig.  45. 


EARLY  ARCHAIC 


29 


114.  (Plate  XLYIII.  16.)  Fragment  of  large  sphinx,  broken  at  middle  of  body.  The  figure 
is  very  rude,  consisting  of  no  more  than  a  head  and  neck  (in  full  face),  set  upon  a  winged  body 
(whether  of  a  lion  or  of  some  other  animal  it  is  impossible  to  determine).  The  technique  is  most 
interesting,  for  all  the  surfaces  of  the  face  are  plane  surfaces,  and  appear  to  have  been  made  with 
a  knife  or  some  similar  tool  ;  this  is  true,  too,  of  the  wing.  Moreover,  there  are  no  traces  of  paint 
on  the  head  or  on  the  wing,  whereas  they  are  plentiful  on  the  other  parts  of  the  figure.  It 
appears,  then,  that  the  figure  was  finished  and  painted,  and  at  some  later  time  the  surfaces  which 
show  the  knife  marks  were  formed  by  cutting  away  the  original  contours.  The  paint,  which 
appears  on  legs  and  body,  is  red.  Height,  11  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

An  interesting  head  for  comparison  is  published  by  Tsountas,  ’E<£.  ’A py.  1892,  p.  13,  pi.  iv.  4 
and  4";  cf.  also  the  poros  heads  from  the  Acropolis  ( liev .  Arch.  XVII.  [1891],  pp.  304  ff.  pi.  x.), 
which,  some  have  held,  were  made  by  a  workman  during  the  noonday  rest,  exactly  as  our  figure 
may  have  been  remodeled. 

115.  (Fig.  46.)  Small  sphinx,  head  missing.  The  head  was  apparently  feminine,  for  two 
locks  of  hair  appear  in  front  of  each  shoulder.  No  traces  of  color.  Height, 
4.5  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow. 

116.  Fragment  of  similar  sphinx,  only  front 
j  leg,  body,  and  beginning  of  wing  preserved. 

Traces  of  white.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Clay,  brown. 

117.  (Fig.  47  .)  Small  figure  on  a  horse,  gal¬ 
loping  to  left  —  plaque,  stamped  on  both  sides. 

Rude  modeling,  but  with  some  attempt  at  repre¬ 
senting  muscles  of  horse  by  means  of  grooves. 

Surface,  green  enamel.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Light,  sandy  material. 

This  figure  is  stamped  as  Egyptian  by  its  enamel.  Moreover,  Professor 
Petrie,  in  his  Naukratis  (p.  14),  speaks  of  “  figures  of  light,  friable, 
sandy  ware  ”  —  a  description  which  applies  exactly  to  our  plaque ;  and 
Professor  Ernest  Gardner  informs  us  that  some  of  these  figures  were  exactly  similar  to  ours.  There 
can  be  no  doubt,  then,  that  we  have  here  an  imported  article,  as  is  also  the  case  with  a  small 
fragment  of  similar  material  and  glaze  —  the  lower  portion  of  a  squatting  figure,  very  much  like 
the  type  of  the  Egyptian  Bes,  Nos.  111-113. 


Fig.  46. 


VII.  EARLY  ARCHAIC. 


GROUP  A:  HAND-MADE  FIGURES. 


118.  (Fig.  48.)  Standing  male  figure,  both  legs,  left  arm,  and  right  forearm  missing.  The 

figure  presents  many  analogies  to  primitive  Argive  figures  —  the  eyes 
are  round  lumps,  the  nose  is  almost  a  beak,  and  the  hair  consists  of  four 
strands  falling  to  the  shoulders  behind  and  a  wavy  curl  on  top  of  the 
head.  Yet  the  mouth  and  chin  are  plainly  indicated,  and  there  is  some 
attempt  at  modeling  in  the  body,  which  produces  something  the  effect 
of  the  early  Apollo  figures.  The  body  is  covered  with  a  thick  white 
slip,  with  applied  red  on  hair,  red  lines  at  breast  and  waist,  and  red 
hatchings  on  legs  (meant  to  represent  pattern  on  chiton  ?).  Height, 
11  cm.  Clay,  red. 

119.  Fragment  of  seated  male  figure,  broken  at  hips.  The  upper 
part  is  a  mere  wedge,  to  which  was  attached  a  face  in  front,  and  a  mass 
of  hair  behind.  The  atSoia  are  roughly  represented,  but  far  too  high. 
Slight  traces  of  dark  brown  on  left  arm,  back  of  head  and  lower  abdo- 

Height,  9  cm.  Clay,  straw. 

120.  (Fig.  49.)  Standing  female  figure,  rudely  modeled  by  hand, 

Fig-  48.  but  showing  an  attempt  to  distinguish  the  features  of  the  face.  The 


© 

men. 


30 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


nose,  now  broken,  was  distinguished  from  the  chin  ;  the  eyes  are  incised  circles  ;  the  hair  is  a 

series  of  notched  strands  falling  to  shoulders.  The  arms  are  raised 
to  the  breasts,  and  three  grooves  at  the  end  of  each  mark  the  fingers. 
General  traces  of  white.  Height,  8  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

121.  Standing  female  figure  with  remarkably  long  neck,  broken  at 
waist,  arms  missing.  Face  very  rude,  nose  very  much  like  a  beak, 
but  distinguished  from  chin,  mouth  not  indicated.  The  breasts  are 
rudely  applied  lumps.  Eyes,  two  incised  circles.  Hair  consisted  of 
notched  mass  at  top  and  strands  down  the  back  (now  broken  off). 
White  color  is  preserved  in  circles  of  eyes.  Height,  10.5  cm.  Clay, 
reddish  yellow. 

122.  (Fig.  50.)  Standing  female  figure  with  nose  and  mouth  care¬ 
fully  distinguished.  Eyes,  however,  are  lumps  —  a  reminiscence  of 
the  earlier  types.  Hair,  nine  notched  strands,  spreading  over  shoul¬ 
ders.  A  slight  groove  from  shoulder  to  shoulder  marks  the  fold  of 
the  chiton.  The  forearms  (now  broken  off)  were  extended  forward. 

Three  grooves  extend  from  waist  to  bottom  of  chiton  on  each  side,  doubtless  to  represent  folds. 
The  ground  color  is  black,  covered  with  yellow  dots,  even  on  the  parts  of  the  neck  above  fold  of 
chiton  :  between  the  grooves,  on  the  lower  part  of  the  figure,  are  hatchings  of  light  yellow.  Height, 
11.5  cm.  Clay,  grayish  yellow. 

123.  (Fi  g.  51.)  Rudely  made  figure  with  round  body  ;  head,  right  arm,  and  left  forearm  miss¬ 
ing.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

This  figure  stands  in  the  same  relation  to  the  two  preceding  figures  that  the 
statue  of  Cheramyes  (cf.  Collignon,  Hist,  de  la  Sculpture  Grecque ,  I.  p.  163, 
fig.  73)  does  to  the  Nicandra  statue  (ibid.  p.  120,  fig.  59).  It  is  an  attempt  to 
vary  the  monotony  of  the  square,  board-shaped  body  by  another  form,  which, 
however,  is  equally  summary  and  untrue  to  nature. 

124.  (Fig.  52.)  Rude  round  figure  of  a  pregnant  woman,  head,  arms,  and 
feet  broken  away.  The  feet  were  attached  to  two  stumps 
inserted  in  the  lower  part  of  the  figure.  The  edge  of  the 
chiton  below  the  neck  is  carefully  indicated  by  a  deep  cutting. 

White  slip.  Height,  9.5  cm.  Yellow  clay.  Fig.  51. 

Representations  of  pregnant  women  are  not  uncommon  in 
all  periods  of  Greek  terra-cottas  ;  cf.  Schliemann,  Bericht  iiber  die  Ausgra- 
bungen  in  Troia  im  Jahre  1890 ,  pi.  i.  3 ;  Dorpfeld,  Train.  1893,  p.  101  ; 
Schone,  Gr.  Beliefs ,  p.  67,  No.  142,  pi.  xxxvi.  (  —  Bull.  1868,  p.  54,  No.  20); 
Stephani,  Compte  Bendu ,  1865,  pp.  193,  194,  pi.  vi.  6  ;  Ant.  du  Bosphove 
Cimmerien ,  II.  p.  91,  pi.  lxix.  7.  But  all  these  figures  are  plainly  intended  for 
caricatures,  whereas  our  figure,  as  a  temple  gift,  can  hardly  be  anything  but  a 
thank  offering  for  a  successful  childbirth.  It  is  appropriately  dedicated  to  Hera 
as  Ei\36vi.a.  (Cf.  Hesycli,  s.  v.  EiAei6WW  "H pa  iv  "Apyei,  and  on  the  whole  sub¬ 
ject,  Roscher,  Lexicon  der  Mythologie ,  I2  pp.  2087  ff. 

125.  F  brty-four  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  118-122,  mostly  bodies  of  the  cravls  type, 
roughly  made  by  hand.  A  few  show  traces  of  applied  plastic  ornamentation.  The  painted  orna¬ 
mentation  is  simple  ;  it  consists  principally  of  lines  and  dots,  usually  in  red  and  black,  although 
there  are  a  few  cases  of  applied  white  (to  mark  the  girdle),  and  one  figure  has  two  purple  bands 
falling  from  the  girdle  in  front.  The  only  pattern  is  found  on  the  right  side  of  one  figure,  where 
we  may  suppose  the  fold  of  the  Doric  chiton  to  be  :  — 


Fig.  49.  Fig.  50. 


EARLY  ARCHAIC 


31 


126.  (Fig.  53.)  Torso  of  female  figure  of  coarse  clay,  round-bodied  type.  On  the  right  shoul¬ 
der  is  an  elaborate  fibula  of  the  “  clover-leaf  ”  type,  and  the  left  shoulder 
shows  traces  of  a  similar  fibula.  At  the  back  are  traces  of  strands  of 
hair,  and  also  of  an  applied  band  which  was  stretched  from  shoulder  to 
shoulder.  The  ground  color  is  red,  covered  by  a  black  coat,  with 

applied  yellow  lines  at  waist  and  neck,  and  yellow  dots  on  fibula. 

Height,  6  cm.  Clay,  yellow. 

127.  Similar  torso,  forearms  (which  were  extended)  broken  off. 
Traces  of  four  strands  of  hair  at  back,  and  of  one  strand  in  front  of 
each  shoulder.  Fold  of  chiton  represented  plastically  and  decorated 
with  “  laufender  Hund  ”  pattern  in  light  brown.  The  entire  body  is  covered  witli  a  light  brown 
coat,  to  which  is  applied  dark  brown  on  bust  and  arms.  Dark  brown  stripe  at  waist.  1 1  eight, 
5.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

128.  Third  torso  of  similar  style,  arms  broken.  Fold  of  chiton  moulded  in  the  clay,  botli  at 

front  and  back.  Traces  of  long  necklace  from  shoulder  to  shoulder  behind.  Hair  was  six  notched 
strands.  Fragment  of  large  fibula  on  left  shoulder.  Ground  color  red,  changing  to  black  (appar- 

ently  from  burning).  Applied  white  on  neck  and  fibula;  white  line  at  waist.  Height,  5  cm. 

Dark  yellow  clay. 

129.  Fragment  of  heavy,  seated  figure  of  coarse  clay  (similar  to  the  clay  of  Nos.  126-128), 
broken  at  neck  and  below  knees.  The  woman  leans  forward  and  rests  her  elbo  .vs  on  her  knees. 
The  forearms  are  broken  off.  Color,  black,  with  red  lines  at  upper  edge  of  chiton  and  at  waist. 
Traces  of  large  fibula  at  left  shoulder.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

Here,  too,  we  may  place,  as  a  transitional  type  — 

130.  (Plate  XLYII.  3.)  Bust  and  head  of  rudely  made  figure  of  archaic  style,  with  a  mod¬ 
eled  head.  This  figure  presents  striking  analogies  to  the  advanced  Argive  figures ;  it  has  a  low 
stephane,  six  large  curls,  large  earrings,  and  a  close-fitting  necklace.  Yet  it  is  a  real  archaic 
figure ;  the  body  was  of  the  same  type  as  Nos.  126-129.  Paint  applied  directly :  pupils  of  eyes, 
hair,  and  body,  black  ;  brows,  brown.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

131.  Fragments  of  four  replicas  of  No.  130,  with  varying  amounts  of  plastic  ornament.  Three 
have  necklaces,  the  fourth  is  broken  close  to  the  neck.  One  has  marks  of  a  long  necklace  from 
shoulder  to  shoulder  at  the  back.  Two  have  applied  earrings,  while  of  the  others,  one  has  the  ear¬ 
rings  represented  by  circles  sunk  in  the  clay,  the  other  has  none  at  all.  The  hair  consists  in 
three  cases  of  curls ;  in  the  other  it  is  a  mass.  All  show  marks  of  having  had  a  stephane.  The 
system  of  color  is  the  same  in  all  —  body,  solid  color,  in  one  case  black,  shading  to  red  ;  in  the 
others,  black  ;  necklace,  a  row  of  dots  ;  pupils  of  eyes,  brows,  and  hair,  same  color  as  the  body  — 
in  one  case  red,  in  the  others,  black.  One  figure  has  a  black  dot  in  the  centre  of  each  earring. 
Height,  3.5  cm.  to  6.5  cm.  Clay,  yellow,  except  one  figure,  which  is  of  gray  clay. 

GROUP  B:  MOULD-MADE  FIGURES. 


Fig.  53. 


132.  (Fig.  54.)  Fragment  of  standing  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and 


Fig.  54. 


waist,  arms  missing. 


The  modeling  is  careless. 


The  fio-- 


ure  is  interesting  only  because  it  has  at  the  shoulders  round 
pins  similar  to  those  of  the  early  and  advanced  Argive 
styles  (cf.  p.  8).  General  traces  of  white.  Height,  4  cm. 
Clay,  red. 

133.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  without  pins.  The  lower 
body  is  no  more  than  a  squared  lump  of  clay  ;  the  arms 
are  stumps.  Fold  of  chiton  represented  by  a  slight  groove. 
Traces  of  white.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 

134.  (Fig.  55.)  Moulded  female  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  above  knees. 
She  wears  a  sleeveless  chiton  • — the  upper  edge  plainly  marked  by  a  depres- 


Fig.  55. 


32 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


sion  —  and  necklace  with  pendant.  At  each  side  of  neck,  one  or  two  curls  of  a  long  lock  of  hair. 

The  arms  fall  close  to  the  sides.  The  relief  is  very  flat,  but  there  is  an 
attempt  to  represent  the  breasts.  No  trace  of  color.  Height, 
7.5  cm.  Clay,  dark  red. 

135.  (Fig.  56.)  Badly  worn  figure  of  similar  make,  no  orna¬ 
mentation.  At  height  of  shoulders,  two  supports  were  fixed  to 
the  back  to  hold  the  figure  upright  (cf.  the  Argive  seated  fig¬ 
ures).  Traces  of  white.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

136.  Th  ree  fragments  of  similar  figures,  all  showing  remains 
of  supports  at  level  of  shoulders.  They  all  show  traces  of  white 
coat.  Heights,  4.5  cm.  to  8  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

137.  (Fig.  57.)  Lower  part  of  large  moulded  figure,  in  very 
high  relief  (broken  at  waist).  The  chiton  hangs  in  a  long 
straight  fold  between  the  legs  (cf.  Musees  d' Athenes,  pi.  v.). 

Fig  56  Fig  ~7  Arms  are  pressed  close  to  sides.  Color,  bright  red  ; 

arms,  pink.  Height,  10  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 

138.  (Fig.  58.)  Similar  fragment  in  lower  relief,  with  line  ornamentation  in  pur¬ 
ple  (simple  vertical  lines,  joined  by  horizontal  and  criss-cross  lines ;  at  sides,  rude 
horizontal  lines  only).  Height,  6  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

139.  Fragments  of  three  similar  figures  in  low  relief,  arms  always  at  sides.  In  two 
cases,  the  toes  are  modeled  rather  carefully. 

140.  (Fig.  59.)  Moulded  figure,  broken  at  neck.  Hands  still  at  sides. 

From  the  waist  down,  the  figure  is  a  mere  case,  in  which  all  the  forms 
disappear,  but  there  is  an  attempt  at  representing  the  feet.  Above  the  pJG  ^ 
waist,  the  modeling  is  summary,  but  fairly  accurate.  The  breasts  are 
clearly  brought  out,  as  are  also  the  lower  edge  of  the  chiton  and  the  indentation  of 
the  girdle  (cf.  Musees  d' Athenes,  pi.  x.).  The  figure  stands  on  a 
narrow  plinth,  which  was  included  in  the  mould.  White  slip,  with  red 
bands  around  lower  part  of  chiton.  Height,  7  cm.  Clay,  gray. 

141.  Exact  replica  of  No.  140,  similarly  broken,  decorated  with  red 
bands.  Height,  7  cm.  Clay,  gray. 

142.  Very  similar  figure,  but  not  replica.  The  proportions  are 
Fig.  59.  slightly  smaller  than  those  of  No.  140  and  No.  141  ;  the  figure  may  have 

been  made  from  a  mould  which  was  itself  made  from  No.  140  or  No. 

141  and  shrank  in  baking.1  It  shows  only  traces  of  white.  Height,  7  cm.  Red  clay. 

143.  (Fig.  60.)  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  waist.  The  hair  is  represented  by 
notches  and  falls  to  shoulders.  The  ear  is  too  high,  as  is  usual  in 
archaic  work.  The  edges  of  the  chiton  at  neck  and  waist  are  dis¬ 
tinctly  marked.  Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  chiton.  Height,  4.5  cm. 

Red  clay. 

144.  (Fig.  61.)  Fragment  from  the  same  mould  as  No.  143, 
minus  face  and  broken  at  knees.  This  figure  shows  not  only  the 
lower  edge  of  the  fold  of  the  chiton,  but  also  the  indentation  of  the 
Arms  held  close  to  sides.  Slight  traces  of  red.  Height, 

Red  clay. 

Upper  part  of  similar  figure  in  high  calathus  (broken  at 
Fold  of  chiton  and  indentation  of  girdle  well  marked.  Color, 
traces  of  red  on  calathus.  Height,  5  cm.  Clay,  red. 


Fig.  GO. 


<rirdle. 

© 


145. 

waist), 
white  : 


146.  Small  fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  waist  and  below 


knees.  Behind  each  hand  (arms  still  hang  close  to  sides)  a  small  hole,  possibly  for  Fig.  62. 
suspending  the  figure.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

147.  (Fig.  62.)  Similar  figure,  showing  wide  border  all  around,  where  the  clay  ran  over  the 
1  Cf.  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mus.  d’ Athenes,  p.  xxiii,  on  the  subject  of  “  surmoulages.” 


EARLY  ARCHAIC 


33 


edges  of  the  mould.  Arms  hang  close  to  sides.  Edges  of  chiton  marked  by  grooves  at  neck  and 
waist,  also  at  sides.  The  hair  is  represented  by  grooves,  worked  after  the  figure  left  the  mould. 
Slight  traces  of  red.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 

148.  (Plate  XL VI.  5.)  Figure  from  the  same  mould,  with  stephane  added.  Traces  of  white 
on  face,  of  red  on  chiton.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

149.  Fragment  from  the  same  mould  as  Nos.  147  and  148,  broken  at  neck  and  knees. 

150.  (Plate  XLVI.  14.)  Bust  of  large  standing  figure  broken  at  waist.  High  round  stephane. 
The  hair  is  carefully  represented  by  curls  in  low  relief  over  forehead,  and  three  long  curls  in  front 
of  each  shoulder.  The  eyes  are  remarkably  long  and  triangular.  Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  left 
side.  Height,  10  cm.  Gray  clay. 

151.  (Fig.  63.)  Somewhat  similar  fragment,  broken  at  waist,  face  badly  broken.  Edges  of 
chiton  very  plainly  marked,  also  edge  of  girdle.  Hair, 
large  mass  at  back.  Ears,  remarkably  large.  No  traces 
of  color.  Height,  10  cm.  Red  clay. 

152.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  waist  and 
neck.  General  traces  of  white.  Height,  7  cm.  Red 
clay. 

153.  (Plate  XLVI.  1.)  Rudely  modeled  figure,  with 
arms  bent  at  elbows,  hands  touching  shoulders.  No 
attempt  at  representing  details.  Traces  of  white. 

Height,  7  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

154.  (Fig.  64.)  Fragment  of  figure  with  arms  simi¬ 
larly  bent  (broken  at  neck  and  above  knees).  Very 
careless  modeling.  Traces  of  white.  Two  red  lines  at  waist,  one  at  neck. 

Height,  7  cm.  Greenish  yellow  clay. 

155.  (Plate  XLVI.  6.)  Standing  figure  in  stephane,  with  hands  raised  to  breast.  All  the 
lines  are  remarkably  deep  ;  they  seem  to  have  been  made  with  a  pointed  instrument.  Hair  treated 
in  notches.  Two  grooves  mark  the  lower  border  of  chiton.  No  trace  of  color.  Height,  8  cm. 
Clay,  dark  red,  shading  to  black. 

156.  Two  fragments  of  very  similar  figures,  with  hands  raised  to  breasts  (both  broken  at  neck). 
One  has  white  slip,  with  red  horizontal  lines,  one  at  upper  edge  of  chiton,  three  at  waist,  two  at 
lower  edge  of  chiton. 

157.  (Plate  XLVI.  2.)  Somewhat  more  advanced  archaic  figure,  showing  an  attempt  to 
represent  the  folds  of  the  chiton.  The  figure  wears  the  stephane,  and  the  arms  are  represented 
as  bent  at  the  elbow,  although  the  forearms  are  mere  stumps.  Traces  of  white  coat.  Height, 
8.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

158.  Fourteen  fragments  of  similar  figures,  mostly  lower  parts  with  folds  in  low  relief.  One  is 
an  exact  replica  of  No.  157. 


Fig.  65. 


159.  Figure  very  similar  to  No.  157  —  folds  of  chiton  fairly  well  given 
(broken  at  neck).  The  arms  hang  slightly  forward,  and  are  entirely 
given  in  the  mould.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6  cm.  Clay,  reddish 
yellow. 

160.  Fragment  of  left  side  of  archaic  figure  —  forearm  and  hand 
grasping  edge  of  chiton  preserved  —  with  fairly  careful  reproduction  of 
folds.  This  figure  is  not  flat  at  back,  but  hollow,  with  thin  walls,  corre¬ 
sponding  to  the  later  technique.  No  traces  of  color.  Height,  8  cm. 
Red  clay. 

161.  (Fig.  65.)  Lower  part  of  archaic  figure,  showing  still  greater 
development  of  folds  of  chiton.  Here,  not  only  the  vertical  folds  which 
fall  from  the  arm  are  brought  out,  but  the  folds  between  the  legs  are  also 
fairly  well  reproduced.  The  modeling  of  these  folds  is  softer  than  in 
most  of  the  other  figures  of  this  class,  giving  an  impression  of  greater 
freedom.  This  may  partly  be  due  to  the  fact  that  this  was  perhaps  made 


34 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


when  the  mould  itself  was  somewhat  worn,  and  the  lines,  therefore,  not  so  sharp.  No  traces  of 
color.  Height,  8  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

162.  Two  fragments  of  similarly  draped  figures.  One  of  them  is  painted  a  bright  red ;  the 
other  shows  a  very  plain  thumb-mark  at  the  back. 

163.  (Plate  XLVI.  3.)  Figure  of  the  “  Spes  ”  type,  broken  at  neck  and  at  knees.  The 
himation  falls  from  right  shoulder  and  passes  under  right  arm.  The  chiton  was  doubtless  indi¬ 
cated  in  color.  Right  hand  raised  to  waist,  and  pierced  by  a  hole  for  an  attribute  (perhaps  a 
flower?).  Left  hand  holds  edge  of  himation.  The  folds  are  very  carefully  indicated.  Himation, 
red  —  color  applied  directly  to  clay.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Winter,  ‘Die  Terrakotten  von  der  Akropolis,’  Arch.  Anz.  1893,  pp.  140  ff.,  esp.  figs.  5, 
11,  15;  Lechat,  ‘  Terres  Cuites  de  Corcyre,’  B.  C.  II.  XV.  (1891),  pp.  1-112,  esp.  p.  79,  No. 
74,  pi.  viii.  2  (the  specimen  there  mentioned  had  a  hole  in  the  hand,  exactly  as  No.  163  has)  ; 
Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  xl.  2  (from  Cyrenaica)  ;  Martha,  Cat.  cles  Fig.  du  Mus.  d'  Athenes,  No. 
733  (provenance  unknown,  but  probably  Greek).  The  best  short  discussion  of  the  “  Spes”  figures 
is  that  of  Orsi,  in  his  publication  of  the  Megara  Hyblaea  terra-cottas  ;  see  Mon.  Ant.  I.  pp.  924  ff. 

164.  (Plate  XLVI.  10.)  Fragment  of  figure  similar  to  No.  163  — broken  at  neck  and  waist. 
Same  arrangement  of  himation,  same  careful  adjustment  of  folds.  Right  hand  raised  to  waist, 
left  doubtless  grasped  edge  of  garment.  Slight  traces  of  white.  Height,  5  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

165.  Fragment  of  archaic  figure,  broken  above  waist  and  below  knees.  The  folds  are  hastily 
indicated.  The  left  hand  hangs  somewhat  forward  and  holds  an  apple.  At  the  back  is  a  very 
plain  thumb-mark.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

166.  (Pl  ate  XLVI.  9.)  Aphrodite  of  archaic  type,  broken  at  neck  and  knees.  Folds  of  chiton 
barely  indicated.  Both  hands  are  raised,  the  right,  carrying  a  dove,  to  breast ;  the  left,  with 
flower,  below  it.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5.5  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow  and  very  fine. 

167.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  only  left  hand  with  dove  and  right  hand  side  of  drapery  pre¬ 
served.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Fine  yellow  clay. 

168.  (Fig.  66.)  Similar  Aphrodite,  broken  at  neck  and  above  knees.  Right  hand,  raised  to 
breast,  carries  dove  ;  left  grasps  edge  of  sleeve  of  himation.  Traces  of  white.  Height, 
7  cm.  Dai'k  red  clay. 

169.  Similar  figure,  badly  broken.  Right  holds  dove,  left  raised  edge  of  hima¬ 
tion.  The  folds  of  the  himation  are  carefully  given.  On  the  shoulders,  traces  of 
three  locks  of  hair.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  7  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

170.  Fragment  of  similar  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  waist.  Right  hand  holds 
dove.  In  front  of  shoulders,  four  notched  strands  form  the  hair.  Traces  of  white. 
Height,  6  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 

171.  Second  fragment,  broken  at  neck  and  just  below  breasts.  Right  holds 
dove.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  2.5  cm.  Fine  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  on  all  these  figures,  Nos.  166-171,  the  marble  statue  in  Lyons  ( Gaz .  Arch.  1876,  p.  133, 
pl.  xxxi.)  ;  also  the  terra-cottas,  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pl.  xii.  5;  Orsi,  ‘Megara  Hyblaea,’  Mon. 
Ant.  I.  p.  925,  pl.  vii.  11;  Michaelis,  Arch.  Zeit.  1864,  p.  137,  pl.  clxxxii.  1;  Martha,  Cat.  cles 
Ficj.  du  Mus.  cV Athenes,  No.  433. 

172.  (  Plate  XLVI.  4.)  Figure  of  usual  archaic  type,  broken  at  neck  and  at  knees.  The  figure 
wears  the  chiton,  with  a  thick  fold  between  the  legs,  and  over  it  another  garment  (yii-omo-Kos  ?) 
reaching  to  the  knees  (cf.  the  statue,  Musees  cl  Athenes,  pl.  v.).  Both  hands  are  raised  in  front 
of  body,  the  left  below  the  right,  and  each  holds  a  fruit.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Clay, 
liglit  yellow  and  very  fine. 

Cf.  ]>.  15;  Ileuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pl.  xl.  2;  Martha,  Cat.  cles  Fig.  du  Mus.  d' Athenes,  No.  735. 

173.  Very  similar  fragment,  broken  at  neck  and  thighs.  Left  hand  holds  a  fruit ;  attribute  of 
right  uncertain,  but  probably  also  a  fruit.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5  cm.  Fine  yellow  clay. 

174.  Fragment  of  archaic  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  waist.  Left  hand  at  breasts,  holds  flower. 
Traces  of  white.  Height,  4  cm.  Red  clay. 

This  type  is  very  common;  cf.  Orsi,  ‘Megara  Hyblaea,’  Alon.  Ant.  I.  p.  924,  pl.  vii.  4,  pl. 
viii.  3  ;  idem,  ‘  D’  Una  C^ta  Greca  a  Terravecchia  presso  Granmichele  in  Provincia  di  Catania,’ 


Fig.  GO. 


EARLY  ARCHAIC 


ibid.  VII.  pp.  230  ff.,  pi.  iv. ;  Clarac,  Musee  de  Sculpture,  pi.  dcxxxii.  ,T.  1449  II  ;  Lechat, 
‘Terres  Cuites  de  Corcyre,’  B.  C.  H.  XV.  (1891),  p.  30,  No.  7,  pi.  i.  2;  p.  33,  No.  14,  pi.  i.  3. 

175.  (Plate  XLVI.  8.)  Fragment  of  archaic  figure,  broken  at  neck  and  at  waist.  She 
wears  the  himation  falling  from  right  shoulder  to  left  side,  and  holds  in  front  of  her,  with  her 
right  hand,  a  wreath.  Traces  of  red  on  himation.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Clay,  yellow  and  fine. 

Cf.  the  statue  from  the  Acropolis  (Collignon,  Hint,  de  la  Scidpture  Grecque ,  I.  p.  353,  fig. 
178),  which  holds  a  wreath  in  the  right  hand  and  a  jar  in  the  left;  Orsi,  ‘  D’  Una  Citta  Greca 
a  Terravecchia  presso  Granmichele  in  Provincia  di  Catania,’  Mon.  Ant.  VII.  p.  234,  fig.  24 ; 
Kekule,  Ant.  Terrahotten ,  II.  p.  9,  fig.  4.  It  seems  not  unlikely  that  this  figure  has  reference  to 
the  cult  of  Hera  Antheia. 

176.  (Plate  XLVI.  7.)  Standing  figure  in  chiton  (edge  at  neck  and  waist,  with  folds  at 
shoulder  and  below  girdle  carefully  rendered).  Broken  at  neck  and  at  knees.  Right  hand  holds 
a  small  animal  (probably  a  hare)  ;  left  grasps  edge  of  sleeve  of  chiton  at  breast.  At  back  are 
marks  of  a  thumb  and  two  fingers.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  11  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

Cf.  the  fragment  of  a  poros  statuette,  Salzmann,  La  Necropole  de  Camiros ,  pi.  ix. ;  Bernouilli, 
Aphrodite ,  p.  38. 

177.  Fragments  of  two  replicas  of  No.  176,  showing  the  same  finger-marks  at  back.  Traces  of 
white.  Height,  7.5  cm.  and  8.5  cm.  respectively.  Same  clay  as  No.  176. 

178.  Twenty  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  176  and  177,  principally  small  bits  of  drapery. 
Dark  red  clay. 

179.  (Plate  XLVI.  11.)  Similar  archaic  figure,  broken  at  neck.  She  wears  chiton  with 
thick  fold  between  legs,  and  long  overgarment  like  that  of  No.  172.  Both  hands  hold  attributes  — 
right,  an  animal  (stag?),  left,  bow  (cf.  p.  15).  The  break  at  the  left  shoulder  is  interesting,  as  it 
shows  the  method  of  manufacture  by  layers  —  the  outer  layer  is  of  much  finer  clay  than  the  inner 
(filling)  layer.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  11.5  cm.  Fine,  light  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Heuzey,  Fig.  Ant.  pi.  xviii.  bis.  1  (from  Tliespiae)  ;  Stephani,  Compte  Hendu ,  1872,  p.  161, 
pi.  iii.  4  (from  Kertsch  ;  the  figure  looks  as  if  it  had  come  from  the  same  mould  as  No.  179)  ; 
Lechat,  ‘  Terres  Cuites  de  Corcyre,’  B.  C.  H.  XV.  (1891),  p.  48,  No.  37,  pi.  iii.  2  ;  p.  51,  No.  40, 
pi.  iii.  1 ;  Berlin  Museum,  6831  (Attica)  and  6262  (Thespiae)  ;  Syracuse,  large  terra-cotta  room, 
case  III.  (Megara  Hyblaea). 

180.  Four  fragments  of  figures  similar  to  Nos.  166-179,  attributes  indistinguishable  on  account 
of  breakage.  Traces  of  white.  Clay,  fine,  varying  from  yellow  to  red. 

181.  Eight  fragments  of  drapery  very  similar  to  that  of  Nos.  166-179,  but  belonging  to  hollow 
figures  with  thin  walls.  Traces  of  white  slip;  slight  traces  of  red.  Heights,  4  cm.  to  13  cm. 
Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 

182.  Basis  of  large  statue  of  archaic  type,  with  fragment  of  the  figure  from  the  knees  down. 
The  feet  are  carefully  modeled  and  fairly  correct.  The  bottom  is  pierced  by  a  round  vent.  The 
chiton  was  red.  Height,  7  cm.  Height  of  plinth,  2  cm.  Length,  6  cm.  Width,  5  cm.  Clay, 
reddish  yellow. 

183.  Six  fragments  of  similar  bases,  usually  with  traces  of  feet  only.  General  traces  of  white. 
The  dimensions  vary  from  3  cm.  X  3.5  cm.  to  5.5  cm.  X  7.5  cm.  Clay,  light  red  to  yellow. 

184.  (Fig.  67.)  Very  rude  seated  figure,  broken  at  bottom.  The  figure  varies 
little  from  the  standing  type,  except  that  it  is  slightly  bent  at  the  middle  and  has 
two  supports  behind  (cf.  No.  135).  The  arms,  which  are  resting  on  the  knees,  are 
little  better  than  two  stumps.  On  the  breast  is  a  pendant.  The  upper  part  forms 
a  rude  stephane.  The  figure  hardly  appears  to  be  modeled  at  all,  yet  the  surface 
shows  plainly  that  it  was.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

185.  Similar  figure  with  supports  behind.  She  wears  stephane  and  necklace 
with  pendant  (these  made  in  the  mould),  and  long  veil  falling  to  shoulders  (a 
separate  piece  added  after  the  figure  was  complete).  Traces  of  white  ;  three  red 
lines  on  bottom  of  chiton.  Height,  10.5  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 

186.  Third  figure  of  the  same  sort  witli  arms  bent  at  elbows,  and  hands  raised 
to  shoulders.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  8  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 


36 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


187.  (Fig.  68.)  Seated  figure,  very  summary  modeling  —  only  feet,  hands,  and  features 
brought  out  at  all.  The  figure  rests  on  a  high  plinth,  which  was  moulded  with 
it.  The  hair  is  a  simple  band  above  forehead.  She  wears  a  stepliane,  from  which 
a  veil  falls  over  shoulders.  Solid,  pierced  only  by  air-vent.  Traces  of  white. 
Height,  8  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

188.  (Plate  XLYI.  12.)  Replica  of  No.  187,  only  that  plinth  was  made  lower. 
Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  lower  part  of  chiton.  Height,  7  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

189.  Similar  figure,  but  not  from  same  mould.  Modeling  very  summary. 
Traces  of  white.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

190.  Similar  figure,  but  with  high  polos  instead  of  stepliane.  Traces  of  red. 
Height,  8  cm.  Red  clay. 

191.  Similar  figure,  seated  on  wide  chair  (broken  at  waist).  Here,  also,  the 
veil  covers  the  hair  and  falls  to  shoulders;  cf.  No.  187).  White  slip.  Height, 
6  cm.  Red  clay. 

For  all  these  carelessly  modeled  figures,  cf.  Heuzey,  Fig .  Ant.  pi.  xi.  ;  Perrot 
et  Chipiez,  Hist,  de  V Art,  III.  p.  425,  fig.  299  ;  Ivekule,  Ant.  Terrakotten,  II.  p.  9,  fig.  3  ;  Martha, 
Cat.  dcs  Fig.  du  Mas.  dk  Athene  s,  Nos.  227  If. ;  Panofka,  Terrakotten  des  K.  Mas.  zu  Berlin , 
p.  12,  pi.  ii. 

192.  (Fig.  69.)  Hastily  modeled  seated  figure,  wrapped  in  flowing  chiton,  under  which,  how¬ 
ever,  the  outlines  of  arms,  hands,  and  breasts  are  carefully  brought  out. 
The  figure  is  pierced  by  an  air- vent.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  7.5  cm. 
Reddish  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Gerhard,  Ant.  Bild.  pp.  338  tf.,  pi.  xcv.  1,  2  (Sicily);  also  in  stone, 
the  seated  figures,  discovered  at  Branchidae  by  Newton  ( Discoveries  at 
Halicarnassus ,  pp.  530  ff.,  pis.  Ixxiv.,  lxxv.),  and  the  archaic  statue  in  the 
National  Museum  at  Athens  (Kavvadias,  No.  6  ;  ’E<£.  ’Apy.  1874,  p.  480,  pi. 
lxxi.  Aa  and  A/3). 

193.  F  our  fragments  of  similar  figures,  not,  however,  from  the  same 
mould.  Slight  traces  of  white  ;  some  red  on  chairs,  feet,  and  chitons.  Clay, 
yellow  and  red. 

194.  Similar  figure  showing  an  attempt  at  reproducing  the  folds  of  the 
chiton  where  it  falls  across  the  breast.  Arms  still  at  sides,  hands  resting 
on  knees.  Fragments  of  two  supports  at  back.  White  slip  with  red  lines 

on  arms  and  breast.  Height,  6  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

195.  T  wo  similar  figures,  not  from  same  mould.  Traces  of  white;  one  figure  has  red  lines 
(criss-cross  pattern)  on  breast  and  above  knees.  Height,  6  cm.  and  7.5  cm.  Clay,  yellow. 

196.  Lower  part  of  large  seated  figure  on  high  plinth,  with  considerable  treatment  of  the  folds 
at  sides  and  between  legs.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

197.  (Plate  XLVI.  16.)  Figure  similar  to  No.  192,  but  with  much  better  treatment  of  folds 
across  breast  and  at  waist.  The  outlines  of  the  legs  are  also  well  brought  out.  The  hands  rest  on 
arms  of  chair,  and  both  hold  round  objects  (probably  apples;  cf.  Nos.  172,  173,  and  p.  15).  The 
figure  is  pierced  by  an  air-vent.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  7  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

198.  (Plate  XLYI.  13.)  Similar  figure,  with  careful,  though  stylistic  representation  of  folds 
by  deep  vertical  lines,  from  breast  to  feet.  Hands  at  knees  ;  fingers  rudely  indicated.  The  figure 
lias  an  air-vent.  Red  line  at  neck.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow  and  very  fine. 

199.  (Plate  XLVI.  15.)  Similar  figure  without  indication  of  folds,  but  with  right  hand  raised, 
holding  a  bird  to  breast.  Left  hand  rests  on  left  knee.  The  throne  on  which  she  sits  is  carefully 
distinguished.  Traces  of  red  on  chair.  Height,  6  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow  and  very  fine. 

Cf.  Nos.  166-171;  Kekule,  Ant.  Terrakotten ,  II.  p.  10,  fig.  10,  p.  11,  fig.  13;  also  figures  in 
Case  VI.,  large  terra-cotta  room,  Syracuse. 

200.  Fragments  of  five  replicas  of  No.  199,  all  solid.  Traces  of  white,  with  red  on  chair.  Fine, 
light  yellow  clay. 


EARLY  ARCHAIC 


37 


Fig.  70. 


201.  (Fig  70.)  Hastily  modeled  figure  of  a  child,  broken  at  waist.  On  her  right  arm  she  holds 
a  small  doll.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

202.  Thirteen  small  heads  belonging  to  the  type  of  Nos.  198  and  199.  They 
are  flat  at  back,  of  pronounced  archaic  style.  The  hair  is  usually  a  mass  falling 
to  shoulders,  slightly  notched  over  forehead,  with  polos  or  stephane.  General 
traces  of  white.  Heights,  2.5  cm.  to  5  cm.  Clay,  fine,  ranging  from  yellow  to 
red. 

203.  Th  ree  very  similar  heads,  not,  however,  flat  at  back.  The  features  are 
archaic.  Hair,  mass.  One  head  has  the  polos.  Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  polos. 
Heights,  3  cm.,  3.5  cm.,  and  4  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 

204.  Lower  part  of  crouching  male  figure  with  hands  (disproportionately  large)  on  knees.  The 
figure  corresponds  very  closely  to  one  from  Megara  Hyblaea  (cf.  Mon.  Ant.  I.  pi.  vi.  5),  and  was 
undoubtedly  a  satyr  or  silenus.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 

205.  Lower  part  of  squatting  figure,  probably  a  satyr,  broken  at  waist.  Hands  rest  on  knees. 
Traces  of  white,  sporadic  bits  of  red.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

There  is  a  similar  figure  in  Syracuse,  large  terra-cotta  room,  Case  III.,  from  Megara  Hyblaea. 

206.  Rude  seated  Pan  —  hollow  figure,  which  probably  served  as  a  vase.  Modeling  very  flat,  only 
face,  arms,  and  syrinx  brought  out.  Slight  traces  of  white.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 

207.  Head  of  archaic  type,  hollow,  with  vase  orifice  at  the  top.  The  hair  seems  to  be  held  close 
to  the  skull  by  a  veil.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

208.  (Plate  XLVII.  13.)  Very  similar  head,  also  with  orifice  at  top,  and  casque-like  hair¬ 
covering.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

209.  Eight  fragments  of  similar  heads,  badly  broken.  General  traces  of  white.  Yellow  clay, 
shading  to  red. 

These  heads  (Nos.  207-209)  have  the  marks  of  the  Rhodian  ware  as  described  by  Heuzey  (  Cat. 
des  Fig.  du  Mus.  du  Louvre ,  p.  220),  “  la  machoire  inferieure  osseuse  et  developpee  a  l’exces,  ce 
que  nous  appelons  le  menton  galoche  ;  de  gros  yeux  triangulaires,  dont  la  paupiere  superieure  est 
seule  arquee.”  They  are  probably,  therefore,  imported,  although  a  few  may  be  local  imitations. 
Cf.  Heuzey,  loc.  cit.  pp.  229,  230;  Kekule,  Ant.  Terrahotten ,  II.  p.  12,  fig.  16,  and  p.  18,  fig.  34; 
Winter,  Arch.  Anz.  1893,  p.  147,  No.  28  ;  Orsi,  ‘  Megara  Hyblaea,’  Mon.  Ant.  I.  p.  805. 

210.  (Plate  XLVII.  15.)  Head  of  pronounced  archaic  type  —  eyes  set  obliquely  to  nose, 
mouth  raised  at  corners.  The  headdress  is  very  high,  a  sort  of  tiara  (the  kydaris  ?),  and  from  it 
a  veil  falls  to  the  shoulders.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow. 

211.  Three  very  similar  heads,  all  with  same  headdress  and  veil.  Slight  traces  of  white. 
Heights,  5.5  cm.,  5.5  cm.,  and  7  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

These  heads  (Nos.  210  and  211)  again  resemble  very  closely  a  Rhodian  type  (cf.  Heuzey,  Fig. 
du  Mus.  du  Louvre ,  pi.  xi.  2),  which  is  found  pretty  generally  distributed  in  the  basin  of  the 
Mediterranean  —  in  Greece,  in  Sicily,  in  Italy,  and  even  in  Phoenicia.1  Yet  they  show  some  di¬ 
vergences,  for  instance,  the  eyes  are  not  set  quite  so  obliquely  as  those  of  the  Rhodian  figures, 
and  they  are  not  so  narrow  ;  so  that  they  are  probably  of  local  manufacture,  imitating  Rhodian 
work,  like  the  Syracusan  figures  mentioned  by  Heuzey.2 

212.  (Plate  XLVII.  14.)  Archaic  head,  with  elaborate  treatment  of  the  hair.  This  consists 
of  two  rows  of  curls  over  the  forehead,  moulded  in  the  form,  then  a  row  of  elaborate  applied  spiral 
curls,  with  eight  curls  at  the  back  (now  broken),  the  whole  topped  by  a  double,  twisted  taenia. 
The  eyes  are  wide  and  very  long,  nose  in  two  planes,  mouth  straight,  ending  in  a  pad  of  flesh  at 
each  corner;  a  deep  furrow  extends  from  cheek-bone  to  chin  on  each  side  of  nose.  Traces  of 
white.  Height,  5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

213.  (Plate  XLVII.  12.)  Large  archaic  head,  very  similar  to  No.  212.  Same  type  of  face. 
The  hair  here  consisted  of  a  row  of  scallops  moulded  in  the  form,  with  a  row  of  applied  curls  above 
and  large  mass  behind.  The  figure  had  large  earrings,  now  broken.  Traces  of  white.  Height. 
8.5  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

These  two  heads  (Nos.  212  and  213)  differ  greatly  from  the  Argive  type.  Their  nearest 
1  Cf.  Heuzey,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mus.  du  Louvre,  p.  240.  2  Ibid.  p.  227,  it.  3. 


38 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


analogy  in  the  Heraeum  finds  is  the  bronze  bust,  5,  pi.  II.  1,  2  ;  and  in  terra-cotta,  the  head  pub¬ 
lished  by  Cesnola,  Coll,  of  Cypriote  Ant.  Ill  pi.  xv.  No.  117  (cf.  the  sculptures,  ibid.  II  pi.  xciii. 
Nos.  622  and  623 ;  pi.  xcvii.  Nos.  662  and  663).  We  are  inclined,  therefore,  to  regard  these  two 
heads  as  imported. 

214.  (Plate  XLVII.  4.)  Head  of  archaic  style,  with  very  sharp  features.  The  hair  is  an 
applied  mass  at  back,  marked  with  notches  and  bound  with  a  taenia.  The  ground  color  is  greenish 
yellow,  to  which  red  was  applied  on  eyes,  cheeks,  and  brows.  Hair,  red,  shading  to  black.  Height, 
4.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

215.  Small,  very  rude  bearded  masque,  slightly  chipped  at  sides.  Eyes  and  mouth  marked  by 
wide  grooves,  beard  by  coarse  vertical  lines.  No  trace  of  color.  Height,  5  cm.  Red  clay. 

216.  (Plate  XLVII.  8.)  Archaic  female  masque,  original  edge  all  around.  The  hair  is 
moulded  in  masses.  Hole  for  suspension  above  forehead.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5.5  cm. 
Light  yellow  clay. 

217.  Large  votive  head,  broken  at  right  side  and  at  neck.  The  hair  is  a  row  of  round  bosses, 
surmounted  by  stephane  with  suspension  hole.  Modeling  superficial.  Traces  of  white.  Height, 
9  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

218.  Very  similar  head,  almost  replica,  broken  at  neck,  left  side  of  face  chipped  away.  Traces 
of  white.  Height,  7  cm.  Clay,  dark  red. 

219.  Right  side  of  large  votive  head,  with  treatment  of  hair  in  four  lines  of  zigzags.  Narrow 
stephane.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 

220.  Similar  fragment,  with  large  round  earring.  Hair  modeled  as  a  mass,  topped  by  stephane. 
Traces  of  white.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

221.  (Pi  ate  XLVII.  9.)  Similar  masque  with  stephane.  The  hair  is  treated  as  short  curls. 
Hole  for  suspension  in  front  of  stephane.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

222.  (Plate  XLVII.  6.)  Small  masque  with  very  high  stephane,  broken  at  neck.  Hair, 
a  line  of  notches  above  forehead.  Customary  hole  for  suspension.  No  trace  of  color.  He  ig'ht, 
4  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

223.  Th  ree  replicas  of  No.  222,  same  clay. 

224.  Small  bust  of  hasty  workmanship,  original  edge  preserved  all  around.  The  hair  is  a 
simple  mass.  Hole  for  suspension.  No  trace  of  color.  Height,  8  cm.  Greenish  yellow  clay. 

225.  (Plate  XLVII.  10.)  Archaic  masque  in  high  stephane,  broken  only  at  upper  right  hand 
corner.  The  hair  is  treated  in  two  rows  of  loops.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Clay,  straw. 

226.  Eight  fragments  of  archaic  masques,  similar  to  Nos.  221-225,  both  with  and  without 
stephane.  The  suspension  hole  is  common.  General  traces  of  white.  Yellow  clay. 


VIII.  ADVANCED  ARCHAIC. 


suspension  hole.  Traces  of  white. 


227.  (Fig.  71.)  Upper  part  of  standing  figure  with  high 
stephane  (broken  at  waist).  Hair,  a  simple  roll  below  stephane. 
At  the  shoulders  were  two  projections  (now  broken  off),  which 
doubtless  served  to  suspend  the  figure.  Some  traces  of  white 
coat.  Height,  9.5  cm.  Reddish  yellow  clay. 

228.  Very  similar  smaller  figure,  broken  at  waist.  This  figure 
also  lias  stephane  and  projections  at  shoulders.  Two  strands  of 
hair  fall  in  front  of  left  shoulder,  one  in  front  of  right.  Traces  of 
white.  Height,  6  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

229.  Lower  part  of  seated  figure  with  hands  on  knees.  The 
figure  is  hollow,  like  the  later  terra-cottas  of  free  style.  The 
folds  of  the  chiton,  however,  are  still  represented  in  a  stiff,  archaic 
fashion.  The  color  is  well  preserved  —  white  slip,  with  traces  of 
applied  red.  Height,  5  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

230.  (Plate  XLVII.  11.)  Votive  head,  hair  treated  in  waves 
above  forehead,  and  in  notches  at  sides.  Stephane,  pierced  by 

I leight,  5.5  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 


ANIMALS 


39 


231.  Three  exact  replicas  of  the  preceding,  same  traces  of  color ;  same  clay. 

232.  Seven  heads  similar  to  No.  230,  hut  not  replicas.  Same  treatment  of  hair ;  stephane  with 
hole  for  suspension.  General  traces  of  white.  Height,  4  cm.  to  5  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 

233.  Twenty-three  fragments  of  similar  advanced  archaic  heads,  much  mutilated,  but  probably 
all  votive  heads.  General  trace  of  white.  Clay,  usually  red  ;  one  or  two  specimens  are  of  yellow  clay. 

234.  (Fig.  72.)  Head  of  advanced  archaic  style,  solid.  Hair- 
treated  as  a  simple  mass.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  3.5  cm.  Light 
yellow  clay. 

235.  (Plate  XLVII.  1.)  Similar  head,  solid.  Hair,  mass.  Traces 
of  white.  Height,  4.5  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow. 

236.  (Plate  XLVII.  2.)  Similar  head,  solid.  Hair,  mass,  but 

-Fig  7?  ^  # 

treated  in  waves  over  forehead.  Traces  of  white,  of  red  on  hair. 

Height,  4.5  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 

237.  (Plate  XLVII.  5.)  Similar  head,  solid.  High  coiffure,  treated  as  a 
mass.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  4  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

238.  (Fig.  73.)  Head  of  similar  style.  Hair,  wavy  curls  over  forehead,  and  at  sides  of  neck; 
mass  at  back  under  veil.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 


IX.  FREE  STYLE. 

239.  (Plate  XLVII.  7.)  Fragment  of  large  votive  head,  broken  at  left  side.  The  whole 
treatment  is  in  large  surfaces,  free  from  archaic  restraint ;  the  mouth  has  the  natural  curve,  the 
outlines  of  the  eye  are  correctly  given,  even  to  the  lapping  of  the  upper  lid  over  the  under.  A 
ridge  down  the  middle  of  the  face  seems  to  show  that  the  head  was  made  in  two  pieces.  Traces 
of  white.  Height,  8.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

This  head,  in  spite  of  its  fragmentary  condition,  seems  to  us  to  represent  the  great  style  of  the 

fifth  century,  and  has  inherent  traces  of  the  influence  of  some  large 
statue.  The  peculiar  marking  of  the  hair,  undercut  and  thus 
relieved  from  the  face,  and  falling  on  either  side  in  a  mass  of  curls 
(here  boldly  sketched,  though  not  elaborately  modeled),  is  closely 
analogous  to  the  Argive  coin  in  which  a  copy  of  the  Polycleitan 
Hera  has  been  identified.  It  also  suggests  a  comparison  with  the 
newly  identified  marble  head  in  the  British  Museum  (see  General 
Introd.  to  Sculpture,  p.  23).  We  are  thus  encouraged  to  consider 
this  terra-cotta  head  as  immediately  related  to  the  great  Polycleitan 
Hera.  Cf.  Waldstein,  1  The  Argive  Hera  of  Polycleitus,’  J.  II.  S. 
XXI.  (1901),  pp.  30  ff.,  especially  pp.  43,  44,  and  fig.  2. 

240.  (Fig.  74.)  Votive  bust,  broken  at  neck,  but  with  original 
edge  at  waist.  The  folds  of  the  chiton  and  of  the  long  veil  which  falls  over  the  shoulders  and  the 
arms  are  all  given  with  perfect  freedom  and  naturalness.  The  figure  is  covered  with  a  white  coat. 
Height,  9  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 


Fig.  74. 


X.  ANIMALS. 

241.  (Plate  XLVIII.  7  and  Fig.  75.)  Group,  representing  a  bull  attacked  by  a  lion.  The 
lion  grasps  the  bull  around  the  shoulders  and  bites  him  in  the  neck.  The  bull  is  plainly  exhausted  ; 
his  head  sinks  to  one  side,  and  one  of  his  hind  legs  is  curled  up  under  him,  while  the  other  is 
stretched  straight  out  behind,  as  in  the  well-known  Acropolis  group.  The  execution  of  the  group 
is  fair  —  the  anatomy  of  the  bull’s  head  is  quite  well  given,  and  the  muscles  are  fairly  well 
brought  out.  The  fore  legs  of  the  lion  are  too  long,  otherwise  he  is  well  modeled ;  his  mane  is 
formed  of  a  number  of  round  disks,  close  together.  Technically,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  bull 
seems  to  have  been  made  complete  (his  tail  curls  over  his  back),  and  the  lion  was  then  “  applied.’’ 
so  to  speak,  to  him.  White  slip  ;  black  lines  on  forehead  of  bull  and  front  legs  of  lion  ;  red 


40 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


streak  at  lion’s  mouth,  extending  across  the  bull’s  neck  (probably  a  representation  of  blood). 
Length,  10  cm.  Height,  5  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow. 

The  motive  of  a  bull  attacked  by  one  or  more  lions  is  one  of  the  oldest,  and  one  of  the  com¬ 
monest  in  Greek  art.  In  Mycenaean  times,  we  find  representations  of  this  subject  on  gems 
(cf.  Tsountas,  ’E 0.  ’A px-  1888,  p.  177,  No.  25,  pi.  x.  ;  ibid.  1889,  p.  166,  No.  18,  pi.  x. ;  Perrot 
et  Chipiez,  Hist,  de  V Art,  VI.  p.  771,  pi.  xvi.  21)  ;  and  on  an  ivory  placjue  from  Sparta  (B.  C. 
II.  II.  [1878],  p.  213,  pi.  xvi.  4).  In  archaic  art  it  is  very  common  ;  cf.  for  example,  the  frieze 
of  the  temple  of  Assos  (Clarac,  Musee  de  Sculpture,  II.  pi.  cxvi.  B,  No.  5)  ;  the  Lycian  relief 
(Clarac,  op.  cit.  II.  pi.  ccxxiii.  No.  189)  ;  the  relief  from  Marsala  (Arch.  Zeit.  1872,  pp.  133, 

134,  pi.  li.)  ;  group  from  Myra  (Fellows,  Discoveries  in  Lycict ,  p.  197)  ;  relief  from  Xanthus 

(ibicl.  p.  174)  ;  frieze  from  Aezani  (Le  Bas  et  Waddington,  Voyage  Archeologique  en  Grece  et 
en  Asie  Mineure,  atlas,  under  ‘Asie  Mineure,’pl.  xiv.)  ;  and  especially  the  Acropolis  group  (B.  C. 

II.  XIII.  [1889],  p.  139,  and  Rev.  Arch.  XVIII.  [1891],  p.  137,  pi.  xiv.  bis.).  The  motive  is 
also  common  in  branches  other  than  sculpture  in  stone  ;  cf.  the  shield  from  Amatlius  published 
by  Cesnola  (Cyprus,  pi.  xx.)  ;  the  tripod  from  Vulci  (Braun,  Annali,  1842,  pp.  62  ff. ;  Mon. 

III.  pi.  xliii.)  ;  and  the  oenoclioe  (Gerhard,  Aus.  Vas.  II.  p.  134,  pis.  cxxii.,  cxxiii).  In  terra-cotta, 
I  know  of  no  examples  except  two  reliefs  —  one  in  Berlin  (Gerhard,  Ant.  Bild.  p.  317,  pi.  Ixxviii. 
2),  the  other  in  Palermo  (Kekule,  Ant.  Terrakotten ,  II.  p.  82,  pi.  liv.  2). 

Of  all  these  groups,  the  Acropolis  one  approaches  most  nearly  to  ours.  In  both,  the  bull  is 

plainly  exhausted  and  overcome ;  the  hind  legs  even  have  the 
same  position  in  both  —  that  of  the  “  split,”  and  the  decoration 

in  red  stripes  is  common  to  both.  In  fact,  it  seems  probable 

that  our  group  was  copied  from  a  work  of  sculpture  similar  to 
the  Acropolis  group,  and  dates  from  about  the  same  time,  i.  e., 
the  first  half  of  the  sixth  century  b.  C. 

242.  (Plate  XLVIII.  11.)  Fragment  of  a  centaur,  top  of 
head,  legs,  and  horse’s  body  missing.  The  break  at  buttocks 
shows  plainly  that  the  figure  was  a  centaur.  He  has  a  long,  pointed  beard,  in  which  a  triangular 
hole  marks  the  mouth.  The  left  hand  is  pressed  against  the  left  hip  ;  the  right  was  apparently 
raised.  White  slip.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  the  figure  from  Limniti,  Arch.  Anz.  1889,  p.  88,  E. 

243.  (Plate  XLVIII.  6.)  Horse  carrying  a  woman  of  primitive  type.  She  faces  the  horse’s 
right  side,  and  no  saddle  is  represented.  Eyes  and  breasts  of  woman  and  eyes  of  horse  are 
applied  disks.  White  slip,  with  applied  red  lines  on  neck,  waist,  and  knees  of  woman.  Height, 
6.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

Reinach,  in  a  study  of  female  figures  associated  with  horses  (La  Necropole  de  Myrina ,  pp. 
401  ff.),  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  “  l’on  pent  hesiter  entre  Eos,  Selene  et  Aphrodite,  mais  sans 
exclure  la  possibility  d’une  antre  hypothese.”  At  Argos,  a  figure  like  No.  243  is  much  more  likely 
to  be  associated  with  Hera  IWios  (cf.  Paus.  V.  15.  5),  but  this  cannot  be  regarded  as  anything 
more  than  a  conjecture. 

244.  (Plate  XLVIII.  2.)  Mounted  warrior  of  the  ordinary  primitive  type.  Face,  a  beak, 
with  disks  for  eyes  ;  high  helmet.  He  has  no  shield,  but  extends  his  arms  to  the  sides  of  the 
horse’s  head.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  7.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

245.  (Plate  XLVIII.  4.)  Similar  warrior,  with  large  shield  on  left  arm.  Only  neck  and 
shoulders  of  horse  are  preserved.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  9  cm.  Red  clay. 

246.  (Plate  XLVIII.  3.)  Similar  warrior,  no  part  of  horse  preserved.  The  warrior  wears 
a  peculiar  helmet,  the  effect  of  which  resembles  that  of  the  American  “cocked  hat.”  White  slip. 
Height,  7  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

247.  F  orty-five  fragments  of  similar  figures,  all  more  or  less  broken.  They  usually  show  traces 
of  a  white  slip.  Clay,  usually  red. 

For  this  very  common  type,  cf.  Martha,  Cat.  cles  Fig.  du  Mus.  d' Athenes,  Nos.  602,  603  (from 
Tegea)  ;  Jamot,  B>.  C.  II.  XIV.  (1890),  pp.  217  ff.  (Tanagra  figures);  Cesnola,  Coll,  of 
Cypriote  Antiquities,  IIP  pi.  lxix. 


ANIMALS 


41 


248.  (Plate  XLVIII.  8.)  Horse  with  pannier  on  eacli  side,  bound  by  straps  which  pass 
around  neck,  under  belly,  and  under  tail.  Ornamented  with  black  lines  across  breast,  black  dots 
on  straps.  Length,  7.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

Cf.  the  horse  with  a  basket  on  his  back  found  at  the  sanctuary  of  the  Kabiri  (Wolters,  Ath. 
Mitt.  XV.  [1890],  p.  358). 

249.  (Plate  XLVIII.  10.)  Horse’s  head  of  good  style.  The  forelock  is  carefully  brought 
out,  and  even  the  wrinkles  over  the  eyes.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow 
and  fine. 

250.  (Plate  XLVIII.  12.)  Small  animal  (dog?),  legs  broken.  The  eyes  are  holes  bordered 
by  raised  rims.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  3.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

251.  (Plate  XLVIII.  1.)  Bull’s  head  of  good  style,  complete  except  right  horn.  Traces  of 
white.  Height,  6.5  cm.  Clay,  red. 

252.  (Plate  XLVIII.  5.)  Similar  head,  horns  broken.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6.5  cm. 
Clay,  red. 

253.  (Plate  XLVIII.  17.)  Bull’s  head  in  profile,  good  workmanship.  Traces  of  white. 
Height,  5.5  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  the  large  finds  of  similar  bulls  at  the  sanctuary  of  the  Kabiri  (Wolters,  Ath.  Mitt.  XV. 
[1890],  pp.  355  ff.). 

254.  (Plate  XLVIII.  24.)  Serpent’s  head  of  good  style.  Body,  black  ;  head,  green,  bordered 
by  maroon  line  ;  eyes  and  nose  touched  up  with  black.  Length,  5.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

255.  (Plate  XLVIII.  9.)  Small  dove  with  young  under  her  wings.  Traces  of  red.  Height, 
2.5  cm.  Red  clay. 

256.  (Plate  XLVIII.  23.)  Cock,  pi’actically  unbroken.  White  slip,  traces  of  red  on  comb 
and  wattles.  Height,  7  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

257.  (Plate  XLVIII.  14.)  Small  human-headed  bird,  with  ring  for  suspension.  The  face  is 
archaic,  with  high  coiffure,  two  braids  falling  over  right  shoulder  and  one  over  left ;  mass  at  back. 
Traces  of  white  with  applied  red.  Height,  5  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  M^ls.  d' Athenes,  Nos.  241,  242,  964;  Ivekule,  Ant.  TerraJcotten , 
II.  p.  26,  figs.  63  and  64  ;  Ileuzey,  Fig.  du  Mus.  du  Louvre,  pi.  xiii.  6.  We  agree  with  Heuzey 
(Joe.  cit.  p.  11),  in  regarding  this  figure  as  a  Siren  or  Harpy,  borrowed  by  the  Greeks  from  the 
Egyptian  representation  of  the  soul. 

258.  (Fig.  76.)  Cock,  broken  at  neck.  The  background  is  cut  away  all  around,  and  the 

plaque  is  pierced  by  two  holes  for  suspending  it  or  for  fixing  it  upon 
a  background.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  5.5  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

This  type  is  very  common.  Cf.  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mus. 
d' Athenes,  Nos.  11-13;  Dumont  et  Chaplain,  Ceramiques  de  la 
Gr'ece  Propre,  II.  p.  229,  No.  45;  Girard,  ‘  Sur  Quelques  Necro- 
poles  de  la  Grece  du  Nord,’  B.  C.  Id.  III.  (1879),  p.  217,  No.  2  ; 
Stepliani,  Compte  Bendu,  1868,  p.  71,  pi.  iii.  14  ;  Rayet,  Cat.  de 
la  Coll,  d' Ant.  Gr.  de  M.  0.  Payet,  p.  8,  No.  30 ;  there  are  similar 
specimens  in  Syracuse. 

259.  (Plate  XLVIII.  19.)  Dog’s  head,  broken  at  neck,  which  is  decorated  with  a  twisted 
collar.  The  modeling  is  very  careless.  Traces  of  white.  Height,  6  cm.  Clay,  red. 

260.  (Plate  XLVIII.  18.)  Rude  ram’s  head,  broken  at  neck.  Traces  of  red.  Height, 

5  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Sehliemann,  Tiryns,  p.  106,  fig.  22. 

261.  Bear’s  head,  broken  at  neck,  very  rude  eye  and  mouth  marked  by  long  grooves.  Traces 
of  red.  Height,  5  cm.  Gray  clay. 

262.  (Plate  XLVIII.  15.)  Head  of  griffin,  broken  at  neck.  The  mouth  is  wide  open.  The 
hair  is  represented  by  notches  above  the  forehead  and  at  sides  of  neck.  Traces  of  white.  Height, 

6  cm.  Red  clay. 

263.  (Plate  XLVIII.  20.)  Squatting  pig,  fore  legs  (which  were  extended  horizontally) 
broken.  No  trace  of  color.  Height,  6  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 


Fig.  76. 


42 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


264.  (Plate  XLVIII.  21.)  Sitting  monkey,  arms  broken.  No  trace  of  color.  Height, 
9.5  cm.  Light  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  Martha,  Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mus.  d’Athenes,  No.  100 ;  Frohner,  Collection  Barre ,  No.  464. 
It  is  probable,  from  the  position  of  the  arms  and  from  a  remnant  of  some  object  on  the  left 
shoulder,  that  our  figure  held  a  spear  in  the  right  hand,  and  carried  a  shield  on  the  left  arm  — 
the  attitude  of  a  similar  figure  from  Megara  Hyblaea  in  Syracuse  (vase  room,  central  case). 

265.  (Plate  XLVIII.  22.)  Tortoise,  head  missing.  Traces  of  white.  Length,  4  cm.  Dark 
red  clay. 

266.  Six  hundred  and  forty-six  fragments  of  animals,  similar  to  the  types  here  described,  all 
more  or  less  mutilated. 


XI.  VARIOUS  OBJECTS. 


Fig.  78. 


267.  (Fig.  77.)  Fragment  of  dish  with  cakes.  Length,  6  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

Undoubtedly  an  offering  “  by  sub¬ 
stitution  ”  to  the  gods ;  cf.  Pottier  and 
Reinach,  La  Necropole  de  Myrina , 
pp.  246  ff. 

268.  (Fig.  78.)  Table,  legs  broken 
close  to  top.  The  edges  are  grooved 
to  form  an  ornamental  pattern.  On 
the  table,  thin  strips  of  clay,  applied 
irregularly,  seem  to  us  to  represent  food  (cf.  No.  267).  Traces 
of  white  and  some  red.  Length.  7.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

269.  (Fig.  79.)  Top  of  a  table,  legs  broken.  At  each  corner  is  a  boss,  meant,  possibly,  to 
represent  a  bronze  nail-head.  Top  painted  with  cross-lines  and  round 
dots  in  maroon,  shading  to  black.  Length,  5.5  cm.  Width,  5  cm. 
Yellow  clay. 

270.  Forty-eight  fragments  of  similar  tables,  mostly  small,  flat  pieces 
of  tops,  with  incised  patterns  of  parallel  and  criss-cross  lines.  They  are 
usually  painted  solid  red,  but  a  few  have  the  reg¬ 
ular  white  coat,  with  applied  red  and  black  lines. 

The  largest  fragment  measures  7.5  cm.  X  6  cm. 

Yellow  clay. 

271.  (Fig.  80.)  Fragment  of  bed,  legs  broken.  The  sides  are  covered  with 
incised  patterns;  on  one  side,  in  the  centre,  meander,  and  at  sides,  criss-cross. 

No  traces  of  color.  Height,  3.5  cm.  Length, 

4.25  cm.  Width,  2.75  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

272.  (Fi  g.  81.)  Armchair,  legs  and  back  broken, 
a  hole  at  the  end  (to  receive  a  bronze  nail-head?). 

Tr  aces  of  a  seated  figure  in  the  chair.  Decoration 
in  straight  and  zigzag  lines,  brown  to  black.  Height, 


Fig.  79. 


Fig.  80. 


The  arm  has 


Length,  6  cm.  Width,  4.5  cm.  Light  yellow 


Fig.  81. 


clay. 


Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  p.  148,  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  c. ; 

Furtwiingler,  Lamm.  Sobouroff',  II.  pi.  cxliv.  3;  Mon.  Ant.  VI.  p.  107,  pi.  iv.  9; 
ibid.  p.  129,  pi.  v.  10. 

273.  Simil  ar  armchair,  containing  fragment  of  a  female  figure  of  the  seated,  Fig.  82. 
fiat-bodied  type,  legs  and  back  broken.  One  arm  has  a  round  boss  at  the  end. 

Decoration  in  brown  criss-cross  lines  on  back  of  chair.  The  body  of  the  woman  was  painted 
black.  I  flight.  7  cm.  Length,  6.75  cm.  Width,  5  cm.  Dark  yellow  clay. 

Cf.  No.  272. 


VARIOUS  OBJECTS 


43 


274.  (Fig.  82.)  Leg  from  a  similar  chair  or  from  a  table,  with  ornamental  nail-head,  decorated 


by  eight  radiating  grooves,  with  a  boss  at  the  centre. 
Clay,  yellow. 


The  end  is  painted  red.  Height,  4.5  cm. 


275. 


Fifty-two  fragments  of  similar  legs,  all  decorated  on  the  ends,  usually  with  a  boss  or  a 
rosette  or  radiating  lines.  They 
usually  show  traces  of  white 
or  red  color.  Length,  2  cm.  to 
8  cm.  Clay,  yellow  or  red. 

276.  (Fig.  83.)  Foot  with 
sandal.  The  sole  is  a  separate 
piece,  and  there  is  an  elaborate 
No  trace  of  color.  Length,  6  cm.  Yel-  . 


Fig.  83. 


another 


bow  on  the  instep, 
low  clay. 

277.  (Fig.  84.)  Terra-cotta  mould.  The  objects  repre¬ 
sented  come  out  more  plainly  in  the  impression  (which  is 
here  given)  than  in  the  mould  itself ;  but  they  are  difficult 

to  determine  with  certainty.  Two  are  plainly  shells,  one  seems  to  be  a  pear,  another  a  fig, 
a  nut.  Length,  4  cm.  Width,  2.6  cm.  Clay,  yellow. 

The  objects  represented  in  this  mould  make  it  appear  probable  that  the  mould 
was  used  for  making  offerings  of  food,  “  by  substitution,”  to  the  goddess.  Cf.  No. 
'267,  and  the  reference  there  given. 

278.  (Fi  g.  85.)  Small  set  of  three  large-handled  vases,  set  into  one  another. 
They  served  no  practical  purpose,  but  were  simply  a  votive  offering.  Traces  of 
white.  Height,  6.25  cm.  Dark  red  clay. 

Orsi,  in  his  article  ‘  Megara  Hyblaea  ’  (. Mon .  Ant.  I.  p.  874  ),  quotes  a  case  of 
two  stanmi  set  into  each  other  in  a 
grave  (No.  cxciii.  of  his  enumera¬ 
tion). 

279.  (Fig.  86.)  Fragment  of  a 
bake-shop  scene.  All  that  is  preserved  is  a  portion 
of  the  long  table,  with  two  boards  upon  it,  each  car¬ 
rying  a  cake  of  dough.  On 
the  base,  beside  this  table, 
traces  of  three  figures  of  prim¬ 
itive  type.  Traces  of  black. 

7.5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

Cf.  the  bake-shop  scenes  in  Athens,  Martha, 


Fig.  85. 


\ 

^■pHI 

<  “’O/  „~KV' 

■  fc**— —  ■ 

Fig.  86. 


Height,  4.5  cm.  Length,  10  cm.  Width, 


39, 


Cat.  des  Fig.  du  Mus. 
40,  published  by  Kourouniotes,  ’E <£.  ’A px-  1896.  pp. 


Fig.  87. 


d’Athenes,  Nos. 

201  ft'.,  pi.  xi. 

280.  (Fi  g.  87.)  Small  tree  (?)  with  seven  projections  about  main  stalk 
(to  represent  branches?).  White  coat,  ornamentation  in  red  and  black 
lines.  Height,  7  cm.  Clay,  reddish  yellow. 

281.  (Fig.  88.)  Two  flower-like  disks,  fastened  together  by  the  stems. 
One  is  painted  solid  red,  the  other  has  cross-lines  in  red, 

shading  to  black  ;  stems,  dark  red.  Length,  5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

282.  Twenty-two  fragments  of  similar  disks.  They  are 
all  painted,  usually  in  maroon  and  black,  sometimes  in 
solid  color.  Length,  1.5  cm.  to  5  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

283.  (Fi  g.  89.)  Four-sided  cone,  perforated  at  the  top. 

Ornament,  a  wide  stripe  in  dark  red  to  black,  on  each  face. 


Fig.  88. 


Height,  5  cm.  Red  clay. 
Cf.  p.  15,  note  10. 


Fig.  SO. 


44 


TERRA-COTTA  FIGURINES 


284.  (Fig.  90.)  Similar  perforated  cone ;  on  each  side,  six  horizontal  lines.  Color,  light  red, 
shading  to  dark  red,  brown,  and  black.  Height,  7  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

285.  Thirty-one  similar  cones.  Decoration  is  rare,  and  is  never  more  than  a 
simple  scheme  of  line  ornament.  Height,  3.5  cm.  to  6.5  cm.  Clay,  yellow  to  red. 

286.  (Fig.  91.)  Large  spool.  On  one  face,  a  stamp,  consisting  of  curved  lines, 
radiating  from  a  centre.  Slight  traces  of  red.  Height, 

4  cm.  Diameter,  5  cm.  Clay,  greenish  yellow. 

287.  (Fig.  92.)  Similar  spool.  On  one  face,  an  ani¬ 
mal  (cat  or  dog),  stamped  in  deep  lines.  Traces  of  white. 

Height,  5.5  cm.  Diameteig  5.75  cm.  Yellow  clay. 

288.  Forty-nine  similar  spools,  with  simple  designs, 
usually  a  single  circle  or  simple  rosette ;  two  have  a  Gi’eek 
cross.  They  almost  never  show  traces  of  color.  Heights, 

3  cm.  to  5  cm.  Diameter,  3  cm.  to  4.5  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow  to  red.  ^ 

289.  One  hundred  and  seventy-eight  plain  spools,  sometimes  rounded 

at  the  ends.  Almost  no  traces  of  color.  Heights,  2.25  cm.  to  6  cm. 
Diameters,  2.25  cm.  to  6  cm.  Clay,  light  yellow  to  red. 

290.  Large  pear-shaped  weight  (probably  loom-weight),  perforated 
4.5  cm.  from  top.  The  bottom,  which  is  flattened,  is  pierced  by  three 
holes,  apparently  unconnected,  and  another  hole,  parallel  to  the  axis, 
enters  at  the  side.  On  one  side,  at  bottom,  is  stamped  an  anthemion. 
No  trace  of  color.  Height,  14.5  cm.  Greatest  diameter,  7  cm.  Dai-k 
yellow  clay. 

291.  Twenty  fragments  of  similar  large  weights,  perforated  at  top, 
and  with  one  to  five  holes  at  bottom,  but  without  decoration.  No  ti-aces 
of  color.  Height,  7.5  cm.  to  13  cm.  Clay,  usually  red. 

292.  Fight  whorls  of  the  ordinary  type,  all  plain  except  one,  which  has  four  radiating  grooves 
on  one  side.  No  decoration.  Diameters,  2.75  cm.  to  5  cm.  Clay,  yellow  to  red. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  pp.  147  ff. ;  Mycenae  and  Tiryns ,  p.  77. 

293.  Three  objects  in  the  form  of  a  Greek  cross  with  rounded  ends,  pierced  by  a  hole  at  the 
centre.  No  color.  Lengths,  4.75  cm.,  5.5  cm.,  6.5  cm.  Clay,  red. 

294.  Four  small  rings  with  notched  edges.  They  are  painted  red.  Diameters,  2.75  cm.  to 

4  cm.  Red  clay. 

Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  p.  148,  No.  73. 


Fig.  92. 


NOTE. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  these  pages  were  in  type  before  the  appearance  of  Hadaczek’s  two  articles,  ‘  Zur 
Schrauckknnst  des  altgriechischen  Mittelalters  ’  and  ‘Die  Fibel  des  Odysseus,  Helikes  und  Kalykes  ’  ( Jahres - 
hefte  d.  oester.  arch.  Inst,  in  Wien ,  Y.  [1902],  pp.  207  ff.,  and  ibid.  VI.  [1903],  pp.  108  ft’.),  so  that  it  was 
impossible  to  give  definite  references  to  the  Argive  figures  which  he  mentions.  We  are  pleased  to  note  that 
his  conclusions  as  to  the  dress  of  these  figures  are  substantially  in  agreement  with  our  own,  as  expressed  on 
pp.  10  ft.  and  po.ssim. 


The  Arrive  Heraeum 


Plate  XLII 


2(30) 


5(  36) 


4(27) 


3(25) 


7(42) 


8(45) 


13(41) 


12(28) 


10(40) 


1 1  (37) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES.  -  PRIMITIVE  AND  TIRYNTHIAN  ARGIVE  TYPE:  STANDING  FIGURES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XLIII 


1(12) 


4(57) 


2(33) 


3(34) 


8(53) 


5(60) 


6(49) 


9(54) 


11(59) 


10(51) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES.  -  TIRYNTIIIAN  ARGIVE  TYPE:  SEATED  FIGURES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XLIV 


4(90) 


5(91) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES. -ADVANCED  ARGIVE  TYPE 


Plate  XLV 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


3(105) 


4(96) 


1(102) 


5(99) 


8(97) 


7(100) 


9(98) 


10(101) 


6(103) 


12(1041 


11  (93) 


13(94) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES.  -  ADVANCED  ARGIVE  TYPE:  HEADS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XLVI 


1(153) 


4(172) 


2(157) 


3(163) 


6(155) 


5(148) 


10(164) 


7(176) 


1 1(179) 


12(188) 


13(198) 


14(150) 


15(199) 


16(197) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES.  -  EARLY  ARCHAIC  TYPE 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XLVII 


1(235) 


5(237) 


4(214) 


2(236) 


3(130) 


- ' '  •  '<.1 


8(216) 


7(239) 


9(221) 


11(230) 


10(225) 


14(212) 


15(210) 


13(208) 


12(213) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES.  EARLY  ARCHAIC  TYPE  (Nos.  3,  4,  6,  8—10,  12-15); 

ADVANCED  ARCHAIC  TYPE  (Nos.  1,  2,  5,  n);  FREE  STYLE  (No.  7) 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XLVIII 


1(251) 


3(246) 


2(244) 


4(245) 


9  (255) 


6(243) 


7(241) 


8(248) 


12(250) 


10(249) 


11(242) 


13(76) 


14(257) 


15(262) 


17(253) 


16(1  14) 


18(260) 


19(259^ 


20(263) 


24(2541 


21  (264) 


23(256) 


TERRA  COTTA  FIGURINES. -ANIMALS 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS1 

By  CHARLES  WALDSTEIN  and  JOSEPH  CLARK  HOPPIN 


The  Terra-Cotta  Reliefs  form  a  portion  of  the  interesting  finds  among  the  objects  of 
the  lesser  arts  which  the  excavations  at  the  Argive  Heraeum  has  yielded.  The  greater 
number  of  them  were  found  during  the  first  season  in  1892,  in  what  we  termed  the 
“  black  layer  ”  below  the  foundation  walls  of  the  Second  Temple.  Though  we  are  not 
justified  in  saying  that  this  black  layer  ran  continuously  round  the  foundations  of 
the  whole  Temple,  earth  of  this  consistency,  containing  objects  of  the  same  character, 
was  found  at  so  many  points  in  the  filling  for  the  Second  Temple  that  a  certain  degree 
of  continuity  may  be  assumed.  Still,  at  times,  the  black  earth  was  found  in  greater 
thickness  and  the  objects  in  greater  profusion  ;  so  that  we  were  led  to  use  the  term 
“  pockets.”  Other  specimens  were  discovered,  chiefly  on  the  south  and  southwest  slopes, 
in  the  third  layer  of  earth  which  had  been  massed  as  filling  for  the  Second  Temple  ;  so  that 
on  the  whole,  the  provenience  of  all  these  objects  may  be  designated  as  the  filling  below 
the  Second  Temple.  The  chronology  of  all  objects  found  in  this  filling  would  thus  be 
fixed  in  the  one  direction  as  being  prior  to  the  year  423  b.  c.  The  other  limit  cannot  be 
determined  in  the  same  way  by  the  conditions  of  excavation  ;  especially  as  objects  mani¬ 
festly  belonging  to  widely  different  periods  were  found  together  in  this  filling.  We  may, 
however,  anticipate  and  mention  one  fact  which  will  necessitate  fuller  explanation  on 
some  future  occasion,  namely,  that  none  of  these  terra-cottas  were  found  on  the  same 
level  as  the  Mycenaean  walls  erected  on  the  bed-rock  below  the  filling.  Further  points, 
in  so  far  as  they  can  now  be  determined,  will  be  noted  as  we  examine  each  individual 
fragment. 

The  terra-cotta  reliefs  will  be  considered  in  two  groups :  first,  those  that  ornamented 
flat  objects  of  terra-cotta  —  plaques,  files,  pinakes,  bricks,  etc. ;  and,  secondly,  those  that 
evidently  formed  parts  of  terra-cotta  vessels  or  vases  decorated  in  relief.  We  shall  in 
this  chapter  confine  our  study  to  the  former  group. 

These  plaques  (Plate  XLIX.)  are  ten  2  in  number ;  they  are  all,  with  the  exception  of 
Nos.  9  and  10,  in  a  more  or  less  fragmentary  condition. 

1.  Winged  figure  to  right,  legs  in  profile,  head  and  body  eiiface.  Upper  left  corner  missing. 

Length,  0.14  m.  ;  width,  0.085  m. ;  thickness,  0.008  m.  Found  on  the  Second  Temple  Terrace. 

2-4.  Rectangular  reliefs,  bordered  by  incuse  circles,  the  centres  of  which  are  raised,  inclosing 

two  square  fields.  In  each  field,  a  winged  figure  running  or  flying  to  left. 

2.  Length,  0.07  m. ;  width,  0.085  m. ;  thickness,  0.026  m. 

3.  Length,  0.10  m. ;  width,  0.085  m.  ;  thickness,  0.027  m. 

4.  Length,  0.117  m. ;  width,  0.073  m. ;  thickness,  0.023  m. 

All  these  were  found  in  or  back  of  the  South  Stoa. 

5.  Form  similar  to  No.  2,  rectangular  field.  Two  men  facing  each  other  with  uplifted  arms. 

Length,  0.096  m.  ;  width,  0.086  m. ;  thickness,  0.031  m.  Second  Temple  Terrace. 

1  This  chapter,  descriptive  of  them,  is  here  reproduced  2  An  eleventh  fragment,  similar  in  form  to  No.  2,  but 
as  published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Archaeology  with  only  a  foot  showing  in  the  field,  was  too  much  muti- 
(vol.  II.  1898,  pp.  173-186),  with  slight  corrections  and  lated  to  be  published, 
additions. 


48 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS 


6.  Part  of  a  rectangular  relief,  representing  a  bearded  man  in  a  chariot,  driving  a  quadriga. 

Length,  0.085  m. ;  width,  0.087  m. ;  thickness,  nearly  0.01  m. 

7.  Fragment  with  similar  subject,  only  one  horse,  much  smaller  and  less  well  preserved. 

Length,  0.069  m. ;  width,  0.43  m. ;  thickness,  0.01  m.  Both  Nos.  6  and  7  from  the  Second 

Temple  Terrace. 

8  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  relief.  Incuse  circles  as  in  No.  2,  bordering  square 
fields.  Also  a  rosette  with  eight  leaves. 

(a.)  Fore  part  of  Centaur  to  right,  holding  a  branch.  In  the  field,  rosettes  formed  of  four  leaves 
and  four  diamonds  alternating. 

Length,  0.091  ns. ;  width,  0.079  m. ;  thickness,  0.018  m. 

(b.)  Lower  portion  of  a  kneeling  figure  to  left. 

Length,  0.067  m. ;  width,  0.056  m. ;  thickness,  0.02  m.  Found  back  of  the  South  Stoa. 

9.  Small  square  relief,  well  preserved.  Above,  an  extension  pierced  by  a  hole.  In  the  field,  a 
lion  to  right. 

Length,  0.05  m. ;  width,  0.045  m. ;  thickness,  0.014  m.  From  east  of  the  Chambers  on  the 
Second  Temple  Terrace. 

10.  Small  rectangular  relief.  Two  women  in  a  chariot  to  right,  driving  a  quadriga.  Upper 
part  pierced  by  a  hole. 

Length,  0.054  m. ;  height,  0.046  m. ;  thickness,  0.01  m.  Probably  found  back  of  the  South 
Stoa. 

All  these  plaques,  with  the  exception  of  No.  8,  are  made  of  a  fine  reddish  clay.  No.  8,  however, 
is  made  of  a  very  coarse  greenish  yellow  clay,  in  which  small  stones  are  visible. 

The  question  what  purpose  these  plaques  served  is  not  easily  determined.  There  are 
two  classes  of  ancient  metal  relief  work  :  repousse,  or  beaten  work,  and  pressed,  or 
stamped  work.  The  stamped  work,  especially  in  soft  and  thin  gold,  was  evidently  made 
from  a  mould  1  upon  which  the  thin  metal  was  pressed. '  The  use  of  so  brittle  a  material 
as  clay,  however  hard  the  baking  may  have  made  it,  and  however  thick  such  brick-like 
plaques  as  Nos.  2,  3,  4,  and  5  may  be,  would  be  strange.  Still  it  is  not  impossible  that 
the  examples  just  mentioned  may  have  served  that  purpose.  All  these  reliefs  are  influ¬ 
enced  to  some  degree  by  the  style  suggested  by  metal  work.  It  is  not  impossible  that 
they  may  have  served  as  “  backing  ”  for  a  thin  coating  of  metal.  But  this  is  not  likely, 
because  for  this  the  same  objection  of  the  softness  and  brittleness  of  the  material  might 
be  adduced.  Moreover,  there  is  no  trace  whatever  on  their  surface  that  such  a  covering 
existed.  And,  considering  the  peculiar  adhesive  effect  the  oxydization  of  bronze  exerts 
on  extraneous  objects  (many  vases  being  found  at  the  Heraeum  to  which  bronze  objects 
were  stuck  fast),  it  is  inconceivable  that  no  traces  of  such  a  covering  should  have  been 
found.  A  specimen  of  a  mould  in  terra-cotta  was  found  at  the  Heraeum,  0.11  m.  in 
length,  0.7  m.  in  width,  and  about  0.01  m.  in  thickness,  flat  on  one  side  and  curved 
on  the  other.  In  the  flat  side  were  several  holes  of  varying  shapes,  sunk  to  a  depth 
of  several  millimetres.  A  cast  taken  from  this  mould  showed  a  series  of  objects,  one 
of  which  undoubtedly  represented  a  mollusk,  the  rnurex ,  or  purple  shell,  so  common  on 
Mycenaean  vases.  The  artist  has  made  the  common  mistake  in  representing  this  shell 
sinistral  instead  of  dextral ;  he  has  also  made  the  anterior  canal  too  wide.  Whether  the 
others  represent  nuts,  fruit,  or  seeds  of  various  shapes,  we  cannot  decide.  The  nearest 
analogies  to  such  a  mould  are  found  in  Naucratis,2  and  the  so-called  “  cake-stamps  ” 
(JVau/cratis,  1.  p.  45,  pi.  29),  which  are  clearly  of  a  very  late  date.  Mr.  Cecil  Smith 

1  See  a  good  instance  of  this  in  the  bronze  mould  in  the  2  Cf.  also  Evans,  J.  H.  S.  VII.  p.  44,  and  Introduc- 
Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford,  published  by  II.  Stuart  tion,  p.  xiiv. 

Jones,  ./.  II.  S.  1890,  p.  .‘128. 


RELIEF  NO.  1 


49 


informs  us  that  there  are  in  the  British  Museum,  thus  far  unpublished,  stamps  of  a 
similar  shape  to  ours,  but  none  with  the  same  subject.  The  presence  of  the  raurex 
might  point  to  a  somewhat  early  date  for  our  mould,  but  there  is  no  further  clue  to  the 
date. 

That  all  these  plaques  are  ex  votos  is  the  only  natural  explanation  of  their  existence  at 
the  Heraeum.  Nos.  9  and  10  certainly  serve  that  purpose,  as  the  holes  in  their  upper 
parts  for  hanging  them  up  show,  and  Nos.  1,  6,  and  7  can  hardly  be  anything  else. 

The  technical  method  seems  to  have  been  the  same  in  all,  namely,  that  the  clay  was 
stamped  while  soft,  and  afterwards  fired.  Nos.  8  and  9  present  the  peculiarity  of  being 
treated  with  a  sharp  knife  after  firing,  in  order  to  express  details  and  to  emphasize  lines ; 
this  is  apparent  from  the  knife-marks  on  the  surface  of  the  clay,  and  from  the  fact  that 
in  several  places  the  outlines  have  been  trimmed  down,  leaving  a  fainter  line  at  the  back 
of  the  relief. 

No.  1.  —  This  relief  is  especially  interesting  in  that  while,  as  we  shall  see,  it  manifests 
Hellenic  elements,  it  has  traces  of  Oriental  influence  more  strongly  marked  than  the 
others.  In  fact,  we  may  say  that  the  terra-cottas  in  relief  manifest  the  ‘  Oriental  ’  charac¬ 
ter  in  far  greater  proportion  and  pronouncedness  than  is  the  case  with  the  terra-cotta 
figurines  in  the  round.  While  we  found  but  few  specimens  among  our  many  hundred 
figurines  which  bore  clear  traces  of  Oriental  influence,  the  proportion  of  terra-cotta  reliefs 
which  show  this  influence  is  very  large,  and,  as  in  No.  1,  this  Oriental  character  is  clear 
and  pronounced.  This  is  a  very  significant  fact,  strengthening,  as  it  does,  our  convic¬ 
tion,  based  upon  much  testimony  from  other  quarters,  that  Greek  sculpture  in  the  round, 
the  statue  of  pure  art,  is  a  specifically  Greek  development ;  while  Oriental  influences  only 
find  their  way  into  Greece  through  the  channels  of  decorative  art,  especially  through 
ornamental  vessels  in  ceramic  art  and  metal  ivork. 

The  subject  represented  is,  at  first  sight,  quite  simple.  It  is  a  nude,  winged  figure. 
The  upper  part  of  the  body,  as  well  as  the  head,  is  in  full  face,  while  the  lower  part  from 
the  waist  downwards  is  in  profile.  This  want  of  unity  in  composition  is  the  rule  with 
reliefs,  as  well  as  figures  in  the  round,  of  this  early  period.  Such  inconsistency  in  atti¬ 
tude,  by  a  curious  effect  of  conventionalism,  survived  long  after  the  artists  had  advanced 
beyond  this  point  of  archaic  awkwardness.  Ceramic  art  is  a  case  in  point,  since  not  till 
after  the  Persian  wars  was  this  conventionality  abandoned,  and  instances  in  sculpture  are 
too  numerous  to  mention. 

The  head 1  is  surrounded  by  a  mass  of  hair,  which  falls  down  to  the  shoulder  on  both 
sides  in  a  heavy,  ribbed  mass,  while  over  the  forehead  it  lies  in  waves.  On  the  left  eye 
is  a  slight  indentation  which  at  first  sight  seems  like  an  iris,  but  which  on  a  careful 
examination  proves  to  be  merely  accidental,  no  such  hole  being  apparent  in  the  other 
eye.  The  nose  is  flat  and  the  mouth  hard  and  straight,  a  slight  effort  being  made  to 
model  the  lips  and  chin.  The  scheme  of  the  hair  is  strikingly  like  that  of  the  Melian 
or  the  Tenean  Apollo. 

The  wings  present  this  peculiarity,  that  they  grow  directly  from  the  breast,  in  front  of 
the  shoulders,  which  they  entirely  conceal.  The  arms  are  comparatively  thin,  a  result, 
perhaps,  of  the  difficulty  the  artist  found  in  dealing  with  several  different  planes,  the 
arms  being  drawn  behind  the  wings. 

Whether  the  figure  is  male  or  female  is  difficult  to  decide,  but  it  is  more  probably  the 

1  The  head  of  this  figure  resembles  slightly  that  of  the  female  Centaur  on  the  Relief  Vase  in  the  Louvre.  Cf. 
De  Ridder  in  B.  C.  H.  1898,  pis.  iv.  and  v. 


50 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS 


former.  When  it  is  carefully  examined,  the  traces  of  a  very  short  wavy  chiton  can  he 
discovered,  at  a  slight  distance  below  the  waist.  Female  figures  in  archaic  art  are  never 
represented,  as  far  as  we  know,  in  a  chiton  of  such  shortness.  Though  there  are  many 
points  of  difference,  a  comparison  of  this  plaque  with  the  bronze  relief  from  the  Acro¬ 
polis1  induces  us  to  believe  that  our  figure  is  male. 

The  thighs  are  large  in  proportion  to  the  body,  with  careful  modeling  of  the  muscles, 
especially  about  the  knee.  The  nates  are  small  in  proportion  to  the  thighs,  a  peculiarity 
seen  also  on  the  Selinus  Metope  of  Heracles  and  the  Cercopes.  The  legs  from  the  knee 
downwards  are  extremely  thin,  similar  to  those  of  the  Tenean  Apollo.  In  fact,  our  relief 
seems  to  afford  a  mixture  of  the  exaggerated  muscularity  of  the  Selinus  Metope  and  the 
slimness  of  the  Tenean  Apollo. 

The  attitude  of  the  figure  is  not  necessarily  that  of  one  walking,  hut  is  due  rather  to 
the  inability  of  the  artist  to  represent  the  legs  and  feet  from  the  front.  What  the  hands 
hold  is  clearly  not  a  wreath,  but  a  conventionalized  flower  or  branch.  This  forms  part 
of  the  action  itself,  since  each  hand  holds  an  end  of  the  ornament,  and  it  thus  becomes  a 
sort  of  contaminatio  of  a  plant  and  scroll  ornamenting  the  background,  introduced  at 
the  same  time  into  the  action  of  the  figure  itself.  This  action  is,  in  reality,  a  reminis¬ 
cence  of  the  well-known  “  Thierbandigerschema,”  2  of  which  the  Persian  Artemis,3  falsely 
so  called,  is  a  good  example.  The  winged  figure  in  this  connection  was  one  of  the  types 
adopted  by  the  Greeks,  and  was  remodeled  to  suit  their  own  peculiar  needs,  since,  though 
the  Hellenic  character  of  the  Persian  Artemis  is  now  established,  no  one  denies  that  the 
original  type  was  a  foreign  importation.  The  addition  of  the  wings  seems  to  be  a  fea¬ 
ture  of  the  later  archaic  art,4  since  they  are  certainly  unknown  as  attributes  of  the  human 
figure  in  Mycenaean  or  Geometric  art,  nor  do  we  find  them  on  the  “  Island  Stones.”5 

The  mythological  significance  of  the  relief,  if  such  it  has,  is  not  clear  to  us.  We  can 
only  say  that  it  is  a  winged  figure  treated  in  an  ornamental  manner.  We  use  the  term 
“  ornamental  ”  advisedly,  with  a  more  literal  signification  than  is  generally  given  ;  for 
one  of  the  most  peculiar  and  striking  features  of  this  representation  is  the  action  of  the 
figure.  The  winged  “  genius  ”  is  holding  in  both  hands  a  mere  ornament,  a  decorative 
design,  which  certainly  is  no  implement  of  use,  nor  has  it  any  special  significance.  But 
the  use  made  of  it  here  is  quite  distinctive  and  original.  It  is  as  if  the  decorative  feeling 
of  the  modeler  of  the  plaque  had  been  so  strong  that  it  obtruded  itself  into  his  represen¬ 
tation  of  a  human  figure,  becoming  an  integral  part  of  the  attitude  and  action,  at  the 
expense  of  the  logic  of  representation,  as  far  as  the  human  figure  itself  is  concerned. 
This  introduction  of  the  ornament  seems  to  point  to  two  customs  in  the  decoration  or 
framing  of  scenes  and  representations  of  figures  on  vases,  bronzes,  terra-cottas,  etc. ; 
namely,  the  continuous  scroll  or  other  ornament  bordering  these  scenes,  as  with  a  frame, 
and  the  introduction  of  ornaments  into  the  field  or  background,  which  the  Germans  have 
called  “  Fullornamente.”  Such  framing  bands  and  “  Fullornamente  ”  are  the  composite 
motives  which  appear  to  have  led  the  artist  to  introduce  this  new  form  of  ornament  into 
the  field  of  this  relief. 

We  have  had  occasion  to  cite  the  “  Persian  Artemis  ”  as  an  analogy  to  our  figure.  A 
direct  repetition  of  the  motive  of  our  plaque  may  be  found  on  a  bronze  plaque  from 

1  ./.  //.  S.  1893,  ]>.  259,  fig.  20  (Bather).  ’E<p.  ’A px-  1891,  pp.  34  f.  Cf.  Langbehn,  Fliigelfiguren, 

2  E.  Curtins,  GemmmeUc  Abhandlungen,  II.  pp.  110  ff.  etc. 

(‘ Wappengebrauch  mid  Wappenstil  im  Alterthum ’).  6  We  have  just  beard  from  Mr.  Hogartli  that  winged 

8  Studniczka,  Kyrene,  p.  155.  human  figures  which  he  considers  to  be  of  ‘Mycenaean’ 

1  Milchhofer,  Anfange  der  Kunst,  p.  80  ;  Tsountas,  style  have  recently  been  discovered  by  him  in  Crete. 


RELIEFS  2-5 


51 


Dodona,1  but  of  a  manifestly  later  date.  Here,  however,  the  ornament  has  been  treated 
in  a  precisely  similar  fashion,  the  ends  of  the  scroll  being-  held  in  each  hand.  In  spite 
of  the  lateness  of  the  Dodona  plaque,  a  quasi-Oriental  influence  may  easily  be  detected. 
A  similar  position  of  hands  may  be  noticed  on  the  Euphorbus  plate.2 

An  almost  exact  duplicate  of  our  figure  may  be  found  on  the  gold  hormus  from 
Camirus.3  Though  the  centaur,  with  whom  our  figure  invites  comparison,  has  no  wings, 
the  most  striking  similarity  of  style  is  noticeable  when  we  compare  the  two.  The  treat¬ 
ment  of  the  hair,  body,  nates,  and  legs  is  identical.  The  wings  are  supplied  by  the  Arte¬ 
mis  on  the  same  jewel,  and,  moreover,  present  the  same  peculiarity  we  have  commented  on 
before,  namely,  that  they  grow  directly  from  the  breast,  concealing  the  upper  part  of  the 
arm  and  shoulder.  Our  figure,  in  fact,  might  almost  be  composed  by  a  combination  of 
the  centaur  and  the  Artemis  on  the  hormus.  This  jewel,  which  is  certainly  Rhodian, 
exhibits  more  than  any  other  work  known  to  us  so  marked  a  similarity  of  style  and 
technique  with  our  plaque  as  to  suggest  some  very  close  connection  between  them. 
More  than  this  we  do  not  venture  to  say,  since  it  has  not  yet  been  determined  whether 
Rhodians  were  influenced  by  Argives,  or  vice  versa.  It  may  well  be  the  case  that  the 
Rhodian  types  are  derived  from  Argos,  since  Camirus,  according  to  legend,  was  a  colony 
of  Argos,  founded  by  the  Heraclid  Tlepolemus,4  and  was  counted  as  one  of  the  towns 
of  the  Doric  Hexapolis.  The  presence,  also,  of  the  Argive  alphabet  in  Rhodes  is  well 
known.  (Cf.  the  Argive  lambda  on  the  Euphorbus  plate.)  As  a  last  comparison,  we 
might  mention  a  relief  somewhat  similar  in  style,  but  probably  earlier,  found  at  Aegina.5 
This  relief  exhibits  the  greatest  similarity  in  the  treatment  of  the  hair.  That  it  is  Pelo¬ 
ponnesian  and  not  Aeginetan  seems  fairly  evident. 

In  summing  up,  we  may  say  that,  while  our  plaque  exhibits  Hellenic  features,  espe¬ 
cially  in  the  modeling  of  the  figure,  the  spirit  of  the  composition  and  the  introduction  of 
the  wings  are  distinctly  of  Oriental  origin.  Moreover,  we  find  absolutely  no  Mycenaean 
or  Geometric  elements,  but  those  which  are  characteristic  of  the  early  Corinthian  vases. 
We  are  forced,  however,  to  assign  our  relief  to  a  slightly  later  date  than  those  vases 
which  exhibit  this  “  Thierbandigerschema,”  since  the  conventional  and  decorative  treat¬ 
ment  of  the  ornament  of  our  plaque,  admittedly  without  a  meaning,  is  certainly  later 
than  this  schema,  not  earlier.  Therefore  we  may  assign  it  approximately  to  the  begin¬ 
ning  of  the  seventh  century  b.  c.  Even  in  the  best  period  of  Greek  art,  such  a  deco¬ 
rative  solecism  may  be  met  with,  as,  for  instance,  in  the  beautiful  red-figured  vase  of 
astragalus  shape,  signed  Svpt<r/co9  iiroUae,  in  the  Papa  Giulio  Museum  at  Rome. 

Nos.  2-5.  —  These  are  all  of  similar  technique,  and  evidently  contemporaneous.  Frag¬ 
mentary  as  they  are,  we  have  still  enough  to  show  that  their  dimensions  were  from  0.10 
to  0.12  m.  long  and  0.7  to  0.9  m.  wide.  Of  all  our  reliefs,  these  show  the  metal  influ¬ 
ence  in  a  most  marked  manner,  the  incuse  circles  being  probably  an  imitation  of  the  nail- 
heads  used  to  fasten  bronze  sheathing  to  wood,  while  the  division  into  fields,  as  well  as 
the  technique,  finds  its  parallel  in  the  series  of  bronze  reliefs  from  Olympia,6  Dodona,7 
the  Acropolis,8  and  the  temple  of  the  Ptoan  Apollo.0  The  subject  of  the  reliefs  Nos.  2-4 

1  Carapanos,  Dodona,  pi.  xviii.  fig.  3.  7  Carapanos,  Dodona,  pis.  xvi.-xviii. 

2  Salzmann,  Necropole  de  Cameiros,  pi.  liii.  ;  cf.  also  8  J.  H.  S.  1892-93,  p.  249  (Bather);  Wolters,  Athen. 

pi.  xxvi.  Mitt.  1895,  p.  473. 

3  Ibid.  pi.  1.  9  B.  C.  H.  1892,  p.  348,  pis.  x.,  xi.  (Holleaux). 

4  Diod.  IV.  58;  V.  57 ;  Find.  Ol.  vii.  A  survey  of  such  reliefs  is  given  by  De  Bidder  in  his 

5  Stai's,  ’E (p.  ’A px-  1895,  p.  263,  pi.  xii.  monograph,  “  De  Ectypis  quibusdam  aeneis,  quae  falso 

6  Furt vvangler,  Olympia,  IV.  (‘  Die  Bronzen  ’)  pis.  vocantur  Aegino-Corinthiaca.” 
xxxvii.,  xxxviii. 


52 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS 


is  the  same :  two  winged  figures  moving  rapidly  to  the  left  in  the  usual  “  knielauf- 
schema.”  1  What  the  objects  are  they  hold  in  their  hands  cannot  be  determined  with 
certainty;  that  in  the  right  hand  is  paralleled  by  a  similar  object  in  the  hands  of  the 
figures  on  the  terra-cotta  reliefs  from  Sicily  2  of  later  style.  Kekule,  however,  refrains 
from  defining  these  objects.  That  in  the  left  hand  resembles  an  axe.  To  identify  these 
figures  as  gorgons  seems  impossible,  and  we  must  be  content  merely  to  term  them  winged 
daemons.  They  are  similar  in  style  to  the  reliefs  from  Olympia,3  which  contain  figures 
called  by  Furtwangier  “  Daimons,”  retracting  the  view  he  had  previously  expressed  in 
Roseher’s  Lexicon .4  It  is  impossible  to  tell  whether  the  figures  are  male  or  female, 
though  the  latter  seems  more  probable  considering  their  similarity  to  the  figures  on  the 
relief  previously  cited,  which  are  certainly  female.  It  may  be  here  noticed  that  these 
figures  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  “  Nike  of  Archermus,”  but  with  the  same  differ¬ 
ence  that  we  shall  plainly  see  when  we  compare  them  with  gorgons.  Such  monsters, 
while  generally  represented  in  the  “  knielauf-schema,”  5 6  have  always  the  body  in  profile 
and  head  en  face,  and  in  the  case  of  our  figures  both  head  and  body  are  represented  in 
profile.  Moreover,  our  figures  are  not  holding  the  usual  bird  or  animal.  Only  one  relief 
in  terra-cotta  of  similar  technique,  though  of  different  subject,  is  known  to  us;  G  it  repre¬ 
sents  the  Persian  Artemis  in  profile,  holding  a  bird  in  each  hand.  The  incuse  circles 
are  precisely  similar  to  our  reliefs,  and  a  rosette  there  is  similar  to  those  on  No.  8. 
Though  little  connection  may  be  assumed  between  the  Persian  Artemis  and  our  daemons, 
we  see  that  the  same  Oriental  influence  was  at  work  at  the  time  of  their  manufacture. 

No.  5.  —  What  the  subject  of  No.  5  represents  is  extremely  doubtful,  and  several  inter¬ 
pretations  are  open  to  us.  It  might  be  a  boxing  match,  if  such  be  the  correct  identifica¬ 
tion  of  the  two  Olympia  reliefs  ( Olympia ,  IV.  pis.  39,  703,  704  a  ;  ef.  also  Furtwangier, 
Bi  ’ onzefnnde ,  p.  91),  or  the  similar  group  on  the  Geometric  vase  of  Copenhagen.7  A 
certain  similarity  may  be  detected  if  we  compare  our  relief  with  a  group  on  the  well- 
known  Tripod  vase  from  Tanagra  in  Berlin.8  Save  that  no  traces  of  a  wreath  can  be 
discovered,  the  scene  on  our  relief  further  resembles  one  of  the  Ptoan  reliefs  already 
cited  (B.  C.  II.  1892,  pi.  xi.  3;  No.  45  in  De  Ridder,  op.  cit.).  Again,  were  it  not  for 
the  lack  of  the  tripod,  a  connection  might  be  assumed  with  the  scene  on  the  mould  in 
the  Ashmolean  Museum  we  have  already  referred  to.  Perhaps  we  might  recognize  in 
it  the  aVpo^eipicr/xo?  or  the  preliminaries  of  the  wrestling  match.  Instances  of  this  have 
been  identified  in  several  monuments.9  Or  perhaps  the  action  of  our  relief  may  be  only 
a  salutation.  More  than  this  we  cannot  say. 

In  style  there  is  a  closer  analogy  between  this  relief  and  bronze  relief  work  than  is  the 
case  witli  Nos.  2,  3,  and  4.  The  treatment  of  the  figures  is  precisely  identical  with  that 
of  the  above-mentioned  Ptoan  relief,  both  in  the  hair  and  in  the  build  of  the  bodies. 
The  profiles,  too,  are  similar.  Thus  the  question  of  dating  our  plaques  becomes  much 


1  Curtins,  ‘Die  Knieenden  Figuren  der  Altgriechischen 
Kunst,’  Winckelmanns  Programm,  1870  (Gesam.  Abhand. 
II.  pp.  110  If.). 

2  Kekuld,  Terracotten  von  Sicilien,  pi.  Iv. 

3  Olympia,  IV.  pis.  39,  099  a,  p.  102,  No.  1. 

4  Ibid.  I.  ]).  1709,  s.  v.  Gorgonen. 

Milcldiofer,  op.  cit..  p.  80,  lig.  00. 

r‘  Eenormant,  Arch.  Zeit.  1800,  p.  258,  pi.  A. 

7  Furtwangier,  Arch.  Zeit.  1885,  p.  137,  pi.  viii. 

6  Eocschcke,  Arch.  Zeit.  1881,  pi.  iii. 

Waldstein,  in  Proceedings  of  the  Cambridge  Philological 


Society,  1882,  p.  2,  where,  in  connection  with  Arist.  Eth. 
Nic.  III.  1.  17,  p.  1111  (Bekk.),  the  following  illustrations 
are  mentioned  :  A  vase  in  the  possession  of  the  late  Camille 
Lecnyer  at  Paris,  a  relief  in  Clarac,  Musee  de  Sc.  II.  pi. 
184,  No.  55  ;  Krause,  Gymnast,  und  Agonistik,  II.  pi.  x. 
29.  Cf.  also  Vase  Catal.  Brit.  Mus.  III.  E.  78,  as  well  as 
Gerhard,  Ant.  Bildw.  pi.  89,  also  Baumeister,  Denkmdler, 
I.  p.  502,  fig.  544.  I  have  recognized  another  represen¬ 
tation  of  such  a  scene  in  a  vase  in  the  Museum  of  Fine 
Arts,  Boston,  which  1  hope  soon  to  publish. 


RELIEFS  6-8 


53 


simplified.  For,  though  we  cannot  say  witli  absolute  certainty  which  of  the  two  is  earlier, 
the  fact  that  they  are  contemporaneous  (at  least  they  would  both  belong  to  the  same 
decade)  is  too  evident  to  be  doubted.  These  bronze  reliefs  belong  approximately  to  the 
beginning  of  the  seventh  century,  which  gives  us  a  similar  date  for  our  reliefs. 

No.  6.  —  This  design  here  seems  rather  more  advanced  in  style.  The  subject  of  a  char¬ 
ioteer  in  his  chariot  was  not  only  common  through  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  art,  but  was  a 
favorite  theme  throughout  the  whole  Mycenaean  period,  as  is  shown  by  the  grave-stelae 
found  by  Schliemann  at  Mycenae.  We  owe  the  introduction  of  the  quadriga  to  the 
Dipylon  period,  from  which  certain  features  of  our  relief  are  evidently  derived,  namelv, 
the  connection  of  the  pole  to  the  wagon  by  a  rope  or  staff  extending  from  the  dashboard.1 
The  avTvt;  has  the  usual  curved  form  seen  on  Egyptian  wagons,  and  the  wheels  are  of  the 
common  type  found  on  most  of  the  Dipylon  chariots.  A  counterpart  of  this  group  may 
be  found  on  the  Frangois  vase,2  the  figure  of  Zeus  in  his  chariot  at  the  marriage  proces¬ 
sion  of  Peleus  and  Thetis.  In  fact,  we  are  in  a  position  to  date  this  relief  between  the 
Dipylon  period  and  the  Frangois  vase.  Its  Hellenic  origin  need  not  be  questioned ;  there 
is  certainly  no  trace  of  Ionic  influence. 

No.  7.  —  The  technique  of  No.  7  is  vastly  inferior.  It  has  also  suffered  far  more  from 
abrasion.  This  makes  it  difficult  to  decide  whether  one  or  two  persons  are  represented 
in  the  chariot,  more  probably  only  one.  Doubt  also  exists  as  to  whether  the  charioteer 
is  holding  the  reins  or  is  in  the  act  of  shooting  an  arrow,  and  from  the  curious  posi¬ 
tion  of  the  body  with  regard  to  the  chariot,  a  certain  similarity  may  be  deduced  with  the 
marble  relief3  from  the  Acropolis  of  the  figure  mounting  a  chariot.  At  all  events, 
the  chariot  shows  the  same  influence  as  No.  6.  Its  chief  peculiarity  lies  in  the  fact  that 
but  one  horse  is  represented,  which  fact  must  be  assigned  to  the  incompetence  of  the 
artist,  since  never,  in  Greek  art,  does  a  chariot  of  this  form,  drawn  by  one  horse,  occur. 

Nos.  8  a  and  b.  —  That  these  fragments  fit  together  is  fairly  evident ;  but  unfortunately 
the  sides  of  the  fracture,  owing  to  the  soft  texture  of  the  clay,  have  been  considerably 
worn  away,  and  thus  the  breaks,  while  following  the  same  lines,  do  not  coincide  exactly. 
Still,  the  foot  in  the  upper  right-hand  corner  of  a  is  the  continuation  of  the  leg  of  the 
figure  in  b.  Aside  from  its  peculiar  technique,  to  which  we  have  already  called  atten¬ 
tion,  its  chief  interest  lies  in  the  seeming  irregularity.  Portions  of  three  fields  are  pre¬ 
served,  two  of  which  are  separated  by  the  same  incuse  circles  met  with  in  Nos.  2,  3,  4, 
and  5.  The  rosette  of  a  falls  beneath  the  field  of  b,  being  used  instead  of  an  incuse 
circle,  as  we  found  in  the  case  of  the  Lenormant  plaque  from  Mycenae.  It  is  impossible, 
however,  to  tell  the  general  form  of  the  relief,  how  many  fields  it  contained,  or  what 
subject  is  represented.  As  in  the  case  of  Nos.  2  to  5,  the  connection  between  this  and 
the  metal  reliefs  is  obvious. 

The  centaur,  the  chief  figure  of  the  relief,  is  represented  with  a  horse’s  fore  legs  plainly 
visible,  though  their  lower  part  is  missing.  This  type  of  a  centaur  with  the  fore  legs 
of  a  horse  is  later  than  that  with  human  fore  legs.4  When  exactly  the  later  type  was 
introduced  cannot  be  determined,  there  being  no  distinct  dividing  line  between  the  two 
types,  which  often  appear  side  by  side.5  On  archaic  gems,1’  however,  only  the  later  type 
occurs.  Evidently  the  two  styles  continued  together  for  a  considerable  period.  So  far 

1  Helbig,  Das  homer.  Epos,  p.  141,  note  3,  fig.  83.  Cf.  5  For  example,  on  the  frieze  from  Assos,  Clarke.  In- 

Furtwiingler,  Arch.  Zeit.  1884,  p.  108,  pi.  viii.  4.  vestigadons,  etc.  pis.  xv.,  xx.  See  also  on  a  Cyreuean  1  ase, 

2  Wiener  Vorlegehldtter,  1888,  pis.  ii.-iv.  Arch.  Zeit.  1881,  pi.  xi. 

8  Collignon,  Hist,  de  la  Sculpture  Grecque ,  I.  fig.  104.  6  Rossbaeli,  in  Arch.  Zeit.  1SS3,  pi.  xvi.  fig.  10. 

4  Rosclier,  in  Roscher’s  Lexicon,  II.  p.  1070. 


54 


THE  TERRA-COTTA  RELIEFS 


as  can  be  judged  from  other  monuments  which  illustrate  the  later  type,  we  are  justified 
in  regarding  our  relief  as  one  of  the  earliest  examples  of  that  type. 

To  restore  the  kneeling  figure  is  impossible.  It  suggests  faintly  the  “  knielauf,”  but 
that  can  hardly  be  the  action.  The  position  of  the  legs  resembles  to  a  certain  degree 
that  of  the  figure  on  the  metal  relief  from  Olympia.1  As  no  trace  of  a  bow  or  arrow  can 
be  found  on  our  figure,  its  reconstruction  as  an  archer  is  impossible.  Apart  from  the 
carefulness  of  detail,  the  dress  of  the  figure  is  a  most  interesting  feature.  The  figure 
wears  a  broad  belt,  and  above  it  the  lines  of  the  chiton  are  indicated  by  incisions  in  the 
clay.  No  trace  of  any  lower  garment  can  be  discovered.  Whether  this,  as  well  as  the 
fact  that  the  sex  of  the  figure  is  not  indicated,  points  to  any  intention  on  the  part  of 
the  artist  to  denote  a  close-fitting  under-garment  is  doubtful.  Carelessness  is  again  the 
probable  explanation.  This  garb  is  paralleled  by  the  figures  on  the  Vapliio  cups,2  which 
wear  the  broad  belt  continued  below  the  waist  as  a  sort  of  breech-cloth,  though  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  is  left  bare.  The  portion  remaining  of  the  third  field  is  so  small  that 
we  cannot  determine  what  the  figure  was.  It  might  be  the  rear  portion  of  a  bird,  and 
the  whole  a  figure  of  the  Persian  Artemis  type. 

While  assigning  an  Hellenic  origin  to  No.  8,  we  must  nevertheless  class  it  among  the 
works  of  the  so-called  Oriental  Greek  style,  of  which  the  Argive-Corinthian  is  a  part. 
The  incuse  circles  we  have  already  discussed ;  the  rosette  is  a  favorite  form  of  decoration 
all  through  the  “  Corinthian  ”  period,  besides  occurring  on  bronze  reliefs.3  The  orna¬ 
ment  above  the  centaur  is  characteristic,  and  may  be  found  on  a  Melian  vase.4  Here  we 
have  the  use  of  the  ornament  in  the  field  as  an  instance  of  the  horror  vacui  so  charac¬ 
teristic  throughout  the  “  Corinthian  ”  period,  a  feature  which  does  not  obtain  in  the 
succeeding  periods.  We  may,  therefore,  be  justified  in  assigning  this  relief  to  the  end 
of  the  seventh  century,  perhaps  a  little  later.  Earlier  than  the  spread  of  the  Oriental 
influence  it  cannot  be. 

Nos.  9  and  10.  —  These  fragments  properly  belong  together,  since  both  are  complete 
and  illustrate  admirably  the  pinax  form.  This  in  itself  would  show  their  connection 
with  the  Corinthian  pinakes 5  in  Berlin,  since  the  pinax  does  not  seem  to  have  been  used 
prior  to  this  period.  The  lion  on  No.  9  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  enormous  size  of 
his  head  in  proportion  to  his  body.  From  the  absence  of  any  ornaments  in  the  field,  as 
well  as  from  this  peculiarity  of  head,  which  strongly  resembles  that  of  the  lions  on  “  Early 
Attic”  vases,0  we  should  feel  inclined  to  assign  this  plaque  or  pinax  to  a  later  stage  of 
the  Corinthian  period,  perhaps  about  the  early  part  of  the  sixth  century.  No.  10,  on  the 
other  hand,  shows  traces  of  Dipylon  characteristics.  In  spite  of  the  abrasion  from  which 
the  relief  has  suffered,  it  is  evident  that  two  women  are  represented,  but  in  a  more 
advanced  style  than  is  characteristic  of  the  Dipylon  period  ;  the  horses,  however,  show 
the  feeling  of  Dipylon  art.  Nothing  of  the  chariot  is  plain,  except  that  the  wheels  are 
probably  four-spoked,  though  even  this  cannot  be  decided.  No.  10  is  to  be  assigned  to 
a  later  date  than  the  Dipylon  period,  but  probably  earlier  than  No.  6. 

1  Olympia,  IV.  pi.  40.  4  Conze,  Melische  Vasen,  pi.  ii. 

2  Tsountas,  in  ’E^.  ’ Apx .  1889.  6  Furtwiingler,  Vasensammlung,  I.  p.  47. 

8  II.  S.  1893,  p.  249,  lig.  18  (Bather)  ;  Olympia,  6  Bolilau,  Jahrbuch  d.  Inst.  1887,  pi.  iv. 

IV.  pi.  xxxvii.  712. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XLIX 


THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM.— TERRA  COTTA  RELIEFS 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 

By  JOSEPH  CLARK  HOPPIN 


PREFACE 

The  publication  of  the  Vases  and  Vase  Fragments  from  the  Heraeum  has  proved  a  far 
more  arduous  task  than  I  expected  when  the  work  was  intrusted  to  me  eight  years  ago. 
As  the  time  for  committing  it  to  the  press  approaches,  I  am  keenly  conscious  of  its  many 
shortcomings,  for,  in  the  six  years  which  have  elapsed  since  the  completion  of  the  work 
and  its  final  revision  before  going  to  press,  the  quantity  of  new  material  found  in  Greece, 
which  might  serve  to  throw  new  light  upon  many  of  the  problems  the  vases  from  the 
Heraeum  afforded,  has  increased  enormously,  and  the  greater  part  of  it,  being  as  yet 
unpublished,  has  been  inaccessible  to  me.  I  could  also  wish  that  it  had  been  possible 
for  me  to  make  the  final  revision  of  the  work  in  Athens,  with  the  actual  material  at  ray 
command,  since  I  realize  very  clearly  that  many  of  the  points  which  have  presented 
themselves  to  me  during  the  six  years  since  1  left  Athens  must  remain  all  too  super¬ 
ficially  treated,  owing  to  incomplete  notes  and  a  memory  sometimes  treacherous.  Such 
cases,  I  hope,  will  not  prove  of  vital  detriment  to  the  value  of  the  work. 

Two  facts  must  be  mentioned  to  secure  a  fair  understanding  of  the  work.  First, 
owing  to  the  smallness  of  the  means  at  my  command,  I  am  unable  to  publish  the  mate¬ 
rial  as  I  had  originally  hoped,  and  consequently  have  omitted  much  which,  though  not 
of  supreme  importance,  would  have  been  of  distinct  benefit  had  it  been  possible  to  retain 
it.  Secondly,  I  see  very  clearly  that  the  enormous  mass  of  material  should,  to  secure  the 
best  results,  have  occupied  the  attention  of  several  workers  for  at  least  twice  the  length 
of  time  I  have  been  able  to  devote  to  it.  Thus  the  work  as  it  now  appears  is  a  small 
selection  of  the  total  material,  and  cannot  in  the  strictest  sense  be  called  either  final  or 
complete.  I  have  endeavored  as  far  as  possible  to  present,  or  at  least  to  mention,  all  the 
types  and  classes  that  were  found;  but  important  omissions  must  inevitably  occur  when 
over  two  hundred  thousand  fragments  are  to  be  dealt  with.  Classes  like  the  Geometric 
or  Argive  should  each  be  treated  in  as  much  space  as  the  whole  of  this  volume,  if  their 
elaboration  were  to  be  considered  final.  But  the  desire  to  make  known  to  the  world  as 
soon  as  possible  the  results  of  one  of  the  most  important  modern  excavations  has  induced 
us  all  to  hasten  the  completion  of  our  several  tasks,  and  leave  the  various  finer  points  to 
be  more  carefully  investigated  by  our  successors. 

It  is  a  great  pleasure,  on  the  completion  of  my  task,  to  look  back  on  the  warm  friends 
it  has  brought  me,  and  to  thank  them  for  the  many  and  various  kindnesses  received  at 
their  hands.  First  and  foremost,  I  wish  to  thank  most  heartily  my  friend  and  chief, 
Professor  Charles  Waldstein,  for  the  ready  help  and  encouragement  he  has  always  given 
me,  for  his  keen  and  intelligent  interest  in  my  work,  and  for  the  various  suggestions  and 
theories  he  has  outlined  for  my  benefit.  The  departure  from  Athens  at  the  end  of  the 
first  year’s  work  of  Dr.  Theodore  Woolsey  Heermance,  who  had  shared  with  me  the  dis¬ 
agreeable  task  of  cleaning  and  sorting  the  fragments,  deprived  me  of  most  valuable  assist- 


58 


PREFACE 


ance  during'  the  more  interesting  stage  of  studying  and  classifying  the  material ;  and  I 
feel  sure  that,  had  it  been  possible  for  him  to  have  shared  the  responsibility  of  the  whole 
work  with  me,  the  result  would  have  been  far  more  satisfactory.  I  am  indebted  to  him 
for  the  Appendix  on  the  inscriptions  that  have  been  found  on  some  of  the  fragments. 
Mr.  Cecil  Smith  of  the  British  Museum  will  always  have  my  warmest  gratitude  for  the 
many  kindnesses  and  useful  suggestions  so  ungrudgingly  given  me  during  my  work  in 
London. 

F urther,  I  wish  to  express  my  thanks  to  Messrs.  Kavvadias,  Stais,  and  Tsountas  of  the 
National  Museum  at  Athens,  for  their  courtesy  and  kindness  in  extending  to  me,  during 
my  three  years  in  Athens,  the  utmost  privileges  of  the  Museum  ;  to  Professor  Wolters 
and  Dr.  Zalni  of  the  German  Archaeological  Institute  at  Athens,  for  putting  the  material 
from  the  Acropolis  and  Aegina  so  openly  at  my  disposal ;  and  to  Mr.  David  Hogarth, 
sometime  Director  of  the  British  School  at  Athens,  for  an  opportunity  of  seeing  the 
pottery  found  in  his  excavation  at  Melos.  I  have  also  received  many  valuable  suggestions 
from  Professor  Ernest  Gardner  of  University  College,  London,  Mr.  Paul  Perdrizet  of 
the  French  School  at  Athens,  and  Mr.  Carr  Bosanquet,  Director  of  the  British  School  at 
Athens. 

I  must  not  forget  to  thank  Mr.  Gillieron  and  Herr  Rohrer  for  their  careful  and  pains¬ 
taking  work  in  preparing  the  drawings  and  photographs.  I  am  especially  grateful  to 
Janni  Papadakis,  vase-mender  in  the  National  Museum  at  Athens,  who  for  three  years 
helped  and  spared  me  in  every  way. 

Last  of  all,  I  wish  to  express  to  my  dear  friend,  Professor  Richard  Norton,  Director  of 
the  American  School  at  Rome,  my  grateful  thanks  for  reading  the  manuscript  of  the 
work  during  its  preliminary  stage  (a  labor  of  love),  and  for  the  valuable  suggestions  he 
has  given  me. 


NOTE. 

In  fairness  to  this  section  of  the  Heraenm  publication  the  following  facts  should  be  stated.  The  manuscript 
was  delivered  to  the  committee  on  April  1,  1899.  Two  years  later,  in  the  hope  of  a  speedy  publication,  it 
was  revised  as  thoroughly  as  circumstances  permitted.  At  the  present  date  (November,  1903)  the  larger 
part  lias  been  in  type  for  a  year  and  a  half,  and  any  further  revision  is  impossible  for  many  obvious  l’easons 
without  a  complete  rearrangement  of  the  material.  That  it  should  not  have  been  possible  to  consider  the 
vases  and  fragments  from  the  Heraeum  in  connection  with  the  new  phases  of  the  Mycenaean  erawevealed  by 
the  recent  excavations  in  Crete,  no  one  regrets  more  than  the  writer. 


ABBREVIATIONS  EMPLOYED. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


A  then.  Milt.  Mittheilungen  des  Kaiserlich  Deutschen  Ar- 
chaeologischen  Instituts,  Athenische  Abtheiluog. 

Rom.  Mitt.  Mittheilungen  des  Kaiserlich  Deutschen  Ar- 
cliaeologischen  Instituts,  Romische  Abtheilung. 

Juhrb.  Jahrbuch  des  Kaiserlich  Deutschen  Archaeologi- 
schen  Instituts. 

B.  C.  H.  Bulletin  de  Corresjiondance  Helldnique. 

J.  H.  S.  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies. 

A.  J.  A.  American  Journal  of  Archaeology. 

Rev.  Arch.  Revue  Archdologique. 

Gaz.  Arch.  Gazette  Archdologique. 

Ann.  dell’  Inst.  Annali  dell’  Instituto  di  Corrispondenza 
Archeologica. 


Bull,  dell  ’  Inst.  Bulletino  dell’  Instituto  di  Corrispondenza 
Archeologica. 

Mon.  dell ’  Inst.  Monumenti  Inediti  dell’  Instituto  di  Cor¬ 
rispondenza  Archeologica. 

Not.  d.  Scavi.  Notizie  degli  Scavi  (Academia  di  Lincei). 
Mon.  Ant.  Monumenti  Antichi. 

Arch.  Zeit.  Archaeologische  Zeitung. 

Arch.  Anz.  Archaeologischer  Anzeiger  (in  Jahrbuch). 

’E (ptjfj..  ’A px-  ’E(priiLi.ep\s’ApxaLoAoyiK'{). 

Class  Rev.  Classical  Review. 

Berl.  Phil.  Woch.  Berliner  Philologische  Wochenschrift. 


CATALOGUES. 


Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  Catalogue  of  the  Vases  in  the  British 
Museum.  Vols.  II.  and  III.  by  H.  B.  Walters  ;  vol. 
III.  by  Cecil  Smith. 

Louvre  Cat.  Pottier,  Catalogue  des  Vases  du  Louvre. 
Berl.  Cat.  Furtwiingler,  Bescbreibung  der  Vasen  im  An- 
tiquarium,  Berlin. 


Mun.  Cat.  Jahn,  Bescbreibung  der  Vasensammlung  Kb- 
nig  Ludwigs  in  der  Pinakothek  ziir  Miinchen. 

Naples  Cat.  Heydemann,  Die  Vasen  des  Museo  Nazio- 
nale  zu  Neapel. 

Boston  Cat.  Robinson,  Catalogue  of  the  Vases  in  the 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston. 


MISCELLANEOUS  WORKS. 


Ray.  et  Coll.  Hist.  Rayet  et  Collignon,  Histoire  de  la 
Cdramique  Grecque. 

Dum.  et  Chap.  Dumont  et  Chaplain,  Les  C^ramiques  de 
la  Gr6ce  propre. 

Per.  et  Chip.  Hist.  Perrot  et  Chipiez,  Histoire  de  l’Art 
dans  l’Antiquitd. 

Myk.Vas.  Furtwiingler  und  Loesclicke,  Mykenische  Va¬ 
sen. 

Mylc.  Thong.  Furtwiingler  und  Loesclicke,  Mykenische 
Thongefiisse  aus  dem  Gebiete  des  Mittelmeers. 


Samm.  Sab.  Furtwiingler,  Sammlung  Sabouroff. 

Aus.  Vas.  Gerhard,  Anserlesene  Vasenbilder. 

Baum.  Denk.  Baumeister,  Denkmiiler  des  Klassischen 
Alterthums. 

Rosclier’s  Lex.  Roscher,  Lexikon  der  Griechischen  und 
Rbinischen  Mythologie. 

Daremberg-Saglio,  Diet.  Daremberg-Saglio,  Dictionnaire 
des  Antiquitbs  Grecques  et  Romanies. 


INTRODUCTION 


Early  in  the  autumn  of  1895,  Dr.  Heermance  and  I  began  cleaning  the  fragments  of 
vases.  These  had  been  brought  up  from  Argos  to  Athens  in  small  baskets,1 2  and  included 
fragments  varying  from  a  foot  square  to  pieces  no  larger  than  a  finger-nail.  None  had 
been  touched  save  a  few  baskets  of  the  first  and  second  year’s  digging,  which  had  under¬ 
gone  a  very  superficial  cleaning  two  winters  before.  Every  fragment  was  thickly  coated 
with  a  hard  crust  of  dirt,  and  hydrochloric  acid  proved  the  only  satisfactory  cleanser. 
Large  bowls  were  used  containing  a  solution,  two  thirds  acid  and  one  third  water,  into 
which  a  basketful  of  fragments  was  put,  stirred  round  for  a  few  minutes,  and  then  care¬ 
fully  rinsed  in  fresh  water  to  avoid  any  after-effects  of  the  acid.  The  fragments  were 
then  sorted,  each  class  in  separate  baskets,  laid  out,  and  a  search  made  for  the  component 
parts  of  a  vase,  a  task  attended  with  very  unsatisfactory  results,  since  in  only  a  few  cases 
could  a  vase  be  reconstructed  in  anything  like  entirety. 

The  number  of  fragments  was  enormous.  No  less  than  two  hundred  and  sixty-five 
baskets,  all  more  or  less  full,  were  cleaned.  Owing  to  the  removal  of  a  good  deal  of 
waste  dirt  and  closer  packing  of  the  baskets,  the  total  material  was  compressed  into  about 
one  hundred  and  fifty  baskets.  Just  how  many  fragments  were  included  is  difficult  to 
say  ;  some  baskets  which  contained  large  fragments  held  perhaps  several  hundred,  while 
in  others  containing  small  fragments  of  the  Argive  and  Corinthian  classes,  the  number 


amounted  to  two  or  three  thousand.  Roughly  speaking, 

the  total  number  of  fragments 

was  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand.  The  final  sorting  gave  the  following  propor¬ 
tion  to  the  various  classes  :  — 

Plain . 

50 

Baskets. 

Glazed  ......... 

.  30 

66 

Primitive  ........ 

2 

“ 

Mycenaean  ........ 

.  13 

66 

Geometric  ........ 

25 

66 

Argive  ......... 

.  20 

u 

Corinthian  ........ 

5 

“ 

Black-  and  Red-Figured  ...... 

2 

66 

Miscellaneous  ....... 

3 

66 

150 

66 

By  “  plain  ”  are  meant  all  fragments  which  bore  no  decoration  of  any  kind  what¬ 
ever."  These  included  a  large  number  of  fragments  of  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  vases, 
hut  the  bulk  consisted  of  coarse  fragments  of  wheel-made  vases,  which  might  belong  to 
any  period.  In  “glazed”  are  included  all  fragments  which  had  been  covered  with  a 
dark  brown  or  black  glaze,  generally  dull,  but  without  other  decoration.  Some  few 

1  The  baskets  were  those  usually  employed  in  excava-  on  the  rubbish  heaps.  If,  therefore,  it  had  been  possible 

tions,  about  25  cm.  in  height  and  .30  cm.  in  diameter.  to  preserve  all  the  fragments  of  such  description,  which 

2  It  must  also  be  remembered  that  the  hulk  of  the  undoubtedly  included  a  large  number  belonging  to  the 
fragments  found  at  the  excavation  had  no  decoration  of  “  Primitive  ”  class,  their  number  would  have  been  mate- 
any  kind,  and  were  therefore  not  preserved,  but  thrown  rially  increased. 


LOCATION  OF  THE  FRAGMENTS 


61 


of  these  belonged  to  vases  of  the  Black  or  Red-Figured  period,  but  the  bulk  bore  no 
distinguishing  characteristics.  In  addition  to  the  whole  number,  five  baskets  contained 
vases  in  an  intact  or  in  slightly  broken  condition. 

The  proportion  of  the  various  sites  was  as  follows :  — 


South  West  Corner  ..... 

50  baskets  )  S.  Stoa 

S.  E.  Side  ....... 

.  6 

«  1894  & 

S.  Side,  outside  peribolos  wall  . 

3 

“  )  ’95 

Old  Temple  ....... 

.  10 

ii 

Above  Cyclopean  wall  .... 

7 

a 

Above  Upper  Stoa  ..... 

.  6 

a 

E.  of  chambers  ..... 

20 

ii 

S.  E.  of  Second  Temple  .... 

.  5 

a 

W.  Building  ...... 

2 

a 

N.  W.  Building  ...... 

.  5 

a 

First  year  of  excavation  .... 

30 

a 

Unknown  ....... 

.  6 

a 

150 

ii 

Baskets  of  the  first  year’s  digging  contained  fragments  from  the  Second  Temple  Ter¬ 
race,  but  no  more  definite  information  is  preserved.  Fragments  of  every  kind  were 
found  in  all  these  places,  but  certain  classes  were  more  common  in  certain  spots  than  in 
others  ;  for  instance,  on  the  Old  Temple  Terrace1  and  in  the  corner  of  the  second  platform 
below  the  Cyclopean  wall  and  east  of  the  Chambers,  the  Geometric  fragments  were  much 
more  numerous  than  any  other  kind,  while  in  the  southwest  corner  (east  of  the  retaining 
wall  of  the  West  Building)  Mycenaean  predominated.  The  Argive  (so-called  Proto- 
Corinthian)  style  was  found  in  greatest  quantities  in  the  southwest  corner  and  on  the 
Old  Temple  Terrace.  Other  classes  were  divided  with  comparative  evenness  all  through 
the  excavation. 

Little  advantage  is  to  be  gained  from  the  knowledge  (in  the  case  of  the  vases,  at  least) 
whence  each  separate  fragment  came.  Throughout  the  preliminary  stages  of  the  work 
the  fragments  from  each  spot  were  kept  carefully  separate,  but  this  proved  impossible 
after  the  task  of  piecing  them  was  begun.  In  several  cases  fragments  from  the  same 
vase  were  found  several  hundred  yards  apart.  It  must  be  remembered  that  no  apparent 
trace  of  layers  which  could  be  chronologically  divided  was  observable  in  any  of  the 
different  finding  places,  for  the  pockets  where  the  fragments  abounded  in  greatest 
quantity  showed  that  the  material  had  been  shoveled  in  helter-skelter,  and  it  was  quite 
usual  to  find  Mycenaean  fragments  near  the  top  and  Argive  near  the  bottom.  In  the 
case  of  vases  of  any  especial  importance,  the  finding  place  will  always  be  given  in  the 
course  of  this  work. 

It  is  extremely  difficult  to  make  a  precise  estimate  of  the  number  of  vases  which 
these  fragments  represent.  The  number  of  vases  intact  or  only  slightly  broken  amounted 
to  a  little  more  than  a  thousand.  From  the  fragments  about  ten  vases  were  reconstructed 
almost  entirely,  about  fifty  partially  so  ;  while  those  represented  by  only  half  a  dozen 
fragments  apiece  amounted  to  between  two  and  three  hundred.  If  we  should  make  the 
extremely  modest  calculation  of  four  or  five  fragments  to  a  vase,  we  should  have  about 
fifty  thousand  vases. 

1  Professor  Waldstein  informs  me  that  to  the  best  of  which  were  clearly  labeled  “  Old  Temple  Terrace,” 
his  recollection  this  statement  is  not  correct.  My  only  contained  numerous  fragments  of  the  Geometric  style, 
authority  for  the  statement  is  that  several  of  the  baskets, 


62 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


In  planning  this  work,  I  have  endeavored,  as  far  as  possible,  to  model  it  on  Furtwangler 
and  Loeschcke’s  Mykenlsche  Vasen.  The  chief  difficulty  experienced  among  such  an 
enormous  mass  of  fragments  was  in  making  a  collection  for  publication  which  should  be 
representative.  In  doing  so  I  preferred  to  err  on  the  side  of  presenting  more  fragments 
than  were  absolutely  necessary,  believing  that  such  a  plan  was  better  than  presenting  too 
little,  but  I  have  not  hesitated  to  omit  types  which  are  universally  known. 

Roughly  speaking,  the  Heraeum  vase  fragments  cover  almost  the  whole  period  of  Greek 
ceramic  art  from  its  birth  to  its  decline,  a  period  of  perhaps  over  two  thousand  years. 
It  will  be  further  shown  how  the  bulk  of  this  material  is  characteristic  of  the  Argolid,  a 
genuine  home  industry,  and  that  little  was  imported.  The  indigenous  types  represented 
are :  — 

Prehistoric. 

Mycenaean. 

Geometric. 

Arg'ive. 

Local  (or  types  which  have  no  prototypes). 

Foreign  (i.  e.  imported)  types  are  : 

Corinthian. 

Early  Attic. 

Attic  Black-Figured. 

Attic  Red-Figured. 

Cyrenean. 

Megarean  ware. 

Roman. 

Now,  though  the  list  of  imported  types  is  larger  than  the  local,  the  amount  of  such 
material  is  scarcely  a  tenth  of  the  latter.  The  reason  for  the  exclusion  of  foreign  pro¬ 
ducts,  especially  Attic,  will  be  shown  later. 

The  reader  may  notice  that  the  discussion  and  exposition  of  the  various  vase-classes 
given  here  differs  materially  from  that  given  by  Professor  Waldstein  in  the  Introduction 
to  this  publication.  In  order  that  there  may  be  no  room  for  misunderstanding  with 
regard  to  this  point,  I  desire  to  state  specifically  the  reasons  for  this  discrepancy. 

After  two  years’  work  on  the  fragments,  I  had  independently  reached  the  conclusion 
that  the  so-called  Proto-Corinthian  style  included  more  varieties  of  vase-classes  than  had 
usually  been  assigned  to  it,  and  that  it  was  probably  of  Argive  origin,  —  a  conclusion 
which  confirmed  the  views  expressed  by  Professor  Waldstein  four  years  before.  Also 
that  the  style  was  an  offshoot  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  and  contemporary  with  the  Geo¬ 
metric,  having  as  its  chief  motives  the  arrangement  of  parallel  bands  so  characteristic  on 
My  cenaean  vases.  After  communicating  this  view  to  Professor  Waldstein  I  found  that 
lie  not  only  had  reached  the  same  conclusion,  but  was  disposed  to  regard  the  style  as  one 
of  tlie  links  in  a  chain  which  went  much  farther  back,  as  a  development  of  the  principle 
which  lie  calls  “  Linear,”  and  which  he  claims  existed  in  an  unbroken  sequence  from  the 
earliest  times.  He  has  already  developed  his  theory  so  carefully  that  I  do  not  feel  the 
need  of  repeating  what  has  been  better  expressed  by  him  in  the  Introduction.  This 
is  not  the  place  for  me  to  discuss  this  theory,  but  simply  to  define  my  own  attitude 
in  regard  to  it. 

I  agree  perfectly  with  Professor  Waldstein  in  the  general  application  of  his  “linear” 
theory,  and  accept  his  views  as  to  the  presence  of  linear  motives  in  the  Mycenaean  vases, 


SYSTEM  OF  CLASSIFICATION 


63 


and  as  to  the  Argolic  origin  of  the  so-called  Proto-Corinthian  style.  I  do  not,  however, 
agree  with  him  in  his  contention  that  this  style  can  he  traced  in  an  unbroken  line 
throughout  the  Mycenaean  period  as  far  hack  as  the  earliest  primitive  vases,  nor  do 
I  accept  the  general  classification  he  has  already  outlined.  It  is,  of  course,  fitting 
that  in  the  General  Introduction  he  should  have  discussed  the  relation  of  the  Heraeum 
vase-fragments  to  the  whole  excavation  and  history  of  the  sanctuary.  In  so  far  as 
the  work  concerns  myself,  it  seems  to  me  more  suitable,  avoiding  general  theories  as 
far  as  possible,  to  confine  myself  to  a  careful  classification  of  the  material,  omitting 
those  conclusions  which,  from  my  unfamiliarity  with  all  the  finds  of  the  excavation,  would 
not  have  as  stable  foundations  as  those  expressed  by  Professor  Waldstein.  The  classifi¬ 
cation  adopted  here  is  the  result  of  careful  study  of  the  material  for  three  years ;  and 
though  I  am  far  from  claiming  that  the  results  reached  or  the  theories  expressed 
are  the  only  ones  possible,  I  have  not  hesitated  to  base  the  whole  of  this  division  of 
the  publication  upon  them,  since  they  have  forced  themselves  upon  me  from  the  material. 
In  fairness,  therefore,  to  both  Professor  Waldstein  and  myself,  I  would  state  that,  as  I 
cannot  accept  his  entire  theory,  it  has  seemed  to  me  best  to  abide  by  my  own  exposition 
and  leave  the  decision  to  the  judgment  of  scholars. 

As  to  the  classification,  I  may  say  that  I  have  endeavored,  as  far  as  possible,  to  hold  by 
the  old  rules  and  to  be  as  conservative  as  I  could  ;  at  the  same  time,  such  a  large  amount  of 
new  material  demanded  in  many  cases  an  entirely  new  arrangement.  But  it  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  no  classification  can  be  regarded  as  final ;  its  main  object  is  convenience  ; 
and  although  several  groups  may  be  distinguished,  they  invariably  have,  in  the  case  of 
one  group  succeeding  another,  their  connecting  links,  and  slide  into  each  other  almost 
imperceptibly.  On  the  Lake  of  Geneva  there  is  a  threefold  division,  the  Petit,  Grand, 
and  Haut  Lacs,  each  a  separate  sheet  of  water ;  but  one  can  scarcely  draw  a  straight 
line  across  the  lake  and  say  where  the  Petit  Lac  begins  and  the  Grand  Lac  ends.  In  the 
case  of  our  vases,  we  have  the  separate  classes,  but  so  gradually  removed  from  each 
other  that  we  can  only  emphasize  the  fact  of  their  division,  without  being  too  specific  as 
to  the  actual  point. 

I  have  tried  to  treat  the  vases  from  a  relative,  not  an  absolute,  point  of  view.  Unless 
it  be  recognized  that  the  study  of  Greek  vases  is  a  means  to  an  end,  not  the  end  itself, 
their  value  is  lost.  They  are  not  among  the  grand  arts  ;  in  fact,  the  scanty  references  to 
them  in  Greek  literature  show  that  the  vase-painter  or  potter,  while  pursuing  an  honor¬ 
able  trade,  could  not  claim  to  be  an  artist  in  the  great  sense  of  the  word.  It  is  true  that 
during  the  earliest  periods  vase-painting  was  one  of  the  few  forms  of  artistic  expression, 
but  not  the  highest  form.  A  civilization  which  could  produce  the  fortresses,  the  Bee- 
Hive  tombs  of  Mycenae  and  Orchomenos,  the  gold  cups  of  V apliio,  the  golden  ornaments 
and  sword  blades  of  Mycenae,  is  not  to  be  measured  by  mere  vases  of  terra-cotta !  Not 
but  that  the  vases  are  artistic  ;  whatever  work  a  Greek  did  was  never  anything  else. 

As  historical  documents  they  are  extremely  valuable.  They  respond  to  the  various 
influences  at  work  on  Hellas  from  the  earliest  times,  and  reflect  in  a  thousand  different 
ways  the  life  and  tastes  of  its  people.  It  is  not  a  lofty  idealism  we  find  in  them,  but  a 
realism  in  all  its  forms.  Owing  to  the  crude  state  of  plastic  and  pictorial  art  through¬ 
out  the  periods  to  which  our  vases  belong,  we  cannot  place  them  on  a  level  with  Attic 
vases  of  the  sixth  and  fifth  centuries  ;  but  we  can  see  the  steady  development  towards 
the  later,  finer  forms. 

For  their  presence  at  the  Heraeum,  where  there  was  only  a  temple  and  not  a  settle- 


64 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


ment,1  there  is  but  one  explanation  :  they  were  dedicated  to  the  use  of  the  goddess.2  In 
only  a  few  cases  has  a  dedication  been  scratched  on  a  vase.  It  is  very  probable  that  such 
offerings  were  those  of  the  poorer  classes,  who  could  afford  nothing  more  expensive 
than  a  vase.  As  the  centuries  went  by,  the  temple  must  have  become  overcrowded 
with  such  a  mass  of  pottery,  and  the  presence  of  numerous  rubbish  heaps  proves  that 
there  were  periodical  cleanings  out  of  the  sanctuary.  Whether  such  vases  were  ever  in 
actual  use  is  doubtful. 

From  the  fact  that  at  the  Kabirion  in  Thebes,  potters  sat  outside  the  walls  of  the 
Temenos  and  sold  their  wares,  it  is  probable  that  such  was  the  fact  at  the  Heraeum,  and 
that  from  the  earliest  times  the  pottery  of  the  Argolid  was  in  great  demand,  and 
so  cheap  and  common  as  to  make  the  introduction  of  foreign  vases  rather  like  bringing 
“coals  to  Newcastle.” 

At  first  sight  the  vases  from  the  Heraeum  are  somewhat  disappointing ;  there  is 
a  noticeable  lack  of  strange  or  beautiful  designs,  and  none  of  the  vases  seem  to  rise 
above  a  common  level.  But  the  chief  value  lies,  not  in  the  fragments  or  vases  them¬ 
selves,  but  in  their  relation  to  the  results  of  other  excavations,  especially  those  in 
Sicily  and  Aegina.  It  is  Aegina  that  is  shown  in  the  closest  relation  with  Argos,  since 
many  of  the  more  unusual  types  found  at  the  Heraeum  may  also  be  found  in  Aegina  and 
nowhere  else. 

Such  a  connection  forms  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  history  of  the  two  states.  We 
know  that  it  was  during  the  reign  of  Phidon  of  Argos  that  the  two  came  together, 
since  Phidon  had  his  mint  at  Aegina.  Phidon’s  date  is  variously  given  —  b.  c.  770  by 
Holm,3  745  by  Stais,4  while  Beloch5 *  asserts  that  he  could  not  have  lived  earlier  than  the 
sixth  century.  Whether  he  really  introduced  the  coining  of  money  into  Greece,  as  tradi¬ 
tion  relates,  is  another  question.  As  most  numismatists  are  agreed  that  this  could  not 
have  taken  place  before  b.  c.  700,°  we  must  either  abandon  tradition  or  else  side  with 
Beloch.  Holm7  thinks  that  he  may  have  introduced  Oriental  weights  and  measures  into 
Greece,  and  thus  the  introduction  of  coinage,  which  followed  shortly  after,  was  attributed 
to  him.  But  the  main  question  does  not  centre  about  Phidon  so  much  as  about  the  actual 
date  of  the  coming’  together  of  the  two  states. 

In  the  recent  excavations  at  Aegina  conducted  by  Stais 8  fragments  of  the  Mycenaean 
style  were  extremely  scarce,  but  large  quantities  of  Geometric  and  Argive  (so-called 
Proto-Corinthian)  ware  were  found.  Moreover,  all  the  Geometric  ware  found  there 
resembles  that  from  the  Heraeum  much  more  closely  than  that  from  Attica,  and  several 
types  occur  which  can  be  duplicated  only  at  Argos.  It  is  also  most  probable  that  most 
of  the  vases  of  the  Geometric  and  Argive  styles  found  at  Aegina  were  imported,  not 
manufactured  there.  As  Argos,  through  the  Mycenaean  as  well  as  the  later  periods,  was 
one  of  the  chief  centres  for  the  manufacture  of  vases,  it  becomes  almost  certain  that 
after  the  Mycenaean  period  she  exported  her  wares  into  Aegina.9  Whether  Phidon  or 


1  Dr.  Waldstein  believes  that  there  was  here  a  primi¬ 
tive  settlement  to  which  primitive  cooking-pots,  etc., 
would  belong  See  General  Introduction, vol.  i. 

2  For  discussion  on  this  point  cf.  Cecil  Smith,  Naukratis, 
I.  p.  17  ;  Furtwangler,  Introduction  to  Genick,  Griechische 
Keramik,  p.  5. 

3  History  of  Greece,  I.  p.  205. 

*  ’ApX'i  1895,  j>.  280. 

5  Griechische  Gcschiclde,  I.  p.  282. 

c  Cf.  Head,  Historia  Numorum,  Introduction,  p.  38. 


7  Op.  cit.  I.  p.  214,  Note  3. 

8  Loc.  cit.  and  Pallat,  Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  pp. 
265  if. 

9  As  the  question  of  the  origin  of  such  styles  as  the 
Mycenaean,  Geometric,  Argive  (so-called  Proto-Co¬ 
rinthian),  and  Corinthian,  which  are  found  in  Aegina, 
Argos,  and  Attica  could  not  he  settled  with  positive  cer¬ 
tainty  from  the  outward  appearance  of  the  fragments 
themselves,  a  microscopical  analysis  of  the  clay  by  an 
expert  geologist  seemed  to  offer  the  only  solution  of  the 


MICROSCOPICAL  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  FRAGMENTS 


G5 


some  other  man  was  ruler  of  Argos  at  that  time  is  not  essential  to  the  argument,  hut 
it  would  seem  that  Holm  and  Stais  are  right  in  considering  him  king  of  Argos  and 
assigning  to  him  a  date  in  the  first  half  of  the  eighth  century.  That  this  connection 
lasted  until  the  sixth  century,  when  the  Argives  assisted  the  Aeginetans  in  repelling  an 
Athenian  invasion,1  the  presence  of  the  vase  fragments  at  Aegina  would  seem  to  show. 

So  far  as  can  he  judged  from  the  extremely  small  number  of  fragments  of  vases  of  foreign 
(i.  e.  outside  of  the  Argolid)  make,  such  as  Dipylon,  Early  Attic,  Corinthian,  Cyrenean,  Attic 
Black  and  Red-Figured,  etc.,  it  seems  probable  that  almost  all  the  rest  were  made  in  the 
Argolid.  Without  doubt  all  fragments  belonging  to  the  Mycenaean  style  were  of  such 
origin.  This  I  judge  from  the  fact  that  all  such  vases  bear  the  closest  relation  to  those 
from  Mycenae  and  show  none  of  the  features  characteristic  of  other  Mycenaean  types 


difficulty.  Accordingly  I  sent  to  Dr.  H.  S.  Washington  a 
number  of  sherds  of  the  Primitive,  Mycenaean,  Geo¬ 
metric,  Argive  (Proto-Corinthian),  Corinthian,  Black  and 
Red-Figured  styles  selected  from  the  following  sites  :  the 
Heraeum,  Mycenae,  Tiryns,  Nauplia,  Melos,  Attica 
(Athens,  Menidi,  Markopoulo,  Thorikos),  and  Eretria. 
His  report  is  to  appear  elsewhere,  hut  we  may  here  men¬ 
tion  the  following  facts  quoted  from  Dr.  Washington’s 
letter,  which  were  given  in  reply  to  the  following  ques¬ 
tions  :  (1)  What  is  the  connection  between  pottery  found 
at  Argos  and  Aegina  ?  (2)  What  is  the  connection  be¬ 

tween  pottery  found  at  Attica,  Argos,  and  other  sites  ? 

(1)  “  The  primitive  fragment  from  Aegina  is  coarse 
and  contains  fragments  of  mica-schist.  As  this  rock  is 
not  found  on  the  island,  the  presumption  is  that  this 
especial  piece  is  of  foreign  (i.  e.  extra-Aegina)  manufac¬ 
ture.  In  the  Peloponnesus  the  nearest  localities  of  these 
rocks  are  in  the  Xiris  mountains,  and  near  and  south  of 
Doliana  towards  Sparta;  they  also  occur  in  Attica.  The 
Geometric  fragments  of  Aegina  are  coarse  with  quartz 
and  feldspar  grains,  possibly  derived  from  schist,  but  no 
remains  of  this  or  of  volcanic  rock  are  visible  ;  it  may  be 
native.  The  two  Mycenaean  fragments  from  Aegina  are 
rather  coarse,  and  show  fragments  of  quartz,  feldspar,  and 
augite  (a  mineral  of  volcanic  rocks  on  the  island),  so  that 
these  are  almost  certainly  of  native  (Aeginetan)  manu¬ 
facture. 

“  The  Proto-Corinthian  and  Corinthian  fragments  from 
Aegina  do  not  differ  in  any  essential  respect  from  the 
corresponding  specimens  of  Argos.  The  Proto-Corin¬ 
thian  are  much  finer  than  the  Corinthian,  and  I  should 
say  that  the  Aegina  Corinthian  are  rather  coarser  than 
the  Corinthian  fragments  found  at  Argos. 

“  Of  the  Argive  specimens,  the  Proto-Corinthian  are  by 
far  the  finest,  though  the  Corinthian  come  close  to  them. 
A  fragment  of  a  ‘local  type’  (v.  p.  161,  Plate  LXVII.) 
is  also  dense,  as  are  two  of  the  red-figure  style.  A  prim¬ 
itive  fragment  is  also  quite  fine,  but  shows  carelessness 
in  manufacture  in  areas  of  coarser  material  and  in  the 
presence  of  limestone  fragments.  The  fragment  of  the 
Geometric  plate  (v.  p.  116,  Plate  LVIII.)  resembles  the 
corresponding  one  from  Aegina,  and  may  possibly  contain 
a  little  augite  (in  very  small  crystal  fragments),  which 
would  indicate  an  Aeginetan  derivation.  All  the  Geo¬ 
metric  fragments  are  coarser  than  the  Proto-Corinthian, 
but  the  Mycenaean  are  rather  better,  though  less  dense, 
than  the  Proto-Corinthian. 


“  On  the  whole,  the  only  pottery  which  is,  one  may  say, 
undoubtedly  Aeginetan  is  the  Mycenaean  from  there,  the 
Argive  Mycenaean  being  distinctly  different.  There  is 
practically  no  difference  between  the  respective  Proto- 
Corinthian  and  Corinthian,  and  either  might  come  from 
any  good  clay  bed,  and  with  the  material  well  washed, 
which  would  tend  to  eliminate  all  heavy  portions  such  as 
augite. 

(2)  “  Argive,  Attic,  etc.  The  fragments  of  the  Myce¬ 
naean  style  from  Mycenae,  Tiryns,  Daulis,  Markopoulo, 
and  Nauplia  are  all  practically  identical  with  that  of 
Argos.  The  Geometric  fragments  from  Markopoulo 
and  Eretria  are  coarser  and  resemble  the  Geometric  from 
Argos.  The  only  specimen  from  Athens  (Dipylon)  is 
also  coarse,  and  contains  much  feldspar,  an  evidence  of 
carelessness  in  washing. 

“  The  pottery  from  Melos  is  quite  distinctive  in  con¬ 
taining  fragments  of  minerals  of  volcanic  rocks  of  the 
island,  as  well  as  here  and  there  fragments  of  the  rocks 
themselves,  such  as  obsidian,  etc.” 

“  Pottery  is  made  of  decayed  rocks  in  which  most  of 
the  original  and  distinctive  minerals  have  disappeared,  and 
those  left  are  still  further  done  away  by  the  washing  of 
the  clay,  so  that  it  would  be  only  in  the  most  early  and 
archaic  periods  that  we  should  expect  to  find  tell-tale 
minerals.” 

Although  Dr.  Washington’s  report  is  somewhat  incon¬ 
clusive,  the  following  conclusions  would  seem  to  be  jus¬ 
tified:  (1)  That  with  the  exception  of  a  few  fragments  of 
the  Mycenaean  style  and  the  Geometric  plate  mentioned 
on  p.  116,  none  of  the  sherds  of  the  Geometric,  Argive 
(Proto-Corinthian),  or  Corinthian  styles  are  indigenous 
to  the  island,  but  were  most  probably  imported  there.  (2) 
The  Geometric  fragments  from  Attica,  except  the  pure 
Dipylon  style,  resemble  very  strongly  those  from  Argos. 
But  these  same  conclusions  do  not  seem  to  militate 
against  the  theories  advanced  on  pp.  119  ft',  and  103  ft\, 
that  the  Argive  (Proto-Corinthian)  style  originated  in  the 
Argolid,  and  that  the  earliest  beginnings  of  the  Geometric 
style  proper  are  to  be  sought  for  in  that  locality,  al¬ 
though,  as  stated  on  p.  104,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to 
prove  that  the  Geometric  style  necessarily  originated  in 
the  Argolid,  and  was  taken  up  by  the  other  states,  but 
ratlier  that  the  external  influence  which  probably  created 
the  Geometric  style  first  made  its  appearance  in  Argos, 
and  penetrated  into  Attica  in  a  very  short  time. 

1  Herod.  V.  87  ft’.;  cf.  also  chapter  VII.,  below. 


66 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


such  as  Tlieran,  Cypriote,  and  those  from  the  various  islands.  At  the  same  time,  the 
complete  absence  of  the  first  class,  lustrous  finish  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  would  seem  to 
exclude  Mycenae  itself  as  the  only  factory.  With  such  a  large  output  of  Mycenaean 
vases  there  must  have  existed  a  dozen  vase  factories  scattered  through  the  plain. 

Though  it  is  a  point  that  admits  of  much  discussion,  I  am  inclined  to  follow  Furtwangler 
and  Loeschcke’s  view  that  the  Dorian  invasion  proved  the  downfall  of  the  Mycenaean 
civilization,  and  that  the  Geometric  style  arose  in  consequence  of  this  invasion 1  and  can¬ 
not  be  traced  to  the  Ionians,  Carians,2  or  Egyptians.3  This  point  will  be  further  elabo¬ 
rated  in  the  third  chapter,  but  we  may  anticipate  a  little.  It  is  oidy  recently  that  the 
connection  between  the  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  styles  has  been  satisfactorily  estab¬ 
lished.  Wide4  has  analyzed  the  survival  of  Mycenaean  elements  in  the  Geometric  style 
and  shown  how  much  more  the  Island  types  of  the  Geometric  followed  the  Mycenaean 
than  those  of  the  mainland,  but  his  assumption  that,  owing  to  the  lack  of  these  Myce¬ 
naean  features  in  the  Geometric  style  of  the  mainland,  the  centre  of  the  Mycenaean 
fabrics  lay  in  the  islands  is  not  necessarily  true,  since  these  same  features  can  be  detected 
in  the  Geometric  vases  from  the  Heraeum. 

The  recent  excavations  of  Flinders  Petrie  in  Egypt,  Cecil  Smith  and  Hogarth  in  Melos, 
and  Evans  in  Crete  have  thrown  new  light  on  the  beginnings  of  the  Mycenaean  style, 
since  a  large  number  of  sherds  have  been  found  there  which,  though  akin  to  the  Myce¬ 
naean,  are  nevertheless  earlier,  and  have  been  called  “Aegean.”  These  sherds  would  seem 
to  show  a  greater  tendency  towards  a  naturalistic  or  pictorial  form  of  ornamentation  than 
towards  a  linear.  As  yet  the  connection  between  them  and  the  Mycenaean  sherds  of 
Greece  proper  has  not  been  thoroughly  established,  but  it  may  be  assumed  that  such  a 
connection  exists. 

The  Mycenaean  style  in  Greece  proper  would  seem  to  show  the  following  development. 
As  Professor  Waldstein  has  already  pointed  out,  the  earliest  Mycenaean  fragments  show 
the  embodiment  of  a  Linear  principle  which  would  naturally  be  expected  in  vases  which 
succeed  the  so-called  “  Primitive  ”  style.  In  a  very  short  time,  owing  no  doubt  to  the 
maritime  character  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization,  and  more  probably  to  the  influence  of 
the  Aegean  pottery,  the  tendency  to  employ  a  species  of  pictorial  or  naturalistic  orna¬ 
mentation,  especially  of  marine  life,  became  widespread. 

Later  again  the  spirit  of  conventionality  crept  in,  and  in  the  last  days  of  the  Mycenaean 
style  we  find  a  wealth  of  ornament  treated  in  a  purely  conventional  and  rather  flamboyant 
manner,  but  without  the  introduction  of  any  fresh  ideas ;  in  fact,  the  general  tendency 
seems  a  return  to  the  early  Linear  feeling.  After  the  Dorian  invasion  we  see  this  same 
linear  principle  marching  off  in  two  different  styles,  the  Geometric  and  the  Argive  or 
Proto-Corinthian,  which  flourished  side  by  side  in  the  Argolid  for  a  considerable  period. 
During  the  seventh  century  the  increasing  commercial  and  trading  facilities  brought 
about  the  introduction  of  foreign,  especially  eastern  influences,  into  Greece,  with  the 
result  that  the  Geometric  style  died  out,  while  the  Argive  absorbed  the  new  influences, 
from  which  the  Corinthian  style  probably  had  its  origin  (see  p.  123).  Attica  in  the 
meanwhile,  after  experimenting  largely  with  the  Geometric  style,  had  worked  her  way 
into  the  Early  Attic  style,  and  after  absorbing  the  Oriental  influence  from  Corinth  through 
the  so-called  Corinthian-Attic,  evolved  the  Black-Figured  style  which,  during  the  best 
part  of  the  sixth  century,  was  the  most  prominent  form  of  Greek  ceramic  art. 

4  Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  pp.  233  ff.  and  XXI. 
(189G),  pp.  385  ff. 


1  Myk.  Van.  p.  xii. 

2  Rayet  and  Collignon,  Hint.  p.  32. 

3  Kroker,  Jahrb.  J.  (188G),  pp.  95  ff. 


NATURAL  DEVELOPMENT  OF  VASE-CLASSES 


07 


A  glance  at  the  accompanying  figure  shows  the  way  in  which  this  development  took 
place,  and  how  the  elementary  principle,  starting  from  the  Mycenaean  style,  and  working 
its  way  through  two  separate  channels,  united  again  in  the  Attic  Black-Figured  style. 


Geometric 


Mycenaean 


Argive  I. 


Dipylon 
Early  Attic 


Argive  II. 


Argive  V.,  Corinthian 


So-called 
Corinthian- Attic 


Corinthian  with 
Attic  elements 


Black-Figured  Style. 


It  cannot,  of  course,  be  said  that  the  progress  traced  above  is  absolute,  nor  can  it  he 
worked  out  exactly  with  mathematical  precision.  It  is  the  result  of  a  careful  study  of 
the  progress  of  ceramic  art  as  illustrated  by  the  two  great  centres  of  Argos  and  Athens, 
with  especial  reference  to  the  vases  from  the  Heraeum.  To  trace  the  development  of 
ceramic  art  in  any  given  place  is,  after  all,  largely  a  matter  of  theory,  and  though  I  do 
not  wish  to  maintain  that  the  theories  of  development  here  expressed  are  the  only  ones 
possible,  it  is  upon  them  that  the  whole  of  this  work  is  based. 

As  the  term  “  Proto-Corinthian  ”  is  now  so  thoroughly  unsatisfactory,  1  fully  agree  with 
Professor  Waldstein  that  it  should  be  abandoned,  and  that,  as  the  Argolid  offers  greater 
claims  for  being  the  home  of  this  style  (as  I  shall  endeavor  to  show  later),  it  is  best  to  call 
the  style  Argive.  But,  as  stated  before,  the  use  of  the  term  in  this  part  of  the  publica¬ 
tion  is  rather  more  restricted  than  that  employed  by  Professor  Waldstein,  since  it  is  here 
used  entirely  with  reference  to  those  vases  which  are  post-Mycenaean,  and  does  not 
include  all  the  varieties  which  Professor  Waldstein  would  include  under  the  title  of 
“  Argive  Linear.” 


CHAPTER  I. 


PRIMITIVE  VASES. 

The  pottery  representing  the  “  primitive  ”  period,  i.  e.  all  pottery  (prior  to  the  Myce¬ 
naean  civilization)  which  shows  the  employment  of  the  usual  incised  linear  decoration,  so 
common  on  the  various  sherds  in  the  lower  settlements  of  Hissarlik,  is  rather  scarce  at 
the  Heraeum.  For  this  fact  two  explanations  are  possible  :  (1)  As  we  have  pointed  out 
before,  a  large  number  of  fragments,  without  decoration  of  any  kind,  wheel  or  hand 
made,  which  might  well  belong  to  vessels  of  the  earliest  periods,  were  not  preserved, 
since  there  Avas  no  evidence  of  any  kind  to  sIioav  what  their  age  was.  (2)  Sites  in  which 
such  AArare  has  been  found  in  greatest  quantities,  such  as  Hissarlik,  Tiryns,  Thera,  etc., 
Avere  all  settlements  Avliere  the  pottery  Avas  in  actual  use  by  the  inhabitants.  The 
Heraeum  Avas  a  sanctuary  and  not  a  settlement ;  and  as  the  cult  of  Hera  Avas  probably 
not  developed  until  the  Mycenaean  period,  the  custom  of  dedicating  pottery  would  not 
have  been  general,  and  hence  Ave  should  not  expect  to  find  many  primitive  sherds  on  the 
site.  If,  however,  there  had  been  here  an  early  settlement,  vases  would  have  been  in 
constant  use,  and  would  therefore  not  have  been  found  in  large  quantities,  as  Avliere  in  a 
sanctuary  only  there  Avere  constant  deposits  of  votive  offerings  in  vases. 

Of  the  plain  pottery  already  mentioned  in  the  Introduction,  a  great  number  of  frag¬ 
ments  seem  to  have  belonged  to  large  jnthoi,  similar  to  those  at  Hissarlik.  Such  large 
vases,  of  coarse  unpainted  clay,  are  characteristic  of  all  periods,  and  may  just  as  Avell 
fall  in  the  later  as  in  the  earlier  Greek  times.  Many  of  them,  in  fact,  are  not  dissimilar 
to  common  pots  used  by  the  people  of  Greece  to-day. 

The  bulk  of  this  “  primitive  ”  ware  consists  of  fragments  of  yellow  or  reddish  clay 
Avith  incised  ornamentation,  only  a  feAv  vases  being  preserved  entire.  Most  of  the  frag¬ 
ments  are  hand-made ;  but  as  Avheel-made  ones  are  found,  no  general  laAv  can  be  stated 
for  the  use  of  the  Avheel.  It  is  probable  that  some  of  the  wheel-made  prehistoric  frag¬ 
ments  are  older  than  hand-made  Mycenaean  vases.  Beside  the  fragments  already  men¬ 
tioned,  a  large  number  of  very  coarse  Avheel-made  fragments  Avere  found,  decorated  only 
Avith  a  series  of  incised  parallel  lines  very  close  together,  evidently  made  by  some  pointed 
instrument  held  against  the  clay  as  it  revolved  on  the  wheel.  To  date  them  is  impos¬ 
sible;  the  nearest  analogies  maybe  found  in  Phoenician  Avare  in  the  British  Museum 
and  the  Louvre.1 

Not  more  than  tAVo  baskets  of  the  total  number  contained  sherds  Avith  incised  decora¬ 
tion,  and  it  Avas  extremely  doubtful  in  the  case  of  many  of  the  fragments  whether  they 
could  with  propriety  be  classed  among  the  primitive  vases.  Some,  by  their  similarity  to 
the  vases  from  Hissarlik,  the  tumulus  at  Bos-ojiik  in  Asia  Minor  (Koerte,  Athen.  Mitt. 
xiv.  (1899),  pp.  1  ft*.,  pis.  i.— iii.),  and  the  Cyclades  (Tsountas,  ’E^p/x.  ’A py;.  1898,  pp.  137  ft*., 
pis.  ix.,  x.)  seemed  to  belong  to  the  last  of  the  third  or  the  beginning  of  the  second  mil¬ 
lennium  in  c.  Probably  none  of  them  are  earlier  than  the  second  settlement  at  Hissarlik, 
and  the  majority  contemporaneous  Avith  the  sherds  of  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  settle- 

1  Foltier,  Vases  Ant.  du  Louvre,  pi.  iv.  fig.  2. 


PRIMITIVE  VASES 


60 


ments.  Some,  again,  though  essentially  primitive  in  their  technique,  show  Mycenaean 
and  Geometric  elements  without  seeming  to  belong  to  either  style. 

No  attempt  can  he  made  to  give  anything  hut  an  approximate  date  to  the  fragments 
of  the  primitive  period  from  the  Heraeum.  As  the  primitive  vases  from  the  Cyclades 
furnish  the  nearest  parallels  to  many  of  our  fragments,  we  may  date  them  as  Tsountas 
does  the  island  tombs,  b.  c.  2500-2000 ;  those  which  show  a  more  advanced  style  of 
decoration  may  he  placed  in  the  first  part  of  the  second  millennium  b.  c.  ;  hut  it  is 
doubtful  if  any  of  our  fragments  to  which  the  term  “  primitive  ”  can  he  applied  are 
later  than  the  beginnings  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization. 

FRAGMENTS. 

PLATE  L. 

1.  Bright  red  clay,  fairly  fine.  Wave  pattern  between  bands.  Cf.  Ilios,  figs.  298,  317. 
Koerte,  loc.  cit.  pi.  iii.  19. 

2.  Coai’se  dark  yellow  clay  with  small  black  stones,  hand-made.  Probably  part  of  amphora. 
Handle  missing.  Decoration  of  small  circles,  evidently  done  with  some  instrument  like  a  punch. 
To  left  of  the  handle,  breast-like  protuberance. 

3.  Reddish  clay.  Hand-made.  Same  decorations,  large  circles.  Cf.  Ilios,  fig.  162. 

4.  Top  of  oinochoe,  of  fine  dark  reddish  clay.  Same  decorations  with  very  small  circles,  which 
extend  over  the  lip. 

Fragments  of  this  type  were  common  at  the  Heraeum.  They  possess,  however,  no  affinity  with 
the  sieve  vases  from  Troy,  as  the  circles  do  not  go  clear  through. 

Two  variations  in  the  type  occur;  (1)  where  the  circles  have  a  central  part  left  (as  in  2) 
and  (2)  where  the  circle  is  a  complete  hole.  (3)  Similar  decoration  occurs  on  ivory 
objects  from  Troy  (Ilios,  p.  566),  as  well  as  from  the  Heraeum,  and  on  fragments  from 
graves  of  the  Hallstatt  period  in  Vienna. 

Nos.  5-8  are  all  of  a  yellow  or  reddish  clay,  hand-made  and  ornamented  with  scratched  lines. 
Similar  fragments  were  quite  numerous  at  the  Heraeum,  and  probably  belong  to  the  earliest 
period.  The  plastic  band  on  5,  with  its  perforated  ornament,  is  a  common  feature  in  prehistoric 
ware.1  Cf.  Schliemann,  Ilios ,  p.  491,  fig.  454. 

9.  Low  bowl ;  height  0.27  m.  ;  diameter  0.17  m.  Reddish  clay.  Incised  dots  on  outer  edge 
of  base.  Rim  has  an  incised  herring-bone  pattern.  Two  holes  through  edge  of  base. 

10.  F  rom  shoulder  of  large  vase,  coarse  reddish  yellow  clay.  Ornamentation  probably  ran 
round  the  shoulder  like  a  frieze. 

11.  Handle  of  vase,  coarse  reddish  yellow  clay,  hand-made.  Plastic  ornament  resembling  the 
knuckles  of  a  hand. 

12.  Same.  Coarse,  dark  reddish  clay,  hand-made  ;  probably  burnt.  In  plastic  form,  with  four 
divisions,  two  large  and  two  small. 

Several  other  similar  handles,  belonging  to  large  amphoras  were  found,  which  vases,  as  far  as 
can  be  told  from  the  fragments,  possessed  no  decoration  whatsoever. 

13.  Handle,  reddish  yellow  clay,  ornamented  with  a  series  of  V-shaped  incisions.  Cf.  Ilios , 
fig.  1000. 

14.  Reddish  clay.  Wave  patterns  incised  in  similar  fashion  to  1.  In  left-hand  corner  of  the 
fragment  a  projection  like  a  button. 

15 2  a  and  b.  Bright  red  clay,  hand-made.  Base  of  tall  jar.  Around  bases  plastic  mould- 

1  This  would  seem  to  be  one  of  the  earliest  examples  xxii.  (1898),  p.  441,  note  1  ;  B.  C.  H.  xix.  (1895).  p.  179. 
of  a  snake,  which,  though  common  in  Mycenaean  and  later  note  0. 

times,  is  probably  not  of  Mycenaean  origin  ;  cf.  B.  C.  H.  2  A  fragment  very  similar  to  No.  15  has  been  found 

by  Wide  at  Aphidna  ( Allien .  Mitt.  1896,  pp.  394,  407.  pi. 


70 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


ing  with  scratches.  Above,  narrow  band  of  triangular  indentations  and  two  bands  of  ray  pattern, 
incised.  The  same  triangular  indentations  occur  on  a  fragment  from  the  Cyclades  ’Ec^/a.  ’A p%. 
1898,  pi.  ix.  10  and  23. 

The  following  fragments  are  all  wheel  made,  and  belong  certainly  to  a  later  time, 
probably  just  prior  to  the  beginning  of  the  Mycenaean  period. 

16.  Greenish  yellow  clay.  From  base  of  a  vase  with  tall  foot.  Double  herring-bone  pattern 
and  lines,  incised. 

17.  Greenish-yellow  clay,  from  vase  similar  to  16.  Rays  and  bands  incised. 

18.  Reddish  clay,  inside  entirely  covered  with  a  dark  brown  glaze.  Rays  and  scratches 
incised. 

As  the  technique  of  this  fragment  is  distinctly  Mycenaean  and  rather  advanced,  it  seems 
most  probable  that  it  should  fall  in  that  period. 

19.  Light  yellow  clay,  probably  from  an  aryballos.  Herring-bone  pattern  and  lozenge  contain¬ 
ing  a  swastika ,  incised. 

20.  Bright  yellow  clay,  with  black  core.  From  neck  of  a  vessel.  Three  raised  bands,  cross- 
hatched,  inclosing  two  bands,  upper  with  rosettes  and  herring-bones,  lower  with  herring-bones 
alone. 

21.  Reddish  yellow  clay.  From  neck  of  aryballos.  Plastic  tongue  pattern  on  shoulder. 

The  technique  of  19-21  is  decidedly  more  advanced  than  that  of  the  other  fragments. 
At  the  same  time  it  is  open  to  question  whether,  with  the  possible  exception  of  21,  they 
can  be  regarded  as  later  than  the  Mycenaean  period. 


VASES. 


1.  (Fig.  1.)  Three-legged  bowl,  two  of  the  feet  restored.  Hand-made;  height,  0.092  m.  ;  diam¬ 
eter  of  opening,  0.08  m.  Black  clay  with  brick-red  slip,  burnt 
dark  brown.  Scratched  ornamentation  on  rim,  neck,  and  belly. 
The  handle  is  divided  into  two  twisted  divisions,  also  ornamented 
with  scratches.  On  the  front,  two  breast-like  protuberances. 

This  arrangement  of  scratches  is  similar  to  that  of  ’E<^^.  ’Apy. 
1898,  pi.  x.  No.  1,  but  not  so  regular,  and  is  undoubtedly  earlier. 
The  shape  is  similar  to  Ilios ,  Figs.  59  and  1130.  (Cf.  also 
Koerte,  Hoc.  cit.  pi.  ii.  9.)  Such  vessels  have  usually  been  classed 
among  cooking-pots. 

2.  (Fig.  2.)  Vase  with  long  neck,  without  handle;  height, 
0.07  m.  Black  clay,  polished  and  burnt.  The 
shape  of  our  vase  is  similar,  though  a  trifle 
more  advanced,  to  a  vase  from  the  same  place. 

Cf.  Ivoerte,  loc.  cit.  pi.  ii.  8. 

The  polishing  of  the  clay  is  a  common  feature  among  primitive  vases.  It 
may  1m;  observed  on  a  large  number  of  vases  and  sherds  from  Hissarlik,  and  also 
on  the  vases  from  Bos-ojiik.  Cf.  Koerte,  loc.  cit.  p.  25. 

3.  (Fig.  3.)  Oinoclioe  ?  Neck  and  handle  missing:  height, 

0.025  in.  Black  clay,  burnt,  with  incised  border  on  shoulder. 

Shape  of  vase  cannot  be  determined,  but  it  rather  recalls  the 
latter  oinoclioe  type.  Similar  decoration  may  be  found  on  a  Trojan  vase  of  the 
Fig-  3.  fourth  settlement.  Cf.  also,  ’E ’Apy.  1899,  pi.  ix.  24. 


xv.  3),  and  assigned  l>y  him  to  his  early  indigenous  Geo¬ 
metric  class.  This  would  seem  significant  for  dating  our 
fragment,  and  also  for  showing  that  the  pre-Dorian  ele¬ 


ments  in  the  Geometric  style  in  Attica  are  to  be  found  in 
the  Argolid.  This  point  will  be  discussed  more  thoroughly 
in  Chapter  III. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE 


71 


Further,  about  twenty  very  small  hand-made  vases  were  found,  which  had  no  decora¬ 
tion,  but  were  uniformly  of  a  dark  gray  or  reddish  clay,  showing  traces  of  burning. 
They  included  two-handled  vessels,  similar  to  ’E^/r.  ’A px-  1898,  pi.  ix.  2,  and  Koerte, 
loc.  cit.  pi.  ii.  7  ;  several  three-handled  jugs  of  similar  shape  to  those  on  p.  100,  and  a  vase 
without  handles,  similar  to  Koerte,  loc.  cit.  pi.  ii.  9. 

A  series  of  vases,  which,  though  not  prehistoric  in  character,  seem  more  nearly  related 
to  the  earlier  than  the  later  vases,  is  represented  by  4  6.  They  are  all  of  a  very  dark 
clay,  hand-made  and  burnt  black  in  most  cases,  some  with  a  decoration  of  incised  lines 
running  from  neck  to  foot,  others  without  decoration,  and  chiefly  remarkable  for  a  very 
brilliant  polish,  giving  nearly  the  effect  of  dull  jet.  These  vases  are  very  similar  to 
several  from  Rhodes  in  the  British  Museum,  and  it  may  be  questioned  whether  our  vases 
are  not  as  are  those,  a  product  of  the  eighth  century.  At  the  same  time,  owing  to 
their  scratched  ornamentation,  they  are  more  fitly  included  in  this  chapter,  and  if  of  a 
later  date  are  probably  the  last  links  of  the  chain  begun  in  prehistoric  times. 


4.  (Fig.  4.)  Aryballos ;  height,  0.045  in. 
Much  of  the  outer  surface  worn  off. 

Several  others  were  found  at  the  He- 
raeum.  An  aryballos  precisely  similar  is  in 
the  British  Museum  (A.  case  6,  No.  658, 
from  Rhodes). 


Black  clay,  burnt,  with  decoration  of  parallel  lines. 


5.  (Fig.  5.)  Aryballos  ;  height,  0.034  m.  Fig.  4.  Fig.  5.  Fig.  6. 

Black  clay,  with  very  brilliant  polish.  Below 

handle  parallel  scratches  and  a  figure  shaped  like  a  bow  or  a  crescent. 

6.  (Fig.  6.)  Oinochoe  ;  height,  0.045  m.  Black  clay,  polished  and  burnt,  without  ornamentation. 
Several  similar  jugs  were  found. 


CHAPTER  II. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE. 

The  development  of  the  Mycenaean  style  at  the  Heraeum  finds  its  parallel  in  the 
Mycenaean  fragments  from  Mycenae  and  Tiryns.  But  unfortunately  the  Heraeum  frag¬ 
ments  throw  no  light  on  the  question  whether  the  Mycenaean  style  is  of  Achaean  (as  is 
usually  supposed),  Pelasgian  (cf .  J.  II.  S.  XVI.  [1896],  pp.  77  ff.),  or  foreign  origin.  That 
prototypes  of  the  Mycenaean  style  exist  in  the  Aegean  pottery  is  now,  I  think,  gener¬ 
ally  admitted,  and  it  may  well  be  the  case  that  the  beginnings  of  the  civilization  are  to 
be  looked  for  in  the  Aegean  islands,  especially  Crete.  The  connection,  however,  between 
the  Mycenaean  ware  at  the  Heraeum  and  the  Aegean  pottery  is  not  easy  to  establish  ; 
the  earliest  elements  of  the  style  in  the  former  site  are,  as  Professor  Waldstein  has 
pointed  out,  distinctly  linear  in  character ;  and  that,  as  far  as  I  can  judge  from  the  island 
pottery  I  have  seen  (e.  g.  Melos),  does  not  seem  to  be  the  case  in  Aegean  pottery.  If 
anything,  the  characteristics  of  the  Aegean  pottery  are  more  naturalistic  than  linear. 
Perhaps  the  most  probable  explanation  is  that  the  Mycenaean  style  in  the  Argolid 
developed  directly  from  the  primitive  linear  types,  and  that  the  influence  of  the  islands 
brought  about  the  change  to  naturalistic  forms  of  ornamentation. 

The  two  great  classes  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  vases  with  dull  decoration  (J latt metier ei) 
and  with  lustrous  decoration  ( Firnissmalerei ),  are  both  represented  at  the  Heraeum,  the 
former  in  very  small  quantities.  Although  it  is  usually  supposed  that  “  dull  ” 


vases  are 


72 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


older  than  “  lustrous,”  certainty  on  this  point  is  impossible.  The  character  of  the  dull 
style  is  linear  and  as  such  more  in  keeping’  with  the  prehistoric  motives ;  also  as  the 
invention  of  a  lustrous  glaze  is  a  distinct  innovation  in  ceramic  art,  it  is  probably  an 
improvement  on  the  u  dull  ”  technique.  But  that  the  manufacture  of  dull  vases  continued 
almost  as  long  as  that  of  lustrous  vases,  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  both  dull  and  lustrous 
fragments  lay  side  by  side  in  the  same  levels. 

VASES  WITH  DULL  DECORATION. 

Four  small  vases  (to  be  described  later)  and  about  fifty  fragments  of  this  style  were 
found,  none  belonging  to  very  large  vases.  To  establish  a  classification  with  a  material 
so  scanty  and  unsatisfactory  is  impossible.  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke  divide  this  type 
into  two  classes:  («)  vases  made  of  red  clay  (“  Rotthonig  ”)  and  (b)  vases  of  pale  clay 
(“  Blassthonig  ”).  Such  a  classification  in  the  case  of  the  Heraeum  fragments  proved  im¬ 
possible,  since  the  clay  ran  through  the  various  shades  of  red,  yellow,  gray,  and  green, 
and  no  vital  difference  in  the  decorative  forms  of  fragments  of  red  or  pale  clay  could  be 
distinguished,  and  the  polish,  according  to  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke,  a  characteristic 
feature  of  class  a,  was  noticeable  only  on  vases  of  pale  clay. 

It  is  true  that  the  majority  of  our  dull  fragments  show  a  decoration  decidedly  linear 
in  feeling,  and  also  that  some  show  a  pictorial  or  naturalistic  decoration  very  similar  to 
vases  of  the  lustrous  style.  That  the  first  are  the  earlier  of  the  two  seems  probable.  At 
the  same  time  the  difference  is  not  so  great  as  to  warrant  our  assigning;  the  fragments  to 
different  classes,  since  many  fragments  bearing  linear  motives  may  well  have  belonged  to 
vases  which  also  showed  pictorial  ornamentation  and  vice  versa.  The  classification  of 
fragments  alone  is  far  more  unreliable  than  that  based  upon  entire  vases.  Hence,  in  the 
case  of  “  dull  ”  fragments,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  separate  them  into  two  classes, 
though  they  have  been  arranged  with  a  view  to  the  character  of  their  ornamentation,  be 
it  linear  or  pictorial. 

Only  the  most  important  fragments  are  shown  in  Plate  LI.  There  were  many  which 
bore  no  decoration,  though  clearly  belonging  to  the  same  vases  as  some  of  the  fragments 
here  reproduced ;  many  again  bore  only  a  part  of  a  band  or  stripe  running  around  the 
belly.  A  certain  difference  can  be  detected  in  that  in  some  of  the  fragments  the  clay 
is  covered  with  a  fine  slip  and  in  some  not.  The  majority  of  the  fragments  show  this 
feature,  which  seems  to  have  been  a  characteristic  of  the  style  from  its  beginning,  since 
even  those  vases  with  the  simplest  linear  decoration  show  it.  As  it  runs  through  all  the 
shades  of  clay,  it  offers  no  ground  for  classification.  The  polishing  of  the  surface  seems 
to  have  been  the  general  custom.  The  clay  runs  through  all  varieties  and  colors,  from 
a  very  coarse  variety  with  black  stones  still  apparent  on  the  surface  to  extremely  fine 
clay,  cleaned  and  polished.  The  majority  of  the  vases  and  fragments  were  made  on  the 
wheel,  though  a  few  are  hand-made. 


FRAGMENTS. 

PLATE  LI. 

1.  From  bowl  with  large  opening.  Form,  Myh.  Vets.  xliv.  48 :  height,  0.165  m. ;  width, 
0.125  in.  Coarse  pale  greenish  clay,  polished  on  outside  and  inside.  On  inner  part  of  rim  series 
of  three  short  parallel  dashes.  Decoration  in  black,  faded.  Cf.  Myh.  Thong,  iv.  17. 

2.  From  one-liandled-cup.  Form,  Myh.  Vas.  xliv.  98:  width,  0.118  m. ;  height,  0.068  m. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  “DULL”  DECORATION 


Coarse  brownish  yellow  clay  with  whitish  yellow  slip  on  exterior.  Dashes  on  rim  similar  to  1. 
In  rim  hole  pierced  for  suspension.  Black  decoration. 

3.  Lip  and  handle  of  bowl  similar  in  shape  to  1:  width,  0.112  m. ;  height,  0.095  in. 

4.  Neck  and  shoulder  of  jug.  Form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  20 :  height,  0.105  m.  ;  width,  0.125  m. 
Coarse  reddish  yellow  clay  ;  yellowish  slip  with  decoration  in  violet  brown.  Cf.  Myk.  Thong. 

iv.  13 

5.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  fairly  fine  in  texture.  Pale  slip  on  exterior  with  violet  black  decora¬ 
tion.  Cf.  ’E<£?7/x.  ’A px-  1899,  plate  viii.  104  (vase  from  Syra). 

6.  Neck  and  shoulder  of  jug  similar  to  4.  Fine  reddish  clay  with  greenish  yellow  slip. 

7.  Fairly  fine  pale  reddish  clay,  dull  polished  surface.  Three  narrow  black  bands  inclosing  a 
dark  red  zigzag,  and  a  broader  band  of  dark  red  ;  traces  of  another  zigzag  also  in  dark  red. 
This  fragment  is  almost  identical  with  Myk.  Thong,  v.  20. 

This  use  of  two  different  colors,  one  (in  this  case  the  red)  added  after  the  first  firing,  is 
an  extremely  common  feature  in  the  Heraeum  fragments,  and  will  lie  analyzed  more 
thoroughly  in  a  later  chapter.  No.  7  was  the  only  fragment  of  the  dull  finish  which 
showed  its  employment. 

A  few  fragments  of  a  very  dark  red  clay  with  a  dark  red  slip  on  exterior  and  interior 
and  black  decoration  were  found.  They  are  in  all  respects  similar  to  the  vase  from 
the  Bee-Hive  tomb  near  the  Heraeum.  Cf.  Myk.  Tliong.  xn.  52  ;  Athen.  Mitt.  III. 
p.  271. 

8.  Neck,  shoulder,  and  base  of  handle,  probably  from  an  amphora.  Fine  gi-eenish  clay,  pol¬ 
ished,  with  light  brown  decoration. 

9.  From  large  bowl,  similar  in  form  to  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  75,  but  with  single  handles,  about 
25  cm.  in  height  and  24  cm.  in  diameter.  Coarse  reddish 
clay,  which  has  received  a  very  high  polish  and  presents  a 
peculiar  soapy  feeling  to  the  touch.  Zigzag  band  below  rim 
in  dark  red,  very  much  faded.  (Fig.  7.) 

A  few  other  vases  and  fragments  from  the  Heraeum 
showed  this  same  peculiar  surface,  which  otherwise  is 
unknown  to  me.  It  is  probably  due  to  some  accident 
either  in  the  composition  of  the  clay  or  the  peculiarity  of  the  soil  in  which  it  is  found. 

10.  Coarse  brownish  clay  with  white  slip  outside.  Violet  brown  decoration. 

All  these  fragments  show  a  decided  “  linear  ”  tendency  ;  the  rest  (10-16)  are  more  nat¬ 
uralistic  in  character.  The  similarity  of  decoration  in  14-16  to  vases  of  the  lustrous 
finish  would  warrant  our  assigning  them  to  a  later  period.  They  evidently  do  not  belong 
to  the  earliest  essays  in  dull  decoration. 

11.  Shoulder  and  handle  of  small  three-handled  amphora  (form  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  35),  with 
brown  black  decoration. 

12.  Rim  and  spout  (broken  off)  of  a  bowl,  similar  in  shape  to  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  103.  Very 
coarse  brick  red  clay,  with  a  pale  white  slip  on  exterior  and  interior.  Decoration  in  black,  laid  on 
heavily  and  badly  worn. 

13.  Shoulder  of  small  jug.  Similar  technique  to  11  and  12. 

14.  Spiral  in  black. 

15.  Rim  of  bowl.  Fine  brick  red  clay,  with  bright  yellow  slip,  highly  polished ;  decoration  in 
violet  brown. 

This  fragment,  from  the  excellence  of  its  technique,  as  well  as  the  form  of  the  spiral,  is  clearly 
synchronous  with  vases  of  the  best  period  of  the  lustrous  style. 

16.  From  bowl  similar  to  15.  Greenish  clay,  with  brown  decoration.  Technique  similar  to 
vases  of  the  later  (not  the  best)  lustrous  style. 


Fig.  7. 


74 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


17. 


VASES. 

(Fig.  8.)  Height,  0.06  m. ;  diameter,  0.07  m.  Bowl  with  high  foot,  being  a  cross  between  a 
kylix  and  a  skyphos,  one  handle  missing.  Bands  and  a  continuous  spiral. 

Another  vase  of  exactly  the  same  shape  and  dimensions,  but  in¬ 
tact,  was  found  in  the  same  tomb.  The  surface  is  completely  cov¬ 
ered  by  a  hard  incrustation  of  lime,  hut  as  far  as  can  be  seen  the 
decoration  is  the  same  as  17. 

18.  (Fig.  9.)  Height,  0.028  m.  ;  diameter,  0.066  m.  Slight  variation  of 
Fig.  8.  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  87.  Bands  on  rim,  belly,  and  han¬ 

dle,  and  row  of  dotted  semicircles. 

19.  (Fig.  10.)  Height,  0.036  m. ;  diameter, 

0.056  m.  Three-legged  bowl,  handle  restored. 

Continuous  spiral  on  sides,  and  on  bottom  be¬ 
tween  the  legs  a  design  like  an  S  reversed.  Clay 
shows  traces  of  burning. 

These  four  vases  come  from  the  grave  Fig.  9. 

found  April  13,  1894,  back  of  the  peribo- 

los  wall  above  the  South  Stoa.  The  technique  is  the  same  in  all,  a  fine  yellow  clay,  highly 
polished,  without  a  slip,  the  decoration  in  violet  black,  laid  on  heavily.  All  are  hand¬ 
made.  For  photograph  of  tomb  see  vol.  I.  p.  41,  fig.  13. 


VASES  WITH  LUSTROUS  DECORATION. 

The  introduction  of  lustrous  paint  in  the  manufacture  of  Mycenaean  vases  was  revolu¬ 
tionary  in  its  effects.  Henceforth  all  vases  exhibit  this  feature.  But  as  we  have  said, 
on  its  introduction  the  dull  finish  was  not  at  once  abandoned,  but  continued  side  by  side 
with  the  lustrous  technique  for  a  considerable  period;  just  how  long  it  is  impossible  to 
say,  but  certainly  until  after  the  best  period  of  the  lustrous  style. 

Until  lately  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke’s  division  of  the  lustrous  style  has  been  univer¬ 
sally  followed.  This  classification  has,  however,  proved  inadequate  for  our  vases,  and  for 
those  from  the  Acropolis  and  Thoricus.  A  second  classification,1  proposed  by  Wolters, 
is  more  satisfactory,  and  has  proved  a  better  standard  for  arranging  ours.  But  in  spite 
of  its  many  advantages,  it  is  somewhat  unwieldy,  so  that  I  have  ventured  to  adopt  a 
middle  course,  in  order  to  reconcile  both  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke’s  and  Wolters’ 
arrangements.  The  three  are  here  presented  side  by  side. 


Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke. 

I. 

W1  leel-made  vases  of  a  very 
coarse  clay,  entirely  covered  with 
a  fairly  dull  black  slip,  on  which 
the  ornamentation  is  thinly  laid 
in  white  and  dark  red. 

This  class  was  chiefly  found 
in  graves  iv.  and  v.  at  My¬ 
cenae,  at  Tiryns,  and  at  Thera. 

1  This  classification  has  never  been 


Wolters. 

I. 

The  same.  Only  a  few  frag¬ 
ments  of  this  style  were  found 
on  the  Aci’opolis. 


published,  so  far  as  I  know,  and  has 


HorriN. 

I. 

The  same.  This  class  is  not 
found  at  the  Heraeum  at  all. 


n  drawn  from  the  author’s  lectures. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASSIFICATIONS 


75 


ii. 

Vases  of  coarse  clay,  covered 
with  a  thin  slip  of  finer  clay, 
now  white  (in  the  case  of  vases 
from  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  near  the 
Heraeum),nowyellowish  brown, 
(v.  Mylc.  Thony.  vn.  42  ;  Myh. 
Vas.  p.  21,  fig.  7.)  The  de¬ 
coration  is  painted  on  this  slip 
in  dark  brown,  with  the  occa¬ 
sional  addition  of  white,  as  if 
an  echo  of  the  technique  of  the 
first  class. 

ill. 

Fine  cleaned  clay,  with  a  pol¬ 
ished  surface  of  warm  yellow 
color.  The  colors  in  the  deco¬ 
ration  run  through  all  shades 
from  yellow  to  dark  brown.  This, 
through  action  of  fire,  becomes 
bright  red  in  many  cases,  which, 
especially  in  vases  of  the  finest 
technique,  is  evidently  inten¬ 
tional.  Details  are  occasion¬ 
ally  added  in  white. 


II. 

No  radical  change.  The  main 
point  of  difference  lies  in  the 
close  connection  between  II. 
and  the  following  class,  which 
varies  from  it  only  in  the  qual¬ 
ity  of  the  work.  The  style 
throughout  is  distinctly  a  natu¬ 
ralistic  or  pictorial  one,  there 
being  no  thought  of  convention¬ 
ality.  The  vase  from  Tliorikos 
is  an  extremely  good  example 
of  the  class  as  a  whole. 

Cf.  ’E (pri/A.  ’A px-  1895,  pi.  xi.  No.  1. 

III.  1. 

Fine  clay,  with  purely  pic¬ 
torial  ornamentation,  precisely 
similar  to  II.,  save  that  the  exe¬ 
cution  is  more  delicate,  which  is 
natural,  seeing  that  the  vases 
are  uniformly  smaller. 

2. 

The  pictorial  motives  have 
become  conventionalized.  In 
jiroportion,  however,  the  tech¬ 
nique  has  also  advanced  and 
reaches  its  highest  point  in  this 
division,  and  may  easily  be  de¬ 
tected  by  the  extreme  fineness 
of  clay  and  extraordinary  bril¬ 
liancy  of  the  glaze.  This  class 
is  not  the  most  common  of  the 
Mycenaean  styles. 


II.  1  and  2. 

In  the  first  division  of  II. 
have  been  included  all  vases 
which  in  the  other  two  classifi¬ 
cations  are  counted  as  II. 

In  the  second  division  are  in¬ 
cluded  a  number  of  vases  be¬ 
longing  to  Furtwangler  and 
Loescbeke,  III.,  and  AVolters, 
III.  1. 


hi. 


1. 

Seeing  that  vases  of  this  class 
differ  from  the  succeeding  one 
only  in  superiority  of  technique, 
while  the  principle  of  ornamen¬ 
tation  remains  the  same,  there 
seems  to  be  little  gain  in  sepa¬ 
rating  them  by  the  boundary 
line  of  a  class. 

2 

In  this  division  are  included 
those  vases  which  form  the  bulk 
of  III.  of  Furtwangler  and 
Loeschcke.  They  are  the  most 
common  at  the  Heraeum.  The 
clay  has  become  inferior  and 
the  lustre  duller,  while  the  orna¬ 
mentation  has  become  conven¬ 
tionalized  in  the  extreme,  and 
presents  a  certain  mechanical 
air.  It  is  only  in  its  technical 
features  that  it  differs  from  class 

III.  1. 


76 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


IV. 

Tlie  surface  of  the  clay  is 
greenish  or  a  somewhat  dull 
yellow,  occasionally  reddish  yel¬ 
low,  hut  far  duller  than  the  pre¬ 
ceding-  class.  The  decoration  is 
black  or  yellowish  brown,  occa¬ 
sionally  burnt  red,  but  never  at¬ 
tains  to  the  brilliancy  of  vases  of 
class  III.  In  the  case  of  vases 
with  a  wide  mouth,  the  interior 
is  always  glazed. 


IV. 

1. 

In  this  division  are  placed 
those  vases  included  by  Furt¬ 
wangler  and  Loeschcke  in  III., 
and  by  me  in  III.  2. 

2. 

In  this  division  fall  all  vases 
in  IV.  of  Furtwangler  and 
Loeschcke.  Vases  of  this  type 
show  a  more  florid  and  perhaps 
decadent  style  of  decoration. 
The  ornamentation  abounds  in 
a  wealth  of  detail  not  seen  in  the 
other  classes.  It  has  been  found 
in  fairly  large  cpiantities  at 
Athens,  on  the  Acropolis,  and 
at  Aegina  and  Thoricus. 


IV. 

This  class  remains  undis¬ 
turbed  as  in  Furtwangler  and 
Loeschcke.  Only  a  few  frag¬ 
ments  were  found  at  the  He- 
raeum. 


It  may  be  noticed  that  in  Professor  Wolters’s  classification  the  separation  of  Mycenaean 
lustrous  vases  into  two  great  periods  is  hinted  at,  if  not  expressed.  We  may  commence 
by  drawing  a  sharp  line  between  the  pictorial  and  the  conventional,  since  the  progression 
from  naturalism  to  conventionalism  is  a  greater  one  than  from  one  plane  of  technical 
skill  to  a  higher.  We  may  therefore  keep  Furtwangler  and  Loesc-hcke’s  four  classes 
and  separate  them  into  two  groups,  I.  and  II.,  III.  and  IV.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that 
dividing  III.  and  IV.  into  two  classes  each,  as  Wolters  does,  and  connecting  III.  1  with 
II.,  and  III.  2  with  IV.  is  somewhat  awkward.  Also  the  line  between  naturalism  and 
conventionalism  is  not  properly  emphasized,  since  they  occur  in  the  same  class,  which  is 
clearly  impossible  if  Ave  are  to  follow  a  classification  based  on  ornamental  development. 
By  separating  II.  into  two  divisions  we  adhere  to  the  close  connection  emphasized  by 
Wolters  Avliile  confining  the  principle  of  naturalism  to  one  class. 

With  III.  Ave  enter  upon  the  second  or  conventional  group,  and  Ave  divide  this  into 
tAvo  classes,  III.  1  and  III.  2,  which  correspond  to  Wolters’s  III.  2  and  IV.  1.  Their 
connection  is  too  strong  (the  difference  between  them  being  purely  technical)  to  warrant 
their  being  separated  as  they  are  by  Wolters,  Avliile  at  the  same  time  we  are  more  in  accord 
Avith  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke,  except  for  the  transferring  of  a  small  part  of  their  class 
TIT.  to  II.  There  seems  to  be  no  valid  reason  for  separating  IV.  into  tAvo  groups.  Cer¬ 
tainly  the  difference  betAveen  IV.  1  and  IV.  2  (Wolters)  is  as  great,  both  from  a  technical 
and  ornamental  standpoint,  as  betAveen  III.  and  IV.  (Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke). 

The  following  table  aa  ill  sIioav  briefly  the  results  thus  obtained :  — 


Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke. 

Wolters. 

Hoppin. 

I. 

II. 

I. 

II.  j 

III.  1  s 

I.  > 
\  II.  1 
\  II.  2  1 

'  Naturalistic  or  picto- 
|  rial  style. 

III. 

III.  2  ) 

)  IIL  1  ) 

IV.  1  )' 

l  III.  2 

•  Conventional  style. 

IV. 

IV.  2 

IV.  J 

TIIE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  EVIDENCE  FOR  DATE 


i  i 

Wliat  the  chronological  differences  are  between  these  various  classes  it  is  difficult  to 
say.  According  to  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke,  I.  is  the  oldest;  but  it  is  extremely  doubt¬ 
ful  whether  any  difference  in  time  exists  between  I.  and  II.  As  I.  is  found  in  but  few 
other  places  outside  of  Mycenae,  it  is  fair  to  suppose  that  it  was  a  style  more  or  less 
local.  Judging  from  the  entire  lack  of  this  class  at  the  Heraeum,  and  the  fact  that  the 
style  of  ornamentation  of  II.  1,  which  is  the  oldest  class  of  lustrous  vases  at  the  Ile- 
raeum,  is  practically  identical  with  that  of  I.,  there  seems  good  reason  for  supposing  that 
the  two  are  synchronous. 

Moreover,  the  difference  between  II.  1  and  the  dull  vases  is  so  extremely  slight  that  it 
can  be  detected  only  by  a  carefully  trained  eye,  and  even  then  cases  occur  where  the 
decision  is  doubtful.  This  would  show  that  the  lustrous  technique  at  the  beginning  did 
not  differ  materially  from  the  dull,  and  is  another  point  in  favor  of  assigning  II.  1  to 
the  beginning  of  the  lustrous  style. 

II.  2  differs  from  II.  1  mainly  in  the  technical  advance,  but  this  advance  is  sufficiently 
apparent  to  enable  us  to  see  in  II.  2  the  successor  of  II.  1.  The  step  between  II.  2 
and  III.  1  is  even  greater,  since  the  style  of  ornamentation  has  radically  changed,  and 
all  motives  which  II.  drew  from  the  marine  life  that  played  so  great  a  part  in  the  mari¬ 
time  civilization  of  the  Mycenaean  epoch  have  become  conventionalized  and  are  used 
more  with  a  view  to  their  decorative  effect  than  as  an  attempt  to  reproduce  nature. 
Such  a  change  could  have  come  only  during  the  acme  of  the  Mycenaean  epoch. 

With  IV.  we  see  the  point  to  which  the  bad  taste  of  a  decadent  art  had  come.  The 
wealth  of  ornamentation,  elaborated  from  a  given  motive,  with  the  introduction  of 
foreign  motives,  illustrated  by  “  Heraldic  ”  designs  and  those  taken  from  Oriental 
embroideries,  may  be  accounted  for  by  this  rampant  spirit  of  conventionalism  combined 
with  the  increased  commercial  activity  of  the  age. 

A  few  words  may  here  be  said  as  to  the  latest  results  in  dating  the  whole  Mycenaean 
period.  Through  the  numerous  excavations  recently  conducted  on  Greek  soil,  and  the 
corresponding  increase  of  Greek  pottery  brought  to  light,  the  chronology  has  been 
worked  backwards  to  the  fourteenth  century.  But  the  excavations  of  Flinders  Petrie  1  in 
Egypt,  and  the  finding,  in  the  towns  of  Illahun,  Tel-el-Amarna,  Kahun,  and  Gurob,  of 
rubbish  heaps  containing  large  masses  of  “  Aegaean,”  i.  e.  Mycenaean  pottery,  may  be 
said  to  have  absolutely  established  the  date  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization,  since  the 
objects  of  Egyptian  workmanship  lying  in  these  rubbish  heaps,  along  with  the  pottery, 
can  be  dated  not  later  than  this  eighteenth  dynasty,  circa  b.  c.  1450.  Pseud-amphoras 
of  Class  III.  were  found  in  tombs  of  a  date  not  later  than  b.  c.  1300.  The  placing  of  the 
acme  of  the  Mycenaean  period  during  the  fifteenth  century  thus  accords  with  the  hypo¬ 
thesis  advanced  by  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke  on  the  basis  of  Egyptian  wall  paintings.2 
As  Class  IY.  was  not  found  by  Petrie,  we  may  assume  that  it  is  later  than  b.  c.  1300 ;  but 
there  is  no  reason  for  assuming'  that  the  manufacture  of  Class  III.  ceased  after  that  date. 
We  must  also  allow  at  least  a  hundred  years  for  the  development  of  the  Mycenaean 
style  from  its  beginning,  so  that  to  place  the  manufacture  of  dull  vases  as  early  as  the 
sixteenth  or  seventeenth  centuries  is  permissible.  We  thus  obtain  a  period  of  about  five 

1  For  a  more  detailed  account  of  Petrie’s  results,  v.  hurt,  and  Gurob,  p.  10,  pis.  xvii.-xxvi.  ;  Kahun,  Gurob,  and 
Tel-el-Amarna,  pp.  1G,  17,  pis.  xxvi.-xxx.  ;  lllaliun,  Ka-  Hawara,  pi.  xxviii. 

2  Myk.  Fas.  p.  xiii. 


78 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


centuries  from  the  rise  of  the  Mycenaean  style  to  its  downfall  at  the  time  of  the  Dorian 
invasion,  or  whatever  the  upheaval  was  which  led  to  its  decline. 

That  all  the  vases  of  the  Mycenaean  style  found  at  the  Heraeum  were  manufactured 
in  the  Argolie  plain,  and  not  imported  from  some  other  centre,  seems  unquestionable. 
Whether  the  Argolid  was  the  chief  centre  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization  or  not  cannot 
be  absolutely  affirmed,  though  the  evidence  seems  to  point  to  this  supposition.  At 
any  rate,  the  amount  of  vases  found  at  Mycenae,  Tiryns,  Nauplia,  and  in  the  various 
tombs  throughout  the  plain,  is  so  great  that  we  can  safely  assert  them  to  be  of  home 
manufacture.  That  Class  I.  is  found  at  Mycenae  and  not  at  the  Heraeum  may  perhaps 
be  accounted  for  by  a  difference  of  taste  in  the  two  places.  The  Heraeum,  which  was 
one  of  the  largest  sanctuaries  in  Greece,  must  have  kept  several  potters’  factories  busy 
to  supply  the  faithful  with  the  requisite  vases  for  ex  votos,  and  that  certain  styles 
should  have  been  popular  there  and  others  not  so  is  not  extraordinary. 

Several  facts  may  be  noticed  in  regard  to  our  fragments  which  are  significant. 
The  singular  uniformity  of  all  the  fragments  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  both  in  clay 
and  technique  ;  the  complete  absence  of  Class  I.,  and,  lastly,  the  equally  complete 
absence  of  any  foreign  variations  (e.  g.  Tlieran,  Melian,  Cypriote,  etc.)  of  the  regular 
Mycenaean  types.  These  facts  would  seem  to  indicate:  (1)  That  the  potteries  which 
produced  the  ware  found  at  Mycenae  were  not  the  same  as  those  which  produced 
our  fragments  ;  had  such  been  the  case  it  is  scarcely  credible  that  no  traces  of  Class 
I.  should  have  been  found.  (2)  That  all  Mycenaean  pottery  found  at  the  Heraeum 
was  the  product  of  one  or  more  particular  centres  of  activity,  situated  near  the  sanc¬ 
tuary.  (3)  That  this  manufactory  reserved  its  wares  exclusively  for  home  consump¬ 
tion,  and  neither  exported  its  product  or  imported  similar  wares.  This  last  assumption 
is  based  on  the  fact  that  those  particular  varieties  which  are  indigenous  to  some  foreign 
spots  are  hardly  represented  at  the  Heraeum,  and  the  few  exceptions  to  this  rule  are 
probably  accidental.  On  the  other  hand,  no  Mycenaean  vase  found  outside  of  the 
Argolid  can  be  proved  to  have  been  manufactured  near  the  Heraeum. 

CLASS  II.,  DIVISION  1. 

Of  this  class  only  a  few  dozen  fragments  were  found,  and  no  whole  vases.  Only 
a  few  fragments  clearly  belonged  to  the  same  vases,  and  the  reconstruction  of  any 
vase  proved  impossible.  The  characteristics  of  these  fragments  are  similar  to  those 
of  a  jug  in  Athens  ( Myk .  Vas.  p.  49,  fig.  29)  and  a  three-handled  vase  from  Thoricus 
("EcfiTjjjL.  ’A px-  1895,  pi.  xi.  1),  though  the  decoration  is  extremely  simple  and  monoto¬ 
nous,  with  no  attempt  at  any  elaborate  design. 

Only  a  few  of  the  fragments  are  here  reproduced.  The  technical  features  are : 
very  coarse  quality  of  clay,  with  frequent  small  stones,  varying  through  the  different 
shades  of  red  and  brown  to  green  ;  a  thin  wash  of  white,  yellow,  or  red ;  ornamen¬ 
tation  in  violet,  brown,  or  red. 

1.  (Plate  LI.  17.)  From  belly  of  vase,  form  uncertain.  Dark  red  clay,  with  a  darker  central 
core,  and  light  red  wash,  dark  red  decoi’ation.  Two  fishes  advancing-  towards  a  monster  of  some 
sort  whose  head  and  forelegs  alone  are  visible.  To  identify  the  character  of  the  fishes  or  the 
monster  is  impossible.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  x.  63,  xxxix.  401a  ;  Schliemann,  Mycenae ,  Fig.  317 ; 
Imhoof-Blumer  and  Keller,  Tier  und  Pftanzenbilder ,  vi.  47,  48,  vn.  3. 

2.  (Plate  LI.  18  a-d.)  Four  fragments  from  same  vase,  form  uncertain,  clay  dark  red, 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASS  II.,  DIVISION  2 


79 


white  wash,  with  faded  violet  brown  decoration.  The  design  cannot  be  restored,  but  that  the 

spiral  formed  part  of  it  is  certain. 

3.  (Plate  LI.,  19  a  and  b.)  Two  fragments  of  same  vase. 
Thick  brown  clay,  yellow  wash,  brown  decoration.  Flower 
pattern. 

4.  (Plate  LI.,  20.)  Greenish  clay  and  wash,  violet  black 
decoration,  with  a  greenish  tinge.  Flower  pattern. 

5.  (Plate  LI.,  21.)  Brown  clay,  with  yellow  wash. 

6.  (Fig.  11.)  Fragment  of  large  amphora:  height,  0.108 
m.  ;  width,  0.12  m.  ;  very  coarse  brick  red  clay,  pale  reddish 
wash,  dark  red  decoration.  (Flower  pattern.)  The  height 
of  the  amphora  cannot  be  determined,  but  the  opening  mea¬ 
sured  certainly  18  cm.  in  diameter.  Cf.  Myl 'c.  Vas.  xxi.  156. 

CLASS  II.,  DIVISION  2. 

The  fragments  of  this  particular  class  were  far  more  numerous  than  those  of  the  pre¬ 
ceding,  and  are  uniformly  of  a  finer  character,  though  the  pictorial  style  of  ornamentation 
remains  the  same.  They  represent  throughout  smaller  vases.  The  clay  is  of  a  better 
cpiality,  carefully  cleaned,  running  through  all  the  shades  of  red,  brown,  yellow,  and 
pale  green,  the  decoration  generally  red  or  brown.  The  technical  method  is  the  same 
in  all.  Over  the  natural  clay  a  slip  is  laid,  of  very  fine  red  or  yellow  clay,  on  which 
the  design  is  painted  and  the  surface  polished.  In  some  cases  the  slip  is  on  the  inte¬ 
rior  as  well.  Occasionally  the  decoration  is  laid  on  so  thickly  as  to  stand  out  from  the 
surface  of  the  clay,  and  be  easily  friable.  Cases  occur  where  a  whitish  wash  has  been 
applied,  as  in  Class  II.,  1.  Fragments  which  resemble  this  class  very  strongly  have 
been  found  in  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  near  the  Heraeum,  already  referred  to. 

In  only  a  few  cases  were  fragments  clearly  part  of  the  same  vase  and  no  entire 
vases  were  found.  The  style  of  ornamentation  is  uniformly  naturalistic  or  pictorial, 
the  motives  being  taken  almost  exclusively  from  flowers,  while  marine  subjects  are  hardly 
used  at  all.  In  but  a  few  instances  can  the  form  of  the  vase  be  determined. 

PLATE  LII. 

1  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase,  form  uncertain.  Reddish  clay,  yellow  slip, 
red  brown  decoration.  Flower  wreath,  a  is  perhaps  the  best  example  of  Class  II.  2  at  the 
Heraeum.  Fragments  very  similar  have  been  found  in  Crete  ;  v.  Haussonlier,  Rev.  Arch.  XL. 
(1880),  p.  359,  pi.  xxiii.,  and  more  recently  by  Evans  at  Cnossus.  Cf.  Arch.  Anz.  1900,  p.  149, 
fig.  6.  Cf.  also  3Iyk.  Vas.  p.  23,  fig.  12,  and  the  fragments  from  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  near  the 
Heraeum:  Myk.  Thong,  xn.  64;  cf.  also  3Iylc.  Vas.  xxvii.  213,  217  :  A.  J.  A.  VI.  (1890), 

pi.  xxii. 

2.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  brilliant  red  brown  slip,  red  brown  decoration.  Two  other  small 
fragments  from  the  same  vase  were  found.  This  fragment  is  an  exact  duplicate  of  one  from 
the  Bee-Hive  tomb ;  v.  Myk.  Thong,  xii.  57. 

3.  Similar  to  1  but  slightly  coarser  clay,  slip,  and  flaky  decoration.  Probably  part  of  shonlder 
of  a  three-handled  vase  (form,  Myk.  Fas.  xliv.  32).  A  similar  smaller  fragment,  but  from  a 
different  vase,  was  also  found. 

4.  Yellow  clay,  flaky  black  decoration.  Cf.  Myk.  Thong,  xn.  60. 

5.  Yellow  clay,  brilliant  black  decoration. 

6.  Double  flower.  Cf.  Myk.  Thong,  xii.  73  ;  R.  C.  H.  X.  (1886),  pi.  iii.  5. 

7.  Rim  of  small  bowl.  Flower  ;  similar  technique  to  2. 

8.  Black  border  to  stalks,  changing  to  red  in  the  centre. 


Fig.  11. 


80 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


9.  Whitish  wash  on  exterior,  with  red  brown  glaze  on  interior. 

10.  Part  of  a  plate,  with  branches  on  the  reverse  similar  to  12.  Clay  has  a  peculiar  ribbed 
surface. 

11.  Decoration  ranging  from  brown  to  red.  Presents  same  ribbed  surface  as  10. 

12  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  a  vase  of  clay  and  technique  similar  to  8.  Cf.  Mylc.  Vas. 
p.  58,  fig.  34. 

13.  Rim  of  a  large  bowl.  Clay  rather  coarse. 

14.  Grayish  clay,  evidently  burnt.  A  few  other  fragments  of  similar  technique  and  decoration 
were  found.  Cf.  Mylc.  Thong,  hi.  10  ;  Mylc.  Vas.  xxi.  153,  xxvi.  195. 

15.  Flower  pattern  in  dark  red.  Polish  on  exterior  and  interior. 

16.  The  same. 

17.  F  rom  shoulder  of  three-handled  vase.  Arrangement  of  petals  similar  to  1.  Cf.  Mylc. 
Vas.  xxxvi.  376. 

18.  Dark  core  in  the  clay.  Decoration  in  red. 

19.  From  a  vase  of  form  Mylc.  Vas.  xliv.  59,  probably.  Whitish  yellow  slip.  Cf.  Mylc. 
Vas.  xiii.  89. 

20.  Combination  of  branches  (watergrass,  perhaps),  similar  to  12,  and  snakes  or  eels. 

21.  Rosette. 

22.  Form  uncertain.  This  fragment,  as  well  as  several  others,  shows  a  peculiar  technique, 
the  addition  of  a  white  streak  to  the  decoration  after  firing,  but  before  glazing.  For  similar 
technique,  cf.  Mylc.  Vas.  xxvi.  203. 

23.  Black  and  red  decoration.  Uncertain  what  the  complete  design  was. 

24.  From  a  plate.  Reddish  clay,  with  yellow  slip  on  obverse,  red  on  reverse.  Flower  pattern, 
the  same  on  both  sides  in  dark  red.  Cf.  Mylc.  Tlxong.  xn.  68. 

25.  Part  of  plate,  with  pattern  similar  to  3,  in  flaky  dark  brown. 

26.  Greenish  clay.  Cf.  Mylc.  Thong,  ill.  9. 

27  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase.  Reddish  clay  and  decoration.  Alternate 
buds  and  flowers.  In  spite  of  a  certain  conventionality  of  treatment,  and  indifferent  technique, 
the  resemblance  of  these  fragments  to  those  from  Tlierasia  ( Mylc .  Vas.  xn.  78)  justifies  their 
position  in  this  class. 


A  considerable  number  of  fragments  representing  three-handled  vases  similar  to 
Myk.  Vas.  vn.  45,  ix.  52,  were  found.  This  seems  to  have  been  one  of  the  favorite 
shapes  of  this  class.  As  a  rule,  ornamentation  is  introduced  into  the  space  above  the 
scallops. 


Fig.  12  a  and  b.  Fragments  of  large  bowl  which  measured  45  cm.  in  diameter.  Form  uncer¬ 
tain.  Whether  it  had  a  foot  is 
doubtful,  so  that  the  height  cannot 
be  estimated.  Coarse  reddish  clay 
(thickness  0.012  m.),  with  a  yellow 
slip,  more  reddish  in  tone  on  the 
inside.  Decoration  in  light  and 
dark  red. 

On  the  outside  (b)  a  row  of  tall 
leaves,  separated  by  stalks  ;  on  the 
inside,  on  rim  a  variety  of  “  tongue 
pattern,”  with  a  milled  border.  In 
field  two  fishes  and  an  eel. 

Fig.  12. 

This  plate  is  perhaps  the  most 

interesting  specimen  of  Class  IT.,  2.  The  form  is  unknown  to  me  in  any  other  vase.  It 
varies  from  the  regular  plate  type  in  that  the  subject  is  different  on  the  two  sides.  The 
pattern  on  the  rim  is  clearly  a  very  early  instance  of  the  “  tongue  pattern”  so  common 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASS  III.,  DIVISION  1 


81 


in  later  vase-painting.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxiv.  344.  The  leaf  pattern  on  the  outside  is 
only  a  symmetrical  arrangement  of  the  design  on  Myk.  Vas.  xxxn.  314.  The  species 
of  the.  fishes  (perhaps  carp)  remains  doubtful,  but  the  naturalness  of  the  drawing  is  an 
advance  of  No.  1  on  Plate  LI. 


CLASS  III.,  DIVISION  1. 

We  now  cross  the  great  bridge  which  divides  the  Mycenaean  style  and  find  that 
the  old  naturalism  has  given  place  to  conventionalism.  But  this  is  not  the  only  dif¬ 
ference  between  Classes  II.  and  III.  ;  technique  itself  has  made  great  progress.  The 
clay  used  is  generally  red  or  yellow  in  color,  of  a  fine  clear  quality,  carefully  cleaned 
from  impurities.  The  quality  of  the  decoration  is  more  lustrous  and  glossy,  while  in 
the  best  specimens  the  glaze  takes  on  an  intense  brilliancy.  The  style  of  ornamentation 
changes,  and  certain  motives  used  occasionally  in  the  previous  classes  now  become  the 
favorites,  such  as  spirals,  etc.  The  old  plant  and  marine  motives  with  a  few  exceptions 
(e.  g.  the  murex)  have  disappeared,  and  those  which  are  now  prominent  are  paralleled 
in  other  forms  of  Mycenaean  art  in  stone  and  metal. 

Though  the  conventionalism  of  Class  III.  follows  the  naturalism  of  Class  II.,  and 
in  this  sense  is  a  later  style,  we  are  not  to  assume  that  the  manufacture  of  Class  II. 
ceased.  In  fact  there  is  positive  proof  that  the  two  flourished  side  by  side,  since  in 
the  Bee-Hive  tomb  which  we  excavated  (cf.  p.  91  ff)  were  found  vases  of  both  classes. 
Such  a  radical  change  as  that  from  naturalism  to  conventionalism  is  not  the  work 
of  a  day ;  it  must  have  extended  over  a  long  period.  But  such  a  fact  does  not  argue 
against  a  classification  based  on  ornamentation,  where  a  difference  of  time  is  not 
necessarily  demanded. 

Nor  should  the  relation  of  III.  1  to  III.  2  be  misunderstood.  We  cannot  regard 
them  as  two  absolutely  distinct  and  unrelated  styles.  I  do  not  for  a  moment  intend 
to  imply  that  for  a  certain  period  of  years  Mycenaean  potters  continued  to  manufacture 
vases  of  a  certain  “  hall-marked  ”  excellence  and  then  suddenly  began  to  go  down 
hill.  What  we  call  III.  1  is  undoubtedly  the  best  work  of  a  certain  period  of  Myce¬ 
naean  ceramic  art ;  III.  2  is  the  general  average  of  such  a  period.  As  the  best  work  of 
a  given  period  is  only  a  small  proportion  of  the  whole,  the  small  amount  of  III.  1  com¬ 
pared  to  III.  2  bears  this  out.  III.  1  bears  the  same  relation  to  III.  2  that  the  work 
of  Euphronios,  Hieron,  Duris,  and  Brygos  does  to  the  mass  of  red-figured  vases 
produced  in  Athens  prior  to  the  Persian  wars  ;  it  is  the  best  ceramic  art  of  the  time. 

The  fragments  reproduced  on  Plate  LII.  are  not  all  that  were  found,  but  the 
number  was  not  large,  and  those  represented  illustrate  the  group.  The  technique  of 
all  the  fragments  is  substantially  the  same,  the  clay  red  or  bright  yellow  (more  often 
the  former),  the  decoration  varying  from  red  to  brown,  with  black  occasionally  used 
and  the  glaze  of  surpassing  brilliancy  and  fineness.  The  favorite  ornaments  seem  to 
be  the  spiral  and  the  murex. 

The  majority  of  the  fragments  are  rims  of  two-handled  bowls  or  kylixes  similar  in 
form  to  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  76,  83. 

28.  Rim  of  bowl.  Decoration  shades  from  brown  to  red.  Part  of  a  spiral  row,  spirals  uncon¬ 
nected.  Cf.  Myk.  Vets.  viii.  46. 

29.  Rim  of  one-handled  bowl.  Clay  extremely  delicate.  Outer  band  of  spiral  brown,  inner 
bands  red.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxix.  258.  Both  form  and  decoration  seem  to  be  the  same  as  on  the 
vase  in  Cassel.  Ai'ck.  Anz.  1899,  p.  57,  fig.  1. 


82 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


30.  Rim  of  bowl.  Spiral  chain. 

The  majority  of  the  fragments  of  this  class  bore  the  decoration  of  spirals,  in  chain 
or  single.  Most  of  the  fragments  were  extremely  small. 

31  a-c.  Three  fragments  from  rim  of  a  bowl.  Reddish  clay,  with  bright  yellow  slip  and 
red  decoration.  For  the  toothed  edge  of  c,  cf.  Myh.  Vas.  xxm.  171. 

The  murex  or  purple  fish  ornament  is  extremely  common.  It  is  curious  that  tve 
cannot  trace  its  origin  to  an  earlier  class,  since  it  does  not  occur  in  Classes  I.  and 
II.  Even  in  Class  III.  it  is  impossible  to  trace  any  preliminary  steps  unless  we  recognize 
one  of  the  early  essays  in  the  cup  from  Ialysos ; 1  that,  however,  seems  rather  too 
conventionalized  for  a  prototype.  The  arrangement  of  the  pattern  varies,  the  most 
common  being  a  row  of  double  murexes  as  in  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  297,  or  else  they  are 
laid  diagonally  on  their  sides. 

32.  Rim  of  bowl.  Series  of  murexes  placed  diagonally  to  the  line  of  the  rim.  Cf.  Myh.  Vas. 
viii.  47.  Decoration  bright  red  and  technique  extremely  fine. 

33.  The  same. 

34.  Clay  a  trifle  coarser  than  is  usual  in  this  class  and  appears  burnt.  Glaze  extremely 
brilliant.  Undoubtedly  part  of  a  large  vase,  as  the  murex  is  far  larger  than  is  usual. 

Various  Designs. 

35.  Rim  of  bowl.  Series  of  parallel  zigzags,  decreasing  in  size  towards  the  base.  Cf.  Myh 
Vas.  xxx.  273. 

36.  (  freenish  clay.  The  design  cannot  be  reconstructed.  The  nearest  similarity  lies  in  two 
fragments  of  Class  IV.  {Myh.  Vas.  xxxvn.  378,  379),  and  it  is  possible  that  we  may  have  here 
as  there  the  combination  of  a  spiral  and  a  ray. 

37  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  same  vase.  Net  ornament.  Cf.  Myh.  Vas.  xx.  146. 

38.  The  same. 

39.  Rim  of  bowl.  Undoubtedly  a  suggestion  of  a  guilloche.  Cf.  Myh.  Vas.  xxxiv.  337  ; 
xix.  134. 

40.  Rim  of  bowl.  Probably  a  design  similar  to  Myh.  Vas.  xxx.  280. 

41.  Rim  of  bowl.  Cf.  Myh.  Vas.  xxxi.  288. 

42.  Fine  red  clay,  with  whitish  slip,  red  brown  decoration.  Similar  pattern  to  37,  save  that 
a  cross  is  placed  at  each  corner  of  the  mesh. 

43.  Similar  clay  and  slip.  Half  circle  at  corner  of  each  mesh. 

CLASS  III.,  DIVISION  2. 

Class  III.  2  forms  the  bulk  of  all  Mycenaean  pottery,  no  matter  where  found. 
Though  the  largest  class  of  all,  it  is,  as  a  whole,  uninteresting  save  in  regard  to  its 
bearing  on  contemporary  art.  There  is  little  exercise  of  skill  on  the  part  of  the 
potters,  who  seem  to  have  been  contented  to  turn  out  large  numbers  of  vases  varying 
little  in  form  or  decoration. 

The  class  differs  principally  from  its  predecessor  in  that  the  quality  as  a  whole  is 
decidedly  inferior.  The  clay  is  coarser  and  not  so  carefully  cleaned,  varying  in  shade, 
red  and  yellow  predominating.  The  decoration  is  of  many  colors,  the  different  shades 
of  red  and  brown  being  the  favorites.  The  paint  also  is  of  a  very  inferior  quality,  and 
on  many  vases  has  almost  entirely  faded.  The  glaze  is  generally  dull,  and  never  reaches 
that  lustrousness  so  characteristic  of  the  preceding  class. 

In  the  arrangement  of  the  fragments,  the  order  adopted  by  Furtwangler  and 

Gaz.  Arch.  1879,  pi.  xxvii.,  also  in  Myk.  Vas.  ix.  56. 


1 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASS  III.,  DIVISION  2 


83 


Loeschcke  has  been  followed,  since  the  general  succession  of  our  fragments  differs  in 
no  great  degree  from  that  of  other  Mycenaean  fragments.  Only  a  few  of  the  Heraeum 
fragments  are  here  presented,  but  they  illustrate  all  the  principal  types  and  the  gen¬ 
eral  development  of  the  ornamentation. 

The  condition  of  the  fragments  was  extremely  had.  Out  of  the  whole  class  we 
succeeded  in  reconstructing  only  three  vases,  one  of  which  coming  from  a  small  tomb 
had  almost  all  the  fragments  preserved.  Another  half  dozen  had  about  half  their 
fragments  remaining,  and  twenty  or  more  were  represented  by  perhaps  a  dozen  frag¬ 
ments  apiece.  More  than  a  hundred  were  represented  by  from  two  to  five  fragments 
apiece.  What  the  total  number  of  vases  represented  by  the  fragments  was,  is  impos¬ 
sible  to  say,  as  no  calculation  can  come  near  the  truth  ;  the  number  certainly  ran 
into  the  thousands.  As  a  rule  where  several  fragments  from  the  same  vase  were  forth¬ 
coming,  only  one  or  two  are  here  given,  unless  the  scheme  of  ornamentation  was  not 
plain.  As  so  many  cases  occurred  where  fragments  of  identically  the  same  clay  and 
technique  clearly  belonged  to  different  vases,  the  relation  of  several  fragments  to  one 
vase  has  been  ignored,  unless  their  common  origin  was  clearly  shown  by  a  joining  or 
otherwise. 

The  field  in  which  our  fragments  lie  is  practically  covered  by  plates  xvn.-xxxv. 
of  the  Mykenische  Vasen.  The  fragments  corresponding  to  plates  xxv.  and  xxvi.  we 
have  already  assigned  to  Class  II.  2.  It  has  proved  impossible  in  all  cases  to  follow 
Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke’s  arrangement  exactly,  and  such  variations  as  are  introduced 
are  justified  by  the  demand  of  the  particular  frag¬ 
ments  under  discussion.  I  have  endeavored  to 
discuss  the  natural  sequence  of  the  ornamentation, 

i.  e.  to  treat  the  conventionalizing;  of  naturalistic 
motives  first  and  the  linear  ones  last,  since  we 
find  the  Mycenaean  style  as  a  whole  passing  from 
linear  to  naturalistic  motives  and  through  the 


conventionalizing  of  the  latter,  receding  to  linear 
themes  again,  as  illustrated  by  Class  IV. 

Fig.  13.  Amphora,  from  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  45  ; 
height,  0.33  m. ;  diameter  of  opening,  0.105  m. 

Reddish  clay,  with  yellow  slip  and  dull  black 
decoration.  From  a  grave  back  of  the  peribolos 
wall  above  the  South  Stoa.  Small  part  of  vase  re¬ 
stored  in  plaster. 

This  was  the  only  vase  which  allowed  a  fairly 
complete  reconstruction.  The  ornamentation  is 
similar  to  that  of  the  amphora  in  Myk.  Vas. 
xxvi.  223,  save  that  the  central  design  and  the  buds  of  the  flower  are  treated  in  a 
slightly  different  fashion. 

PLATE  LIII. 


Fig.  13. 


Flower  Buds. 

1.  Rim  and  handle  of  bowl.  The  bud  has  here  been  cut  in  half, 
this  vase  was  found. 

2.  Flower  buds  in  series.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxvi.  218,  220. 

3.  Flower  bud  and  diamond.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxvui.  24(3. 


Another  smaller  fragment  of 


84 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Circles ,  Diamonds ,  etc. 

4.  Circle  ;  dotted  row  outside.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxvm.  229. 

5.  Same  ;  dotted  row  inside. 

6.  Handle  of  bowl.  Same  as  4,  with  addition  of  central  dot  to  the  circle.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas. 
xxvm.  237. 

7.  Rosette  in  simplest  form. 

8.  Lozenge  with  central  cross  ;  similar  to  Myk.  Vus.  xxvm.  240,  save  for  omission  of  outside 
lines. 

9.  Diamond  chain.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  ill.  18. 

10.  Diamond,  diagonals  inside.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxix.  256. 

11.  Diamond  circle  in  centre. 

Spiral  Forms  and  their  Development. 

12.  Rim  of  bowl.  Another  bowl  of  precisely  similar  form  and  decoration  is  in  the  Louvre, 
Room  A,  left  hand  window  case  (no  number  given).  Spiral  in  its  most  elementary  form. 

13.  Spirals  in  chain,  simplest  form.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxvm.  242. 

Fig.  14.  Jug  with  spout  and  one  handle.  Height,  0.135  m.  Pale  yellow  clay,  with  greenish 

slip,  faded  black  decoration.  Row  of  spirals  unconnected. 
For  form,  cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xi.  66. 

This  jug  was  labeled  as  coming  from  the  same 
tomb  as  the  four  small  vases  of  the  “  dull  ”  finish 
mentioned  on  p.  74.  Professor  Waldstein  informs 
me  that  the  label  is  wrong,  as  a  photograph  of  the 
tomb  shows  only  the  four  vases  already  referred 
to.  It  is  probable  that  this  jug  comes  from  the 
same  tomb  as  Fig.  13. 

14.  The  same.  Introduction  of  ornament  (semicircle) 
in  field.  Similar  to  Myk.  Vas.  xxvini.  245,  save  that 
here  the  ornament  is  unconnected  with  the  spiral. 

15.  The  same  ;  greenish  clay,  with  faded  decoration. 

16.  The  same ;  ornament  resembling  an  E  reversed. 
Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxii.  312. 

17.  Two  semicircles  in  field.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxm.  319. 

18.  Double  row  of  spirals,  alternating. 

19.  Similar  arrangement  of  spirals  to  that  of  our  amphora  (Fig.  13).  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxix. 
256. 

20.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxix.  253.  Several  other  fragments  of  this  bowl  were  found.  Its  chief 
peculiarity  lies  in  the  greenish  yellow  slip  of  the  exterior.  The  decoration  is  considerably  faded. 
Though  no  fragments  fitted  each  other,  it  is  plain  that  the  scheme  of  decoration  was  a  row  of 
spirals,  the  loops  curving  upwards  and  unconnected. 

21.  Rim  of  bowl.  Reddish  clay  and  red  brown  decoration. 

22.  Yellowish  clay,  pale  slip.  Stripe  on  inside.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxix.  255. 

23.  SI  loulder  of  three-handled  vase.  Double  row  of  spirals. 

24.  From  a  cup  of  precisely  similar  form  and  decoration  to  one  from  Nauplia.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas. 
xxi.  150,  p.  146  ;  also  xxxii.  302. 

25.  Rim  of  bowl ;  dull  red  glaze  on  interior.  Undoubtedly  same  shape  and  design  as  Myk. 
Vas.  xv.  93. 

26.  Clay  of  a  bright  brick  red  color.  Whether  the  floral  or  marine  influence  is  most  prominent 
here  is  hard  to  say,  as  the  movement  strongly  suggests  the  arms  of  a  polyp.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas. 
xvn.  110. 

27.  Handle  with  spirals.  Introduction  of  swastikas. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  FLOWER  PATTERNS 


85 


Flower  Patterns. 

The  flower  pattern  in  Mycenaean  art  is  one  of  the  earliest  motives ;  we  have  already 
found  it  in  Class  II.  2  (cf.  Plate  LI I.  6  and  7),  and  similar  though  not  identical  plants 
may  be  found  on  the  sword-blades  from  Mycenae.1  A  comparison  of  our  fragments 
with  those  in  Myk.  Van.  xxx.  shows  many  points  of  similarity,  but  the  progression 
towards  conventionalization  mentioned  by  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke  (p.  60)  can  hardly 
be  seen  here,  since  in  none  of  our  fragments  is  the  drawing  of  the  pistils,  seed-bags,  and 
leaves  at  all  apparent,  and  all  our  fragments  have  arrived  at  the  conventional  stage. 
The  pseud-amphora  is  the  commonest  form,  though  many  fragments  of  bowls  like  Myk. 
Vas.  xxx.  276,  were  found. 

28.  Shoulder  of  pseud-amphora.  Two  clays  together,  pale  red  inside,  dark  red  outside,  with  a 
bright  yellow  slip.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xviil.  124  ;  xxx.  266. 

29.  The  same. 

30.  From  belly  of  a  bowl.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  viii.  48  ;  xxi.  157. 

31.  Rim  of  bowl.  Several  other  fragments  found.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xvm.  122. 

32.  Similar  design. 

33.  Similar  design.  Top  of  flower  ends  in  a  loop.  Several  other  fragments  from  the  same 
vase  were  found. 

34.  The  zigzag  corona  of  the  flower  now  stands  by  itself.  This  is  one  of  the  commonest 
motives,  and  may  be  found  on  dozens  of  our  fragments.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  ix.  51. 

35.  Series  of  zigzags  used  as  border  lines. 

36  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase  ;  another  smaller  fragment  was  also  found. 
Brick  red  clay,  probably  burnt.  The  zigzag  pattern  is  used  almost  exclusively,  and  suggests  a 
transition  style  to  the  geometric.  The  half  circles  as  ornaments  in  field  are  used  in  similar  fashion 
to  the  “  Running  Dog  ”  pattern.  Cf.  Flinders  Petrie,  Tel-el-Amarna ,  xxvil.  41-43  ;  Myk.  Vas. 
xv.  96. 

37.  Flower  branch.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  286. 

PLATE  LIV. 

Flower  Branches. 

1.  Simple  form.  Dotted  row  above  and  below  corona. 

2.  Flower  branch  similar  to  Plate  IV.  No.  32,  corona  of  zigzags.  In  field  toothed  wheel. 

3.  Similar  treatment  to  No.  1. 

4.  Interior  dotted  row  omitted. 

5.  Similar  to  No.  1.  Clay  burnt  to  a  dark  gray. 

6.  Lower  part  in  form  of  two  spirals  curved  like  volutes. 

7.  Waving  branch  to  each  side,  probably  as  an  imitation  of  a  palm-tree.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas. 

xxxi.  293. 

8.  Top  arranged  in  triple  form,  half  circles  unconnected. 

9.  Part  of  large  bowl.  Triple  arrangement  of  corona,  in  elaborate  form,  combined  with  the 
murex.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  298,  p.  61.  Whether  the  murex  is  paired  or  single  cannot  be 
told  with  certainty,  but  probably  the  former  case  is  true.  This  combination  is  a  common  feature 
on  vases  of  this  class. 

10.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xi.  72.  Similar,  but  not  as  elaborate. 

11.  Half  a  dozen  other  fragments  of  almost  identical  clay  and  technique  were  found.  Those 
fragments,  however,  had  different  motives,  and  it  seems  impossible  that  so  many  different  themes 
should  be  combined  on  one  vase.  Hence  no  reconstruction  was  attempted.  The  arrangement  of 
the  motive  here  is  clearly  connected  with  the  flower  branch  just  discussed. 

12.  For  the  scroll  ornament  cf.  Schliemann,  Mykenae,  p.  291,  fig.  369,  Jahrb.  II.  (1887).  p.  55. 

1  Athen.  Mitt.  VII.  (1882),  p.  245,  pi.  viii.  ;  cf.  also  the  wall  paintings  from  Therasia.  Myk.  Fas.  xii.  73,  74. 


86 


TIIE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Murex ,  or  Purple  Fish  Patterns. 

The  murex  pattern  is  generally  arranged  in  series  of  single  ones,  or  pairs,  the  tops 
touching  the  border  of  the  rim  of  the  vase.  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke’s  statement,1 
“  das  Ornament  wird  besonders  haiifig  an  Bechern  und  Napfen  verwendet,  docli  nur  an 
solchen  deren  Innenseite  ungefirnisst  ist,”  is  not  correct,  since  on  several  of  the  Heraeum 
fragments,  with  glaze  on  the  interior,  was  this  ornament  found. 

13.  Side  of  a  large  bowl,  form  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  297,  about  30  cm.  in  diameter.  Height 
cannot  be  determined,  but  it  was  probably  the  same  as  the  diameter.  The  clay  is  of  a  warm  yellow, 
but  with  a  tinge  of  red  and  yellow  slip.  Decoration  changes  from  black  to  brown  and  dark  red. 
Muriees  in  single  series.  Several  other  fragments  of  same  vase  were  found. 

14  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  kylix,  yellow  clay.  Murexes  in  single  series,  rosette  under 
handle.  Several  other  fragments  of  same  vase  were  found. 

15.  Rim  of  bowl.  Simple  murex  combined  with  another  diagonally.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  vi.  30. 

16.  Murex  laid  diagonally.  Dark  red  glaze  on  interior. 

17.  Murex  arranged  diagonally.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  vm.  47.  Dotted  circle  inside  head  of  murex. 

18.  Murex  laid  horizontally.  Brilliant  dark  red  glaze  on  interior. 

19.  Rim  of  large  bowl.  Dotted  circle  outside  head  of  murex.  The  zigzag  pattern  at  the  side 
is  curious  and  suggests  the  imitation  inscriptions  found  on  black-figured  work.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas. 
xv.  96,  xx.  146,  xxi.  154. 

20.  Muriees  in  pairs,  points  curving  outwards.  Dotted  circle  between  the  pairs.  This  varia¬ 
tion  where  the  points  curve  outwards,  and  the  pair  combined  in  single  form,  is  extremely  rare. 
Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  pi.  xxii.  1),  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  299. 

21.  Alternate  murex  and  pistil. 

22.  Reddish  clay,  brown  decoration.  This  ornament  is  probably  a  development  of  the  murex 
pattern. 

Linear  and  Textile  Patterns. 

The  conventionalization  of  the  pictorial  ornaments  now  leads  to  a  steady  employment 
of  linear  and  textile  patterns.  Whether  the  latter  are  really  drawn  from  those  used 
in  embroideries  is  impossible  to  say.‘J 

23.  E  rom  a  bowl  of  precisely  the  same  form  and  decoration  as  Myk.  Vas.  xxxii.  306,  save 
that  here  the  lozenges  of  the  upper  row  are  double  instead  of  triple  in  form. 

24.  Alternating  larger  and  smaller  arches.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxii.  308. 

25.  The  arches  are  bounded  above  and  below  by  circles. 

26.  Small  arches  in  series. 

27.  F  rom  a  large  bowl.  Suggestion  of  a  guilloche.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  in.  21. 

28.  The  ornaments  in  field  here  consist  of  circles  whose  diameter  is  broken.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas. 
xxxii.  313.  Perhaps  a  representation  of  a  mussel-shell  open.  Cf.  B.  C.  H.  II.  pi.  xv.  10. 

29.  Similar,  with  the  addition  of  a  smaller  circle  inside  the  larger  one. 

30.  Orn  ament  resembling  a  reversed  E  surrounded  by  semicircle.  Cf.  Plate  LV.  16  ;  Myk. 
Vas.  xxxii.  304,  307,  312.  Perhaps  the  half  of  a  mussel-shell;  cf.  Myk.  Vas.  p.  61,  No.  304. 

The  principle  in  the  following  fragments  seems  to  be  the  division  of  the  vase  into 
a  series  of  metope-like  squares  by  vertical  lines,  the  vacant  spaces  being  filled  by  natural 
ornaments  conventionalized  or  else  textile  motives. 

31.  Simplest  form  of  design.  Series  of  semicircles  back  to  back  separated  by  a  series  of  lines, 
not  quite  vertical. 

32.  Similar  decoration.  Outer  vertical  lines  bounded  by  series  of  loops,  which  is  one  of  the 
commonest  motives  at  this  time. 


1  Myk.  Vas.  p.  61,  No.  297. 


2  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  p.  62. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  LINEAR  AND  TEXTILE  PATTERNS 


87 


33.  Semicircles  almost  contiguous.  Between  the  vertical  lines,  series  of  parallel  zigzags.  Cf. 
Myk.  Vas.  xxxm.  317. 

34.  Double  semicircles  in  upper  right-hand  corner  with  central  dots.  Cf.  No.  29. 

35.  Vertical  lines  interlaced  by  diagonal  lines. 

36.  Double  semicircles,  large  and  small.  Herring-bone  pattern  between  the  vertical  lines. 
Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxm.  318. 

37.  Three  double  semicircles  bounded  by  mussel  ornament  in  series. 

38.  Interior  semicircle  in  loop  form.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxm.  324. 

39.  Dull  brown  glaze  on  interior.  Square  divided  into  four  triangles  by  diagonals,  with  arcs. 
Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxm.  316. 

40.  The  same  ;  double  semicircles  in  each  triangle. 

41.  Diamond  in  square,  divided  by  double  semicircles  into  three  sections.  Another  smaller 
fragment  from  the  same  vase  was  found.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  I.  5,  xv.  99,  xxxiv.  345. 

PLATE  LV. 

1.  Reddish  clay  with  darker  core,  plastic  mouldings  on  upper  and  lower  edges.  Form  uncer¬ 
tain,  but  probably  that  of  a  three-liandled  pyxis  with  rounded  base,  as  in  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  34. 
Ornament  a  variation  of  the  “  Running- 
Dog  ”  pattern  (see  below)  growing  out  of 
the  loops  already  mentioned.  Perhaps  the 
ornament  may  have  been  intended  for  a 
guilloche.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxiv.  347. 

2.  Similar  clay,  but  from  rim  of  a  bowl. 

Perpendicular  loop  pattern,  the  ends  car¬ 
ried  out  to  a  point  (as  in  No.  1)  with 
rosette  in  field. 

Fig.  15.  Bowl.  Form,  Myk.  Vas. 
xxxm.  328 ;  height,  0.104  m. ;  diame¬ 
ter,  0.145  m.  Light  red  clay,  with  warm 
yellow-  slip,  circular  bands  on  interior.  Sim¬ 
ilar  decoration  on  both  sides,  three  perpen¬ 
dicular  series  of  lines,  the  outer  inclosing  a  lieri-ing-bone  pattern,  the  central  one  zigzags  with  a 
dotted  semicircle  on  each  side.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxm.  327,  330.  Numerous  other  fragments  of 
precisely  this  scheme  of  ornamentation  were  found. 

3.  Rim  of  bowl,  reddish  yellow  clay,  continuous  zigzag  between  the  perpendiculars  and  dotted 
rosettes.  Good  technique. 

4.  The  ornament  is  probably  a  variation  of  the  palm-tree  (cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxi.  296).  I 
have  been  unable  to  find  another  instance  exactly  similar.  Lozenge  chain  introduced  between 
the  perpendiculars.  Another  small  fragment  of  the  vase  was  also  found. 

5.  Exactly  the  same  clay  and  technique  as  Plate  LIV.  11,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  belongs 
to  the  same  vase.  The  herring-bone,  as  on  Plate  LIII.  34,  is  here  introduced. 

6.  Herring-bone  between  the  verticals ;  one  of  the  commonest  Mycenaean  motives.  Cf.  Myk. 
Vas.  xxxiv.  336. 

7.  Lozenge  chain  between  the  verticals  as  on  4. 

8.  Continuous  zigzag  between  the  verticals  as  on  3. 

9.  The  zigzags  are  here  separated.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxiv.  340.  A  common  motive. 

10.  The  same,  broader  lines,  verticals  in  pairs. 

11.  The  same,  verticals  in  pairs,  closer  together. 

12.  The  lines  between  the  verticals  are  here  treated  as  on  2. 

13.  Interlacing  diagonal  lines  between  the  verticals.  This  form  of  decoration  is  especially 
characteristic  of  the  shoulder  decoration  on  pseud-amplioras,  or  three-handled  vases.  Cf.  Myk. 
Vas.  xxn.  159. 


Fig.  15. 


88 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


14.  “  Running  Dog  ”  and  scale  patterns.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xix.  136  ;  xx.  146. 

15.  Red  glaze  on  interior.  Dotted  scale  pattern.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  x.  62  ;  Schliemann,  Mykenae , 
pi.  xiii.  63  ;  Dumont  and  Chaplain,  Cer.  pi.  iii.  19. 

16.  Scale  pattern  with  dotted  cii’cles.  Similar  in  character  to  Myk.  Vas.  xi.  70. 

17.  The  same,  double  lines  to  each  scale.  Cf.  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  fig.  36. 

18.  Scales  in  branch  form.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  vi.  32  ;  xi.  70. 

19.  Rim  of  bowl,  another  fragment  from  the  same  vase  also  found.  Parallels  inclosing  cross 
lines  meeting  at  an  obtuse  angle. 

20.  Lozenge  chain  laid  horizontally.  Cf.  No.  7. 

21.  The  same,  chain  bounded  by  an  outer  line  on  each  side. 

22.  Similar  to  21,  the  interior  pattern  a  “  Running  Dog.”  Another  fragment  of  the  same  vase 
also  found. 

It  is  very  probable  that  in  21  and  22  a  guilloche  was  represented.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xxxiv.  328 ; 
Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  pi.  xxvi.  c. 

23.  “Running  Dog”  pattern.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xvm.  131. 

24.  Probably  the  same  pattern.  The  ends,  however,  do  not  overlap.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xv.  96. 

25.  “  Running  Dog  ”  pattern,  simplest  form. 

26.  The  same,  double  pattern  arranged  vertically. 

27.  Probably  a  development  of  24.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xv.  96  ;  xxi.  154. 

It  is  well  to  consider  here  the  line  decoration,  or  linear  principle,  which  runs  all  through 
My  cenaean  decoration  from  the  earliest  times.  The  examples  here  cited  (Plate  LV.) 
ought  strictly  to  fall  in  several  of  the  classes  already  considered ;  but  as  this  linear  prin¬ 
ciple  has  a  peculiar  bearing  on  later  periods,  especially  the  Argive  style,  it  is  best  to 
treat  these  fragments  for  a  moment  in  one  special  class.  Only  those  fragments  have 
been  selected  which  afford  an  example  of  fine  line  decoration  ;  fragments  of  large  vases 
with  broad  lines  as  their  only  decoration  were  extremely  common. 

Though  some  line  decoration  occurs  on  almost  every  vase  of  the  Mycenaean  epoch,  it 
is  only  during  this  period,  when  Class  III.  flourishes,  that  we  find  the  steady  employ¬ 
ment  of  the  fine  as  well  as  the  heavy  line,  used  chiefly  on  vases  of  the  pseud- 
amphora  type.  The  shoulders  of  such  vases  are  generally  filled  with  various  motives, 
hut  from  the  shoulder  to  the  base  the  vase  is  ornamented  with  a  series  of  parallel  lines, 
heavy  and  fine.  Such  fragments  were  extremely  common  at  the  Heraeum.  Their  rela¬ 
tion  to  vases  of  the  Argive  style  will  be  more  fully  discussed  in  chapter  iv. 

28.  Lower  part  of  funnel-shaped  vase,  of  the  so-called  “  Ialysos  ”  type.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  vn. 
42  ;  xi.  71.  The  opening  runs  the  whole  length  of  the  vase.  Fragments  of  such  vases  were 
fairly  common  at  the  Heraeum,  and  as  far  as  could  be  seen  the  only  form  of  decoration  on  them 
was  linear. 

29.  Belly  of  pseud-amphora. 

30.  Base  of  pseud-amphora. 

31.  F  rom  shoulder  of  pseud-amphora.  On  shoulder  traces  of  a  flower  pattern  similar  to  Plate 
LI II.  28.  The  central  lines  are  bordered  by  a  loop  pattern,  in  series. 

32.  The  same.  The  spirals  are  treated  in  a  more  naturalistic  fashion,  which,  combined  with 
the  excellent  technique,  would  seem  to  denote  its  standing  between  Classes  II.  2  and  III.  1. 

There  still  remain  several  kinds  of  vases  to  he  mentioned,  which,  to  judge  by  technique 
and  style,  are  certainly  not  older  than  Class  III.  2,  and  most  probably  belong  to  it. 

Vases  of  a  reddish  yellow  clay,  carefully  polished,  but  without  decoration.  Frag¬ 
ments  of  these  vases  were  numerous  and  filled  several  baskets.  Some  specimens  were 
found  in  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  (see  p.  91).  Only  a  few  vases  could  he  restored  from  the 
fragments,  and  represent  mostly  kylixes  and  amphoras. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASS  IY 


89 


Another  series,  which  seems  to  belong  to  a  separate  class,  was  formed  by  fragments 
exactly  similar  to  the  one-handled  cups  from  the  Bee-Hive  tomb.  (Cf.  Fig.  32.)  The 
clay  is  generally  fine,  red  or  yellow  in  color,  with  a  brilliant  glaze,  the  rims  and  feet 
being  ornamented  with  bands.  The  body  of  the  vase  is  covered  with  a  decoration  hard 
to  describe ;  it  seems  as  if  the  color  had  been  sprayed  on  the  surface  of  the  vase. 
Whether  this  is  the  same  technique  exhibited  by  the  vases  from  Aliki  (Myk.  Vas. 
xviii.  119,  125),  I  cannot  say ;  it  is  not  common,  and  thus  far  the  only  similar  speci¬ 
mens  I  have  been  able  to  note  are  from  the  Acropolis  at  Athens  and  Aegina.  Just 
what  position  they  occupy  in  the  Mycenaean  style  is  doubtful,  but  the  several  points  of 
technique,  clay,  glaze,  and  color  would  seem  to  assign  them  to  Class  III.  in  the  first 
division  rather  than  the  second. 

Of  the  class  of  small,  hand-made  vases,  mentioned  in  Myk.  Vas.  p.  63,  the  Heraeum 
furnished  one  intact  (Fig.  16)  and  numerous  fragments  of  others.  This  is  a  one-handled 
jug  (height,  0.065  m.)  of  light  reddish  clay, 
with  yellow  slip,  the  decoration  varying  be¬ 
tween  black  and  red.  Cf.  Myk.  Vas.  xv.  101, 

102,  xvi.  108  ;  Schliemann,  Mycenae,  p.  66, 

No.  27. 

Another  vase  belonging  to  Class  III.  is  Fig. 

17  ;  height,  0.06  m. ;  diameter,  0.051  m.  Two 
legs  and  handle  restored.  Greenish  clay,  with 
black  bands  on  body  and  legs,  dots  on  rim. 

The  form  of  this  vase  is  identical  with  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  192,  save  that  the  legs  do 
not  turn  up  at  the  bottom.  Cf.  Jahrb.  I.  (1886),  p.  134,  fig.  3006. 

CLASS  IV. 

The  number  of  fragments  belonging  to  Class  IV.  is  very  small.  In  only  a  few  cases 
were  more  than  three  fragments  of  the  same  vase  found,  and  even  then  the  design  could 
not  always  be  reconstructed.  The  peculiar  fact  is  that  the  fragments  of  this  class  which 
we  possess  do  not  show  the  wealth  of  ornamentation  we  should  have  expected.  A  very 
slight  study  of  vases  belonging  to  this  class  from  other  localities  shows  that  it  is  thor¬ 
oughly  decadent,  with  a  wealth  of  ornamentation  linear  rather  than  pictorial  in  charac¬ 
ter.  The  Heraeum  fragments  show  this  linear  feature,  and  even  though  the  wealth  of 
ornamentation  be  lacking,  the  similarity  between  them  and  other  vases  of  the  class,  in 
decoration,  clay,  technique,  etc.,  is  strong  enough  to  warrant  our  placing  them  in  Class 
IV.  without  question. 

The  clay  of  all  our  fragments  of  this  class  is  much  coarser  than  in  the  previous  class, 
and  is  generally  greenish  in  tone.  The  color  has  lost  the  lustre  which  was  prominent 
before,  while  the  glaze  is  generally  dull  and  never  rises  to  the  level  of  that  of  Class  III. 
in  point  of  brilliancy.  Though  the  forms  of  the  vases  cannot  always  be  determined,  it  is 
safe  to  say  that  bowls  were  the  most  common.  It  may  also  be  stated  that  fragments 
of  this  class  which  belong  to  vases  with  large  openings  do  not  always  have  the  interior 
glazed  (Myk.  Vas.  p.  63),  or,  to  put  it  differently,  the  absence  of  glaze  on  the  backs  of 
large  fragments  of  bowls  is  no  proof  that  they  are  not  connected  with  Class  IV.  In  fact, 
among  the  Heraeum  fragments  of  this  class,  glaze  on  the  back  was  the  exception  rather 
than  the  rule. 

As  the  number  of  fragments  is  so  few,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  arrange  them  in 


90 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


chronological  order,  nor,  indeed,  could  any  satisfactory  classification  of  ornamentation  be 
found,  since  in  an  over-elaborate  style  like  Class  IV.  it  is  a  difficult  task,  when  dealing 
with  a  few  scattered  fragments,  to  evolve  any  definite  scheme.  In  the  main  the  order  is 
based  upon  plates  xxxv.  and  xxxvi.  of  the  Mykenische  Vasen. 

33.  Pattern  similar  to  Plate  L1V.  38.  Alternate  diamonds  in  the  interspaces  of  the  arches. 
Cf.  Mylc.  Vas.  xxxv.  351.  Two  other  fragments  of  the  same  vase  were  found. 

34.  From  side  of  bowl.  Greenish  clay.  Cf.  Mylc. 
Vas.  xxxv.  357. 

Fig.  18.  Half  of  bowl.  Form,  Mylc.  Vas. 
xxxiii.  318  ;  height  of  fragment,  0.069  m. ;  clay 
light  red,  with  warm  yellow  slip,  red  decoration 
fairly  brilliant.  Though  half  of  the  design  is  miss¬ 
ing,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  was  somewhat 
similar  to  Mylc.  Vas.  xxxi.  296,  with  a  lozenge  of 
interlaced  lines  on  either  side. 

Throughout  Class  IV.  the  “  Heraldic  ”  scheme 
or  “  Wappenstil  ”  plays  a  prominent  part  and  is  illustrated  by  several  of  our  fragments. 

35.  Similar  “  Heraldic  ”  scheme.  Band  on  interior  just  below  the  rim.  Cf.  Mylc.  Vas.  xli. 
424. 

36.  Similar  arrangement.  Continuation  of  design  to  a  circle  of  interlacing  lines. 

37.  Decoration  much  faded.  Evidently  a  development  of  Mylc.  Vas.  xxix.  256  ;  cf.  Mylc. 
Vas.  xxxv.  357. 

38.  Possibly  a  development  of  Mylc.  Vas.  xxxi.  296.  Though  dots  are  frequently  employed 
as  the  groundwork  of  a  design,  their  use  in  place  of  the  line  is  very  curious.  A  somewhat 
analogous  use  occurs  in  fragments  from  Tiryns.  (Cf.  below  No.  46.)  The  “Heraldic”  scheme 
suggests  Mylc.  Vas.  xxxv.  356. 

39.  Shoulder  of  pseud-amphora.  Ellipse  inclosing  series  of  zigzags. 

40.  Perhaps  similar  arrangement  to  Mylc.  Vas.  xxxvi.  376. 

41.  F  rom  a  bowl.  Band  below  rim  on  inside.  Similar  “  Heraldic  ”  scheme  to  Fig.  18. 

42.  From  a  large  vessel. 

43.  Reddish  clay,  fine  technique.  Elliptical  lines  inclosing  series  of  zigzags  curving  to  a  point. 

44  a-d.  Four  fragments  from  same  bowl.  Greenish  clay,  with  black  decoration.  The  arrange¬ 
ment  of  the  design  is  extremely  difficult  to  restore.  That  a  bird  was  intended  seems  fairly 
evident  if  a  (the  head)  be  compared  with  Mylc.  Vas.  xxxvi.  364,  and  c  (the  wing)  with 
xxxvi ii.  383.  Perhaps  like  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  pi.  x.  45. 

BIRDS,  ANIMALS,  ANI)  HUMAN  FIGURES. 

Though  the  use  of  figures,  animal  or  human,  is  one  of  the  later  innovations  of  the 
Mycenaean  style  and  a  characteristic  feature  of  Class  IV.,  all  vases  which  show  this  use 
do  not  necessarily  belong  to  that  class.  Such  figures  seem  to  have  been  introduced 
during  the  latter  period  of  Class  III.  Only  half  a  dozen  of  such  fragments  were  found 
at  the  Heraeum,  but  no  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  lack  of  such  fragments  is  forth¬ 
coming.  All  except  the  last  (No.  47)  belong  to  Class  III. 

45  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  vase.  Brick  red  clay,  with  dark  red  decoration. 
Two  birds,  somewhat  resembling  a  wild  duck,  are  represented.  Both  fragments  show  an  ex¬ 
tremely  advanced  style  of  technique  and  belong  to  Class  III. 

46.  Rear  part  of  base  of  the  well-known  “  Tiryns  ”  type.  The  legs  and  body  of  the  horse  are 
filled  in  by  dots  as  in  No.  38.  An  identical  use  may  be  found  in  a  fragment  from  Tiryns  (Schlie¬ 
mann,  Tiryns ,  pi.  xxi.  a). 

Fig.  19.  Fragment  of  a  large  bowl  of  34  cm.  in  diameter.  Height  of  fragment, 


Fig.  18. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  TIIE  BEE-HIVE  TOMBS 


91 


0.125  m.  ;  length,  0.22  m. ;  thickness  of  clay,  0.006  m.  Reddish  clay,  with  lighter  core  and  pale 

reddish  slip,  dull  red  decoration.  Upper  part  of  two  fishes 
represented.  Class  III. 

The  arrangement  of  fishes  in  a  symmetrical  series  with  a 
flower  branch  between  them  is  a  natural  characteristic  of  the 
third  class.  The  use  of  crosses  instead  of  dots  as  decoration 
for  the  body  is  quite  akin  to  that  on  plate  xi.  48  of  Schlie- 
mann’s  Mycenae.  A  similar  arrangement  may  be  noted  on  a 
lebes  from  Cyprus  in  the  British  Museum.  ( Excavations  in 
Cyprus,  p.  35,  fig.  66,  No.  1038.)  Cf.  also  Petrie,  Kahun , 
Gurob ,  and  Ilawara ,  pi.  xxviii.  9. 

Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration.  Lower  part  of  human  figure 


Fig.  19 

47  Base  of  a  bowl,, 
with  a  tree  or  branch. 


This  is  the  only  Mycenaean  fragment  from  the  Heraeum  on  which  the  human  figure 
occurred.  Its  treatment  is  somewhat  curious,  and  savors  more  of  those  figures  on  Geo¬ 
metric  vases.  However,  it  seems  doubtful  whether  any  Geometric  influence  can  lie  here 
recognized.. 

Fig,  20  (Form,  Myli.  Vas.  xliv.  63  ;  drawing  on  Plate  LXIV.  1.)  One-handled  jug  :  height, 
0.054  m.  Found  at  the  southeast  of  the  Second  Temple.  Yellow 
clay  and  slip  with  decoration  varying  from  black  to  red.  On  base 
rays,  and  figure  zone  on  the  body ;  another  figure  zone  on  the 
shoulder,  and  stripes  on  the  neck  and  rim.  Vertical  zigzag  on  the 
handle  between  two  perpendicular  lines.  Intact. 

This  vase  is  of  special  interest,  since  it  shows  the  transi¬ 
tion  between  the  Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles.  Clay  and 
technique  are  unmistakably  Mycenaean,  but  the  general 
scheme  of  decoration  savors  more  of  the  Argive  style, 
since  we  have  an  animal  zone  and  a  very  primitive  example 
of  a  ray  pattern  around  the  base. 

On  the  shoulder  are  represented  three  animals,  but  so 
rudely  drawn  that  it  is  impossible  to  identify  them.  They 
have  large  open  mouths,  three  projections  above,  which  may 
represent  ears  and  horns,  and  a  tail  almost  like  an  extra  let 
division.  Three  animals  precisely  similar  are  represented  on  the  main  zone,  inverted. 
This  inversion  gives  an  extremely  curious  effect,  as  the  animals  thus  resemble  boats  with 
their  sailors,  the  ray  pattern  serving  as  waves ;  but  it  is  plain  that  such  an  effect  is  acci¬ 
dental.  This  inversion  of  the  figures  is  paralleled  by  two  skyphoi  from  the  Heraeum 
(v.  p.  151),  and  does  not,  as  far  as  I  know,  occur  on  any  Mycenaean  vase. 

This  vase  has  been  assigned  to  the  Mycenaean  class  purely  on  technical  grounds,  for 
it  shows  so  perfectly  the  characteristics  of  both  the  Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles  that 
it  is  difficult  to  decide  to  which  class  it  really  belongs.  It  must  be  admitted  that  no 
animal  on  any  Mycenaean  vase  resembles  these  figures  in  any  way ;  but,  for  that  matter, 
no  similar  animal  can  be  found  on  any  Argive  vase. 


Fig.  20. 


Each  leg  ends  in  a  triple 


THE  BEE-HIYE  TOMBS  NEAR  THE  HERAEUM. 

Two  tombs  were  discovered  on  the  20th  and  23d  of  April,  1891.  Both  have  been 
described  in  the  previous  volume  of  this  publication,  and  consequently  there  is  no  need 
of  devoting  any  time  to  the  consideration  of  their  architectural  features.  The  contents 
of  these  tombs  was  as  follows  :  — 


92 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


TOMB  I.  TOMB  II. 

49  vases,  32  entirely  or  nearly  whole,  and  17  Fragments  of  vases, 
in  fragments.  4  steatite  whorls. 

3  terra-cotta  figurines.  1  red  agate  bead. 

1  terra-cotta  chair.  1  bronze  ring. 

1  island  stone. 

4  steatite  whorls. 

1  ivory  needle. 

Glass  beads. 


The  few  vase  fragments  from  the  second  tomb  were  mostly  undecorated,  and  per¬ 
mitted  no  reconstruction.  A  few  fragments  of  bones  were  also  found ;  but  in  the  main 
the  contents  of  the  tomb  are  not  worth  a  detailed  consideration. 

In  the  first  tomb  the  results  were  more  gratifying.  Three  layers  were  found,  the 
upper  containing  bones  and  four  vases  (mostly  cups),  at  a  depth  of  2.79  m. ;  the  second, 
which  contained  a  skull,  some  calcined  bones,  and  the  majority  of  the  vases  and  frag¬ 
ments,  at  a  depth  of  3.28  m.  Ten  cm.  below  the  second  came  the  last  layer,  which, 
besides  a  few  fragments  of  bones  and  a  cup  (No.  18),  contained  a  small  separate  grave 
near  the  entrance  of  the  dromos  (length,  1.26  m. ;  width,  0.45  m. ;  depth,  0.66  m.). 
Through  some  accident  during  the  transportation  to  Athens,  several  of  the  labels  were 
lost,  and  it  is  now  impossible,  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  vases  or  fragments,  to  decide 
from  which  layer  they  came. 

The  classes  represented  were  II.  2  and  III.  2.  No  specimens  which  showed  the 
advanced  technique  of  III.  1  were  found,  nor  were  there  any  rough  pieces  which  could 
belong  to  II.  1.  At  the  same  time  there  appears  to  have  been  no  distinction  in  the 
matter  of  layers,  since  vases  of  both  classes  were  scattered  about  in  each  layer.  Certain 
it  is,  however,  that  all  these  vases  are  products  of  the  same  period. 

The  shapes  represented  were  as  follows :  — 


11  jugs  with  handle. 

2  jugs  with  handle  and  spout. 
9  three-handled  vases. 

G  amphoras. 

3  cups. 


9  cups  with  handle. 

4  kylixes. 

1  pseud-amphora. 

4  vases,  represented  by  fragments,  but  not 
permitting  a  complete  restoration. 


Jugs  with  Handle. 


Fig.  21. 


1.  Height,  0.207  in.  Form,  Mgh.  Vas.  xliv.  63.  Coarse 
reddish  clay,  without  any  decoration.  Base  of  handle  pierced 
by  a  hole.  Intact ;  first  layer. 


Fig.  22. 


Two  more  jugs  (height,  0.235 
m.  and  0.22  m.)  were  found  in 
the  second  layer,  of  precisely  simi¬ 
lar  form  and  technique.  Both  had 
a  small  hole  at  the  base  of  the 
handle. 

2.  Height,  0.155  m.  Similar 
shape  to  1,  but  with  handle  a  lit¬ 
tle  more  flaring.  Reddish  clay, 
with  a  highly  polished  yellow  slip, 
without  any  decoration. 


Half  of  another  vase  of  same  form  and  technique  was  found. 

3.  (Fig.  21.)  Height,  0.103  m.  Same  form  as  1.  Red  clay,  with  herring-bone  pattern  in  a 
series  of  four  on  the  shoulder  in  red  brown. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  THE  BEE-HIVE  TOMB 


93 


Another  jug  precisely  similar,  but  with  spirals  on  the  shoulder  and  plastic  boss  under  the  handle 
was  also  found. 

4.  (Fig.  29.)  Height,  0.078  rn.  Handle  missing.  Form  similar  to  1,  but  rather  more  rounded 
and  squat  in  appearance.  Reddish  clay,  with  black  decoration  laid  on  very  thickly  and  cracked  in 
places.  Bands  and  continuous  spiral  chain  on  the  shoulder,  with  dots  in  the  field. 

Another  similar  jug  with  leaf  pattern  on  shoulder  was  found. 

5.  (Fig.  23  a  and  6.)  Height,  0.074  m. ;  diameter  of  cover,  0.075  m.  One-handled  vase  with 
cover.  Form  similar  to  Myk.  Vas. 
xliv.  115,  except  that  here  the 
foot  is  lacking.  Coarse  red  clay, 
with  dark  core  pierced  by  two  rows 
of  holes,  with  a  single  row  in  the 
cover.  The  use  of  this  peculiar  ves¬ 
sel  has  never  been  satisfactorily  ex¬ 
plained  ;  similar  examples  have  been 
found  at  Troy  in  the  fourth  city 
(Schliemann,  llios,  p.  557,  fig.  11, 

96),  and  at  Ialysos.  ( Myk .  Vas.  n.  15.)  According  to  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke  these  ves¬ 
sels  were  used  to  burn  incense  or  some  sweet-smelling  powder  for  sanitary  reasons,  and  this  expla¬ 
nation  seems  very  plausible,  especially  as  we  find  the  cover  also  pierced  with  holes. 

Amphoras. 

Form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  44,  except  for  a  slight  variation  in  the 
foot.  Coarse  brick  red  clay  without  decoration.  The  exterior 
has  been  entirely  covered  with  a  white  wash,  almost  entirely 
worn  away. 

The  principal  feature  of  this  amphora  lies  in  the  white  wash. 
This,  as  is  shown  by  many  of  our  fragments,  was  a  very  common 
feature,  and  half  a  dozen  baskets  are  filled  with  fragments 
showing  it.  Generally  it  seems  to  be  employed  on  vases  of 
coarse  clay,  large  pithoi  or  small  wheel-made  saucers.  AYhile 
this  technique  is  employed  very  often  on  Mycenaean  terra-cotta 
figurines  and  later  vases  (e.  g.  the  white  lekytlioi),  it  is  ex¬ 
tremely  rare  on  archaic  vases  (two  in  Berlin,  1309,  1629),  and 
I  know  of  no  other  instance  in  the  Mycenaean  style.  From  its 
frequency  in  our  fragments,  it  may  perhaps  be  considered  as  a 
local  fashion. 

Another  small  amphora  (height,  0.09  m.)  similar  in  shape,  of 
yellowish  clay  with  a  reddish  tinge,  but  without  the  white  wash,  was  found  in  the  second  layer. 

7.  (Fig.  25.)  Height,  0.105  m.  Light  red  clay,  with 
yellow  slip.  Faded  black  glaze  over  all,  inside  and  out¬ 
side  (except  base). 

This  vase  differs  from  the  ordinary  Mycenaean  am¬ 
phora  in  that  the  handles  have  no  connection  with  the 
mouth  of  the  vase.  The  absence  of  all  decoration  and 
the  presence  of  the  glaze  proves  that  a  large  part  of  the 
glazed  fragments  which  the  Heraeum  furnished  must 
be  placed  in  the  Mycenaean  period. 

8.  Height,  0.07  m. ;  form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  73. 

Yellow  clay,  with  red  decoration  very  much  faded. 

Second  layer. 

This  vase  was  identical  with  Myk.  Vas.  x.  64,  xv. 

99,  except  that  around  the  shoulder  ran  a  series  of 
ornaments  similar  to  Plate  LV.  24. 


6.  (Fig.  24.)  Height,  0.17  m. 


Fig.  24. 


Fig.  25. 


94 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Three-handled  Vases. 

Three  varieties  were  found :  (a)  form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  25,  tall  with  wide  opening; 
(b)  form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  32  ;  (c)  form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  33. 


a. 


9.  (Fig.  26.)  Height,  0.213  m.  Reddish  clay,  with  black  decoration  turning  to  dark  red. 
One  handle  missing.  Three  pairs  of  spirals  on  shoulder,  separated  by  the  handles  and  bands, 

heavy  and  fine.  Second  layer. 

The  form  of  this  vase  does  not  quite  correspond  to  Myk. 
T  as.  xliv.  25,  as  the  mouth  is  a  little  wider  and  the  foot 
less  pronounced  ;  it  lies  between  forms  25  and  27.  When  found 
it  was  completely  full  of  ashes,  which  are  probably  human. 

The  upper  part  of  a 
similar  vase,  but  much 
smaller,  was  also  found. 
Shoulder  decoration, 
interlaced  lines. 


Fig.  26. 


Fig.  27. 


tern  similar  to  Plate  Eli.  6,  with  dotted  rosettes  in  field, 
with  a  wave  pattern  and  series  of  radiating  lines  on  base.  The 
decoration  varies  from  black  to  red  brown. 

11.  (  Fig.  28.)  Height,  0.05  m.  ;  diameter,  0.185  m. ;  diam¬ 
eter  of  opening,  0.085  m.  On  shoulder  three  fishes.  Usual 
decoration  of  bands  in  dark  brown.  First  layer. 

Four  more  vases  of  this  type  were  found  varying  in  height 
from  38  to  84  cm.  The  decoration  was  the  same  in  all,  a 
wave  pattern  on  the  shoulder  similar  to  Myk.  Vas.  vm.  45. 


Bands  on 


10.  (Fig. 27.)  Height, 
0.098  m.  ;  diameter, 
0.172  m. ;  diameter  of 
opening,  0.098  m.  On 
shoulder  flower  pat- 
base,  the  upper  joined 


Fig.  28. 


c. 


12.  Height,  0.06  m.  ;  diameter,  0.109  m. ;  diameter  of  opening,  0.07  m.  Dark  and  light  red 

decoration,  identical  with  Myk.  Vas.  xxii.  159,  save  that 
tlie  stripes  on  the  body  run  horizontally,  not  vertically. 
Interlaced  lines  on  shoulder. 

13.  (Fig.  29.)  Height,  0.065  m.  ;  diameter,  0.10  m. ; 
diameter  of  opening,  0.07  m.  Brilliant  black  decoration. 
On  shoulder  double  line  loop  pattern,  bands  on  body  in  red 
and  on  base  spirals  in  light  brown. 

The  form  of  13  is  a  cross  between  Myk.  Vas.  xliv. 
32  and  33,  being  higher  in  the  body  than  32,  but  lower 
Fig.  29.  than  33. 


Teapot-shaped  Jugs. 

14.  Height,  0.13  m.  Form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  68.  Bands  on  body  and  handle  and  series  of 
spirals  on  shoulder  precisely  similar  to  Myk.  Vas.  IX.  54. 

15.  II  eight,  0.12  m.  Form,  practically  the  same  as  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  15,  except  that  the  foot 
is  fiat.  Entire  vase  covered  with  a  dark  red  glaze  except  under  handle  and  on  the  bottom. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  THE  BEE-HIVE  TOMB 


95 


Pseud-amphora. 

16.  Height,  0.115  m.  Form,  Myh.  Vas.  xliv.  50.  Ordinary  decoration  of  heavy  and  fine 
bands  similar  to  Plate  LV.  29,  in  red  and  brown.  First  layer. 

Kylixes. 

Four  of  these  were  found,  of  red  or  yellow  clay,  without  any  decoration.  Two  were  of  the  same 
form  as  Myh.  Vas.  xliv.  83  ;  one,  the  same  as  Myh.  Vas.  xliv.  82 ;  while  the  fourth  probably 
corresponded  to  form  85,  but  as  one  side  was  completely  broken  away,  it  cannot  be  told  whether 
the  vase  possessed  one  or  two  handles.  They  were  all  from  10  to  12  cm.  in  height  and  from  11  to 
15  cm.  in  diameter.  One  (form  82)  was  elliptical  in  shape,  having  a  diameter  across  the  handles 
of  13  cm.  ;  at  right  angles  to  the  handles,  14^  cm. 

Caps. 

Two  varieties  of  cups  were  noted  (a)  without  handle  ;  (b)  with  handle. 


a. 

17.  (Fig.  30.)  Height,  0.027  m. ;  diameter,  0.07  m.  Brilliant  red 
stripes  around  body,  with  another  stripe  on  the  rim  inside. 

Two  others  of  similar  shape  were  found,  one  a  little  more  rounded  at  the 
base,  measuring  43  and  44  mm.  in  height,  9  and  11  cm.  in  diameter,  with 
no  decoration  whatever. 

b. 

Two  varieties  of  b  were  noted  :  (1)  Those  with  a  handle  curving  upwards,  above  the  rim,  and 
(2)  those  with  a  handle  curving  downwards,  below  the  rim. 

1. 

18.  Height,  0.0G  m.  ;  with  handle,  0.14  m.  ;  diameter, 

0.153  m.  Form,  Myh.  Vas.  xliv.  102.  Entire  vase,  ex¬ 
cept  base  and  under  the  handle,  is  covered  with  a  brilliant 
red  glaze. 

19.  (Fig.  31.)  Height,  0.06  m.  ;  diameter,  0.104  m.  Red 
clay,  red  glaze  on  interior,  outside  plain. 

Three  other  cups  of  similar  shape  but  with  the  rim  less 
emphasized,  were  found,  two  undecorated,  one  ornamented 
with  stripes.  It  is  probable  that  18  and  19  are  direct  p, 

imitations  of  metal  work.1 

2. 

20.  (Fig.  32.)  Height,  0.045  m. ;  diameter,  0.113  m. 

Form,  Myh.  Vas.  xliv.  87.  Red  clay,  with  light  red 
stippling. 

This  cup  is  a  good  instance  of  the  technique  men¬ 
tioned  on  p.  89.  Three  more  cups  were  found,  all  of 
the  same  shape,  one  showing  the  same  technique,  one 
with  a  row  of  ornaments  on  the  side  similar  to  those  on 
No.  8,  and  the  third  plain. 

The  terra-cotta  figurines  and  the  chair  are  described  in  the  chapter  on  Terra-Cotta 
Figurines  (p.  42). 

1  Cf.  Perrot  and  Chipiez,  Hist.  VI.  p.  965,  fig.  533. 


Fig.  32. 


96 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FEAGMENTS 


MISCELLANEOUS  VASES. 


Of  the  vases  found  intact,  or  partially  so,  mentioned  in  the  Introduction,  by  far  the 
greater  part  consisted  of  small,  hastily  made  vases,  with  or  without  decoration,  the  exact 
date  of  which  is  extremely  doubtful.  The  quality  of  the  clay  is  distinctly  inferior  to 
that  of  the  Mycenaean  vases,  and  in  many  respects  corresponds  to  that  used  in  vases  of 
the  Geometric  style,  so  that  the  majority  of  them  may  Avell  belong  to  that  period. 

A  comparison  of  the  vases  without  decoration  with  the  decorated  vases  is  the  onlv 
means  for  establishing  a  date  for  the  former,  and  in  the  case  of  the  latter  the  following 
data  are  available:  (1)  The  most  primitive  examples  (the  saucers)  show  a  use  of 
“  dull  ”  color,  which,  together  with  their  rather  hasty  technique,  may  perhaps  assign 
them  to  the  earlier  periods  of  the  Mycenaean  style.  (2)  One  small  three-handled  jug, 
which,  from  its  polished  surface,  belongs  more  properly  to  the  class  discussed  on  p.  99, 
had  a  linear  band  of  ‘‘dull”  color.  (3)  Practically  all  the  jugs,  amphorae,  and  bowls 
were  made  of  a  coarse  clay,  more  resembling  that  used  in  the  Geometric  vases,  and  if 
they  are  to  be  included  in  the  Mycenaean  style  at  all,  would  seem  to  belong  to  the  very 
latest  period.  These,  I  shall  endeavor  to  show  later,  constitute  the  real  link  between  the 
Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles.  At  the  same  time,  I  do  not  regard  tlieir  sequence  from 
primitive  times  as  existing  without  a  break,  and  for  that  reason  I  do  not  consider  them 
as  examples  of  the  “Argive  Linear”  style  which  Professor  Waldstein  would  consider 
them  to  be.  It  cannot,  however,  be  assumed  that  their  influence  on  any  particular  style 
was  marked ;  they  are  simply  the  examples  of  the  low  level  to  which  the  potter’s  trade 
could  sink,  and  from  their  large  number  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  they  were  the 
cheapest  vases  which  the  devotee  at  the  shrine  could  buy.  Being  rough  and  small,  they 
were  not  so  easily  broken,  and  were  thus  in  far  better  preservation  than  larger  vases  of 
better  technique.  To  assign  an  exact  date  to  them  is  impossible,  nor  can  they  be 
arranged  in  any  exact  chronological  order,  except  where  the  development  of  the  shape 
can  be  readily  seen. 

Three  general  types  may  he  distinguished  :  — 

Saucers. 

Bowls  (with  or  without  handles). 

Jugs  (with  one,  two,  or  three  handles). 

Saucers. 

Three  distinct  varieties  may  be  noted  :  — 

a.  Plain,  hand  or  wheel  made. 

b.  With  central  boss. 

c.  With  handles. 

a. 


Fig.  .'52  a. 
Diameter,  0.05  m. 


1.  The  most  primitive  examples  seem  to  be  a  series  of  small 
hand-made  saucers,  of  grayish  or  reddish  clay,  pierced  by  a 
hole  near  the  rim,  and  varying  from  5  to  7  cm.  in  diameter, 
and  2  to  3  cm.  in  height.  Several  hundred  were  found  in- 
tact  or  in  fragments.  The  ornamentation  is  of  the  simplest 
character,  consisting  of  two  lines  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles.  Whether  they  belong  to  the  dull  or  lustrous  Mycenaean 
vases  is  difficult  to  decide,  as  the  decoration  is  extremely  poor, 
hut  they  are  more  probably  examples  of  the  “  dull  ”  technique. 
Variety  is  obtained  by  increasing  the  number  of  cross-lines, 


TIIE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  SAUCERS 


07 


which  vary  from  two  to  eight.  As  a  rule  the  ornamentation  is  confined  to  the  interior, 
but  cases  occur  with  the  same  design  on  the  exterior  as  well.  The  earliest  of  the  series 
is  a  saucer  of  red  clay  5  cm.  in  diameter,  with  ribbed  edges  and  two  incised  cross-lines 
on  the  interior.  This  probably  falls  in  the  primitive  period. 

Similar  saucers  were  found  in  large  numbers  at  Hissarlik,  Mycenae,  and  Tiryns.  In 
some  respects  they  resemble  saucers  from  Bos-ojiik  (Koerte,  Athen.  Mitt.  1899,  pi.  iii. 
7)  and  Syra  (’E^/x.  ’A py;.  1899,  pi.  ix.  25). 

2.  As  a  development  of  these  we  have  a  series  of  wheel-made  saucers,  of  reddish 
clay  (e.  g.  Fig.  32  b),  from  4  to  7  cm.  in  diameter,  of  which  about  fifty  were  found. 
The  inner  edge  of  the  rim  is  either  sharply  defined  or  rounded,  and  none  have  any 


decoration.  The  clay  is  of  a 
slightly  coarser  variety  than 
that  used  in  the  preceding 
examples. 

b. 


Fig.  32  b. 

Diameter,  0.062  m. 
Height,  0.013  m. 


they  resemble  the  earliest  ex¬ 
amples  of  class  a,  save  for  tic.  32  ft. 

.  .  Diameter,  0.062  m. 

their  lack  of  decoration  and  Height,  0.013  m. 

the  addition  of  the  boss. 

2.  The  wheel-made  type  (Fig.  32  c)  corresponds  in  character  of  clay  (wheel-made) 
and  lack  of  decoration  to  a,  2.  The  principal  variations  lie  in  the  height  of  the  boss, 
which  in  some  cases  rises  above  the  edge  of  the  saucer.  As  in  a,  2,  the  edges  of  the 
saucer  are  either  rounded  or  sharp.  A  few  examples  were  found  with  a  series  of  parallel 
dashes  of  paint  (dull)  011  the  rim. 


Fig.  32  c. 
Diameter,  0.061  m. 
Height,  0.016  m. 
Height  of  boss,  0.026  m. 


C. 


Two  varieties  may  be  noted  with  one  handle,  and  one  with  two  handles. 

The  simplest  form  of  the  one-handled  saucer  is  hand-made,  the  edges  rolled  over 
so  as  to  form  a  curve  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  vase,  and  the  handle,  of  the  simplest 
form,  parallel  with  the  sides.  (Fig.  32  d.)  This  type  was  extremely  common.  A  varia¬ 
tion  is  introduced  occasionally,  where  a  plas¬ 
tic  dab  of  clay  is  placed  on  each  side  of  the 
handle  along  the  rim,  similar  to  those  on  the 
shoulders  of  our  terra-cotta  figurines  (Fig. 
32  e)  ;  this  saucer  was  entirely  covered 
with  a  brown  glaze,  worn  away  in  places.  A 
few  specimens  were  noted  with  one  handle, 
and  three  plastic  dabs  of  clay,  arranged  so  as 
to  form  a  symmetrical  scheme  on  the  four 
sides  of  the  vessel.  While  the  majority  of 
these  saucers  are  un decorated,  some  few  are 

covered  with  a  dull  dark  glaze,  badly  worn. 

All  the  saucers  with  two  handles  show  these  plastic  projections  on  each  side  of  the 


Fig.  32  d. 

Diameter,  0.04  m. 
Height,  0.012  m. 


Fig.  32  e. 
Diameter,  0.044  m. 
Height,  0.015  m. 


98 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


handle.  The  earliest  example  is  hand-made,  of  precisely  similar  clay  and  technique  to 
those  first  mentioned  under  a,  with  four  cross-lines  on  the  interior.  The  wheel-made 
types  show  a  decided  advance  in  execution.  They  are  almost  flat  (a  trifle  over  a  centi¬ 
metre  in  height,  and  from  six  to  seven  centimetres  in  diameter),  the  edges  well  defined,  and 
they  are  made  of  a  dark  red  clay  without  decoration.  About  a  dozen  specimens  were  found. 
As  the  quality  of  the  clay  resembles  more  closely  the  Geometric  clay,  and  as  they  are 
exactly  paralleled  in  shape  by  several  of  our  bronze  saucers,  it  is  certain  that  they  must 
fall  in  a  rather  later  period,  perhaps  about  the  eighth  century. 

Bowls. 

The  earliest  examples  of  bowls  seem  to  be  contemporary  with  the  most  primitive 
saucers  mentioned  above ;  they  are  hand-made,  of  very  rude  technique,  the  sides  raised 
a  trifle.  In  some  cases  a  small  dab  of  clay  is  added  to  the  rim  to  represent  a  handle. 
None  have  any  decoration. 

The  total  number  of  bowls  found  was  between  one  and  two  hundred ;  of  these  a  few 
are  hand-made,  but  the  greater  part  are  wheel-made.  Slight  variations  in  the  forms  may 
be  detected,  but  hardly  enough  to  warrant  a  regular  classification. 

The  hand-made  bowls  are  either  plain  or  decorated,  rounded  at  the  base  or  else 
provided  with  a  flat  base.  None  have  handles.  The  decoration  invariably  consists 
of  one,  two,  or  three  narrow  bands  encircling  the  bowl  just  below  the  shoulder.  A  dozen 
examples  were  found  where  the  vase  had  been  covered  with  a  white  paint  (as  in  No.  6  of 
the  Bee-Hive  tomb  :  Fig.  24).  On  one  example  a  straight  or  a  wavy  band  had  been  painted 
in  red  ;  this  was  added  after  the  final  firing  as  in  the  case  of  terra-cottas,  and  is  easily 
friable.  None  of  these  bowls  exceeded  3  cm.  in  height  or  5  cm.  in  diameter. 

Something  over  a  hundred  wheel-made  bowls  were  found,  the  majority  of  a  coarse 
reddish  clay,  similar  to  that  of  the  wheel-made  saucers.  Only  a  few  examples  bore  any 
decoration.  The  form  is  generally  the  same  with  the  following  variations.  The  rim  is 
either  flat,  slightly  curved,  or  sharply  emphasized  as  in  the  saucers  ;  the  profile  sometimes 
flares  sharply  outward  and  downward  so  that  the  diameter  is  greater  at  the  base  than  at 
the  opening.  As  a  rule  the  profile  curves  inward  towards  the  base,  which  is  flat.  The 
usual  form  of  decoration  consists  of  one  or  two  broad  or  fine  wavy  bands  on  the  shoulder. 
The  following  is  the  best  example  :  — 

Fig.  33.  Height,  0.024  m. ;  diameter,  0.047  m.  Dark  clay,  seemingly  burnt. 
On  shoulder  dark  brown  wavy  band  with  yellow  dots.  Similar  dotted  band  on 
rim. 

This  is  probably  one  of  the  latest  of  the  series,  as  the  clay  is  more  like  that 
of  the  Geometric  vases  in  texture  and  the  technique  more  advanced.  It  is 
probably  one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  the  Geometric  snake.  The  use  of  yellow  dots  seems  to  be 
a  peculiarity  of  the  Argolid  and  will  be  discussed  later. 

A  few  bowls  were  found,  the  rims  ornamented  by  three  plastic  heads  of  animals, 
probably  calves. 

Fig.  34.  Height,  0.026  m.  ;  diameter,  0.048  m.  Red  clay. 

Further  another  class  may  be  mentioned  of  a  technique  slightly 
more  advanced,  where  the  bowl  is  provided  with  a  foot  and  two  large 
handles  rising  above  the  rim,  similar  in  form  to  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  16, 
Fig.  34.  but  without  any  decoration. 


THE  MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  JUGS 


99 


Jugs. 

These  numbered  over  five  hundred  and  formed  the  majority  of  all  the  Heraeum  vases 
intact  or  partially  so.  The  greater  part  of  them  are  wheel-made.  As  usual  two  classes 
of  these  were  observed,  those  with  decoration  and  those  without.  The  greater  part  of 
the  undecorated  vases  were  exactly  similar  in  size,  form,  and  technique  to  the  decorated 
vases,  but  a  special  class  of  hand-made  undecorated  vases  existed  which  demands  a  more 
careful  discussion. 

i. 

Without  Decoration. 

These  vases  all  show  the  same  peculiarities.  The  clay  is  of  a  dark  red  or  yellow,  the 
outside  of  which  has  undergone  a  very  brilliant  polish,  and  in  some  cases  through  the 
action  of  the  fire  has  become  bright  red  in  places.  Two  shapes  are  represented.  One- 
handled  jugs  or  oinochoai  and  three-handled  jugs.  All  are  small,  the  largest  not  more 
than  12  cm.  in  heiMit. 

O 

We  are  able  to  date  with  a  fair  degree  of  certainty  the  period  in  which  these  vases 
fall.  First,  one  specimen  of  the  handled  jugs  had  on  the  shoulder  a  wavy  band  which  is 
decidedly  dull,  not  lustrous  in  character ;  secondly,  other  specimens  have  been  found  in  a 
grave  at  Syracuse  along  with  vases  of  the  Argive  style  (second  period).1  Thus  we  obtain 
two  termini ,  which  show  that  these  vases  were  manufactured  as  early  as  the  Mycenaean 
dull  period  (fifteenth  century)  and  as  late  as  the  Middle  Argive  period  (eighth  century). 

Most  of  the  shapes  are  similar  to  those  used  in  the  Argive  style,  only  slightly  more 
primitive  in  character,  and  naturally  so,  seeing  that  they  are  hand-made.  A  very  few,  which 
show  the  most  developed  form,  are  wheel-made  and  are  probably  the  latest.  At  the  same 
time  the  example  from  the  Syracusan  grave  is  certainly  hand-made,  showing  that  the  use 
of  the  wheel  was  not  universal  even  in  that  period  of  advanced  archaism. 


One-handled  Jugs. 

Two  distinct  forms  may  be  noted,  those  with  a  circular  and  those  with  a  trefoil  rim 
(oinochoe).  The  latter  show  a  technique  more  advanced,  which  fact,  together  with  the 
form,  assigns  them  to  a  later  date  than  the  first  essays.  At  the  same  time  it  is  certain 
that  the  oinochoe  with  trefoil  lip  is  a  form  known  to  the  Mycenaean  epoch.'2  Further  we 
find  that  the  body  is  either  round  with  a  handle  rising  above  the  rim,  or  cylindrical  with 
the  top  of  the  handle  level  with  the  rim. 

Fig.  35.  Height,  0.035  m.  Handle  restored.  On  either  side  is  a  small  boss,  perhaps  repre¬ 
senting  a  handle.  On  shoulder  two  straight  lines  and  a  wavy  band  in  dull 
technique. 

Several  other  examples  of  this  same  shape  were  found,  but  this  jug  alone  pos¬ 
sessed  any  decoration. 

A  few  examples  were  found  where  the  neck  is  slightly  longer  in  proportion  to 
the  body  and  the  handle  dropped  lower  than  the  rim.  Cf.  Itios,  Fig.  1140. 

1  Tomb  305.  Tomb  G5  from  Megara  Hyblaea  also  by  Wide  at  Aphidna  (A then.  Mitt.  p.  385  ft’,  pi.  xiv.) 
contained  a  similar  vase.  The  same  polish  was  observed  seem  to  show  a  similar  technique,  but  are  not  so  ad- 
on  a  lekythos  from  the  Heraeum  (height,  0.05  m.),of  dark  vanced  in  form.  It  would  seem  fairly  safe  to  assign  both 
gray  clay,  the  shape  rather  advanced,  being  that  of  the  our  vase  and  that  from  Syracuse  to  the  period  succeeding 
lekythos  on  p.  127.  fig.  54.  At  Syi’acuse  (tomb  428),  a  the  Mycenaean  style. 

specimen  exactly  identical  was  found  along  with  lekythoi  2  Vide  Furtwangler,  Arch.  .4/ir.  1893,  p.  9. 
belonging  to  the  oriental  Argive  period.  The  vases  found 


Fig.  35. 


100 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Fig.  36.  Height,  0.112  in.  Found  east  of  the  North¬ 
west  Building.  The  base  is  thicker  in  proportion  to  the 
opening  than  in  most  of  our  vases  of  this  type. 

Fig.  37.  Height,  0.044  m.  This  would  seem  to  be  a 
prototype  of  the  oinochoe  form  which  is  so 
common  during  the  Argive  period  (p.  128). 

It  is  the  commonest  type  of  these  small 
vases,  and  at  least  forty  other  specimens 
were  found.  I  have  noted  several  other 
examples,  two  in  Syracuse  (Syracuse,  tomb 
305,  and  Megara  Ilyblaea,  tomb  65)  and 
three  in  the  Louvre  (Room  A,  case  N,  496,  497,  498)  from 
Attica.  Those  from  Syracuse  and 
Megara  Hyblaea  were  found  with 
vases  of  the  second  Argive  period. 

Fig.  38.  Height,  0.74  m.  Oinochoe.  Burnt  in  parts  to  a  brilliant 
red.  The  base  is  slightly  flatter  than  most  of  the  oinoelioai  of  this  type, 
but  otherwise  shows  no  important  variation. 

About  a  dozen  oinoelioai  were  found.  One  example,  wheel- 
made,  was  remarkable  for  the  handle  rising  above  the  rim  and 
having  two  small  breast-like  protuberances  on  the  shoulder,  a 
somewhat  unusual  feature  on  vases  of  the  Mycenaean  epoch. 

Three-  licet  idled  -Tags. 

Twenty  or  thirty  of  these  were  found,  but  save  for  the  addition  of  a  small  handle  on 
each  side  of  the  body  they  differed  in  no  way  from  the  one-handled  jugs  already  de¬ 
scribed.  The  trefoil  lip  does  not  occur.  They  are  all  smaller  than  the  one-handled  jug, 
the  highest  not  measuring  more  than  6-7  cm. 


Fig.  36. 


II. 


those  with  one  handle;  (b) 


With  Decoration. 

Two  types  may  be  noted,  as  in  the  undecorated  jugs, 
those  with  three  handles. 

Of  the  one-handled  jugs,  almost  all  followed  the  same  type  with  but  slight  variations, 
the  opening  being  circular  and  the  neck  broad  or  narrow.  The  trefoil  lip  was  seen  only 

in  a  few  examples.  The  decoration  on  all  is  practically 
the  same,  lines  around  the  body  with  a  zigzag  or  wavy 
band  on  the  neck  in  some  cases. 

Fig.  39.  Height,  0.105  in.  ;  diameter  of  opening,  0.069  m. 
(form,  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  65) ;  grayish  clay  with  a  greenish 
tinge,  black  decoration.  On  neck  zigzag  band,  with  parallel 
stripes  on  neck,  body,  foot,  and  inside  rim.  On  shoulder  oppo¬ 
site  the  handle  dotted  rosette. 

This  is  by  far  the  best  specimen  of  the  type  and  the  most 
advanced.  The  clay  is  not  cpiite  so  characteristically  Mycenaean 
as  in  some  other  cases,  but  it  cannot  very  well  be  included  in 
the  Geometric  or  Argive  classes. 

Fig.  39. 

The  th  ree-handled  jugs  were  the  most  numerous,  as 
several  bundled  were  found,  and  seem  to  belong  to  a  later  period.  The  form  does  not 


TIIE  GEOMETRIC  STYLE 


101 


seem  to  be  Mycenaean,  while  the  quality  of  the  clay  is  decidedly  inferior.  But  as  this 
principle  of  decoration  is  practically  the  same  as  that  already  considered,  these  vases  are 
properly  to  be  discussed  here.  The  shapes  are  fairly  uniform,  though  slight  variations 
may  be  detected  in  the  height  of  the  neck,  size  of  the  handles,  fullness  of  the  body, 
separation  of  the  foot  from  the  body,  etc. 

The  decoration  follows  a  consistent  scheme,  in  that  the  body  is  reserved  for  parallel 
stripes  or  bands  and  the  shoulder  for  other  motives,  as  rays,  vertical  lines,  wavy  bands, 
zigzags,  rosettes,  etc.  The  neck  is  occasionally  ornamented  in  similar  fashion. 


Fig.  40.  Height,  0.09  in. 


Coarse  reddish  clay,  with  red  decoration.  Parallel  stripes  on  body, 
with  rays  on  shoulder.  Stripes  inside  rim  and  on  handle.  The  foot 
is  separated  from  the  body. 

Fig.  40  is  a  typical  example  of  the  class.  About  half  of  these  vases 
have  a  flat  base,  without  a  foot. 


Two-handled  Vase. 

Fig.  41.  Height,  0.05  m.  Yellowish  clay,  with 
dull  brown  decoration.  Two  handles  (restored), 
with  a  hole  running  through  the  sides;  no  open¬ 
ing  in  the  top. 

I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  example  similar 
to  this  vase.  It  must  be  regarded  as  a  mere  freak 
Fig.  40.  of  the  potters’  art,  with  no  definite  raison  d'etre.  Fig.  41. 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  GEOMETRIC  STYLE. 

It  would  seem  at  first  sight  as  if  vases  of  the  Geometric  style  were  the  most  nu¬ 
merous  at  the  Heraeum,  since  their  fragments  filled  about  twice  as  many  baskets  as  either 
those  of  the  Mycenaean  or  Argive  styles.  But  as  Geometric  fragments  are  generally  fairly 
large  in  size,  since  they  belong  to  large  vases,  and  the  Argive  fragments  extremely 
small,  it  was  found  that  the  actual  number  of  vases  represented  by  Argive  fragments 
was  considerably  larger  than  those  represented  by  the  Geometric. 

For  many  reasons  an  intelligent  presentation  of  the  Geometric  fragments  has  proved 
extremely  difficult.  Owing  to  the  larger  size  of  the  vases,  hardly  a  single  one  was  found 
intact,  and  in  no  case  could  more  than  a  third  of  any  vase  be  reconstructed,  though 
some  vases  were  represented  by  several  hundred  fragments  apiece.  Although  the  num¬ 
ber  of  shapes  represented  is  extremely  large,  many  are  so  closely  allied  to  each  other  — 
the  chief  variations  being  in  the  number  of  handles,  the  shape  of  the  neck,  etc.  —  that, 
without  the  whole,  or  at  least  the  greater  part  of  a  vase,  a  systematic  classification  based 
upon  shapes  becomes  difficult,  if  not  impossible.  Then,  too,  almost  the  entire  surface  of 
the  vase  is  covered  with  a  decoration  combining  many  different  motives,  and  in  such 
a  case  it  was  difficult  to  decide  which  fragments  should  be  presented  and  which  not, 
since  there  was  danger,  in  a  classification  based  on  ornamentation  alone,  of  treating  sep¬ 
arately  motives  which  belonged  to  the  same  vase.  Finally,  hardly  a  single  new  type  of 
this  style  was  found  at  the  Heraeum  ;  the  decoration  on  almost  every  fragment  repre¬ 
sented  may  be  paralleled  by  dozens  of  vases  scattered  through  the  museums  of  Europe. 

The  style  also  presents  this  peculiarity,  that  it  is  far  more  conservative  than  any  other 


102 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


style,  and  seems  less  susceptible  to  progressive  ideas.  The  Heraeum  fragments,  which 
probably  cover  a  period  of  two  centuries,  are  marked  by  their  monotony  and  consistent 
adherence  to  a  general  scheme.  Types  are  to  be  distinguished,  of  course,  but  such  a 
classification  as  proved  practicable  with  the  Mycenaean  and  Argive  styles  becomes  impos¬ 
sible  here.1 

The  fragments  here  presented  illustrate  the  development  of  the  various  motives  so 
extensively  employed.  At  the  same  time  this  classification  has  been  adopted  solely  as  a 
working  hypothesis,  since  the  nature  of  the  material  forbids  even  an  approach  to  finality; 
that  can  only  be  secured  by  a  classification  based  upon  material  larger,  more  comprehen¬ 
sive,  and  in  better  condition  than  that  furnished  by  the  Heraeum. 

As  the  character  of  the  decoration  on  our  fragments  is  practically  identical  with  that  of 
Dipylon  ware,  the  question  immediately  arises  whether  our  fragments  were  made  in  the 
Argolid  or  imported  from  Attica,  since  no  other  districts  can  well  claim  their  manufacture. 
Though  certainty  on  this  point  is  impossible,  the  evidence  seems  to  point  to  the  former 
hypothesis.  Fragments  of  this  style  have  been  found  at  both  Mycenae  and  Tiryns  in 
large  quantities,  showing  that  the  style  was  a  common  one  in  the  Argolid.  As  the 
amount  of  Mycenaean  ware  found  there  is  so  large  as  to  point  to  a  very  flourishing 
vase  industry,  there  seems  no  valid  reason  why  Geometric  ware  should  not  have  been 
manufactured  there  also.  Lastly,  the  clay  of  the  Heraeum  fragments  is  heavy,  carelessly 
cleaned,  and  of  a  yellowish  or  greenish  tinge,  while  that  of  the  Dipylon  vases  is  lighter, 
cleaner,  and  of  a  reddish  shade ;  the  decoration  also  of  the  Heraeum  fragments  is  in 
general  of  a  duller  lustre  and  less  decided  in  its  character  than  the  Attic*. 

One  of  the  radical  points  of  difference  between  the  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  styles 
lies  in  the  clay,  and  the  difference  is  especially  apparent  to  the  touch.  The  quality 
of  the  grain  in  the  Geometric  is  far  coarser  than  in  the  Mycenaean  vases,  and  never,  even 
in  the  best  examples,  does  it  attain  to  the  lightness  and  smoothness  of  the  latter. 
Whether  this  difference  results  from  the  employment  of  claj  from  a  different  bed  or  from 
different  technical  methods  in  its  preparation,  I  am  unable  to  say.  But  as  the  differ¬ 
ence  between  the  clay  of  Mycenaean  vases  found  in  Attica  and  the  Dipylon  vases  is  just 
as  great  as  in  the  case  of  our  fragments,2  it  does  not  necessarily  argue  that  none  of  our 
Geometric  vases  were  manufactured  in  the  Argolid ;  it  would  rather  be  a  cause  for 
wonder  if  they  were  not  made  there. 

It  can  hardly  be  said  that  the  Geometric  fragments  from  the  Heraeum  throw  much 
light  on  the  vexed  question  of  the  origin  of  the  Geometric  style  in  Greece.  Up  to  the 
present  moment  three  widely  different  views  have  been  proposed:  (1)  the  old  view, 
which  has  now,  I  think,  been  generally  abandoned,  that  it  was  the  result  of  some  Eastern 
influence  (Egyptian,  Carian,  or  Ionian);  (2)  the  view  expressed  by  Furtwangler  and 
Loeschcke,  that  the  style  was  the  result  of  the  Dorian  invasion;  (3)  the  last  and  most 
radical  view,  advocated  by  Wide  and  Wolters,  that  the  Geometric  style  is  an  autoch¬ 
thonous  growth,  a  u  Bauernstil,”  as  opposed  to  the  “  Herrenstil  ”  of  the  Mycenaean 
civilization,  and  the  direct  result  of  the  primitive  forms  of  decoration,  but  subject  to 
some  external  influence  which  may  have  been  supplied  by  some  such  movement  as  the 
Dorian  invasion. 

1  Since  the  above  was  written,  Dr.  Wide’s  analysis  of  same  time  an  effort  will  be  made  to  mention  all  the  types 
the  Geometric  style  has  appeared  in  the  Jahrbuch  for  cited  by  Wide  which  could  be  identified  among  the  He- 
1  HDD  ([>]).  2fi  ft'.,  78  If.,  and  188  ft'.)  and  1900  (p.  49  ff.).  raeum  fragments. 

It  may  he  readily  seen  that  such  an  arrangement  as  that  2  See  p.  G5,  note,  on  the  results  of  Dr.  Washington’s 
adopted  by  Wide  is  out  of  the  question  with  the  material  investigations  touching  this  point, 
from  the  Ileraeum,  for  the  reasons  given  above.  At  the 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  GEOMETRIC  STYLE 


103 

From  Wide’s  investigations  at  Aphidna,  his  contention  that  the  primitive  elements  for 
the  Geometric  style  are  to  he  found  in  Greece  seems  to  lie  satisfactorily  established; 
also,  from  his  analysis  of  the  survival  of  Mycenaean  motives  in  the  Geometric  style 
(. Athen .  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  p.  233  ft'.),  it  may  he  easily  seen  how  close  is  the  connec¬ 
tion  between  the  two  styles.  But  neither  theory  is  sufficient  to  account  for  the  true 
Geometric  style,  which,  as  he  admits  himself,  does  not  show  the  transitional  stages  of 
development  which  were  to  have  been  expected  if  the  style  were  derived  directly  from 
the  Mycenaean. 

For  the  Heraeum  fragments  it  must  be  said  that  only  a  few  scattered  specimens  (e.  g. 
Plate  L.  15,  16,  and  17)  show  the  existence  of  Wide’s  pre-Dorian  elements;  such  speci¬ 
mens,  however,  are  more  in  line  with  Professor  Waldstein’s  linear  theory,  and  are  not 
good  examples  of  the  “  Bauernstil.”  That  a  small  number  of  fragments,  which,  though 
Geometric  as  far  as  clay  and  technique  were  concerned,  also  show  distinctly  the  sur¬ 
vival  of  Mycenaean  motives,  points  to  a  close  connection  between  the  two  styles.  At 
the  same  time,  the  difference  between  such  fragments  and  those  of  the  pure  Geometric 
style  is  so  great  that  it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  the  Geometric  style  could  possibly  have 
originated  as  the  natural  sequence  of  such  prototypes. 

The  need  for  some  decided  infusion  of  fresh  ideas  is  the  chief  obstacle  against  the 
entire  acceptance  of  Wide’s  theory.  As  we  can  hardly  assume  that  the  finished  Geo¬ 
metric  style  is  the  natural  outcome  of  previous  conditions,  subject  to  no  outside  influence, 
we  must  seek  some  reason  for  such  a  phenomenon,  and  of  all  the  solutions  offered,  the 
theory  of  the  Dorian  invasion  seems  to  my  mind  the  most  satisfactory. 

While  the  actual  occurrence  of  such  a  migration  has  never  been  conclusively  estab¬ 
lished,  it  is  generally  agreed  that  some  great  upheaval  took  place  in  Greece  during  the 
eleventh  century  n.  c.  Certainly  all  the  phases  of  the  civilization  which  succeeded  the 
Mycenaean  period  show  a  radical  change  of  style,  which  can  hardly  be  accounted  for  by 
a  purely  natural  and  unaided  development.  It  is  too  much  to  assume  that  the  people 
who  brought  about  such  a  change  were  necessarily  identical  with  the  people  of  the 
“  Hallstatt  ”  period,  though  the  similarity  between  objects  of  that  period  and  the  Geo¬ 
metric  style  is  extremely  striking.  As  the  Geometric  style  is  found  at  the  Heraeum 
practically  full-grown  (as  is  also  the  case  in  Attica),  it  remains  to  be  seen  whether  some 
external  movement  can  account  for  its  growth. 

Now,  granting  for  the  moment  that  the  Geometric  style  could  have  developed  in 
Attica  along  the  lines  laid  down  by  Wide,  the  same  can  hardly  be  true  at  Argos;  were 
such  the  case  we  should  certainly  expect  to  find  a  steady  and  continuous  development 
from  primitive  or  Mycenaean  times.  The  linear  theory  for  the  origin  of  the  Argive 
style  can  hardly  apply  here.  Since  an  autochthonous  growth  can  scarcely  account  for 
the  style  at  the  Heraeum,  some  external  influence  is  absolutely  necessary.  It  would 
seem  that  at  a  time  when  the  Mycenaean  civilization  in  the  Argolid  was  on  its  decline 
there  appeared  a  new  influence,  which  effectually  finished  the  Mycenaean  civilization, 
and  brought  in  with  it  no  new  elements  (since  almost  all  of  them  had  been  in  use 
before),  but  a  new  and  radical  combination  of  those  elements.  Seeing  that  these  ele¬ 
ments  are  linear,  and  thus  characteristic  of  at  I  peoples  during  the  primitive  stages  of 
their  civilization,  it  matters  little  who  these  people  were,  though  they  may  well  have  been 
the  Dorians;  the  main  point  is  that  they  brought  with  them  a  new  style,  or  new  arrange¬ 
ment  of  motives  already  in  use.  It  is  hard  to  see  how  any  other  explanation  can  account 
for  the  rise  of  the  Geometric  style  in  the  Argolid ;  with  Attica  the  case  is  not  so  evident. 


104 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


We  have  already  pointed  out  that,  except  for  a  few  slight  technical  differences,  the 
Geometric  style  in  the  Argolid  is  practically  identical  with  that  of  Attica.  If  we  assume 
that  Wide’s  theory  of  an  autochthonous  development  for  the  style  in  Attica  is  true, 
and  that  some  external  influence  created  the  style  in  the  Argolid,  we  are  confronted  by 
a  most  surprising  contradiction  of  facts,  —  that  two  different  influences  at  work  in  two 
different  places  should  produce  substantially  the  same  results.  Theoretically  such  a  case 
might  be  possible,  but  not  practically  ;  one  influence  must  be  responsible  for  both  styles. 

Therefore  it  does  not  seem  difficult  to  assume  that  this  external  influence  (if  Dorian  it 
be)  was  felt  in  Attica  as  well  as  Argos.  Such  a  theory  would  supply  the  lacuna,  which  Wide 
admits,  in  the  complete  development  of  the  style,  and  does  not  preclude  the  existence  of 
an  earlier,  primitive  Geometric  style  in  Attica.  Although  the  Attic  historians  always 
claimed  that  Attica  had  never  been  overrun  by  the  Dorians,  the  legend  of  Codrus  shows 
that  she  was  not  untouched  by  their  movement,  and  there  seems  no  reason  why  the  legend 
of  the  movement  of  some  tribe  against  the  Attic  frontier  should  not  be  symbolical  of  a 
steady  movement  from  the  Peloponnesus  along  the  shores  of  the  Saronic  gulf  to  the  very 
confines  of  Attica. 

To  assign  a  chronology  to  these  events  is  impossible.  They  cannot  have  taken  place 
at  once,  but  were  probably  spread  out  over  half  a  century.  But  while  by  this  reasoning 
the  Dipylon  style  is  shown  to  be  slightly  younger  than  the  Argive  Geometric,  it  is  not 
implied  that  the  former  is  the  result  of  the  latter,  but  that  it  is  the  result  of  the  same 
principle  as  the  latter  which  first  made  itself  felt  in  Argos,  and  finding  the  conditions  in 
Attica  practically  the  same,  naturally  accomplished  there  the  same  results. 

The  relation  of  the  Geometric  style  to  the  Argive,  with  which  it  is  closely  connected, 
will  be  discussed  in  chapter  IV. 

In  the  Argive  Geometric  fragments  three  distinct  types  may  be  detected  :  — 

I.  'fhe  earliest  or  transitional  stage  from  the  Mycenaean. 

II.  Purely  Geometrical  style. 

III.  The  introduction  of  animal  and  human  figures,  genre  scenes,  and  development  of  bands  of 
figures. 

CLASS  I. 

TRANSITIONAL  STAGE. 

Fragments  of  this  class  were  not  very  numerous,  and,  as  no  vases  were  preserved  entire, 
they  do  not  lend  themselves  to  a  satisfactory  arrangement.  Two  variations  of  this  class 
were  noted,  —  fragments  of  distinctly  Geometric  clay  with  Mycenaean  ornamentation, 
and  fragments  of  Mycenaean  clay  with  Geometric  ornamentation.  At  the  same  time  the 
scheme  of  decoration  is  treated  rather  from  a  Mycenaean  than  a  Geometrical  standpoint, 
and  it  cannot  be  assumed  that  these  fragments  are  the  result  of  the  new  influence;  it  is 
most  probable  that  they  mark  the  low  ebb  to  which  the  Mycenaean  style  was  sinking,  as 
the  fourth  class  lustrous  finish  declined.  The  difference  in  the  clay  would  seem  to  show, 
either  that  at  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period  some  change  had  been  made  in  the  pre¬ 
paration  of  the  clay,  or  that  for  some  reason  it  was  taken  from  different  beds.  How¬ 
ever,  in  view  of  the  similarity  in  clay  of  all  Geometric  vases,  wherever  found,  it  seems 
more  likely  that  the  difference  between  it  and  Mycenaean  clay  lies  solely  in  the  manner 
of  preparation. 

If,  therefore,  this  change  in  the  preparation  of  the  clay  took  place  before  the  Dorian 
invasion,  the  Geometric  style  is  simply  the  supplanting  of  the  Mycenaean  motives  bv 
purely  Geometrical  ones. 


GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  EARLIEST  EXAMPLES 


105 


Wide  has  endeavored  in  his  article  on  the  survival  of  Mycenaean  motives  in  the  Geo¬ 
metric  style  (Aiken.  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  p.  233)  to  trace  the  development  of  the  vari¬ 
ous  motives  which  had  their  origin  in  the  Mycenaean  style  during  the  later  period.  I 
cannot,  however,  agree  with  his  assertion  that  the  centre  of  the  Mycenaean  activity  lay 
in  the  islands.  Wide  bases  this  claim  on  the  supposition  that  the  vases  which  show  this 
connecting  link  between  the  Mycenaean  and  Geometric  styles  have  been  found  only  on 
the  islands.  Such  a  supposition  cannot  now  he  entertained,  since  not  only  are  many  of 
these  types  to  he  seen  on  our  fragments,  but  also  on  vases  recently  found  in  Attica.  Of 
the  motives  mentioned  in  Wide’s  article,  the  following  occur  at  the  Heraeum  on  various 
fragments  mentioned  below.  (The  page  references  are  from  Wide’s  article.) 

Toothed  wheel  and  star  (p.  235,  fig1.  3). 

One-handled-jug  (p.  237,  fig.  5).  Numerous  fragments  of  jugs  with  precisely  similar  decora¬ 
tions  were  found.  Also  several  handles  with  a  plastic  snake. 

Amphora  (p.  238,  fig.  6).  Fragments  of  similar  amphoras  were  extremely  numerous  at  the 
Heraeum.  Dozens  of  fragments  belonging  to  rims  showed  a  lozenge  chain,  with  or  without  a  cen¬ 
tral  dot.  Equally  numerous  were  the  lozenge  chains  formed  by  interlacing  lines,  the  rhomboids 
(single)  and  “  Running  Dog  ”  patterns. 

( P.  238,  fig.  7.)  Several  fragments  from  the  shoulder  of  a  vase  showing  similar  decoration  were 
found.  The  form  is  uncertain,  but  as  the  base  of  a  spout  was  apparent,  it  is  probably  a  jug  similar 
to  the  Mycenaean  ones  with  one  handle.  The  clay  is  coarse  and  of  a  dark  red  color.  The  decora¬ 
tion  on  both  shoulder  and  belly  consists  of  a  net  pattern  (not  a  meander,  as  in  the  Munich  vase), 
the  spaces  filled  by  rosettes  or  dotted  lozenges.  Under  the  base  of  the  spout  is  a  leaf  pattern. 

(P.  240,  fig.  8.)  Circles  with  cross  in  the  centre,  arranged  singly  in  pairs  or  in  series,  were 
among  the  commonest  types  on  the  Heraeum  fragments. 

(P.  244,  fig.  14  a.)  Several  fi  •agments  with  this  motive  were  found. 

(P.  246,  fig.  17.)  At  least  a  hundred  fragments  from  the  rims  of  large  bowls  showed  this  com¬ 
bination  of  a  wave  pattern  and  dotted  circles. 

The  preceding  enumeration  of  the  various  types  is  valuable  as  showing  the  occurrence 
of  Wide’s  types  at  the  Heraeum.  The  following  fragments  are  here  introduced  to  show 
the  use  of  Mycenaean  motives  on  a  Geometric  clay.  It  must  be  remembered,  however, 
that  the  difference  in  clay  is  hardly  perceptible  in  the  plate  ;  in  all  these  fragments  it  is 
generally  greenish  or  yellowish  in  tone  (sometimes  reddish),  coarse  in  quality,  and  not 
very  carefully  cleaned,  never  possessing,  except  in  a  few  cases,  the  smooth  surface  so 
characteristic  of  Mycenaean  clay. 

PLATE  LVI. 

1.  Fragment  of  a  large  vessel,  probably  an  amphora.  Coarse  yellow  clay;  decoration  varying 
from  dark  to  light  brown.  Checkerboard  and  circles. 

The  quality  of  the  decoration  resembles  the  Mycenaean  more  closely  than  does  that  of  any  other 
fragment.  We  have  here  the  circles  (as  in  Wide,  loc.  cit.  p.  244,  fig.  14  a )  with  the  Geometric 
checkerboard.  Both  are  treated  in  a  slightly  freer  fashion  than  we  shall  find  usual.  Several  other 
similar  fragments  were  found. 

2.  From  a  bowl.  Reddish  clay,  with  a  yellow  slip.  Spirals  in  dark  red. 

3.  The  same.  Red  glaze  on  interior,  bright  red  decoration. 

4.  The  same  ;  coarse  yellow  clay.  Red  decoration. 

2-4  show  the  employment  of  purely  Mycenaean  motives  on  Geometric  clay. 

5.  From  rim  of  large  bowl.  Greenish  yellow  clay,  with  bands  on  interior  below  rim :  brown 
decoration  very  faded. 

The  Mycenaean  spiral  is  here  preserved  intact. 

6.  Greenish  clay,  with  light  brown  decoration.  Combination  of  zigzags  and  Mycenaean  flower 
branch  (cf.  Wide,  loc.  cit.  p.  242,  fig.  12  a).  Fragments  with  this  combination  were  very  numerous. 


106 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


7.  Light  brown  clay,  with  polished  surface.  Lustrous  brown  glaze  on  interior. 

This  fragment  is  extremely  curious,  since  beside  the  zigzags  it  has  the  eye,  nose,  and  hair  of  a 
human  face  with  a  rosette  beneath.  A  similar  instance  is  unknown  to  me. 

8.  From  large  vase,  probably  an  amphora.  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  decoration  varying  from 
greenish  brown  to  black. 

9.  From  rim  of  amphora.  Greenish  clay. 

10.  From  a  large  bowl.  Brick  red  clay,  with  red  glaze  on  interior.  Red  decoration  faded. 
Rosette  and  zigzags. 

Fragments  similar  to  8  and  10  were  very  numerous  (certainly  a  basket  full)  and  seem  to  con¬ 
stitute  the  earliest  essays  in  the  Geometric  style  proper.  While  the  clay  is  coarse,  it  has  been  covered 
with  a  whitish  slip  (as  in  Mycenaean  vases)  and  the  decoration  applied  rather  thinly  without  any 
lustre.  Some  of  the  fragments  had  a  dark  brown  glaze  on  the  interior,  which,  together  with  their 
size,  seems  to  show  that  they  belong  to  anaphoras  or  bowls.  Outside  of  the  Heraeum  this  ware  is 
not  common ;  the  nearest  approach  seems  to  be  a  variety  found  at  Syracuse.  On  none  of  these 
fragments  was  any  decoration  found  which  included  the  human  or  animal  figure,  the  established 
scheme  being  straight  lines  and  zigzags.  In  fact,  on  Argive  Geometric  vases  the  use  of  the  zigzag 
seems  to  be  carried  to  a  far  greater  extent  than  in  Attic  work. 

Besides  the  motives  already  mentioned,  we  find  wavy  lines  (for  rim  and  shoulder),  rays, 
rosettes,  lozenges  (entirely  black),  and  a  single  zigzag  hue  used  exclusively  on  the  rims 
of  howls. 

Further,  we  may  mention  a  number  of  fragments  (chiefly  handles  and  necks)  which 
seemed  to  belong  to  amphoras  similar  to  those  in  Jahrbuch,  XV.  (1900),  p.  51,  fig.  107, 
the  only  decoration  being  a  wavy  band  on  the  neck  and  stripes  on  the  body  and  handles. 
These  fragments  evidently  belong  to  Class  I. 

CLASS  II. 

PURELY  GEOMETRICAL  TYPES. 

Fragments  with  purely  Geometrical  ornamentation  formed  the  bulk  of  this  style  at  the 
Heraeum.  The  vases  are  almost  entirely  covered  with  a  brown  glaze  (in  the  case  of 
bowls  the  glaze  is  also  used  on  the  interior),  with  a  series  of  parallel  bands  running 
round  the  body,  which  in  many  cases  formed  the  sole  decoration.  The  principal  mo¬ 
tives  are  placed  on  the  shoulder,  neck,  or  rim,  and  consist  generally  of  a  meander  pattern 
arranged  singly  or  in  series.  These  meanders  are  formed  by  single  lines,  or  by  double 
lines  with  a  series  of  short  parallel  cross-lines,  straight  or  diagonal,  between  them,  which 
give  the  effect  of  shading.  In  some  cases  the  cross-lines  are  omitted.  Other  motives 

O  o 

are  :  — 

Zigzags,  singly  or  in  series.  These  are  either  drawn  in  a  single  line  or  else  double,  with  a 
shading  of  cross-lines  as  in  the  meander  patterns. 

Checkerboards.  These  are  treated  in  a  variety  of  ways.  The  simplest  form  is  a  series  of 
squares,  alternately  black  and  plain  (i.  e.  the  natural  color  of  the  clay).  Variety  is  secured  by  the 
insertion  of  a  lozenge  into  the  plain  squares,  or  else  shading  the  black  squares  by  a  network  of 
lines. 

Jiays.  Generally  in  series  around  the  base  or  rim.  These  are  either  in  outline,  black,  or  of 
interlaced  lines.  In  some  cases  the  rays  are  drawn  in  double  outline,  with  a  row  of  dots  between 
the  lines. 

Wave  pattern.  Generally  a  single  broad  line,  sometimes  with  the  addition  of  a  dotted  row  on 
each  edge.  This,  an  original  Mycenaean  motive,  eventually  develops  into  the  Geometric  snake. 

Loz,enges.  In  their  most  elementary  form  as  a  rhomboid,  such  as  is  found  on  Mycenaean  vases 
of  the  fourth  class.  Generally  in  the  Geometric  style  we  find  them  in  chain,  with  or  without  a 


THE  GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  HUMAN  FIGURES  107 

central  dot.  Owing  to  carelessness  or  hasty  technique  the  chain  often  resembles  a  series  of 
ovals. 

Net  pattern.  In  many  cases  this  is  nothing  but  a  lozenge  chain  in  parallel  lines,  the  whole 
giving  the  motive  its  net-like  appearance. 

Circles.  Generally  two  or  more  concentric  circles,  with  a  central  dot,  singly  or  in  series,  some¬ 
times  connected,  sometimes  not. 

liosettes  or  stars.  Generally  treated  in  series,  either  as  an  independent  band  or  else  as  a  border 
to  the  wave  pattern.  Cases  occur,  especially  in  plates,  where  the  rim  is  surrounded  by  a  border 
of  leaf  or  flower  petals,  with  a  shading  of  lines. 

Pot-hooks.  As  in  early  Attic  work. 

“  Punning  Dog .”  Generally  used  on  the  rims  of  bowls. 

Gnilloches.  Generally  on  the  base  of  a  vessel  with  a  tall  foot. 

Swastikas.  As  ornaments  in  field. 

Dotted  lines.  Used  as  a  variation  of  the  plain  circular  band. 

Since  none  of  these  motives  are  new  in  the  Geometric  style,  and  as  no  peculiar  combi¬ 
nations  of  them  occur  on  our  fragments,  none  are  given  in  our  plates.  All  these  motives 
may  he  found  on  vases  where  “  animal  ”  motives  are  introduced ;  at  the  same  time  a 
large  number  of  fragments  show  clearly  that  this  animal  decoration  does  not  occur  on  a 
great  part  of  the  vases. 

As  practically  none  of  the  vases  are  preserved  intact,' any  list  of  the  various  forms 
found  must  be  incomplete.  Roughly  speaking,  the  following  shapes  were  represented  by 
fragments  :  — 

Amphoras.  One-handled  jugs  {oinochoai) . 

Bowls  ( skyphoi ).  Plates. 

Bowls  with  a  tall  foot.  Cups  with  one  handle. 

The  rarer  forms  will  be  discussed  later  when  dealing1  with  their  fragments. 

o  r> 

CLASS  III. 

THE  INTRODUCTION  OF  HUMAN  AND  ANIMAL  MOTIVES. 

The  third  class  of  the  Geometric  style  is  by  far  the  largest,  not  only  at  the  Heraeum, 
but  in  almost  all  the  other  places  in  Greece  where  the  style  is  found.  The  introduction 
of  the  human  or  animal  figure  must  have  taken  place  at  an  early  period,  though  hardly 
at  the  very  beginning  of  the  style.  It  is  true  that  we  find  these  figures  in  the  fourth 
class  of  the  Mycenaean  style,  hut  their  treatment  differs  materially  from  that  usual  in 
the  Geometric  period.  Moreover,  the  Geometric  types  which  are  certainly  the  oldest, 
such  as  the  transitional  types  found  on  the  islands  (cf.  Wide,  loc.  cit.)  and  those  more 
recently  discovered  in  Attica  and  Corinth,  exhibit  pure  Geometric  decoration,  with  no 
traces  of  a  human  or  animal  motive.  At  the  same  time,  no  great  chronological  distinc¬ 
tion  can  be  demanded  between  Classes  II.  and  III.  of  the  Heraeum  fragments,  since  the 
scheme  of  ornamentation,  except  for  the  introduction  of  human  or  animal  figures,  is 
practically  the  same  in  both. 

The  variations  of  the  different  motives  in  Class  III.  are  numerous,  but  their  develop¬ 
ment  seems  fairly  clear.  We  find  two  distinct  groups. 

1.  Where  the  motive  is  treated  simply  with  few,  if  any,  ornaments  in  the  field. 

2.  Elaborate  treatment  of  the  motive  and  wealth  of  ornaments  in  the  field. 

By  all  general  laws  of  art,  fragments  in  the  second  division  are  younger  than  those  in 
the  first,  since  the  horror  vacui,  as  exemplified  by  other  styles,  is  the  result  of  a  realiza- 


108 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


tion  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  art,  without  the  ability  to  attain  the  end  desired. 
Exceptions  may  be  found,  since  some  fragments  show  a  decided  lack  of  ornaments  in  the 
field  combined  with  a  technique  extremely  advanced,  but  such  fragments  are  not  so  com¬ 
mon  as  to  warrant  the  reversal  of  our  order.  We  must  either  assume  that  they  are 
exceptions  to  the  rule  or  else  that  they  are  merely  advanced  specimens  of  the  first 
division,  contemporaneous  with  the  second,  but  still,  through  conventionality  of  taste, 
adhering  to  the  earlier  principles. 

The  choice  of  subjects  in  both  divisions  is  the  same.  While  the  greater  part  of  the 
vase  is  occupied  by  purely  Geometrical  decoration,  the  key-note  of  the  ornamentation  con¬ 
sists  of  one  of  the  following  types  :  — 

A.  Birds. 

a.  In  friezes  (water  birds). 

b.  As  the  principal  subject,  singly  or  in  groups. 


B.  Ilorses. 

a.  Singly  or  in  frieze. 

b.  “  Heraldic  ”  scheme. 

C.  Men. 

a.  In  frieze. 

b.  “  Heraldic  ”  scheme. 

c.  “  Genre  ”  scenes  (hunting,  rowing,  fighting,  etc.). 


a.  In  frieze. 


D.  Women. 

E.  Miscellaneous. 


Deer,  dogs,  and  other  animals,  usually  in  frieze,  but  often  introduced  as  ornaments  in  field. 


A.  Birds. 

The  bird  as  a  motive  of  decoration  is  not  only  the  most  common  one  in  the  Geometric 
style,  but  there  is  good  reason  for  assuming  it  to  be  the  earliest  of  the  motives  included 
in  Class  111.  It  is  found  on  many  fragments  which  through  their  primitive  technique 
appear  to  belong  to  the  earlier  period  of  the  style,  where  the  other  animal  motives  are 
wanting.  We  find  it  as  a  common  feature  on  Mycenaean  vases  of  Class  IV.,  though 
treated  in  a  different  fashion,  showing  that  the  motive  is  not  original  in  the  Geometric 
style.  But  as  the  similarity  between  the  earliest  type  of  the  water  bird  frieze  in  the  Geo¬ 
metric  style  and  the  band  of  vertical  zigzags  common  on  the  rims  of  Mycenaean  bowls 
is  so  marked,  there  is  reason  for  supposing  that  while  the  bird  itself  was  borrowed 
directly  from  the  Mycenaean  fourth  class,  its  arrangement  in  a  frieze  was  suggested  by 
the  use  of  the  zigzag  band. 

Fragments  having  this  water  bird  motive  were  extremely  numerous,  belonging  to  the 
rims  of  small  bowls  around  which  ran  a  frieze  of  birds.1  The  earliest  examples  are  mere 
zigzag  lines,  the  later  more  elaborate,  the  figure  of  the  bird  being  shaded  by  cross-lines, 
and  the  head  and  beak  more  sharply  defined.  Ornaments  in  field  are  then  introduced, 
principally  dots,  rosettes,  and  zigzags.  Soon  after  the  introduction  of  the  frieze  the  bird 
itself  becomes  the  real  subject  of  decoration,  but  rapidly  passes  to  the  position  of  an 
ornament  in  field  itself. 

Some  slight  differences  may  be  detected  in  the  various  birds,  but  it  is  of  little  use  to 

1  As  on  a  skyphos  said  to  come  from  Mycenae  ( Julirb .  the  Geometric  vases  from  the  Heraeum,  there  can  be  no 
XVI.  [1899],  p.  85,  fig.  48).  From  the  close  similarity  to  doubt  that  the  vase  referred  to  comes  from  the  Argolid. 


THE  GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  BIRDS  AND  HORSES 


109 


try  and  identify  them  with  any  particular  species.  As  some  have  a  tuft  of  feathers  at 
the  back  of  the  head,  they  may  perhaps  represent  cranes  or  herons. 

PLATE  LVI. 

a. 

11.  Ri  in  of  bowl ;  black  glaze  on  interior. 

This  is  the  commonest  type  of  the  frieze,  and  was  found  in  very  large  quantities  at  the  Heraeum. 
The  type  is  too  common  to  cite  any  further  examples. 

12.  Rim  of  bowl ;  dark  brown  glaze  on  interior.  Treatment  of  bird  more  elaborate,  the  body 
being  shaded  by  cross-lines,  zigzags  in  field. 

13.  From  large  bowl  with  dark  brown  decoration  on  interior.  Brown  decoration  rather  faded. 
Stars  in  field ;  above  zigzag  band  and  meander. 

The  birds  are  shaded  as  in  12,  the  tails  sharply  defined.  It  is  noteworthy  that  the  birds  are 
alternately  large  and  small,1  a  feature  I  have  not  observed  elsewhere.  The  use  of  the  star  as  an 
ornament  in  field  is  by  no  means  usual. 

14.  Birds  treated  rather  freely.  Checker  square  in  field. 

15.  The  birds  are  here  represented  with  heads  down,  feeding ;  this  type,  though  by  no  means 
rare,  is  not  as  common  as  the  type  that  is  represented  by  11-13. 

b. 

In  Group  b  the  water  bird  becomes  the  chief  feature  and  is  generally  treated  in  a 
simple  fashion,  the  bird  standing  alone  in  the  centre  of  a  panel  formed  by  vertical  and 
horizontal  lines.  A  transitional  type  from  a  was  observed  in  the  case  of  several  frag¬ 
ments  from  the  neck  of  a  large  vase  (probably  an  amphora)  where  a  row  of  birds  was 
represented,  each  one  separated  from  the  other  by  two  patterns,  one  consisting  of  two 
upright  lines  with  horizontal  lines  between  and  the  other  a  vertical  guilloche  treated  as  a 
silhouette.  The  technique  was  poor  and  the  birds  drawn  as  silhouettes  without  any 
shading.  Other  cases  were  observed  where  the  panel  was  hounded  by  rows  of  horizontal 
zigzags  one  above  the  other. 

16.  From  a  bowl  about  17  cm.  in  diameter ;  height  cannot  be  determined.  Dark  red  clay. 
Brilliant  black  glaze  on  interior,  black  decoration.  Several  other  fragments  found. 

The  bowl  seems  to  have  been  divided  into  four  panels,  the  intervening  spaces  being  filled  by  a 
meander  pattern  (not  visible  on  16).  The  birds  are  treated  as  silhouettes.  The  ornament  in 
field  is  a  common  one  in  this  style. 

17.  From  a  large  vase.  Brick  red  clay,  with  decoration  varying  from  black  to  brown.  The 
birds  are  more  elaborately  treated  with  stars  as  ornaments  in  field  (cf.  No.  14).  From  several 
other  fragments  belonging  to  the  same  vase  it  seems  probable  that  the  birds  were  the  principal 
theme,  the  rest  of  the  vase  being  ornamented  with  purely  Geometrical  motives. 

The  ornaments  in  the  field  on  most  of  the  fragments  of  type  b  are  lozenges,  zigzags, 
concentric  circles,  stars,  etc.  The  treatment  of  the  water  bird  as  an  ornament  in  the 
field  will  be  discussed  later. 

B.  Horses. 

One  of  the  most  characteristic  features  of  the  Geometric  style  is  the  fondness  for 
representing  horses,  either  singly,  in  pairs  (“Heraldic”  scheme),  or  attached  to  a  wagon. 
The  horse  in  Greek  art  was  a  well  known  feature  before  this  period  ;  one  recalls  the 
grave  stelae,  and  the  sword  blade  from  Mycenae.  Also  on  Mycenaean  vases  of  the 
fourth  class  the  horse  may  be  found,  although  not  so  often  as  to  assume  that  the  animal 

1  A  bowl  from  Boeotia  ( Jnhrb .  XIV.  [1899],  p.  83,  fig.  40)  shows  two  large  and  two  small  water  birds,  which  are 
arranged  in  a  panel,  and  not,  as  here,  in  a  frieze. 


110 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


was  a  great  favorite  with  the  Mycenaean  potters.  To  account  for  its  popularity  during 
the  Geometric  period  is  difficult.  From  the  Homeric  poems  we  know  what  a  part  was 
played  by  it  in  the  Mycenaean  civilization,  so  that  we  cannot  assume  a  sudden  increase  of 
popularity  for  it  during  the  later  period.  The  chief  point  of  difference  lies  in  the  fact 
that  during  the  Mycenaean  period  the  horse  is  always  used  as  a  yoke-animal,  never  as  a 
beast  of  burden.  In  the  Geometric  period  we  find  frequent  representations  of  the  horse 
as  a  mount  as  well  as  a  beast  of  burden.  A  very  superficial  study  of  the  Mycenaean  vases 
shows  that  the  drawing  of  animals  was  more  or  less  tentative,  with  rather  unsatisfactory 
results.  Of  course  the  Vapliio  cups  show  that  it  was  possible  for  the  Mycenaean  artists  to 
reproduce  animals  with  wonderful  accuracy,  but  then  the  toreutic  art  of  the  Mycenaean 
period  is  far  in  advance  of  that  of  the  vase  painter.  Hence  we  can  only  assume  that  an 
increase  of  skill  in  drawing  on  the  part  of  the  vase  painters  was  responsible  for  so  many 
representations  of  horses  on  Geometric  vases.  Being  a  common  factor  in  the  life  of  the 
period,  it  could  not  be  ignored.  But  it  is  certain  that  the  horse  did  not  become  popular 
until  the  Geometric  style  was  firmly  established,  since  it  is  not  found  on  the  earliest  vases 
of  the  style. 

a. 

18.  From  rim  of  large  bowl.  Dark  red  clay,  with  brown  glaze  on  interior.  Head  and  rear  part 
of  two  horses.  On  the  inside,  below  the  rim,  a  band  of  vertical  and  horizontal  lines  crossing  each 
other  at  right  angles.  No  ornaments  in  field. 

Numerous  other  fragments  having  a  single  horse,  or  a  band  of  them,  were  found,  hut 
all  in  had  condition,  showing  in  most  cases  only  the  head  or  hind-quarters  of  the  animal. 

19.  Part  of  the  foot  of  a  large  bowl.  Red  clay,  with  darker  core,  lustrous  black  and  brown 
decoration.  Frieze  of  horses,  with  rays,  stars,  swastikas ,  etc.,  as  ornaments  in  field.  Below,  two 
zigzag  bands  (shaded).  Separated  by  a  moulding  appears  what  may  be  another  similar  frieze. 

Though  the  shape  of  the  base  cannot  be  determined,  it  is  probably  a  large  bowl  mounted  on  a 
tall  foot,  somewhat  similar  in  character  to  one  in  Athens  ( Jahrb .  XIV.  [1899],  p.  81,  fig.  37),  but 
with  a  taller  foot. 

The  majority  of  the  fragments  with  a  frieze  of  horses  had  a  wealth  of  ornaments  in 
the  field.  The  type  of  horse  was  generally  the  same  in  all,  the  only  difference  lying  in 
the  quality  of  the  execution.  One  fragment  (without  ornaments  in  the  field)  showed  a 
frieze  of  horses  grazing. 

20.  Greenish  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  Horse  in  panel.  Duck,  meander,  swastikas, 
and  zigzags  as  ornaments  in  field.  Above,  zigzag  band  (shaded). 

The  treatment  of  the  horse  by  itself  in  a  panel  is  not  as  common  as  in  the  case  of  the 
birds.  Only  a  few  other  similar  fragments  were  found.  The  bird  is  here  used  as  an 
ornament  in  the  field.  Whether  the  zigzag  which  falls  from  the  bird’s  beak  is  intended 
to  represent  a  worm  is  uncertain.  It  is  of  frequent  occurrence,  not  only  on  the  Heraeiun 
fragments  hut  on  Geometrical  vases  found  elsewhere. 

n 


b. 

The  representation  of  two  horses  facing  each  other  in  the  so-called  “  Heraldic  ” 1 
scheme  is  of  common  occurrence  on  vases  of  this  style.  The  symmetrical  arrangement 
of  motives  in  this  same  scheme  was  a  characteristic  of  the  Mycenaean  fourth  class.  The 
usual  arrangement  called  for  the  figure  of  a  man  between  the  two  horses ;  hmvever,  it  is 

1  For  a  discussion  of  the  “Heraldic”  scheme,  see  Curtins,  ‘  Wappengebrauch  und  Wappenstil  im  Alterthum,’ 
Gexammdte  Abhandlungen,  II.  pp.  110  ff. 


THE  GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  HORSES  AND  MEN 


111 


certain  from  other  fragments  belonging  to  the  same  vases  as  21  and  22  that  the  space 
between  the  horses  was  occupied  by  ornaments  in  the  field,  and  fragments  from  other 
vases  show  this  same  peculiarity. 

As  the  treatment  of  the  horse  is  that  peculiar  to  the  style,  no  further  comment  is  neces¬ 
sary.  Only  a  very  few  fragments  showed  a  lack  of  ornaments  in  the  field  ;  the  greater 
part  have  a  very  elaborate  series  of  ornaments,  with  many  variations.  In  each  panel 
(the  group  is  almost  invariably  in  panel  form)  five  spaces  may  be  found,  two  above  and 
two  below  the  bodies  of  the  horses,  and  one  between  them.  The  filling  of  the  latter 
space  by  a  human  figure  will  be  discussed  later.  The  most  usual  ornament  in  the  spaces 
above  the  bodies  is  a  simple  meander  or  zigzag,  sometimes  combined.  Besides  these  we 
find  rosettes,  lozenges,  squares,  crosses,  circles,  etc.,  in  fact,  all  the  common  Geometric 
themes.  Water  birds  are  occasionally  introduced,  singly  or  in  a  row. 

The  space  beneath  each  body  is  usually  occupied  by  a  fish  or  a  water  bird ;  the  other 
Geometric  motives  are  often  used,  but  by  no  means  with  the  same  frequency.  In  case 
the  space  to  be  filled  is  a  very  large  one,  half  meanders,  crosses,  rosettes,  etc.,  are  em¬ 
ployed  as  filling  around  the  body  of  the  fish  or  bird. 

21.  Reddish  clay,  with  red  brown  decoration.  Noticeable  is  the  object  beneath  the  horse’s  belly, 
a  shaded  half  circle  with  lozenge  chain.  Several  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found. 

22.  Coarse  greenish  clay,  with  greenish  brown  glaze  on  interior,  and  brown  decoration.  Row  of 
water  birds  above  on  a  dotted  meander.  Between  the  hind  legs  a  water  bird,  between  the  fore 
legs  a  vertical  “  Running  Dog  ”  pattern.  Beneath  the  belly  a  square  containing  a  rosette.  Sev¬ 
eral  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found. 


C.  Me  n, 

Although  the  human  figure  is  introduced  into  Mycenaean  vase-painting,  its  use  there 
is  not  very  common.  As  the  earliest  examples  of  Geometric  vases  do  not  employ  it,  there 
is  good  reason  to  believe  that  not  until  the  later  period  of  the  style  was  its  use  at  all 
universal.  Once  introduced,  however,  its  development  was  rapid,  and  in  the  latest 
examples  of  Geometric  ware  we  find  the  human  figure  as  the  chief  motive  of  decoration. 

Among  the  Heraeum  fragments  this  motive  plays  a  large  part.  At  the  time  of  its 
introduction  the  use  of  ornaments  in  the  field  seems  to  be  firmly  established,  and  frag¬ 
ments  with  human  figures,  but  without  ornaments  in  the  field,  are  rather  scarce.  Such 
cases  as  do  occur  are  marked  by  an  advanced  technique,  which  forbids  their  belonging  to 
the  earlier  period  of  the  style. 

a. 

Whether  the  introduction  of  the  human  figure  in  the  “  Heraldic  ”  scheme  between  two 
horses  is  earlier  than  in  the  frieze  cannot  be  told.  The  former  is  by  far  the  more  com¬ 
mon,  and  on  the  Heraeum  fragments  is  the  most  usual  motive.  The  general  type  is 
always  the  same :  a  nude  male  figure,  in  profile,  holding  a  horse  with  each  hand,1  either 
by  a  halter,  or  else  grasping  the  horse’s  nose.  Such  variations  as  occur  lie  in  the  dif¬ 
ferent  ornaments  in  the  field  and  in  the  treatment  of  the  man  and  horse  —  either  less 
or  more  advanced. 

PLATE  LVII. 

1.  Light  reddish  clay,  with  decoration  in  light  brown.  This  is  probably  one  of  the  earliest 
instances  of  the  type,  the  figures  being  hardly  more  than  a  series  of  straight  lines  such  as  a  child 
might  draw. 

2.  From  a  large  vase.  Dark  red  clay,  with  brilliant  dark  red  decoration.  Here  the  hips  and 

1  Ann.  dell’  Inst.  1872,  tav.  d’agg.  I.  1;  Jahrb.  XIV.  (1899),  p.  34,  lig.  12. 


112 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


legs  of  tlie  man  are  treated  more  naturally,  and  the  distinction  between  the  nose  and  chin  sharply 
emphasized. 

3.  Clay  and  technique  similar  to  Plate  LVI.  19,  but  rather  more  advanced  in  style.  The  legs 
are  here  extended  beyond  their  natural  length,  and  the  calf  is  sharply  marked.  Meanders  as 
ornaments  in  field. 

4.  From  a  very  large  vase,  perhaps  an  amphora.  Reddish  clay,  with  dark  red  decoration.  At 
least  a  dozen  other  fragments  belonging  to  this  vase  were  found,  showing  that  the  horse  and  man 
were  treated  in  panels,  and  the  rest  of  the  vase  ornamented  in  the  usual  Geometric  fashion.  The 
head  of  the  man  has  a  very  curious  headdress,  and  the  neck  ridiculously  lengthened.  Such  exag¬ 
geration  is  not  common.  Fish  as  ornament  in  field. 

It  sometimes  occurs  that  a  man  and  one  horse  are  represented  in  a  panel,  the  man 
leading  the  animal.  As  such  cases  generally  have  a  corresponding  group  on  the  other 
side  of  the  lines  bounding  the  panel,  it  cannot  well  be  called  a  genre  scene,  although 
the  “  Heraldic  ”  idea  does  not  appear  so  prominently. 

5.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  Here  a  distinct  profile  is  given  to  the 
man.  For  the  object  in  his  left  hand,  which  may  be  a  staff,  I  know  of  no  parallel  instance  on 
Geometric  vases. 

6.  From  a  bowl ;  reddish  clay,  with  dark  red  glaze  on  interior,  red  decoration,  fairly  lustrous. 
Rim  sharply  separated  from  the  shoulder.  Wave  pattern  on  rim. 

In  spite  of  the  extremely  archaic  appearance  of  this  fragment  we  cannot  but  assign  it  to  the 
later  period.  The  eye  of  the  figure  is  clearly  defined,  and  an  attempt  is  also  made  to  show  the 
fingers.  It  is  uncertain  whether  the  object  in  the  figure’s  left  hand  is  a  whip  or  a  halter. 


b. 


The  use  of  the  male  figure  treated  singly  or  in  a  frieze  is  not  as  common  on  the 
Heraeum  fragments  as  on  the  Dipylon  vases. 

7.  Rim  of  bowl.  Dark  red  clay,  with  lustrous  dark  red  glaze  on  interior.  Clay  shows  traces  of 
burning.  Frieze  of  men  to  right;  the  right-hand  figure  holds  a  kithara  in  his  hands. 

That  the  object  in  question  is  really  a  kithara  1  would  seem  certain.  That  held  by  the  terra¬ 
cotta  figurines  from  Keros  ( Athen .  Mitt.  IX.  p.  156,  pi.  vi.),  which  is  thought  by  Koehler  to  be 
the  sambuJca ,  is  probably  the  earliest  instance  of  a  lyre  in  Greek  art.  This  fragment,  however, 
would  seem  to  show  one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  a  lyre  in  vase  painting. 

Fi  ■iezes  of  men,  especially  on  the  rims  of  bowls,  were  quite  common  at  the  Heraeum, 
and  were  found  on  numerous  other  fragments. 

Another  type,  though  found  on  but  a  few  fragments,  in  bad  preservation,  is  a  frieze 
of  warriors,  the  shield  2  covering  the  entire  body,  and  the  two  spears  projecting  diagonally 
upwards  from  the  shield  on  each  side  of  the  head. 

8.  Rim  of  bowl ;  greenish  clay,  with  black  decoration.  The  figure  undoubtedly  formed  part  of 
a  frieze. 

This  fragment  is  probably  one  of  the  later  essays;  the  nose  and  chin  are  sharply  defined,  and 
the  eye  is  incised.  The  body  seems  to  be  covered  with  a  cloak. 

9.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  lustrous  brown  red  decoration.  Bodies  of  two  men  joined  together; 
double  axe  and  stars  in  field. 

At  first  sight  it  would  appear  that  the  artist  had  tried  to  represent  some  monster  of  the  Geryon 


1  Cf.  the  fragment  from  Amyklae  ( Jahrb .  XVI.  [1899], 
]>.  81,  fig.  42),  and  an  early  Attic  vase,  Baum.  Denkmuler, 
p.  1918.  fig.  2078. 

2  One  or  two  of  our  fragments  showed  round  shields, 
as  on  a  vase  in  Athens  ( Jahrbuch ,  XIV.  [1899],  p.  197, 
fig.  01).  Several  had  only  the  upper  part  of  the  shield 


preserved,  which  had  a  pattern  of  dots  below  the  rim. 
Judging  by  the  skyphos  from  Eleusis  ’A px-  1898, 

pi.  v.  1),  it  seems  most  probable  that  the  shield  was  of  the 
Boeotian  type,  which  is  fairly  common  on  Geometric 
vases.  Cf.  Jahrb.  XIV.  (1899),  p.  85,  fig.  44. 


THE  GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  GENRE  SCENES 


113 


type.  The  most  probable  explanation  is  that  two  figures,  one  behind  the  other,  were  represented, 
and  that  the  artist,  having  no  knowledge  of  perspective,  got  decidedly  mixed  in  his  drawing.  The 
double  axe  is  quite  a  common  ornament  in  field,  but  whether  there  is  any  connection  between  this 
ornament  and  the  Labyrinth  in  Cnossus  (the  house  of  the  Double-axe,  according  to  Evans)  is 
decidedly  problematical. 

c. 

Fragments  representing  genre  scenes  at  the  Heraeum  were  comparatively  scarce.  As 
a  rule  the  technique  of  such  fragments  is  slightly  better  than  the  average.  That  such 
should  be  the  case  is  not  surprising,  since  in  a  style  like  the  Geometric  the  introduction 
of  genre  scenes  would  come  only  after  the  treatment  of  the  ordinary  motives  had  been 
thoroughly  developed  and  some  new  treatment  was  demanded. 

10.  From  a  large  bowl ;  reddish  clay,  with  lustrous  dark  brown  decoration  on  interior ;  decora¬ 
tion  a  brilliant  brown. 

A  battle  scene  is  evidently  represented.  The  central  warrior  is  preparing  to  shoot  an  arrow, 
and  it  may  be  presumed  that  the  other  two  figures  are  about  to  do  the  same.  At  the  right  of  the 
fragment  is  the  foot  of  a  fourth  warrior.  On  the  left  an  arrow  as  an  ornament  in  field. 

The  treatment  of  the  bow  is  precisely  identical  with  that  on  the  fragment  of  the  silver 
vase  from  Grave  IV.  at  Mycenae  (Tsountas,  ’E^p..  ’A px-  1891,  p.  19,  pi.  ii.  2),  and 
the  Mycenaean  sword  blade  from  the  same  grave  ( B .  G.  H.  1886,  pi.  ii.  3,  4).  This 
would  show  that  during  the  Geometric  period  the  same  bows  were  employed  as  in  the 
Mycenaean  epoch.  A  comparison  of  the  figures  on  the  large  Dipylon  vase  in  Athens 
( Mon .  delV  Inst.  IX.  pis.  39,  40)  shows  that  the  arrow  which  seems  to  pierce  the  figure 
with  the  bow  is  supposed  to  be  girded  to  the  side  1  in  lieu  of  a  quiver. 

11.  Reddish  clay,  with  lustrous  red  brown  glaze  on  interior.  Lustrous  black  decoration. 

That  a  boxing  match  over  a  tripod  as  the  prize  of  the  contest  is  represented  is  the  most  prob¬ 
able  explanation.  At  first  sight  it  would  appear  that  the  left-hand  figure  is  holding  out  some 
object  to  the  other,  but  a  closer  examination  shows  that  the  object  in  question  is  really  the  figure’s 
arm  (since  the  fingers  are  denoted)  very  badly  drawn.  Similar  contests  are  rare  on  Geometric 
vases.  Cf.  the  bowl  in  Copenhagen  (Arc/t.  Zeit.  1885,  pi.  8,  2),  where  a  similar  contest  without 
the  tripod  is  represented.  (This  fragment  has  already  been  published  by  Laurent,  B.  C.  II.  1901, 
p.  150,  fig.  3.) 

12.  Reddish  clay  with  red  brown  decoration.  Man  in  chariot  driving.  As  three  tails  are  vis¬ 
ible,  it  seems  probable  that  a  quadriga  was  represented.  Two  other  fragments  showed  the  same 
scene,  but  not  enough  of  the  chariot  to  draw  any  conclusion  as  to  its  form. 

13.  Brick  red  clay,  with  brilliant  black  glaze  on  interior,  black  decoration.  On  the  right  the 
upper  part  of  some  animal ;  in  centre,  a  man  about  to  shoot  an  arrow  (as  in  10)  ;  and  on  the  left 
the  prow  of  a  boat,  with  the  back  of  one  of  the  rowers.  Fishes  as  ornaments  in  field  near  the  boat. 

This  fragment,  as  far  as  technique  is  concerned,  belongs  to  a  class  which  will  be  considered 
later.  It  is  the  only  fragment  found  at  tlie  Heraeum  on  which  a  ship2  was  represented.  The 
treatment  of  the  boat,  however,  differs  materially  from  the  usual  boats  found  on  vases  of  this 
period.  Only  a  portion  of  the  bow  is  presexwed,  but  it  is  plain  that  the  stem  of  the  vessel  did  not 
end  in  a  sharp  point,  as  in  the  modern  ram,  but  was  shorter  and  blunter.  Also,  the  line  of  the 
bulwark  curves  backward  instead  of  directly  towards  the  bow.  (Cf.  Rayet  et  Coll.  Ilist.  p.  29, 
fig.  20 ;  Baumeister’s  Denkm.  p.  1597,  fig.  1G58.) 

No  other  fragments  which  could  properly  be  included  under  the  head  of  genre  scenes 
were  found. 


1  Whether  this  is  a  sword  is  extremely  doubtful. 
Cf.  Athen.  Mitt.  XVII.  (1892),  p.  219,  fig.  7.  On  a  skyphos 
from  Eleusis  ('E<prnn.  ’A px-  1898,  pi.  v.  1  a)  the  warrior 
seems  to  be  armed  with  both  sword  and  quiver. 

2  For  discussion  of  this  motive,  cf.  Pernice,  Athen.  Mitt. 


XVII.  (1892),  p.  285  ft’.  The  prow  of  the  galley  on  one 
fragment  seems  to  be  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  the 
galley  on  a  skyphos  from  Eleusis  (’Ecpij/n.  ’Apx  1898, 
pi.  v.  1). 


114 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


D.  Women. 

The  female  figure  is  treated  in  but  one  way  on  the  Heraeum  fragments  —  as  part  of  a 
row  of  similar  figures  in  a  frieze.  Though  numerous  fragments  were  found  containing  each 
a  single  figure,  it  is  probable  that  such  figures  are  only  part  of  the  regular  row.  All  the 
figures  followed  the  same  type,  and  varied  only  in  a  few  minor  details.  They  are  draped 
(no  instance  of  an  undraped  figure,  as  on  the  Dipylon  vase  in  Athens,  already  referred 
to,  was  found),  and  held  a  branch  in  their  hands.  From  the  waist  to  the  feet  outside  of 
the  garment  are  drawn  one,  two,  or  three  parallel  lines.  No  satisfactory  explanation  of 
these  lines  is  forthcoming ;  they  are  not  always  used  on  Attic  work,  but  on  the  Heraeum 
fragments  no  female  figure  is  represented  without  them. 

14.  From  a  small  jug.  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  The  surface  of  the  clay 
has  been  dented  in  a  rather  curious  way,  perhaps  intentionally. 

It  is  uncertain  whether  the  two  figures  here  are  inclosed  in  separate  panels,  or  whether  the  ver¬ 
tical  lines  separate  two  friezes ;  the  latter  is  more  probable.  This  is  one  of  the  earliest  fragments 
on  which  the  female  figure  occurs. 

15.  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration.  The  heads  are  here  seen  en  face ,  the  hair  forming 
a  large  bunch  on  either  side  of  the  face. 

16.  Similar  clay  and  decoration.  Heads  are  in  profile,  the  nose  and  chin  sharply  defined.  Cf. 
fragment  in  museum  at  Argos  (Jahrb.  XIV.  [1899],  p.  86,  fig.  45). 

In  14-16  the  figures  are  treated  entirely  as  silhouettes.  We  now  find  a  series  of  fragments  in 
which  a  pattern  of  squares  or  lozenges  is  marked  on  the  skirt  of  the  dress. 

17.  From  a  large  bowl  about  31  cm.  in  diameter.  Dark  red  clay,  with  lustrous  black  decora¬ 
tion,  burnt  dark  red  in  places.  Inside  the  rim,  series  of  four  narrow  and  two  broad  parallel  bands, 
the  upper  bands  separated  at  intervals  by  vertical  lines. 

On  rim,  in  centre  a  male  figure  jumping,  behind  him  a  water  bird  and  lower  part  of  a  male  and 
female  figure  ;  to  right,  five  female  figures  carrying  branches,  and  traces  of  a  sixth.  Below, 
meander  pattern.  Lozenges,  swastikas,  and  rays  as  ornaments  in  field. 

That  a  dance  is  represented  here  seems  probable.  It  is  certain  that  two  rows  of  women  were 
represented,  that  on  the  left  led  by  a  man.  The  ancient  form  of  dancing  is  paralleled  by  the  dances 
in  modern  Greece,  where  a  row  of  women  join  hands  with  a  man  at  the  head.  The  jumping  figure 
(cf.  similar  figure  on  the  Copenhagen  vase)  and  the  water  bird  are  probably  used  as  ornaments  in 
field  to  divide  the  two  groups.  The  women  have  the  usual  series  of  tails,  with  a  lozenge  pattern 
on  the  skirt.  The  row  ends  at  the  side  in  a  symmetrical  fashion,  as  the  left-hand  figure  of  the  row 
holds  in  her  right  hand  an  inverted  branch  ;  and  on  the  extreme  left  of  the  fragment  the  lower  part 
of  a  similar  branch  may  be  detected.  It  is  probable  that  the  man  leading  the  left-hand  group  also 
held  a  branch  in  his  hand,  as  in  19.  The  treatment  of  the  water  bird  is  curious,  a  circular  space 
in  the  body  being  filled  by  a  swastika. 

18.  Dark  gray  clay,  with  brown  decoration.  Double  lozenge  pattern  on  the  skirt..  The  eyes  of 
the  figure  are  denoted.  The  right-hand  figure  is  probably  the  end  of  the  group,  as  she  does  not 
hold  a  branch  in  her  left  hand. 

19.  Dark  gray  clay,  with  black  decoration.  Inside,  lustrous  black  band.  Checkerboard  pat¬ 
tern  on  skirt.  As  in  17  the  row  of  women  is  led  by  a  man  who,  together  with  the  woman,  holds 
the  usual  upright  branch,  with  the  addition  of  the  inverted  branch  in  the  woman’s  hand. 

20.  Dark  gray  clay,  showing  traces  of  fire.  Black  decoration  and  black  glaze  on  intei'ior. 
Dotted  square  pattern  on  skirt.  It  is  doubtful  if  any  tail  is  indicated.  The  object  to  the  right 
seems  to  be  the  fore  legs  of  a  horse. 

21.  Red  clay,  witli  black  decoration.  The  skirt  is  very  thin  at  the  waist,  and  flares  sharply 
outwards  like  a  bell.  Two  tails  are  indicated. 


THE  GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES 


115 


E.  Miscellaneous. 

Besides  the  animals  already  mentioned,  we  find  others  (generally  deer)  which  are  in¬ 
variably  treated  in  two  ways  —  either  as  ornaments  in  the  field,  or  else  as  a  subordinate 
frieze.  In  many  of  the  friezes,  horses,  birds,  deer,  etc.,  are  combined. 

22.  From  a  large  vase.  Dark  red  clay,  with  lustrous  red  brown  decoration ;  on  interior,  lustrous 
dark  brown  glaze.  Frieze  of  deer  to  right,  with  zigzags  as  ornaments  in  field.  Above,  meander 
pattern. 

As  horses  in  the  Geometric  style  invariably  have  long  tails,  it  is  certain  that  these  are  not 
horses.  To  represent  the  animals  looking  over  their  shoulder  is  the  usual  type.  Variations  occur 
where  the  four  legs  of  the  animals  are  bent  sharply  under  the  belly.  (Cf.  Copenhagen  vase.) 

23.  Dark  red  clay,  with  brilliant  red  glaze  on  interior,  decoration  in  dark  brown.  Horse  and 
deer. 

The  deer  is  treated  here  as  an  ornament  in  field.  It  might  be  considered  to  be  a  foal,  but  the 
short  tail  is  rather  against  such  an  assumption. 

24.  Light  reddish  clay,  with  black  decoration.  Lizard  1  or  scorpion  as  ornament  in  field.  What 
the  other  object  represents  is  doubtful. 

25.  Light  gray  clay,  with  black  glaze  inside.  Fishes  and  water  bird.  Whether  this  fragment 
belongs  to  a  plate  or  the  bottom  of  a  shallow  bowl  is  doubtful. 

The  animal  on  Plate  LVII.  13  may  be  a  panther.  No  case  of  a  dog  occurs  on  any 
of  the  Heraeum  Geometric  fragments. 

OTHER  MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES. 

The  common  origin  of  all  the  fragments  previously  considered  seems  fairly  certain. 
A  small  number  of  fragments  were  found  which  seem  to  form  a  class  by  themselves,  and 
are  much  more  closely  related  to  pure  Dipylon  ware,  being  of  a  finer,  cleaner  clay,  and 
with  a  decoration  more  lustrous  and  careful  than  the  preceding  fragments.  It  is  pos¬ 
sible  that  they  may  be  simply  examples  of  the  best  Geometric  technique  at  the  Heraeum 
rather  than  Attic  importations.  But  beyond  emphasizing  the  difference  which  exists 
between  them  and  the  other  Geometric  ware  at  the  Heraeum,  I  do  not  venture  actually 
to  attribute  to  them  an  Attic  origin. 

All  these  fragments  show  a  use  of  purely  Geometric  motives,  the  human  or  animal 
figure  occurring  but  seldom.  What  period  to  assign  them  to  is  hard  to  say  ;  on  techni¬ 
cal  grounds  they  seem  of  later  manufacture,  but  from  their  style  and  a  comparison  of 
ware  recently  found  in  Attica  they  seem  to  belong  to  the  earlier  period.  To  this  class 
belongs  the  fragment  with  the  boat,  Plate  LVII.  13. 

PLATE  LVIII. 

1.  From  rim  of  bowl.  Reddish  clay,  with  lustrous  black  decoration,  brilliant  black  glaze  on 
interior.  Rim  ends  in  a  moulding,  and  the  line  between  rim  and  shoulder  is  sharply  defined.  Me¬ 
ander  pattern.  On  each  corner  a  dotted  circle.  Several  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found. 

2.  Brick  red  clay,  with  red  brown  decoration  ;  glaze  on  interior  varying  from  black  to  red. 
Usual  Geometric  decoration.  Several  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found. 

3.  Cover.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  black  decoration.  Probably  belonged  to  a  vase 
similar  to  one  in  Heraldeion  in  Crete  ( Jahrb .  XIV.  [1809],  p.  37,  fig.  15). 

4.  Dark  red  clay,  with  very  brilliant  black  decoration,  burnt  red  in  places.  Lower  part  of  water 
bird  frieze. 

Several  other  fragments  from  different  vases  of  exactly  similar  technique  were  found.  The  con¬ 
trast  between  the  red  and  black  is  so  conspicuous  as  to  appear  intentional. 

1  Cf.  Jahrb.  XIV.  (1899),  p.  84,  fig.  42. 


116 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


5.  From  rim  of  small  bowl.  1  ellow  clay,  with  black  decoration,  and  black  glaze  on  interior. 

Technically  this  fragment  was  one  of  the  finest  of  this  style  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

6.  Base  of  a  pithos-shaped  vase  of  light  red  clay.  The  shape  is  unusual.  One  exactly  similar 
has  recently  been  found  in  Attica. 

The  fragments  and  vases  which  now  follow,  which  belong  to  the  regular  Geometric  types  already 
discussed,  present  certain  peculiarities  which  demand  a  separate  consideration  of  them. 

7.  From  the  support  of  a  large  vessel.  Dark  red  clay,  with  red  brown  decoration.  Horse  and 
double  axe. 

This  fragment  seems  rather  more  Boeotian  in  treatment,  though  the  clay  lacks  the  white  stones 
characteristic  of  Boeotian  ware.1  The  horse  varies  from  the  usual  type,  as  the  mane  is  composed 
of  wavy  streaks  which  are  drawn  down  to  meet  the  neck  and  occasionally  do  not  touch  the  neck 
at  all.  As  several  other  fragments  exactly  similar  in  technique  were  found,  it  is  clear  that  7 
formed  the  support  of  some  vessel,  probably  divided  into  legs,  as  on  several  of  the  fragments 
the  edge  of  the  leg  was  sharply  defined.  Two  other  fragments  which  may  belong  to  the  same 
support  were  legs,  with  two  broad  diagonal  lines  drawn  from  each  corner  crossing  each  other  in 
the  centre. 

8  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  cover;  diameter,  0.376  m.  ;  height,  0.038  m.  Dark  gray  clay, 
with  black  decoration.  In  the  centre  a  large  wheel  with  a  deer ;  in  the  vacant  spaces,  the  whole 
bounded  by  lines,  lozenge  chain  and  zigzags.  On  the  side  an  adaptation  of  the  “  Running  Dog  ” 
pattern,  the  ends  connected  together,  and  triangles  as  ornaments  in  field.  As  no  decoration  or 
glaze  exists  on  the  interior,  it  seems  certain  that  it  was  a  cover.  Covers  as  large  as  this  in  the 
Geometric  style  are  unknown  to  me. 

9.  Tray.  Length,  0.18  m.  ;  width,  0.11  m.  Brownish  clay,  with  the  inside  entirely  covered 
with  a  reddish  brown  glaze.  The  decoration  is  placed  on  the  outside,  and  consists  of  zigzags  on  the 
sides  and  water  bird  friezes  on  the  bottom,  separated  by  zigzag  sand  lozenge  chains.  Missing  por- 
tions  restored  in  plaster. 

10.  From  similar  plate  ;  handle. 

11.  F  rom  similar  plate  ;  corner. 

9-11  are  the  most  important  examples  of  about  twenty  fragments  which  belonged  to 
trays  or  plates  of  precisely  the  same  form  and  design.  They  are  slightly  narrower  at 
one  end  (the  restoration  of  9  is  not  quite  exact)  and  are  provided  with  a  handle  at  each 
end.  Several  fragments  showed  a  meander  pattern  at  the  base. 

Their  principal  interest  lies  in  the  fact  that  very  similar  trays  have  been  found 
at  Aegina  and  nowhere  else.'2  At  Aegina,  however,  all  the  trays  found  were  rectangular, 
and  did  not  show  a  different  diameter  at  either  end.  As  the  microscopical  analysis  of 
these  trays  (cf.  p.  65,  note)  made  by  Dr.  Washington  shows  the  presence  of  augite, 
which  was  found  in  the  trays  from  Aegina,  and  is  a  characteristic  feature  of  the  island,  it 
would  seem  fairly  certain  that  these  particular  trays  were  imported  from  Aegina.  If 
this  be  true,  in  these  trays  we  have  the  only  authentic  instance  of  an  importation  from 
Aegina  into  Argos,  since,  according  to  Dr.  Washington,  all  the  Geometric  fragments 
from  Aegina  which  were  examined  by  him  are  identical  with  those  from  the  Heraeum, 
and  show  none  of  the  distinctive  features  of  the  island.  Moreover,  they  would  seem  to 
be  the  only  instance  of  a  local  fabric  in  Aegina,  which  until  now  has  not  been  demon¬ 
strated.  (Cf.  Loeschcke,  Atlten.  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  pp.  259-264.)  They  furnish,  at  any 
rate,  a  conclusive  proof  as  to  the  relation  between  the  two  states,  which  we  have  already 
assumed  to  exist  (cf.  p.  64).  I  do  not,  however,  agree  with  Stais  in  assigning  them  to 
the  end  of  the  seventh  or  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  century ;  from  a  comparison  with 
the  other  fragments  of  the  Argive  and  Geometric  styles  found  at  the  Heraeum,  they 
seem  to  my  mind  at  least  a  century  earlier. 

1  Jahrb.  III.  (1888),  p.  327. 


2  ’E</>t7/x.  ’A px-  1895,  p.  262  ff.,  pi.  xii. 


THE  GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  AMPHORA 


117 


12  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  pinax.  Greenish  yellow  clay,  with  brown  decoration  faded. 

a.  Length,  0.10  m. ;  width,  0.085  m. 

b.  Length,  0.62  m.  ;  width,  0.10  m. 

The  design,  as  far  as  it  can  be  restored,  consists  of  two  female  figures  bounded  by  four  elliptical 
bands,  and  the  usual  Geometric  ornaments  in  field ;  outside  of  the  ellipse  a  row  of  water  birds. 
The  dimensions  of  the  pinax  cannot  be  estimated. 

13.  Similar  clay  and  technique.  Undoubtedly  belonged  to  a  pinax  whose  ends  were  slightly 
curved.  Water  birds  in  panels.  Edges  are 
toothed  like  a  saw. 

(As  12  and  13  were  taken  from  a  photo¬ 
graphic  plate  with  a  slightly  different  scale, 
they  are  slightly  smaller  than  they  appear. 

The  difference  between  this  scale  and  that  of 
the  other  fragments  on  Plate  LVIII.  is  6  to  5.) 

There  still  remain  to  be  considered  a 
few  vases  which  are  either  intact  or  else  in 
such  condition  as  to  make  their  form  cer¬ 
tain. 

Fig.  42.  Amphora.  Height,  0.495  m. ;  di¬ 
ameter  of  opening,  0.235  m.  Part  of  neck,  one 
handle,  and  various  parts  of  the  body  supplied 
in  plaster. 

On  edge  of  rim,  zigzag  band  ;  on  neck,  verti¬ 
cal  and  horizontal  series  of  zigzags  bounding  a 
panel  of  interlacing  lozenges  with  a  black  cen¬ 
tre.  Below,  narrow  band  of  vertical  zigzags  and 
double  crosses.  Handles  in  fine  plastic  bands. 

Below  each  handle  a  lozenge. 

A.  Horse  and  rider  to  right.  The  rider 
(bearded,  with  three  strokes  to  denote  his  hair) 
clad  in  a  short  chiton,  which  seems  to  be 
tucked  up  around  his  waist,  holds  in  his  left 
hand  the  leading  rein  and  in  his  right  hand  a 
whip ;  chiton  ornamented  with  vertical  lines. 

The  horse  is  more  carefully  drawn  than  usual,  with  the  eye  clearly  defined.  No  signs  of  a  mane 
can  be  detected.  On  either  side  of  the  horse,  a  fish  with  a  single  vertical  meander  along  the  body. 

B.  Exactly  the  same,  save  that  the  horse  has  no  rider. 

On  base,  single  meander  pattern. 

This  amphora  was  the  only  large  Geometric  vase  the  Heraeiun  yielded  which  could  be 
restored  almost  entire.  That  it  is  one  of  the  latest  examples  of  the  style  seems  proba¬ 
ble,  since  the  body  is  not  entirely  covered  with  decoration  and  the  horse  is  represented 
as  a  beast  of  burden,  not  as  in  the  earlier  types  attached  to  a  chariot  or  in  the  usual  “  Her¬ 
aldic  ”  scheme. 

A  jug  was  also  found  intact,  10  cm.  in  height,  of  precisely  the  same  shape  as  Jcihrb. 
II.  (1887),  p.  50,  fig.  9,  with  similar  decoration  to  Ann.  dell  Inst.  1872,  tav.  d’  agg.  K. 
No.  3. 

Several  small  skyphoi  with  vertical  and  horizontal  handles,  their  sides  ornamented  with 
meanders  and  zigzags,  were  found. 

Fig.  43.  Height,  0.18  in.  ;  diameter  at  base,  0.28  m. ;  at  top,  0.21  m.  Red  clay,  with  red 


118 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


decoration.  Lozenge  band  at  top,  usual  Geometric  motives  on  body  and  water  bird  frieze  on  base. 
Several  other  fragments  found,  one  of  which  showed  that  the  sides  were  arranged  in  panels  con¬ 
taining  two  horses  and  man  in  the  “  Heraldic  ”  scheme. 
Handle  in  centre,  mouldings  with  dots  half  way  between 
handles  and  edges. 

To  assign  this  vase  to  its  proper  place  is  not  easy.  It  is 
almost  identical  in  shape  with  Ann.  del!  Inst.  1881,  tav. 
d’  agg.  R.  1  and  2,  except  for  the  lack  of  handles.  These 
are  said  to  have  been  found  on  a  similar  vase  from  Chiusi 
(v.  Bull,  dell ’  Inst.  1884,  p.  178,  179).  But  no  trace 
whatsoever  of  a  partition  dividing  the  vase  inside  into  two 
cups  can  be  found,  so  that  it  is  impossible  that  it  should 
have  been  used  in  the  same  fashion  as  the  Italian  vases. 
(For  discussion  of  their  use,  see  Helbig,  Das  Homerische 
Epos1,  p.  361.)  Nor  is  there  any  reason  to  suppose  that 
would  be  needed  on  any  support  handles  of  a  vase. 

Fragments  representing  such  supports  (cf.  Plate  LVIII. 
7)  were  found. 

About  two  hundred  or  more  fragments  belonging  to  one  vase  were  found.  This  was 
evidently  an  amphora  similar  in  shape  to  the  large  Dipylon  vases  in  Athens,1  of  a  light 
reddish  clay,  burnt  in  places,  and  must  have  measured  nearly  one  and  a  half  meter  in 
height.  No  reconstruction  of  the  vase  was  possible,  and  the  foot  could  not  be  found. 
The  vase  was  entirely  covered  with  ornamentation,  that  on  the  body  consisting  of  a  series 
of  large  wheels,2  arranged  vertically  and  horizontally,  separated  by  panels  containing  the 
usual  “  Heraldic  ”  motives.  Panels  again  were  arranged  on  the  shoulder,  and  the  neck 
covered  for  the  most  part  with  zigzag  and  meander  patterns.  All  fragments  showed  the 
usual  Geometric  types. 

In  conclusion  it  remains  to  enumerate  briefly  some  of  the  forms  of  vases  not  mentioned 
before,  which  from  the  evidence  of  various  fragments  must  have  existed  at  the  Heraeum. 
The  forms  are  taken  from  Wide’s  articles  in  the  Jahrbuch  for  1899  and  1900. 

Jalirb.  1899,  p.  29,  fig.  1.  This  form  was  represented  by  numerous  fragments  of  feet, 
handles,  and  rims. 

Ibid.  p.  34,  fig.  11.  Several  similar  handles  were  found. 

Ibid.  p.  38,  fig.  20.  Represented  by  handles. 

Ibid.  p.  80,  fig.  34.  Many  fragments,  especially  of  feet,  belonged  to  a  similar  vase. 

Ibid.  p.  82,  fig.  37.  A  similar  arrangement  of  double  handles  was  shown  by  at 
least  a  dozen  fragments. 

Ibid.  p.  205,  figs.  71,  72,  and  the  following  pages.  Large  numbers  of  fragments  be¬ 
longing  to  similar  jugs,  and  handles  with  a  cross-piece  were  found.  At  the  same  time 
it  is  impossible  to  state  whether  all  the  combinations  illustrated  in  Wide’s  article  were 
found. 

Ibid.  ])]>.  214  and  215.  A  large  number  of  fragments  belonging  to  similar  shallow 
skyphoi  were  found,  mostly  of  the  type  of  fig.  100.  Some  seemed  to  have  a  high  foot, 
as  fig.  102. 

Juhrb.  1900,  p.  53,  fig.  113.  Most  of  the  fragments  representing  skyphoi  were  of  this 
type  or  that  of  fig.  121  on  page  55. 

Ibid.  p.  54,  fig.  116  and  117.  Numerous  fragments  of  handles  were  found  which 
probably  belonged  to  similar  skyphoi. 

'  Cf.  Jahrb.  XIV'.  (1899),  i>.  201,  fiy.  69.  a  Cf.  ibid.  p.  199,  figs.  65  and  66,  p.  200,  figs.  67  and  68. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE 


119 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  ARGIVE  STYLE. 

The  Argive  (so-called  Proto-Corinthian)  style  is  not  only  the  most  characteristic  vase 
fabric  at  the  Heraeum,  but  the  one  best  represented  by  entire  vases  as  well  as  frag¬ 
ments,  and  seems  to  have  been  the’ most  popular  style  in  the  Argolid  from  this  end  of 
the  Mycenaean  epoch  down  to  the  beginning  of  the  Corinthian  style,  a  period  of  perhaps 
from  three  to  four  centuries. 

The  term  “  Proto-Corinthian,”  1  as  is  well  known,  was  invented  by  Furtwangler  and 
applied  by  him  to  certain  vases,  of  which  the  small  lekythoi  with  human  and  animal 
figures  as  the  chief  scheme  of  decoration  are  the  best  examples.  Furtwangler  never 
intended  this  name  as  an  exact  designation,  but  used  it  to  show  that  this  class  bore  a 
close  relation  to  the  Corinthian  style  which  it  preceded. 

Since  the  invention  of  this  term  twenty  years  have  elapsed,  and  in  that  time  the  num¬ 
ber  of  these  vases  has  increased.  Originally  not  more  than  half  a  dozen  examples  from 
Thebes,  Tanagra,  or  Corinth  were  known,  but  we  now  have  numerous  examples  from 
Attica,  Aegina,  Eleusis,  Tiryns,  Argos,  Syracuse,  Megara  Hyblaea,  Southern  and  North¬ 
ern  Italy.  To  the  class  identified  by  Furtwangler  has  been  added  a  series  of  vases  the 
decoration  of  which  consists  entirely  of  fine  parallel  lines  encircling  the  body  of  the  vase 
and  Geometric  motives.  At  the  same  time  the  term  “  Proto-Corinthian,”  though  univer¬ 
sally  adopted,  has  never  been  considered  thoroughly  satisfactory,  and  numerous  attempts 
have  been  made  to  discover  the  real  provenience  of  the  style ;  none  of  the  sites  proposed 
as  the  original  home  of  the  style  (Chalcis,2  Corinth,  Sicily,  etc.)  has  yet  been  univer¬ 
sally  accepted.  It  has  been  generally  believed  that  the  style  was  the  outcome  of  the 
Geometric  ware  3  and  originated  about  the  middle  of  the  eighth  century. 

It  appears  to  me  that  the  Argolid  is  the  original  home  of  this  style,  and  I  venture  to 
adopt  a  new  system  of  classification  and  chronology,  which  differs  materially  from  that 
heretofore  offered.4  The  conclusions  about  to  be  stated  have  been  forced  upon  me  after 
a  careful  study  of  the  Heraeum  fragments,  and  while  I  am  far  from  claiming  them  to  be 
the  only  possible  ones,  they  form  the  basis  for  the  whole  of  this  chapter.  Briefly,  the 
so-called  Proto-Corinthian  style  is  Argive  in  its  origin,  and  a  direct  offshoot  of  the  Myce¬ 
naean  style,  being  contemporaneous  with  the  Geometric. 

From  the  very  beginning  of  the  excavations,  when  it  was  seen  how  large  a  proportion 
of  the  vase  fragments  was  formed  by  this  ware,  in  1892  Professor  Waldstein  asserted 
that  it  was  really  Argive.  Since  then  Professors  Furtwangler5  and  Loeschcke  G  have  also 
come  to  the  same  conclusion.  The  arguments  in  favor  of  its  Argive  origin  are  :  — 

(a)  The  quality  of  this  ware  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

(b)  The  steady  development  from  the  earlier  periods,  especially  the  Mycenaean. 

(a)  The  style  is  found  in  greatest  quantities  outside  of  the  Argolid,  in  the  Necropole 
del  Fusco  at  Syracuse,7  and  at  Megara  Hyblaea,8  and  Orchomenos.9  The  amount  fur- 

1  Bronzefunde  von  Olympia,  pp.  47,  51.  given  by  me  in  the  American  Journal  of  Archaeology, 

2  The  Chalcidian  origin  was  proposed  by  Helbig  ( Die  1900,  p.  441  ff. 

Italiker  in  der  Po-Ebene,  p.  84).  Stuart  Jones  follows  8  Berl.  Philol.  Wochens.  1895,  p.  202. 

the  same  view  (J.  H.  S.  XVI.  [1896],  p.  333).  6  Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  p.  262. 

3  B.  C.  H.  XIX.  (1895),  p.  182.  7  Cf.  Not.  d.  Scavi,  1893  and  1895. 

4  A  brief  outline  of  the  following  has  already  been  s  Mon.  Ant.  vol.  I. 

9  B.  C.  H.  XIX.  (1895),  pp.  182-188. 


120 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


nished  by  the  three  most  important  excavations  in  the  Argolid,  the  Heraeum,  Mycenae, 
and  Tiryns,  more  than  equals  that  of  the  rest  of  the  Greek  world,  including  the  Sicilian 
excavations.  With  such  a  vast  amount  found  in  the  Argolid  alone,  it  is  extremely 
improbable  that  any  other  state  should  have  been  the  inventor,  or  that  the  importation 
of  the  style  should  have  taken  place  into  a  state  which  during  the  Mycenaean  period 
had  a  flourishing  vase  industry  of  its  own.  F urthermore,  as  we  have  already  pointed  out, 
so  few  types  were  found  at  the  Heraeum  which  were  clearly  made  outside  of  the  Argolid, 
that  we  must  hesitate  before  calling  any  doubtful  style  a  foreign  importation.  And  as 
the  largest  part  of  the  ware  found  in  the  Argolid  is  furnished  by  the  Heraeum,  it  is  there 
rather  than  at  Mycenae  that  the  origin  of  the  style  must  be  sought.  In  Aegina  the 
style  shows  the  same  development  as  at  the  Heraeum,  but  as  no  attempt  has  ever  been 
made  to  show  that  Aegina  had  a  vase  industry  of  her  own,1  and  as  we  know  that  histori¬ 
cal  evidence  points  to  a  close  connection  between  Argos  and  Aegina  during  the  eighth 
and  seventh  centuries,  the  vases  of  this  style  found  at  Aegina  may  well  have  been 
imported  from  Argos. 

(6)  As  far  back  as  1887,  Dummler  2  had  pointed  out  the  fact  that  fragments  of  this 
style  had  been  found  at  Aegina  in  the  lowest  levels  along  with  Mycenaean  fragments, 
and  the  same  is  true  at  the  Heraeum,  though,  as  we  have  seen,  the  presence  of  definite 
chronological  levels  was  not  observed.  This  would  show  clearly  that  some  vases  of  the 
style  are  as  old  as  the  Mycenaean  period.  Many  fragments  of  this  ware  are  found  at 
Aegina  as  well  as  at  the  Heraeum,  which  bear  the  strongest  resemblance  to  the  Myce¬ 
naean  style.  Moreover,  the  steady  development  of  the  style  from  its  beginning  can  be 
better  traced  in  the  Argolid  than  in  any  other  site,  where  the  earliest  examples  are  not  to 
be  found.  Therefore,  as  Aegina  cannot  really  claim  the  origin  of  the  style,3  the  enor¬ 
mous  quantity  of  it  found  at  the  Heraeum,  as  well  as  the  steady  and  complete  develop¬ 
ment,  would  make  it  reasonably  probable  that  the  style  originated  in  the  Argolid. 

As  stated  in  the  Introduction,  the  all-pervading  characteristic  of  the  Argive  style  is, 
as  Professor  Waldstein  maintains,  “  Linear,”  pure  and  simple.  We  have  already  seen  that 
the  Primitive  and  Mycenaean  styles  were  Linear  in  their  origin,  and  that  the  latter, 
after  passing  through  the  pictorial  stage  when  naturalism  prevailed,  returned  in  Class  IV. 
to  the  Linear  principle  again,  which,  as  we  know  from  the  presence  of  the  broad  and 
fine  bands  on  the  bodies  of  Mycenaean  vases,  was  never  entirely  lost. 

Practically,  therefore,  the  earliest  specimens  of  the  Argive  style  are  small  vases,  akin 
in  clay  and  technique  to  the  Mycenaean  style.  The  question  here  arises,  whether  such 
vases  form  a  step  beyond  the  Mycenaean  style,  or  whether  they  are  only  the  best  illus¬ 
trations  of  a  continuous  principle  which  originated  in  primitive  times,  and  arrived  at  its 
perfection  at  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period.  Professor  Waldstein  maintains  4  “  that 
the  Proto-Corinthian  development  of  the  Argive-Linear  is  but  the  natural  development 
out  of  the  linear  decoration  as  found  in  Argive  vases  at  the  Heraeum  from  the  earliest 
Primitive  vases  through  the  dull-colored  vases  and  the  Mycenaean  periods.  In  the  two 
first  periods  (Primitive  and  Dull-colored)  this  linear  decoration  is  in  free-hand  drawing, 
sometimes  with  rudest  implements  and  in  awkward  and  grotesque  uncertainty  of  touch. 
This  uncertainty  corresponds  to  the  ruder  hand-made  technique  of  the  ceramist.  The 


1  The  plates  mentioned 
of  Mycenaean  vases  are 
were  surd//  manufactured 
p.  65,  note. 


on  p.  11(5  and  a  few  fragments 
the  only  vases  known  which 
in  the  island  ;  v.  Introduction, 


2  Jahrb.  II.  (1887),  p.  19. 

3  Cf.  p.  65,  note. 

4  The  words  in  quotation 
stein’s. 


marks  are  Professor  Wald- 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  ORIGIN 


121 


greater  accuracy  and  skill  in  this  linear  decoration  naturally  comes  in  when  the  ceramist 
himself  makes  skillful  use  of  the  wheel,  and  produces  such  line  specimens  of  the  potter’s 
craft  as  are  to  be  found  with  the  rise  of  the  Mycenaean  lustrous  vases.  The  parallel 
lines  ornamenting  the  lower  portions  of  these  are  thus  firm  and  accurate.  At  the  same 
time  the  feeling  for  ‘  free-hand  ’  drawing  has  not  died  out,  and  in  its  turn  advances 
with  the  progress  of  ceramic  art  during  the  Mycenaean  period,  so  that  when  the  feeling 
and  desire  for  naturalism  grows,  the  decoration  above  the  lines  reaches  a  stage  of  per¬ 
fection  comparatively  as  high  in  technique  in  these  lustrous  vases  as  is  the  linear  decora¬ 
tion  and  the  ceramic  art  in  the  shape  and  manufacture  of  the  vase  itself.  In  the  larger 
vases  of  the  Mycenaean  period  the  linear  decoration  is  thus  never  entirely  superseded ; 
while  in  the  smaller  vases  it  still  maintains  its  predominance  through  this  and  all  early 
periods.  At  the  Heraeum,  and  we  may  say  in  the  Argolid,  the  Linear  principle  of 
decoration,  which  finds  its  highest  and  purest  expression  in  the  later  Argive  (Proto- 
Corinthian)  vases,  had  therefore  never  died  out.” 

This  theory  of  Professor  Waldstein’s  I  accept  in  part,  and  I  agree  with  him  that  the 
Linear  principle  was  never  quite  discarded  even  in  the  best  period  of  the  Mycenaean  style. 
If  it  could  be  proved,  as  Professor  Waldstein  thinks,  that  from  the  Primitive  times  to 
the  close  of  the  Mycenaean  civilization  a  distinct  class  of  vases  exists,  which,  though  show¬ 
ing  elements  of  Mycenaean  decoration,  have  as  their  chief  characteristic  this  same  Linear 
principle,  I  should  see  no  objection  to  accepting  his  theory  entirely.  This  class  I  have 
not  succeeded  in  finding,  and  I  do  not  regard  the  various  examples  already  quoted  by 
Professor  Waldstein  as  establishing  the  existence  of  such  a  class  beyond  question.  It  is 
true  that  there  exists  a  large  class  of  vases  at  the  Heraeum,  the  date  of  which  is  not 
absolutely  fixed,  which  show  only  the  Linear  principle ;  but  whatever  their  date  may  be, 
I  do  not  consider  them  as  earlier  than  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period,  nor  do  the  few 
scattered  fragments  with  incised  linear  ornamentation,  which  may  possibly  belong  to  the 
acme  of  that  period  (though  that  point  is  extremely  doubtful),  constitute  to  my  mind  a 
distinct  and  unmistakable  link  between  the  Primitive  times  and  the  rise  of  the  Arrive 
style.  It  is  possible  to  regard  these  same  small  vases  as  the  beginnings  of  the  Argive 
style,  but  only  as  the  poorest  examples  of  it.  They  show  at  least  that  they  are  the  result 
of  a  principle  which  filtered  through  the  Mycenaean  civilization,  just  as  a  river  flows 
through  a  lake,  but  which  I,  for  my  part,  do  not  regard  as  a  separate  entity  from  Primi¬ 
tive  times.  Hence  the  earliest  class  of  the  Argive  ware  is  probably  an  offshoot  of  the 
Mycenaean  style.  This  class  I  shall  call  “  Early  Argive.” 

We  have  seen  that  some  great  movement  (perhaps  the  Dorian  invasion)  in  Greece 
caused  a  revival  of  the  various  Geometric  or  primitive  motives  at  a  time  when  the  My¬ 
cenaean  civilization  was  dead  or  dying,  but  when  the  Argive  style  had  begun.  Under 
the  new  influence  the  Argive  style  is  quick  to  respond.  Accordingly  we  find  that  as 
the  Geometric  style  flourishes,  the  Argive  style  borrows  freely  the  Geometric  motives,  but 
keeps  them  subordinate  to  its  characteristic  Linear  principle  of  parallel  bands  as  the  main 
decoration.  This  is  the  class  “  Linear  Argive,”  which  forms  the  bulk  of  the  style  at  the 
Heraeum  and  is  widely  represented  in  Sicily  and  Italy.  The  ordinary  Geometric  motives, 
zigzags,  meanders,  squares,  lozenges,  etc.,  are  the  ones  most  commonly  used,  and  as  the 
vases  are  generally  of  a  small  size,  these  motives  are  confined  to  the  rims  or  shoulders, 
seldom  if  ever  used  on  the  body  of  the  vase. 

That  the  spread  of  Oriental  influence  in  Greece  caused  the  decline  of  the  Geometric 
style  is  universally  admitted.  In  the  Argolid  we  find  the  Geometric  style  ceasing  almost 


122 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


abruptly,  while  the  Argive  style  becomes,  as  it  were,  emancipated.  The  reason  is  simply 
that  as  tills  style  was  confined  to  smaller  vases  on  which  the  Geometric  motives  played 
a  subordinate  part,  the  introduction  of  orientalized  animals  and  human  figures,  together 
with  the  fuller  development  of  ornaments  in  the  field,  did  not  necessarily  interfere  with  its 
Linear  principle  of  encircling  bands.  Again,  as  it  was  the  distinctive  style  of  the  Argolid, 
and  more  popular  than  the  Geometric,  it  was  more  easily  influenced  by  the  new  ideas 
from  the  east.  On  the  other  hand,  it  would  seem  as  if  no  attempt  was  made  by  the 
Argive  potters  to  adapt  the  Geometric  style  to  the  new  conditions,  and  hence  it  died 
out.  In  Attica,  however,  as  the  Geometric  style  affords  the  chief  and  only  ware,  some 
attempt  had  to  be  made  to  remodel  the  style  to  suit  the  new  influence,  or  else  to  evolve  a 
completely  different  fabric  ;  accordingly  we  find  the  Dipylon  style  developing  into  the 
Early  Attic.  It  would  seem  probable  that  the  Phaleron  jugs  which  illustrate  this  devel¬ 
opment  were  influenced  in  some  way  by  the  Argive  style ;  such  a  theory,  however, 
lacks  actual  confirmation. 

We  therefore  find  a  third  class  of  the  Argive  ware  (Oriental  Argive).  It  is  to  this 
class  that  the  lekythoi  in  Berlin,  London,  and  the  other  museums  belong,  which  caused 
the  invention  of  the  term,  u  Proto-Corinthian.”  The  period  of  its  production  probably 
lies  in  the  early  part  of  the  seventh  century,  and  it  cannot  have  lasted  beyond  the  end  of 
that  century,  since  the  rise  of  the  Corinthian  and  Early  Attic  styles  probably  supplanted 
it ;  also,  no  fragments  of  the  style  have  been  found  at  Naucratis.  Cf.  Cecil  Smith, 
•/.  II.  S.  1890,  p.  176. 

A  difficult  question  is  presented  by  the  relation  of  Class  III.  to  the  Corinthian  style. 
That  the  latter  is  directly  developed  from  Class  III.  I  see  no  reason  to  doubt.  Couve  1 
lias  recently  denied  such  a  connection  absolutely,  but  as  his  arguments  do  not  take  the 
Heraeum  fragments  into  consideration,  they  carry  less  weight. 

Previous  to  the  excavations  at  the  Heraeum  and  at  Aegina,  Class  III.  was  mainly 
represented  by  the  small  lekythoi  already  mentioned,  but  with  the  material  from  Aegina 
and  the  Heraeum  the  class  is  seen  to  include  numerous  larger  vases  of  various  shapes, 
the  lekythoi  being  in  the  minority,  so  that  any  argument  which  bases  the  relation  of  the 
Argive  style  to  the  Corinthian  on  the  lekythoi  alone  possesses  little  value.  It  is  true 
that  the  lekythoi  belonging  to  Class  III.,  which  show  the  most  advanced  technique,  are 
not  found  in  the  Argolid,  but  in  Thebes  and  Corinth.  The  shape,  however,  is  fairly 
well  represented  at  the  Heraeum. 

Now  all  these  lekythoi  found  outside  of  the  Argolid  seem  to  be  a  finished  product ; 
they  are  similar  to  the  Corinthian  vases,  but  vases  which  show  the  transitional  stages 
between  Class  III.  and  the  Corinthian  are  wanting.  Such  connecting  links,  as  far  as  I 
know,  are  found  only  at  Argos  and  Aegina,  but  the  quantity  of  true  Corinthian  ware 
found  at  both  those  sites  is  small  compared  to  that  found  at  Corinth  or  in  other  parts 
of  Greece.  As  Corinth  is  universally  admitted  to  be  the  originator  of  the  Corinthian 
style,  that  point  may  be  regarded  as  settled. 

A  survey  of  comparative  history  will  help  us  here.  We  have  seen  that  during  the 
Myce  naean  epoch  the  Argolid  was  the  great  source  for  the  bulk  of  Mycenaean  pottery 
found  in  Greece,  just  as  Athens  became  the  great  producer  of  the  Black  and  Red-Figure 
styles  in  after  years.  At  the  time  we  are  considering  (the  seventh  century),  Argos  had 
behind  her  centuries  of  skill  in  ceramic  arts,  with  (presumably)  a  correspondingly  large 
Athens  did  not  begin  her  commercial  activity  until  the  eighth  century, 

1  Rev.  Arch.  1898,  p.  218. 


commerce. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  ORIGIN. 


123 


and  Corinth,  although  beginning  at  this  time  to  figure  as  a  commercial  factor,  had  not 
the  previous  years  of  industrial  activity.  If,  then,  the  question  arises  as  to  which  soil 
the  spread  of  Oriental  influence  in  Greece  found  most  receptive,  antecedent  probabilities 
would  certainly  point  to  Argos.  It  would  be  most  extraordinary  to  find  such  a  finished 
product  as  Class  III.  originating  in  Corinth ;  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  real  difference 
between  Class  III.  and  the  Corinthian  style  is  simply  this  —  a  new  influence  at  work 
upon  skilled,  as  opposed  to  unskilled  labor. 

Argos,  then,  originates  Class  III.  Its  wide  range  does  not  militate  against  such  an 
assumption ;  while  not  all  the  vases  of  this  class  so  common  outside  of  Argos  are 
probably  of  Argive  manufacture,  still  the  bulk  of  them  were  most  probably  exported 
from  Argos.  That  they  do  not  exist  in  very  large  quantities  at  Argos  itself  is  no 
proof  to  the  contrary ;  it  may  perfectly  well  have  been  the  case  that  local  taste  preferred 
the  larger,  finer  vases,  while  the  bulk  of  the  smaller  was  exported.  We  know  that 
during  the  sixth  and  fifth  centuries  the  bulk  of  Attic  work  was  exported  to  Italy,  and 
were  it  not  for  the  cemeteries  of  Chiusi,  Ruvo,  Nola,  etc.,  etc.,  our  knowledge  of  Attic- 
pottery  would  be  small  indeed.  At  the  same  time  it  would  have  been  perfectly  pos¬ 
sible  for  potters  in  Corinth,  Thebes,  Syracuse,  and  elsewhere  to  make  copies  of  originals 
imported  from  Argos. 

Hence  it  is  probable  that  the  importation  into  Corinth  of  Argive  vases  gave  the 
inspiration  to  the  Corinthian  style.  The  ware  evolved  by  Corinth  was  really  a  poor  imi¬ 
tation  of  the  Argive,  and,  owing  to  a  lack  of  technical  experience,  the  former  started 
on  a  much  lower  plane  than  the  latter.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  as  Class  III.  develops 
at  Argos  it  becomes  more  like  the  Corinthian,  only  much  finer  in  technique.  This  is  not 
surprising,  seeing  that  the  external  influence  in  both  places  was  the  same.  The  actual 
points  of  similarity  between  fragments  of  Class  III.  and  the  Corinthian  style  will  be  dis¬ 
cussed  later. 

The  question  of  clay  is  important,  but  difficult  to  define  in  default  of  microscopic 
investigation.  In  Class  I.  the  clay  is  almost  Mycenaean  ;  practically  the  only  difference 
is  that  the  clay  of  Argive  vases  is  lighter.  The  general  treatment  of  glaze  and  decora¬ 
tion  varies  somewhat  from  the  Mycenaean,  in  that  the  surface  is  seldom  polished,  and 
the  paint  less  lustrous  and  applied  less  thickly.  This  is  especially  apparent  in  Class  II. 
Here,  however,  the  general  scheme  of  decoration  has  advanced  beyond  all  similarity  with 
the  Mycenaean.  But  though  in  the  earlier  classes  the  clay  seems  to  be  similar  to  that 
of  the  Mycenaean  vases,  the  greatest  difference  exists  between  it  and  that  of  the  Geome¬ 
tric  vases,  the  Argive  being  of  a  different  color  (generally  reddish),  finer,  cleaner,  and 
lighter.  In  fact,  during  the  later  period  of  the  Argive  style,  the  art  of  making  light 
vessels  reaches  its  highest  point ;  in  some  cases  the  clay  is  almost  as  thin  as  a  sheet  of 
very  fine  cardboard. 

Owing  to  the  smaller  size  of  the  vases  the  material  is  in  much  better  preservation, 
and  in  almost  every  case  the  exact  form  of  the  vase  could  be  determined.  Hence  it  has 
been  possible  to  evolve  a  classification  based  on  the  various  forms.  All  through  the 
style  three  shapes  are  most  prominent  —  lekythos  (oinochoe),  skyphos,  and  pyxis ;  each 
exhibits  many  variations,  which  will  be  discussed  later. 

The  use  of  some  color,  red,  white,  yellow,  etc.,  applied  to  the  vase  after  the  first  firing, 
is  especially  characteristic  of  the  Argive  style.  As  it  is  found  in  the  Mycenaean  and 
Geometric  styles  as  well,  its  use  will  be  discussed  more  thoroughly  at  the  end  of  this 
chapter. 


124 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


CLASS  I. 

EARLY  ARGIVE. 

We  may  include  in  this  class  many  of  the  small  jugs  mentioned  on  pp.  99-101.  Their 
only  decoration  is  encircling  bands  with  the  occasional  introduction  of  a  Mycenaean 
motive,  and  as  they  belong  to  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period  they  represent  virtually 
the  first  stages  of  the  Argive  style.  The  forms  used  in  this  class  are  not  very  numerous; 
besides  the  jugs  already  mentioned  we  have  examples  of  lekythoi,  kalathoi,  and  small 
saucers,  all  three  akin  to  various  Mycenaean  forms.  That  so  few  shapes  are  to  be  found 
is  not  surprising  ;  the  new  style  being  still  an  experiment,  potters  would  he  likely  to 
begin  with  familiar  shapes. 

Lekytlioi. 

Only  one  form  of  the  lekythos  was  noticed ;  it  is  a  one-handled  jug  of  about  the  same  form  as 
Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  63.  It  is,  however,  all  through  the  Argive  style  one  of 
the  most  popular  shapes,  and  one  which  was  clearly  taken  from  a  Mycenaean 
prototype. 

Fig.  44.  Height,  0.07  m.  Southeast  of  Second  Temple.  Intact. 

This  lekythos  is  the  most  perfect  specimen  of  Class  I.  found  at  the  He- 
raeum.  The  clay  is  of  a  yellow  tinge,  and  the  decoration  a  lustrous  black. 
In  point  of  technique  it  possesses  the  greatest  affinity  with  Mycenaean  vases. 
The  quality  of  the  clay  is  of  a  slightly  lighter  and  thinner  texture,  and  the 
scheme  of  decoration  distinctly  linear.  At  any  rate,  its  connection  with  the 
Mycenaean  style  is  so  strong  as  to  show  that  it  is  certainly  contemporaneous 
with  the  later  period  of  that  style. 

Half  a  dozen  similar  vases  were  found  in  good  condition,  and  as  many  more  in  frag¬ 
ments.  The  scheme  of  decoration  was  the  same  in  all,  some,  however,  having  a  series  of 
fine  lines  beween  the  broad  bands.  Several  other  vases,  in  shape  more  like  the  jugs  on 
p.  100,  were  found,  on  which  the  linear  decoration  was  apparent,  but  of  extremely  careless 
execution. 

Kalathoi. 

These  small  vessels  form  a  distinct  series  in  the  Argive  style.  Those  which  show  the 
most  advanced  technique  undoubtedly  fall  into  Class  II.  To  avoid  confusion,  they  have 
been  placed  together.  They  seem  to  have  been  a  common  shape,  since  about  fifty  were 
found,  most  of  them  intact. 

The  earliest  examples  are  hand-made,  very  small  (not  more  than  35  mm.  in  height  or 
55  mm.  in  diameter),  with  one  or  two  broad  bands  very  carelessly  applied.  Next,  a  series 
of  wheel-made  specimens,  some  without  any  decoration,  more  commonly  with  several  broad 
stripes.  Finally  a  number  of  kalathoi,  carefully  made  with  a  decoration  of  stripes  in 
series  of  two  or  three.  These  last  probably  belong  to  Class  II.  In  some  cases  the  rim  is 

W  formed  of  a  series  of  plastic  mouldings  with  dots  on  them,  but  with¬ 
out  any  other  decoration  on  the  vase  except  a  glaze  on  the  interior. 

Fig.  45.  Height,  0.04  m.  ;  diameter,  0.07  m.  Reddish  yellow  clay, 
with  dark  brown  bands  on  interior  as  well  as  exterior.  Cf.  Ann.  dell' 

,,  This  kalathos  belongs  to  the  second  series.  Judging  from  its  simi- 

larity  to  the  bowl  found  in  the  Bee-Hive  tomb  (p.  95,  Fig.  30)  and 
the  style  of  decoration,  we  cannot  date  it  as  any  later  than  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period. 

1  A  kalathos  of  similar  shape  hut  with  purely  Geometric  decoration  has  been  found  at  Eleusis  ;  cf.  ‘Ecpijn.  ’A px-  1898, 
pi.  ii.  17. 


Fig.  44. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  KALATHOI  AND  SAUCERS 


125 


The  hand-made  vases  were  exactly  similar  save  for  a  rougher  style  of  execution.  Slight  but  unim¬ 
portant  variations  in  the  curve 
of  the  sides  were  found. 

Fig.  46.  Height,  0.068  m. ; 
diameter,  0.10  m.  Reddish 
yellow  clay,  burnt  red  at  base, 
with  red  bands  and  dots  on  rim. 

Two  bands  inside.  Found 
above  the  burnt  layer  on  the 
west  end  of  Old  Temple  Ter-  pIG  40  pIG.  47. 

race. 

Fig.  47.  Height,  0.053  m. ;  diameter,  0.093  m.  Red  clay,  burnt  bright  red  at  base,  with 

dark  brown  bands  above,  red  below.  Dark  red  glaze  inside.  This 
change  from  brown  to  red  in  the  decoration  is  evidently  intentional. 

Fig.  48.  Height,  0.045  in.;  diameter,  0.078  m.  Red,  clay  witli 
yellow  slip  burnt  red  at  base.  Upper  bands  black,  lower  red,  evi¬ 
dently  intentional.  Dots  on  rim,  and  five  bands  inside.  A  dozen  other 
vases  of  this  type  were  found. 

The  last  three  belong  to  the  later  series  of  the  kalathoi, 
though  the  interval  between  them  and  the  earlier  ones  is  not 


great.  The  technique  is  far  superior  and  the  clay  finer.  They  illustrate  the  three  varie¬ 
ties  of  the  form.  Fig.  48  has  a  certain  resemblance  to  the  bowls  already  mentioned. 


Saucers. 

Just  at  this  point  we  place  a  series  of  small  saucers,  of  which  quite  a  number  were 
found.  They  vary  from  3  to  5  cm.  in  diameter  and  10  to  15  mm.  in  height,  and  would 
seem  to  be  developed  from  the  Mycenaean  saucers  (p.  96)  with  the  addition  of  Argive 


decoration  of  concentric  bands.  Extra  color 
bands. 

Two  types  may  be  detected. 

a.  Flat  base,  straight  or  sloping  sides,  with  a 
A  small  boss  is  occasionally  found  on  the 
interior,  and  small  projections  are  often 
added  to  the  rim  as  if  for  handles. 

b.  The  base  is  either  flat  or  curved,  with 
curved  sides,  no  flange  to  the  rim. 

a. 

Fig.  49.  Height,  0.01  m.  ;  diameter  V 
0.051  m.  Light  red  clay,  with  black  bands  \ 
alternating  with  applied  red  bands  on  inte¬ 
rior.  No  decoration  on  exterior. 


(generally  red)  is  added  to  some  of  the 


sharply  defined  rim,  flange  curving  outwards. 


Fig.  49.  Fig.  50. 


b. 

Fig.  50.  Height,  0.014  m.  ;  diameter,  0.028  m.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration 
burnt  red  in  parts.  Bands  inside  with  dots  on  rim.  O11  exterior,  below  rim,  broad  band  of  applied 
red.  Boss  in  centre. 

Numerous  other  similar  saucers  were  found  and  fragments  of  others  of  larger  size. 
One,  of  which  about  half  was  preserved,  measured  12  cm.  in  diameter  and  5  in  height. 
Clay  and  decoration  were  identical. 


126 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Fragments  of  a  few  others  were  found,  of  a  very  fine  thin  clay,  with  a  brilliant  glaze 
and  arrangement  of  lines  exactly  similar  to  the  lekythoi  below.  These  clearly  belonged 
to  Class  II. 

CLASS  II. 

LINEAR  ARGIVE. 

We  now  come  to  the  class  which  includes  almost  all  the  Argive  style,  from  its  begin¬ 
ning  in  the  Mycenaean  times  down  to  the  rise  of  the  Oriental  influence,  a  period  of 
perhaps  nearly  two  centuries.  Three  periods  may  be  noted,  though  as  the  transitional 
stages  between  them  are  so  gradual,  they  will  not  be  used  as  a  basis  for  classification. 

1.  The  survival  of  certain  Mycenaean  motives,  still  retained  from  the  older  style. 

2.  Pure  linear  treatment. 

3.  The  introduction  of  the  animal  figure  and  the  development  of  the  Oriental  influ¬ 
ence.  We  also  find  three  distinct  technical  methods,  a.  The  ordinary  technique,  similar 
to  that  already  discussed.  t>.  The  application  of  extra  color,  c.  The  contrast  obtained  by 
the  action  of  fire,  when  half  the  vase  is  burnt  bright  red  and  half  left  in  its  natural 
decoration  in  black  or  brown. 

The  principal  shapes  are  :  — 

Lekythos, 

Oinochoe, 

Skyphos, 

Pyxis, 

Aryballos, 

Alabastron, 

Plate. 

Several  other  shapes  will  be  met  with,  but  such  are  comparatively  rare  and  will  be 
discussed  as  they  appear. 

Lekythoi. 

Two  varieties  of  the  lekythos  may  be  found,  one  rather  globular  in  shape  (cf.  Not.  d. 
Scam,  1895,  p.  138,  fig.  15)  and  the  other  (Bert.  Cat.  pi.  v.  102)  slightly  more  devel¬ 
oped.  The  latter  shape  is  a  modification  of  the  former,  and  becomes  very  common 
during  the  later  period  of  the  Argive  style. 

Types. 

Fig.  51.  Height,  0.065  m.  Bands  on  neck,  handle,  and  body,  with  pot-hooks  on  shoulder,  and 
below  a  broken  wave  pattern. 

The  shape  of  this  lekythos  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  Mycenaean  form  (v.  Myk.  Vas.  xliv.  63). 
In  the  wave  pattern  we  still  see  a  survival  of  Myce¬ 
naean  motives.  A  similar  lekythos  is  at  Syracuse 
(v.  Not.  d.  Scavi ,  1893,  p.  473).  From  the  form 
and  ornamentation  this  lekythos  may  be  considered 
as  one  of  the  earliest  of  Class  II.  Fragments  of 
several  other  similar  lekythoi  were  found. 

Fig.  52.  Height,  0.085  m.  Part  of  rim  broken 
away.  Bands  on  neck,  handle,  and  body,  Geometric 
snake  on  shoulder.  Decoration  in  dark  and  light 
Fig.  51.  brown.  Cf.  Not.  d.  Scavi ,  1895,  p.  138,  fig.  15  ;  Brit. 

Mus.  A.  1061. 

This  seems  to  he  slightly  more  advanced  in  form  than  the  preceding,  and 


Fig.  52. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  LEKYTHOI,  CLASS  II 


127 


is  a  common  type  at  the  Ileraeuin.  Half  a  dozen  more  examples  were  found,  more  or  less  intact, 
and  fragments  representing  perhaps  a  hundred. 

Fig.  53.  Height,  0.075  in.  On  shoulder,  two  birds  with 
a  scroll  between  them.  Incised  lines. 

Identically  the  same  form  as  the  preceding.  As  in  the 
Geometric  style,  the  birds  are  the  first  living  subjects  in¬ 
troduced  on  a  vase.  The  heraldic  scheme  of  the  birds 
suggests  the  fourth  class  of  the  Mycenaean  style.  Cf. 

Mylc.  Vas.  xxxvi.  364.  This  seems  to  be  one  of  the  ear¬ 
liest  instances  of  the  incised  line. 

The  chief  variation  in  these  lekythoi  lies  in  the 
ornamentation  on  the  shoulder.  The  following-  types 
were  noted  in  the  fragments :  — 

Rays.  These  include  several  varieties.  They  are  either 
single,  radiating  from  the  centre,  or  else  double,  one  set  Fig.  53. 

radiating  directly  from  the  neck,  alternating  with  a  second 

set  which  radiate  from  a  band  drawn  just  around  the  neck ;  rays  drawn  in  outline ;  rays  composed 
of  interlacing  lines.  All  have  their  points  outwards. 

In  some  cases  a  second  band  of  zigzags  is  added  on  the  body  just  below  the  rays. 

Checkerboard.  This  is  generally  used  as  a  band  on  the  body.  The  plain  squares  are  occasion¬ 
ally  dotted. 

Lozenges.  As  an  ornament  in  field  on  the  shoulder,  combined  with  a  ray  or  pot-hook. 


Fig.  54.  Height,  0.06  m. 


Fig.  54.  Fig.  55. 


Neck  and  handle  restored ;  on  shoulder  ray  pattern. 

This  is  an  example  of  the  simplest  form  of  this  second  type,  of 
which  about  twenty-five  more  were  found.  The  majority  had  a  ray 
pattern  around  the  base,  and  the  place  of  one  of  the  broad  bands 
taken  by  a  checkerboard  band.  Pot-hooks  were  occasionally  found 
on  the  shoulder  instead  of  rays. 

Fig.  55.  Height,  0.062  m.  Yellowish  clay,  burnt  red  on  one 
side.  Circle  of  dots  on  rim.  Sign  like  the  letter  II  on  handle, 
vertical  zigzags  on  rim.  On  body,  frieze  of  three  animals.  Below, 
rays.  Above  and  below  animal  frieze,  two  lines  of  dark  red  paint 
applied.  The  vase  is  intact. 


This  lekytlios  represents  the  most  advanced  stage  of  the  second  type,  and  can  equally 
well  be  considered  as  the  first  stage  of  Class  III.,  or  the  last  of  Class  II.  I11  fact,  it 
forms  a  link  between  the  two,  since  the  animal  figure  is  now  introduced,  through  the 
Oriental  influence.  A  dozen  more  of  this  type  were  found  intact,  and  at  least  a  basket¬ 
ful  of  fragments  belonging  to  similar  vases. 

The  application  of  the  extra  dark  red  lines  now  becomes  quite  a  feature  in  the  style, 
and  few  vases  belonging  to  Class  III.  are  without  it.  Several  lekythoi  of  this  shape, 
without  any  animal  decoration,  showed  this  same  feature.  One  was  adorned  with  two 
broad  bands  of  brown,  on  which  six  alternating  thin  stripes  of  purple  and  yellow  had 
been  applied.  A  similar  instance  is  at  Syracuse  {Case  VII.  No.  2893). 

Also  several  lekythoi  were  found  with  checkerboards  on  the  body  (with  applied  bands 
of  dark  red  between),  and  a  leaf  rosette  on  the  neck,  similar  to  those  in  the  Louvre, 
v.  Pottier,  Vases  de  Louvre,  pi.  xxxix.  E,  309;  cf.  also  Mon.  Ant.  I.  p.  824  (from 
Megara  Hyblaea).  Several  examples  are  in  Rome  (Museo  Papa-Giulio)  and  Florence. 
The  type  seems  to  be  very  common. 


128 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Oinochoai. 

Three  distinct  types  of  oinochoai  are  to  be  noted. 

1.  Short  neck,  body  slightly  curved. 

2.  Long  neck,  cone-shaped  body. 

3.  Short  neck,  square  shoulder. 

Each  type  is  subject  to  occasional  variations. 


Fig.  56.  Height,  0.124  m. 


Fig.  56. 


I 


am 


Type  1. 

diameter  at  base,  0.115  m.  Missing  portions  restored  in  plaster. 
Reddish  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  Three  bauds  of  ver¬ 
tical  zigzags  on  shoulder. 

This  was  the  only  example  of  the  type  which  was  preserved 
entire.  As  few  other  fragments  of  similar  vases  were  found, 
the  form  does  not  appear  very  common  at  the  Heraeum. 

1  a  and  b  (Plate  LIX.).  Two  fragments  from  a  large 
oinochoe,  whose  height  cannot  be  determined.  Reddish  clay, 
with  dark  brown  decoration.  On  the  neck,  an  elaborate  flower 
pattern  between  vertical  “Running  Dogs.”  On  shoulder,  alter¬ 
nating  rays  of  interlaced  lines  whose  tops  end  in  two  hooks 
with  a  border  of  fine  vertical  lines  ;  below,  dotted  lozenge  chain. 
Several  other  fragments  from  the  same  vase  were  found. 

The  pattern  on  the  neck  is  similar  to  that  on  an  oinochoe  in 
Athens  ( Jahrb .  II.  (1887),  p.  52,  fig.  14)  as  well  as  the  Analy- 
tos  jug  (Jahrb.  II.  (1887),  pi.  iii. ),  and  seems  to  be  drawn  from 
unable  to  find  any  similar  treatment  of  the  ray  pattern  on  the 


a  Mycenaean  prototype, 
shoulder. 

The  form  of  this  vase  is  a  slight  modification  of  Fig.  56,  as  the  diameter  of  the  body  is  not 
so  large  in  proportion  to  the  neck.  Only  one  other  vase  of  exactly  this  form  was  found  with  a 
decoration  on  the  body  of  rays,  bands,  and  checkerboard.  The  form,  however,  is  quite  common 
at  Syracuse.  Cf.  Not.  d.  Scav.  1893,  p.  468 ;  1895,  p.  153,  fig.  38.  In  the  Corinthian  period  it 
becomes  a  favorite  shape. 

The  few  fragments  of  oinochoai  of  this  form  (Fig.  56  and  Plate  LIX.  1)  did  not 
show  any  great  variety  in  their  scheme  of  ornamentation.  Zigzags,  checkerboards,  and 
rays  (especially  on  the  base)  were  the  usual  motives. 


Type  2. 

This  type  seems  to  be  the  most  favorite  form  of  oinochoe  at  the  Heraeum,  judging  by 
the  number  of  the  vases.  Thirty  or  so  were  preserved  more  or  less  complete,  varying 
between  10  and  15  cm.  in  height.  An  equal  number  had  the  necks  and  handles  broken 
away,  but  the  bodies  intact,  while  the  number  of  fragments  belonging  to  vases  of  this 
form  filled  several  baskets.  Something  like  a  hundred  necks  were  found,  but  in  only  a 
few  instances  did  they  fit  any  of  the  bodies.  The  total  number  of  vases  represented 
must  have  numbered  several  hundred. 

Fig.  57.  Height,  0.165  m. ;  diameter,  0.135  m.  Handle  restored.  On  neck,  two  bands,  the 
upper  containing  a  zigzag  figure  like  an  N,  and  the  lower  a  lozenge  chain.  Both  bands  are  broken 
by  a  figure  resembling  two  triangles  with  contiguous  points.  On  shoulder,  Geometric  snake  with 
swastikas,  dots,  and  zigzags  as  ornaments  in  field. 

This  vase  is  still  somewhat  allied  to  the  preceding  type,  save  for  the  lengthening  of  the  neck, 
and  seems  identical  in  form  with  an  oinochoe  from  Eleusis  ( ’A py.  1898,  p.  106,  fig.  26). 


THE  ARGXVE  STYLE:  OINOCIIOAI,  CLASS  II 


129 


Fig.  58.  Height,  0.17  m.  ;  diameter,  0.12  m.  Riin  and  handle  restored.  On  neck,  four  bands 
of  lozenge  chains,  separated  by  a  broad 
band  of  horizontal  zigzags.  On  shoulder, 
rays  (interlaced  lines),  with  swastikas  as 
ornaments  in  field.  Below,  checkered  hand  ; 
on  base,  rays.  Decoration  in  bright  red 
and  black. 

This  is  the  best  specimen  of  the  type  that 
was  found.  The  form  is  seen  here  in  its 
complete  development,  the  body  cone- 
shaped,  and  the  neck  very  long  (about 
once  and  a  half  times  the  height  of  the 
body). 

The  technique  of  all  these  vases  and 
fragments  is  very  similar,  the  clay  red¬ 
dish  or  greenish  in  tone,  with  a  yellow  slip,  and  the  decoration  (often  very  lustrous)  in 
black  or  brown,  changing  to  red,  in  many  cases  intentionally  so.  As  no  two  vases  have 
exactly  the  same  ornamentation,  it  will  be  well  to  consider  that  more  in  detail. 

As  in  almost  every  case,  the  main  body  of  the  vase  is  ornamented  with  fine  parallel 
hands ;  the  variation  occurs  in  the  following  places  :  neck,  handle,  shoulder,  base,  and 
bottom  of  the  vase. 


Fig.  57. 


Fig.  58. 


Neck  and  rim.  The  rim  as  a  rule  is  never  ornamented,  but  is  entirely  covered  on  the 
outside  with  a  dark  glaze.  A  few  fragments  were  found  which  showed  that  the  orna¬ 
mentation  (lozenge  chain)  had  been  carried  on  to  the  rim  itself.  The  neck,  however, 
offers  the  greatest  variety  of  ornamentation.  From  over  a  hundred  necks,  forty-five  dis¬ 
tinct  systems  of  designs  were  counted,  which  fall  into  several  classes.  The  design  never 
completely  encircles  the  vase,  but  leaves  a  vacant  space  from  rim  to  shoulder,  just  back  of 
the  handle. 

In  a  few  cases  the  neck  is  covered  with  parallel  horizontal  lines  the  whole  length. 
This,  however,  is  not  common,  and  was  observed  on  only  a  few  fragments.  The  usual 
type  is  a  series  of  broad  friezes  containing  the  various  motives,  separated  by  the  parallel 
line  system.  These  figures  are  either  arranged  in  series  of  equal  width,  or  else  broad 
and  narrow  friezes  together.  The  ornaments  in  them  are  always  zigzags  (vertical  or 
horizontal),  lozenge  chains,  meanders,  rays,  or  water  birds.  A  few  examples  showed  a 
water  bird  in  a  panel. 

The  following  represent  the  most  striking  examples  (Plate  LIX.) :  — 


2.  Length,  0.107  m.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  yellow  slip.  Brilliant  red  decoration.  Meander 
frieze  bounded  above  and  below  by  friezes  of  lozenge  chain  (interlaced  lines).  Below,  part  of  a 
frieze  of  N  ornament  similar  to  fig.  57. 

3.  Length,  0.054  m. ;  width,  0.045  m.  Brick  red  clay,  with  yellow  slip.  Brilliant  decoration 
in  light  and  dark  red.  Guilloche. 

Reckoning  the  diameter  of  the  neck  as  one  fourth  of  the  length,  we  obtain  an  oinoclioe  of  about 
25  cm.  in  length  (the  neck  being  about  once  and  a  half  times  the  height  of  the  body).  Several 
fragments  of  necks  of  an  even  larger  size  were  found,  which,  together  with  the  size  of  some  of  the 
fragments  from  the  bodies,  shows  that  oinoclioai  of  a  very  large  size  (25  to  35  cm.  in  height)  existed 
at  the  Heraeum.  Oinoclioai  of  such  a  large  size  are  rather  rare ;  the  largest  existing  specimen 
with  which  I  am  familiar  was  formerly  at  Callaly  Castle,1  in  Northumberland  (Forman  collection), 
and  measures  22}  cm.  in  height,  and  21  cm.  in  width  at  the  base. 

1  What  has  become  of  this  vase  I  am  not  able  to  say.  No  mention  of  it  occurs  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  Forman  Sale. 


130 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Shoulder.  Less  variety  was  exhibited  in  the  decoration  of  the  shoulder.  The  usual 
motives  are,  rays  (in  silhouette,  or  formed  by  interlaced  lines),  radiating  outwards 
from  the  neck.  A  few  fragments  showed  rays  pointing  inwards ;  zigzags,  vertical  and 
horizontal,  singly  or  in  series ;  checkerboard.  The  shoulder  has  occasionally  a  double 
frieze,  as  in  Figs.  57  and  58. 

Fig.  59.  Fragment  of  oinoclioe.  Height,  0.057  m.  Brick  red  clay,  with  bright  red  decoration. 

On  shoulder,  frieze  of  birds  (lozenges  and  pot-hooks  as  ornaments  in 
field),  and  a  narrow  border  of  vertical  zigzags.  Usual  arrangement 
of  bands  on  body.  Incised  lines  freely  used. 

This  fragment  represents  the  latest  stage  of  the  oinochoai  belong¬ 
ing  to  Class  II.,  and  corresponds  to  the  lekythos  on  p.  159,  fig.  55. 
As  in  the  Geometric  style,  birds  seem  to  be  the  earliest  animate 
motives  used. 

Handle.  Out  of  over  fifty  handles,  twenty-three  distinct 
designs  were  counted.  The  decoration  is  almost  invariably  on 
the  outside  of  the  handle,  the  inside  being  left  plain.  One 
fragment  showed  glaze  on  the  inside.  The  usual  types  are,  — 

Horizontal  lines,  Meander, 

Vertical  lines,  Geometric  snake, 

Both  combined,  Guilloche, 

Zigzags,  vertical  or  horizontal,  Rosettes. 

Herring-bone, 

The  following  are  the  most  striking  examples  :  — 

PLATE  LIX. 

4.  Length,  0.087  m.  Yellow  clay,  dark  brown  decoration,  rather  thin.  A  similar  meander 
exists  on  the  handle  of  an  oinoclioe  at  Syracuse,  tomb  344.  Cf.  Not.  d.  Scavi ,  1895,  p.  152,  fig.  38. 

5.  Length,  0.095  m.  Light  red  clay,  with  yellow  slip.  Dark  red  glaze  on  inside.  Guilloche 
alternately  in  outline  and  silhouette.  The  same  peculiarity  may  be  found  on  a  Mycenaean  frag¬ 
ment  (Myk.  Vas.  xxxiv.  339).  Another  instance  occurs  on  the  rim  of  an  amphora  found  at 
Cynosarges  by  the  British  School  at  Athens  (J.  II.  S.  XXII.  [1902],  pi.  ii.). 

6.  Length,  0.069  m.  Light  yellow  clay.  Snake  and  rosettes  in  black  (cf.  J.  H.  S.  XI.  [1890], 
p.  175;  Jahrb.  I.  [1886],  p.  135),  very  much  faded.  Incised  lines  are  here  used. 

7.  Length,  0.135  m.  Reddish  clay.  Decoration  originally  red,  but  burnt  quite  black.  The 
arrangement  of  a  half  rosette  at  the  base  of  the  handle  is  extremely  curious. 

Base.  The  decoration  on  the  base  is  usually  confined  to  a  ray  pattern.  Little 
variety  is  introduced,  except  in  the  height  of  the  rays  which  on  the  larger  fragments 
measure  as  much  as  three  centimetres.  A  frieze  is  occasionally  added  above  the  rays  of 
zigzags  or  some  other  design.  One  fragment  showed  a  Mycenaean  spiral  chain.  In 
some  cases  the  line  system  is  continued  clear  to  the  base,  or  a  frieze  of  zigzags  may  be 
introduced  in  place  of  the  rays. 

Bottom.  The  decoration  of  the  fiat  surface  on  the  bottom  with  a  design  is  a  curious 
feature  among  Argive  vases  of  this  type,  and  may  be  also  seen  on  an  oinochoe  from 
Aegina  ( Athen .  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  p.  294,  fig.  19).  The  Aegina  oinochoe  follows 
the  usual  scheme,  which  is  a  series  of  parallel  lines  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles. 
The  other  scheme  is  simply  a  series  of  parallel  lines  across  the  diameter  of  the  base. 
Other  fragments  showed  the  fore  feet  of  a  horse,  scroll  and  lozenge  patterns.  On  the 


Fig.  59. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  CLASS  II.,  OINOCHOAI 


131 


bottom  of  one  fragment  of  the  base,  the  upper  part  of  a  human  face,  similar  in  character 
to  the  face  on  Plate  LVI.  7,  appeared.  A  similar  face  occurs  on  a  Ionic  hydria  in  the 
Louvre  (Pottier,  Vas.  Ant.  de  Louvre,  pi.  lii,  E  696). 

To  this  type  of  oinochoe  belong  a  number  of  vases,  which  through  their  decoration 
seem  to  form  a  class  by  themselves.  About  a  dozen  were  found  more  or  less  intact,  and 
perhaps  fifty  more  represented  by  fragments.  These  vases  were  not  more  than  10  cm. 
in  height,  and  are  entirely  covered  with  a  black  glaze,  except  on  the  base,  where  a  natu¬ 
ral  band  of  the  clay  is  left  on  which  is  a  ray  pattern.  Around  the  body  of  these  vases 
run  thin  lines  of  red  or  yellow,  applied  after  firing,  and  on  the  shoulder  an  incised  tongue 
pattern,  the  divisions  of  which  are  alternately  red  and  yellow. 

The  clay  of  all  these  vases  is  of  a  light  yellowish  tone,  and  the  glaze  varies  between 
black  and  brown.  The  only  variety  lies  in  the  arrangement  of  the  applied  red  and 
yellow  lines,  which  are  arranged  in  many  different  ways.  The  three  fragments  on  col¬ 
ored  Plate  LXIV.  6  to  8,  illustrate  clearly  the  characteristics  of  this  type. 

8.  (Plate  LIX.)  Neck  of  oinochoe.  Length,  0.115  m.  Light  reddish  clay,  entirely  covered 
with  a  lustrous  black  glaze,  on  which  are  added  three  rosettes  in  yellow. 

No  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found,  but  it  seems  certain  that  it  belonged  to  a  large 
oinochoe,  entirely  glazed,  with  the  usual  ‘  tongue  ’  pattern  on  the  shoulder.  The  presence  of  an  orna¬ 
ment  on  the  neck  of  oinochoai  of  this  type  seems  unique ;  I  know  of  no  similar  instance. 

In  Greece  itself  vases  of  this  type  do  not  seem  common.  A  few  similar  fragments 
were  found  at  Aegina  ( Atlnen .  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  p.  126).  Outside  of  Greece,  especially 
in  Italy,  the  type  appears  frequently  (cf.  Not.  d.  Scav.  1895,  p.  139,  fig.  18).  Similar 
examples  may  be  found  in  the  British  Museum  and  the  Louvre. 

As  a  rule  the  vases  were  small;  but  one  exception  (No.  8)  occurs. 


Type  3. 

This  type  differs  principally  from  the  preceding,  in  that  the  shoulder  is  set  more 
squarely  to  the  body,  the  line  between  being  furnished,  in  some  cases,  with  a  slight 
moulding.  The  shape  is  not  common  ;  one  may  be  found  at  Syracuse  (from  Megara 
Hyblaea,  tomb  898),  and  another  in  Naples  (Heydemann,  Cat.  pi.  iii.  130).  Few  vases 
of  this  type  were  found  at  the  Heraeum  ;  not  more  than  five  intact 
or  partly  so,  and  as  many  more  in  fragments.  The  scheme  of 
decoration  did  not  differ  materially  from  what  we  have  already 
discussed  ;  two  of  the  vases  were  entirely  covered  with  a  dark 
brown  glaze  on  which  were  applied  lines  of  dark  red  and  white. 

Others  again  showed  a  shoulder  pattern  of  rays  or  leaves,  and  on 
one  fragment  the  body  was  ornamented  with  a  “  Running  Dog  ” 
pattern. 


Fig.  GO. 


Fig.  60.  Height,  0.086  m.  Rim  and  handle  restored  (rim  falsely  so, 
as  it  should  have  had  a  trefoil  opening).  Light  red  clay,  with  red  deco¬ 
ration.  Leaf  pattern  on  shoulder  and  body,  and  applied  dark  red  bands  on  neck,  shoulder,  and 
body.  The  oinochoe  in  Naples,  mentioned  above,  has  similar  ornamentation. 


Miscellaneous  Types. 

Under  this  head  may  be  mentioned  a  few  oinochoai  which  show  some  slight  variations 
from  the  types  already  discussed.  One  small  jug  of  greenish  clay  was  found.  5  cm.  in 
height,  which  though  in  shape  similar  to  lekythoi  of  Type  1,  had  a  trefoil  lip  ;  except 


132 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


for  two  bands  on  the  body,  the  jug  bore  no  decoration.  The  body  of  another  was 
also  found  which  belonged  to  Type  2  of  the  oinochoai,  but  which  had  a  moulding 
around  the  bottom,  so  that  the  base  was  slightly  raised.  On  the  bottom  was  a  wheel 
with  four  spokes,  having  a  square  of  interlaced  lines  between  each 
spoke.  Another,  which  belongs  to  the  same  type,  is  given  below. 

Fig.  61.  Height,  0.055  m.  ;  diameter,  0.062  m.  Rim  and  handle  miss¬ 
ing.  Reddish  clay,  with  brown  decoration.  This  vase  is  more  squat  and 
rounded  than  those  included  in  Type  2,  and  is  paralleled  by  a  Geometric  jug 
from  Eleusis,  ’E<£r;/i.  ’Apy.  1898,  pi.  ii.  10. 

Fig.  61. 

Further  w7e  may  mention  several  small  jugs,  with  a  globular  shaped 
body,  neck  and  handles  missing.  One  in  particular  (height,  0.65  m.)  had  a  Geometric 
snake  on  the  body,  and  similar  shoulder  decoration  to  a  jug  from  Eleusis  (ibid.  1898, 
p.  102,  pi.  ii.  5). 


Skyphoi. 


The  bulk  of  all  the  Argive  fragments  found  at  the  Heraeum  belonged  to  skyphoi, 
which  were  presumably  the  favorite  shape.  As  these  skyphoi  are  usually  small  and 
made  of  fine  clay,  they  are  generally  broken,  and  few  were  preserved  intact.  The  varia¬ 
tions,  however,  are  few,  and  the  general  scheme  of  decoration  is  the  same  in  all. 

Three  distinct  forms  can  be  noted. 


1.  Skyphoi  with  vertical  handles. 

2.  Skyphoi  with  horizontal  handles. 

3.  With  similar  handles  to  Type  2,  but  more  closely  allied  to  the  kylix  form. 
The  interior  in  every  case  is  covered  with  a  dark  glaze. 


Type  1. 

Fig.  62.  Height,  0.069  m. ;  diameter,  0.08  m.  Handle  and  part  of  rim  restored.  Dark  clay, 


Fig.  62.  Fig.  63. 


with  decoration  in  black  and  brown.  Arrangement  of  vertical  and  horizontal  lines  on  rim,  stripes 
on  handle. 

The  majority  of  the  fragments  of  1  belong  to  similar  vases.  A  similar  one  is  in  the  British 
Museum,  A  543.  Cf.  also  Zannoni,  Scavi ,  XXXVIII.  6. 

Fig.  63.  II  eight,  0.077  m.  |  diameter,  0.07  m.  Reddish  clay,  veitical  lines  on  rim  inclosing 
three  series  of  zigzags  in  a  panel ;  stripes  on  handles. 

1 1  ere  the  separation  of  the  rim  and  body  is  more  sharply  defined  than  usual.  Both  Figs.  62  and 
63  are  from  the  Old  Temple  Terrace. 

Skyphoi  of  Type  1  were  not  very  common  at  the  Heraeum,  nor,  in  fact,  is  it  one  of 
the  usual  shapes.  It  is  evidently  derived  from  a  Mycenaean  shape  (cf.  Myk.  Thong. 
x.  49),  as  there  we  see  the  same  sharp  definition  of  rim  and  body.  As  a  rule  the 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  SKYPHOI 


133 


skyphoi  of  both  types  had  a  flat  base,  but  some  showed  a  well-defined  foot  (as  in  Fig. 
66) ;  the  presence  of  the  foot  seems  peculiar  to  each  type. 

Type  2. 

Type  2  is  the  usual  form  of  skyphos  found  not  only  at  the  Heraeurn,  but  all  over 
Greece-  Sicily,  and  Italy.  The  form  is  that  in  Berlin  Cat.  pi.  v.  98.  Some  thirty  or  so 
from  the  Heraeurn  (mostly  very  small)  were  preserved  intact,  while  the  number  of  frag¬ 
ments  filled  several  baskets.  They  vary  largely  in  size,  some  being  as  high  as  20  to  30 
cm.,  and  some  measuring  less  than  5  cm.  in  height.  The  only  variation  in  the  form  lies 
in  the  fact  that  some  are  much  taller  in  proportion  to  their  diameter  than  others.  The 
scheme  of  decoration  falls  into  two  classes. 

a.  Exterior  ornamented  with  the  usual  linear  motives. 

b.  Entire  vase  covered  by  a  dark  glaze  except  for  a  band  around  the  rim  on  which  the  various 
linear  motives  are  placed.  In  some  cases  only  the  lower  half  of  the  skyphos  is  glazed. 


a. 

A  large  number  of  fragments  belonging  to  skyphoi  exactly  similar  to  those  published 
by  Pallat,  Athen.  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  p.  276,  fig.  8,  were  found.  The  prevailing  style 
of  decoration  seemed  to  be  rays  on  the  base,  bands  around  the  centre,  and  vertical  lines 
and  zigzags  on  the  rim.  Rays  are  almost  invariably  used  on  the  base,  and  in  only  a  few 
cases  are  the  bands  continued  down  to  the  base.  The  chief  variations  occur  on  the  rim ; 
we  have  rays,  zigzags,  water  birds  (Pallat,  loc.  cit.  p.  278,  figs.  10  and  11),  or  a  meander 
pattern.  All  these  motives  are  generally  included  in  a  panel  bounded  by  vertical  lines. 
In  some  cases  a  smaller  panel  with  a  double  triangle  (as  in  Pallat,  p.  279,  fig.  12)  is 
added  at  each  side  of  the  main  panel.  The  space  covered  by  the  handles  is  usually  left 
undecorated.  Several  fragments  also  showed  that  in  lieu  of  handles  the  vase  had  a 
small  boss  on  each  side. 

The  greatest  variations  occur  in  the  technique.  The  clay  runs  through  all  shades  of 
red,  with  a  slip  that  is  generally  red  but  in  some  cases  a  vivid  yellow.  The  most  inter¬ 
esting  technical  feature  is  the  contrast  obtained  by  subjecting  a  part  of  the  vase  to  a 
stronger  fire,  in  such  a  way  that  half  of  the  vase  is  black  and  the  other  half  red.  As 
the  line  of  separation  is  very  strongly  marked  in  many  fragments,  we  can  only  suppose 
that  the  result  was  obtained  by  covering  over  witli  moist  clay  that  part  of  the  vase  on 
which  the  decoration  was  to  remain  black,  leaving  the  other  part  exposed  to  the  full 
action  of  the  fire.  The  interior,  of  course,  was  treated  in  similar  fashion,  as  the  glaze 
shows  the  same  contrasts  of  red  and  black. 

This  same  peculiarity  may  be  seen  on  Mycenaean  vases,  but  on  them  the  contrast 
obtained  is  not  quite  so  decided  or  regular.  Outside  of  the  Heraeum  this  peculiarity 
occurs  but  seldom.  A  pyxis  cover  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc.  cit.  p.  306,  fig.  24)  shows 
this  same  technique,  and  similar  instances  occur  on  a  few  fragments  from  the  Acropolis 
and  on  a  skyphos  at  Syracuse,  Case  VIII.  No.  2132,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  grayish 
green,  and  the  lower  yellowish  red,  the  line  of  separation  being  strongly  marked.  It  is 
not  clear  from  Orsi’s  words  (Not.  cl.  Scav.  1891,  p.  415,  “  due  skyphoi  neri  ”  etc.),  whether 
similar  fragments  have  been  found  there.  On  the  whole,  as  this  technique  is  met  with 
but  seldom  outside  of  the  Argolid,  it  is  possible  that  Ave  may  detect  here  a  distinct  Argive 
peculiarity. 

The  following  fragments  best  illustrate  the  technique ;  the  clay  is  practically  the  same 
in  all,  —  reddish,  with  a  yellowish  or  greenish  slip. 


134 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


PLATE  LXIV. 

2.  Rays  and  triangle  in  dark  brown.  Bands  in  red. 

3.  Zigzags  and  upper  series  of  bands  in  black  ;  deep  red  glaze  on  lower  part. 

4.  Geometric  snake,  zigzags,  and  vertical  bands  in  black :  upper  bands  of  rim  and  below  the 
main  frieze  in  red. 

The  introduction  of  the  snake  on  these  skyphoi  is  rather  rare ;  no  other  similar  instance 
was  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

Quite  a  number  of  fragments,  mostly  of  skyphoi,  of  which  Plate  LXIV.  No.  5,  is  an 
example,  showed  a  peculiarity  which  is  probably  accidental.  These  were  all  of  reddish 
clay,  with  a  bright  yellow  slip,  but  with  their  glaze  and  decoration  worn  off  in  streaks. 
The  decoration  had  assumed  a  brilliant  pink  color.  Whether  this  is  the  result  of  the 
nature  of  the  soil  in  which  these  fragments  lay,  or  some  peculiarity  in  the  glaze,  I  cannot 
say.  A  skyphos  of  precisely  the  same  appearance  is  at  Syracuse  {Not.  cl.  Scav.  1895, 
p.  183). 

Lastly  a  small  number  of  fragments,  which  probably  came  from  the  burnt  layer  of  the 
Old  Temple,  though  the  places  where  they  were  found  are  not  specified  in  any  note  of 
the  excavation.  These  fragments  had  been  burnt  almost  black,  and  in  such  a  way  that 
their  decoration,  which  was  originally  black,  now  appears  dark  red.  This  is  clearly  the 
result  of  some  action  of  fire  after  the  vase  was  completed,  and  was  not  intentional. 

Besides  the  motives  mentioned  above,  a  few  more  may  be  mentioned  which  were  only 
found  on  scattered  fragments. 

PLATE  L1X. 

9.  Lozenge  chain,  of  interlaced  lines.  Two  distinct  rows  of  lozenges  are  used  combined 
together.  The  upper  part  of  this  fragment  is  black ;  the  lower,  red. 

10.  Here  a  second  narrow  frieze  with  a  lozenge  chain  is  introduced  below  the  meander  border. 
Similar  technique  to  9. 

11.  The  panel  is  here  separated  from  the  rim  by  the  Linear  system,  and  contains  a  fish  and  part 
of  a  second.  Incised  lines  are  used.  This  is  the  only  example  of  a  fish  among  the  Argive 
fragments  from  the  Heraeum. 

b. 

Fig.  64.  Height,  00.72  m. ;  diameter,  00.85  m.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  dark  red  glaze. 

Border,  vertical  lines,  and  zigzags  on  rim,  horizontal 
stripe  on  each  handle. 

This  type  is  too  common  to  need  any  comment. 
Fragments  of  similar  vases  were  found  in  large 
quantities  at  the  Heraeum. 

The  combination  of  Classes  a  and  b  is  shown  by 
Plate  LXIV.  No.  3.  Many  vases  of  Class  b,  espe¬ 
cially  the  very  small  ones,  have  a  broad  band  of 
dark  red  applied  to  the  glaze  beneath  the  rim,  or  a 
series  of  narrow  purple  bands. 


Type  3. 

Skyphoi  belonging  to  Type  3  are  not  very  numerous,  only  half  a  dozen  being  found 
intact,  and  very  few  represented  by  fragments.  These  are  very  low  in  proportion  to 
their  diameter,  with  large  handles.  The  rim  is  sharply  defined,  and  there  is  no  indica¬ 
tion  of  a  foot.  The  decoration  follows  the  usual  Linear  scheme. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  MISCELLANEOUS  VASES 


135 


This  shape  seems  to  be  more  usual  in  the  Geometric  style.  Cf.  Wide,  Jahrb.  XIV. 
(1899),  p.  214,  ligs.  96-98,  and  p.  215,  fig.  100. 

Fig.  65.  Height,  0.047  m. ;  diameter,  0.095  m.  Red¬ 
dish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration  changing  to  dark 
red.  Border  of  zigzags  and  vertical  lines. 

Several  others  were  found  with  their  exteriors  com¬ 
pletely  glazed  except  for  a  narrow  border  along  the 
rim  as  in  Type  2,  Class  b.  Similar  skyphoi  are  at 
Syracuse  (Case  VII.)  and  at  Naples  ( Rcic .  Cum.  left-hand  case,  No.  85184). 

Miscellaneous. 

12.  From  rim  of  skyphos,  with  a  handle  arranged  as  in  the  ‘  amphora  a  colonnette.’  On 
shoulder,  Geometric  snake. 

This  skyphos  does  not  seem  to  agree  with  any  of  the  types  already  mentioned.  Although  no  other 
similar  fragment  was  found  at  the  Heraeum,  several  may  be  found  in  Syracuse  ( Not .  d.  Scav. 
1893,  p.  477 ;  1895,  p.  176).  Such  cases  are  clearly  older  than  the  Corinthian  style  and  form  a 
preliminary  step  to  the  ‘amphora  a  colonnette.’  Cf.  Jahrb.  I.  (1886),  p.  135,  fig.  2941;  Wilisch, 
AltJcorinthische  Thonindustrie ,  p.  27. 

Fig.  66.  Fragment  of  skyphos.  Reddish  clay,  with  black  decoration.  On  the  border  of  rim  a 

lozenge  of  interlaced  lines  and  two  vertical 
lines  separating  a  panel  in  which  the  rear  part 
of  a  water  bird  is  visible. 

As  no  other  fragments  of  this  vase  were 
found,  a  conjectural  restoration  based  on  the 
similar  vase  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc.  cit. 
p.  272,  fig.  7)  is  here  offered. 

This  skyphos  belongs  to  a  series  of 
vases  of  which  several  are  already  known.1  Our  fragment  resembles  the  vase  from  Aegina 
so  closely  that  it  might  be  considered  as  belonging  to  the  same  vase.  The  general  char¬ 
acter  of  the  fragment  is  much  more  in  keeping  with  the  Argive  style  than  the  Geometric, 
and  hence  I  feel  no  hesitation  in  classing  it  with  the  former  style.  In  spite  of  vases 
of  this  description  having  been  found  at  Rhodes,  there  is  certainly  no  reason  for  calling 
them  Rhodian,  since  they  have  nothing  in  common  with  the  style  of  that  name. 

Plate  LXV.  1  a  and  b.  Five  fragments  of  a  large  skyphos,  height  and  diameter  uncertain. 
Fine  reddish  yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  yellow  slip,  slightly  greenish  in  places,  with  decoration 
varying  between  dark  brown  and  red.  Brownish  yellow  paint  has  been  applied  in  some  places 
after  the  first  firing.  No  glaze  on  the  interior.  From  the  large  size  of  the  vase,  together  with  the 
absence  of  glaze  on  the  interior,  the  form  would  seem  to  be  a  deinos  rather  than  a  skyphos. 

An  elaborate  system  of  palmettes  is  here  seen,  separated  from  a  ray  pattern  below  by  the  usual 
Linear  system.  The  central  leaves  of  each  alternate  palmette  are  in  brownish  yellow.  The  centres 
of  each  palmette  are  formed  by  three  lines,  the  intervening  spaces  being  cut  out,  and  no  slip  being 
left ;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  spaces  which  divide  the  central  petals. 

A  fragment,  almost  exactly  similar,  was  found  at  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc.  cit.  p.  279, 
fig.  12,  p.  280,  fig.  12  a),  for  whose  restoration  our  fragment  formed  the  basis.  From 
the  presence  of  a  meander  border  above  the  palmettes  on  the  Aegina  fragment,  it  may  be 

1  These  are  :  Syracuse,  Ann.  dell’  Inst.  1877,  tav.  d’  agg.  fragments  from  Daphne  and  Naukratis,  Boston,  Museum 
C  D  5;  Rome,  Villa  Papa  Giulio,  Thera  (Pallat,  loc.  cit.  of  Fine  Arts,  which  also  has  a  vase  almost  precisely 
p.  272);  Louvre  (2),  Pottier,  Vases,  pi.  xi.  A,  290  (both  similar  from  Cyprus  (deviations  in  red), 
from  Rhodes) ;  British  Museum,  from  Rhodes;  also  similar 


Fig.  65. 


136 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


inferred  that  the  same  motive  figured  on  our  vase.  The  restoration  of  our  fragment 
differs  materially  from  that  of  the  Aegina  fragment,  in  that  the  lower  portions  of  each 
palmette  are  closed  by  the  line  border.  It  must,  however,  be  said  that  the  restoration  of 
the  tops  of  each  palmette  is  conjectural,  at  least  in  the  case  of  the  four-leaved  palmettes. 
Symmetry  demands  that  the  central  lobe  of  the  three-leaved  palmettes  should  be  the  same 
at  the  top  as  at  the  bottom,  and  for  the  same  reason  the  two  central  lobes  of  the  four¬ 
leaved  palmette  should  correspond  at  the  top  to  the  broad  base. 

In  spite  of  the  advanced  character  of  the  palmettes,  the  presence  of  the  meander  border 
on  the  Aegina  fragment  is  sufficient  to  warrant  this  vase  being  assigned  to  Class  II. 

Sugar-Bowl  Form. 

The  form  is  akin  to  Berl.  Cat.  pi.  v.  104,  and  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  i.  11. 

Fig.  67.  Height,  0.066  m.  Greenish  clay,  with  black  decoration.  Six  purple  stripes  added 

on  body  and  shoulder :  rays  on  base,  vertical  zigzag  borders 
on  body.  Intact. 

This  was  the  only  example,  whole  or  in  fragments, 
among  the  Argive  vases,  of  the  sugar-bowl  vase,  which 
is  such  a  characteristic  shape  of  the  Corinthian  style. 
The  cover  was  not  found,  or  could  not  be  identified. 

Pyxides. 

The  fragments  of  pyxides  and  their  covers  filled  some¬ 
thing  over  two  baskets.  Few  of  these  could  be  restored 
entire.  The  number  of  covers  found  was  far  in  excess  of  the  vases  represented  by  the 
fragments,  —  in  fact,  three  or  four  times  as  many  covers  were  found.  No  explanation 
for  this  fact  is  forthcoming,  unless  the  covers  were  intended  for  skyjdioi  and  other  vessels 
with  a  wide  opening. 

As  very  few  of  the  covers  could  be  identified  as  belonging  to  any  particular  vase,  and 
as  the  variations  in  their  form  are  somewhat  marked,  they  will  be  discussed  separately. 

Two  types  of  pyxides  may  be  noted. 

1.  Those  whose  covers  rest  directly  on  the  rim  (Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  i.  3). 

2.  Those  whose  body  is  entirely  hidden  by  the  cover,  like  a  modern  cheese-jar  (Wilisch,  pi. 
i.  4). 

Tjl  )e  1  falls  into  two  divisions. 

a.  Pyxides  with  curved  or  sloping  sides  (  Bert.  Cat.  pi.  v.  103). 

b.  Pyxides  with  straight  sides  (Berl.  Cat.  pi.  v.  101). 

Type  2  falls  into  two  divisions. 

a.  Sides  sloping  inward,  without  moulding. 

b.  Moulding  on  base,  into  which  the  cover  rim  fits. 

The  pyxis  seems  to  be  a  commoner  type  in  Class  II.  than  in  Class  III.  of  the  Argive 
period.  The  decoration  does  not  vary  to  any  extent.  As  a  rule  the  body  is  covered 
with  parallel  bands,  leaving  a  border  at  the  bottom  for  a  ray  pattern,  and  one,  sometimes 
two,  borders  below  the  rim,  which  are  filled  with  the  usual  Geometrical  designs.  The 
interior  is  invariably  covered  with  a  dark  glaze,  which  is  never  found  on  the  under  side 
of  the  cover. 


Fig.  67. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  PYXIDES 


137 


Type  1  a. 

Few  vases  are  represented  by  the  fragments  of  this  type.  The  only  one  preserved 
whole  was  5  cm.  in  height  and  9  in  diameter,  and  was  made  of  a  coarse  reddish-yellow 
clay,  without  any  decoration.  The  other  fragments  show  a  ray  pattern  at  the  base  and 
an  incised  tongue  pattern  as  a  rim  border,  with  the  alternate  spaces  colored  very  much 
yellow  or  red,  faded. 

Type  1  b. 

To  this  type  belong  the  bulk  of  the  pyxis  fragments.  About  dozen  vases  were  re¬ 
stored  almost  entire.  As  a  rule  the  vases  are  rather  small,  varying  from  4  to  5  cm.  in 
height  and  8  to  10  cm.  in  diameter.  The  decoration  shows  generally  the  following 
characteristics  :  — 


Entire  side  covered  with  parallel  bands. 

Border  on  rim  (generally  zigzags  in  series). 

Border  on  base  (ray  pattern,  zigzag  or  “  Running  Dog  ”). 

Fig.  68  a  and  b.  Pyxis  and  cover.  Height,  0.182  m.  Missing  portions  restored  in  plaster. 
Greenish  yellow  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  interior  almost 
obliterated.  Black  decoration  faded  in  parts. 

Pyxis.  On  rim  border  with  Geometric  snake.  Ver¬ 
tical  and  horizontal  zigzags  as  ornaments  in  field.  In¬ 
cised  dots  on  snake’s  body.  “  Running  Dog  ”  pattern  on 

handle.  Below,  a  frieze 

of  rays  at  top  and  bot-  pIG  gg  a 

tom  alternately  ("incised 

lines)  and  scroll  pattern.  On  bottom  of  pyxis,  four  series  of 
three  concentric  bands. 

Cover.  In  centre  five-pointed  star.  Border  of  cover  precisely 
similar  to  upper  border  on  the  pyxis.  On  button  four  pot-hooks. 
A  similar  snake  may  be  found  on  a  Geometric  amphora  cover ; 
v.  B.  C.  II.  XIX.  (1895),  p.  276,  fig.  2. 

A  few  fragments  of  another  pyxis  (9  cm.  in  height)  of  pre¬ 
cisely  similar  clay  and  decoration  were  found.  The  glaze,  how¬ 
ever,  was  in  better  condition,  and  the  concentric  bands  on  the 
bottom  more  finely  drawn  and  more  numerous. 

Fig.  69  a-f.  Pyxis  and  cover,  found  on  Old  Temple  Terrace.  Height,  0.13  m. ;  diameter, 
0.28  m.  Missing  portions  restored  in  plaster.  Light  red  clay,  with  black  decoration  burnt  red  in 
parts.  Glaze  on  interior  varying  from 
black  to  deep  red. 

Pyxis.  On  edge  of  rim  short  parallel 
stripes.  On  rim  border  of  three  meanders 
in  separate  panels,  with  an  eight-pointed 
star  separating  them  from  the  handles. 

Single  meander  on  the  handles.  Separated 
from  the  upper  border  by  a  checkerboard 
and  band  of  “  Running’  Dogs  ”  is  the  main 
frieze,  with  an  elaborate  floral  pattern,  the 
vacant  spaces  being  filled  by  lozenges  in 
series  of  fours  and  flower  scrolls.  On  base 
rays.  On  bottom  (Fig.  69  b  )  lotos  pattern 
with  incised  lines. 

Cover.  Clay  slightly  redder  in  tone, 
with  ornamentation  similar  to  that  on  the  Fig.  69  a. 


Fig.  68  b. 


138  THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


bottom  of  the  pyxis,  and  a  ray  border.  The  slip  is  burnt  bright  red  as  far  as  the  ray  border  and 
then  changes  to  a  light  gray.  The  button  is  restored,  but  the  shape  is  probably  correct. 

This  pyxis  would  seem  to  fall  in  the  latter  period  of  the  Linear  Argive  class,  at  a  time  when 

the  eastern  influence  was  beginning 
to  make  itself  felt,  since  the  elabo¬ 
rate  flower  and  lotos  motives  on  the 
body  and  cover  are  certainly  derived 
from  some  foreign  source.  At  the 
same  time  the  presence  of  the  purely 
Geometrical  motives  is  sufficient 
warrant  for  including  the  pyxis  in 
Class  II. 

The  restoration  of  the  design  is 
simple  in  the  case  of  the  body,  but 
difficult  for  the  cover  and  bottom. 
A  peculiarity  may  be  noted  that  on 
the  reverse  of  the  body  (not  shown 
in  the  cut)  three  flower  scrolls 
are  placed  together  in  the  vacant 
spaces  between  the  roots  of  the  large 
flowers,  with  no  lozenge  pattern  in 
the  alternate  spaces.  Moreover,  a 
close  examination  shows  that  all  the 
Fig  69  b  scrolls  are  not  precisely  alike,  some 

ending  in  a  bud.  Details  of  three 
of  the  scrolls  are  shown  in  the  cut.  The  ornamentation  on  both  cover  and  bottom  seems  to  have 
followed  a  similar  scheme,  and  though  it  cannot  be  restored  with  absolute  certainty,  it  is  probably 
treated  in  similar  fashion  to  the  flower  scrolls  on  the  side.  A  skyplios  in  the  British  Museum 
(. Athen .  Mitt.  XXII.  [1897],  p.  286,  pi.  vii.  3)  shows  precisely  the  same  form  of  lotos  or  palmette 
under  the  handle.  With  that  exception,  I  have  failed  to  find  a  similar  instance,  nor  do  I  know  of 
any  case  where  the  bottom  of  a  pyxis  contains  such  an  elaborate  ornamentation  as  here. 

The  change  in  color  on  the  cover  finds 
its  parallel  in  a  cover  from  Aegina  (v. 

Pallat,  loc.  cit.  p.  300,  fig.  24). 

Type  2  a. 

Fragments  of  this  type  were  ex¬ 
tremely  scarce,  and  generally  belong 
to  the  bases  of  these  vases.  Such 
fragments  had  pure  linear  deco¬ 
ration.1  The  following  fragments 
alone  are  worth  noticing. 

13  a  and  b.  (Plate  LIX.)  Two 
fragments  of  pyxis,  a  base,  b  cover. 

Greenish  clay,  black  decoration,  with 
black  glaze  on  interior  of  pyxis  and 
cover  as  well.  Around  base  band  of 
vertical  zigzags  ;  above  oblique  parallel 
lines.  Decoration  on  cover  precisely 
the  same. 

same  vase  were  found 


Two  other  fragments  of  the 


Fig.  69  c. 


1  Several  fragments  clearly  belonged  to  pyxides  similar  to  Ann.  dell'  Inst.  1877,  tav.  d’  agg.  C  D  9. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  COVERS 


139 


Type  2  b. 

Fragments  of  this  type  were  quite  numerous,  but  all,  with  a  few  exceptions,  belong 
to  covers.  Fig.  70  shows  the  profile  of  one  of  the  bases  of  the  pyxis. 

The  decoration  on  both  pyxis  and  cover  was  always  the  same,  and  is 
usually  more  elaborate  than  on  the  covers  of  Type  1. 

14  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  cover.  Height,  0.046  m. ;  diameter, 

0.112  m.* 1 2  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  brown  black  decoration.  Ribbed  moulding 
on  corner  and  plain  moulding  on  base.  Vertical  zigzags,  bounding  a  panel 
in  which  the  rear  part  of  an  animal  (bull,  probably)  is  seen.  Leaf  rosette  pIG 

on  top  of  cover. 

15.  Fra  gment  of  cover.  Height,  0.031  m.  ;  diameter,  0.088  m.  Reddish  clay,  with  red  decora¬ 
tion.  Simple  moulding  on  corner  and  base. 

16.  Top  of  cover.  Diameter,  0.152  m.  Yellow  clay,  with  red  decoration.  Four  borders  of  zig¬ 
zags,  tongue  pattern,  checkerboard  and  tongue  pattern.  Dark  red  color  is  applied  to  the  tongues 
in  series  of  threes  and  twos. 


Other  fragments  showed  the  usual  Linear  motives,  one  having  a  frieze  of  water  birds. 


Covers. 

The  covers  which  belong  to  pyxides  of  Type  1  were  so 
numerous  as  to  demand  a  separate  discussion.  A  large 
number  were  recovered  almost  intact  (the  knob  being  gen¬ 
erally  broken  away)  and  the  fragments  filled  about  a  basket. 

_ _  Some  four  or  five  hundred  covers  were  represented,  a  number  far 

=N)  exceeding  the  pyxides  found. 

Fig.  72.  Two  types  are  represented. 

1.  Without  flanges.  These  fall  into  two  divisions. 

a.  Those  which  sink  down  in  the  centre  and  whose  edges  fit  directly  on  the  rim  of  the  pyxis. 

b.  Those  whose  edges  turn  down  sharply  at  the  end  and  fit  over  the  rim  of  the  pyxis  (  Fig.  72). 

2.  With  flanges.  These  are  provided  with  a  small  flange  just  under  the  edge,  which  fits 
inside  the  rim  of  the  pyxis,  like  the  cover  of  a  lady’s  powder  box. 

The  variations  lie  principally  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  upper  part 
of  the  cover  and  the  varying  distance  between  the  flange  and  the 
edge  of  the  cover.  (Fig.  73.) 

As  all  the  covers  follow  a  stereotyped  system  of  linear  orna¬ 
mentation,  none  have  been  included  in  our  plates.  Such  as 
are  noteworthy  are  shown  in  outline. 

1  The  dimensions  of  14-16  are  the  original  diameter  of  the  covers. 


Fig.  71. 


140 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Type  1  a. 

Only  one  specimen  of  this  type  was  found  (Fig.  71),  10  cm.  in  diameter.  The  entire 
surface  of  the  exterior  was  covered  with  a  black  glaze,  with  a  broad  hand  of  the  natural 
clay  near  the  rim. 

Type  1  6. 


No  covers  of  this  type  were  found  intact.  The  decoration  consists  invariably  of  broad 
or  fine  parallel  lines,  in  black  and  red.  On  many  the  two  are  seen  together  with  a  sharp 
line  of  demarcation.  The  clay  is  much  thinner  than  in  covers  of  Type  2, 
which  may  account  for  all  being  in  a  fragmentary  condition. 

Fig.  74  illustrates  a  type  of  cover  which  is  equally  connected  with  both 
Types  1  and  2. 

Type  2. 

The  covers  belonging  to  Type  2  were  by  far  the  most  numerous.  Though  exhibiting 
considerable  variation  in  their  decoration,  the  general  scheme  seems  fairly  distinct. 


Fig.  74. 


Entire  surface  glazed. 

Entire  surface  covered  with  parallel  lines. 

Both  combined :  i.  e.  the  centre  is  glazed  and  the  bands  are  confined  to  the  outer  part. 

Rays  in  centre  (usually  six  or  eight  pointed  star)  surrounded  by  bands.  Covers  showing  the 
finest  technique  belong  to  this  type. 

Checkerboard  on  rim. 

Zigzag's  in  series  on  rim. 

o  o 

Tongue  pattern  on  rim.  Incised  lines  used  to  mark  each  tongue,  with  the  application  of  purple, 
yellow,  or  white  on  alternate  divisions. 


Knobs. 

Nearly  a  basketful  of  the  knobs  which  form  the  top  of  the  covers  was  found,  and 
these  also  show  a  surprising  amount  of  variation.  As  few  of  the  covers  were  found  with 


Fig.  75. 


their  knobs,  a  separate  treatment  is  again  demanded.  These  knobs  do  not  seem  to  be 
governed  in  any  way  by  the  cover  types,  but  fall  into  peculiar  types  of  their  own. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  PLATES 


141 


Three  types  are  represented  (Fig.  75). 

1.  Truncated  cone.  Double  division. 

a.  Simple  truncated  cone  (1)  ;  top  is  occasionally  rounded. 

b.  With  a  flange  at  the  top.  This  may  he  either  an  inverted  truncated  cone  (2)  or  a  section 
of  a  cylinder  (3). 

2.  Ball  shaped.  Double  division. 

a.  Plain  (4). 

b.  Small  nipple  or  projection  in  the  centre  (5). 

3.  Flat.  Double  division. 

a.  Inverted  cone ;  often  with  a  slight  sinking  in  the  centre  of  the  flat  top  (6). 

b.  Section  of  a  cylinder  (7). 

The  decoration  is  generally  the  following :  — 

Glazed. 

Vertical  parallel  hands. 

Rays. 

Zigzags. 

Checkerboard. 

Leaf  rosette. 

Tongue  pattern. 

As  the  available  space  for  decoration  is  small,  these  motives  are  not  combined,  except 
in  one  case  where  a  leaf  rosette  was  bordered  by  a  checkerboard  pattern. 

Plates. 

Fragments  of  plates  were  quite  numerous  at  the  Heraeum,  about  two  basketsful 
being  found.  While  many  belong  to  the  Geometric  style,  the  majority  of  them  belong 
to  the  second  class  of  the  Argive  style.  No  fragments  belonging  to  the  first  class  were 
found,  and  only  a  few  which  belonged  to  the  third. 

Two  types  can  be  distinguished, 

1.  Flat  base,  without  foot. 

2.  With  foot. 

Of  Type  2,  three  variations  appeared. 

a.  Form  similar  to  1  save  that  a  small  flange  runs  around  the  edge  of  the  base.  The  angle  of 
the  base  and  sides  varies  largely,  being  in  some  cases  a  right  angle,  in  others  an  obtuse  angle. 
The  sides  are  usually  straight,  but  occasionally  curve  slightly  inward. 

b.  The  flange  becomes  a  decided  moulding  and  the  sides  are  laid  back  very  flat,  forming  with 
the  base  a  line  very  nearly  straight.  The  rim  is  also  provided  with  a  moulding. 

c.  The  curve  from  centre  to  rim  is  continuous  and  slight ;  the  flange  being  placed  around  the 
centre  of  the  base. 

Type  1. 

17.  (Plate  LIX.)  Half  of  a  plate,  measuring  0.127  m.  in  diameter.  Dark  reddish  clay, 
with  dark  brown  and  red  decoration. 

Exterior.  On  base  border  of  zigzags  and  bands  ;  on  side  two 
narrow  borders  of  zigzags  and  bands. 

Interior.  Similar  decoration,  with  one  zigzag  border  around  the 
centre.  Fig.  76  gives  the  profile. 

The  other  fragments  belonging  to  this  type  (no  plate 
being  preserved  entire)  repeated  the  same  scheme  of  decoration,  with  dots,  vertical  lines, 
or  squares  in  place  of  the  zigzags  ;  the  diameter  of  these  plates  varied  between  12  and 


142 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


15  cm.  Another  variety,  represented  by  Fig.  77,  showed  a  small  moulding  on  the  top 
and  bottom  of  the  exterior. 


Fig.  77.  Fig.  78. 

Type  2  a. 

18  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  the  same  plate  (profile  in  Fig.  78)  ;  diameter,  0.20  m.  Dark 
red  clay,  showing  traces  of  burning.  Dark  brown  decoration  on  exterior,  dark  red  on  interior. 

Exterior  (a).  “  Running  Dog  ”  border  around  centre  and  bands;  splashes  on  foot;  “  Running 
Dog  ”  pattern  on  sides,  splashes  on  rim. 

Interior  (b).  Leaf  rosette  in  centre  with  a  border  of  alternate  checkerboards  and  eight-pointed 
stars.  “  Running  Dog  ”  on  sides. 

19  a  d.  Four  fragments  from  same  plate  (profile  in  Fig.  79). 
Grayish  clay,  with  black  decoration. 

Exterior  (a  and  b).  Base  entirely  covered  with  a  black  glaze  on 
which  the  ornamentation  is  incised.  Series  of  diamonds  radiating  from 
the  centre,  each  inclosing  an  eight-pointed  star  which  in  turn  incloses  a 
diamond.  Alternating  with  the  points  of  the  large  diamonds  are  smaller 
ones.  On  sides  bands  and  “  Running  Dog  ”  border. 

Interior  (c  and  d).  The  bottom  is  left  the  natural  color  of  the  clay 
with  radiating  series  of  diamonds,  similar  to  exterior,  in  black ;  with¬ 
out  incised  lines.  Side  pattern  same  as  exterior.  On  rim,  splashes. 

Two  technical  methods  are  seen  on  this  plate,  painted  decoration  on 
interior,  and  incised  on  exterior.  This,  in  a  way,  is  paralleled  in  later  times  by  the  combination 
of  b.  f.  and  r.  f.  work  on  the  same  vase. 

Type  2  b. 

Other  fragments  (generally  from  large  plates,  15-20  cm.  in  diameter)  show  the  usual 
motives,  checkerboards,  zigzags,  snakes,  rosettes,  rays,  etc.  None  present  any  marked 
peculiarities. 

Fragments  of  this  type  showed  no  new  features  in  their  decoration.  Figs.  80  and  81 

show  the  principal  variations  of  the  form.  The  plates 
were  usually  of  a  large  size,  25  cm.  in  diameter.  Fig.  80 
had  bands  for  its  sole  decoration,  purple  being  applied 
Fig.  80.  freely. 

Type  2  c. 

Fig.  82  (profile).  Diameter,  0.191  m.  Entire,  save  for 
a  small  piece.  On  rim  vertical  lines  and  just  below  rim 
on  exterior  Geometric  snake  (incised  lines).1  Outside  and 
inside  ornamented  with  concentric  bands  in  series. 

This  was  the  only  plate  which  was  recovered  en¬ 
tire.  Fragments  of  similar  plates  were  numerous, 
but  all  showed  the  same  decoration  of  concentric 
Fig.  82.  bands. 

1  The  exterior  was  practically  identical  with  the  cover  p.  27G,  fig.  2),  the  snake  being  treated  in  precisely  similar 
of  a  Geometric  vase  from  Athens  (B.  C.  H.  XIX.  [1895],  fashion. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  MISCELLANEOUS  FORMS 


143 


MISCELLANEOUS  FORMS. 

Kothons.  ( Berl .  Cat.  VI.  Ill  and  112.) 

This  form  of  vase  is  shown  by  a  few  dozen  fragments,  none  of  which  permitted  any 
restoration.  Furtwangler,  in  his  catalogue  (1100—1107),  assigns  all  the  vases  in  Berlin 
to  the  Corinthian  style.  The  bulk  of  the  Heraeum  fragments,  however,  belong  to  the 
Argive  style.  One  fragment  was  distinctly  Mycenaean  in  character  and  another  Geo¬ 
metric.  Several  of  the  handles  showed  traces  of  decoration  which  would  warrant  their 
belonging  to  the  Corinthian  style. 

No  fragments  have  been  reproduced  in  our  plates,  since  their  decoration  differed  in  no 
way  from  the  usual  Argive  scheme.  Bands  encircling  the  rim,  leaving  the  body  of  the 
vase  plain,  were  the  usual  type,  though  lozenge  and  zigzags  on  the  body  were  also 
found. 

Ring-Form  Aryballos. 

Fig.  83.  Height,  0.126  m. ;  diameter,  0.10  rn.  Dark  red  clay, 
side  restored.1  Around  neck  and  base,  rays.  On  front  side  inter¬ 
laced  lozenge  pattern,  with  small  circles  at  corners.  On  one  side 
double  guilloche ;  on  other  (almost  entirely  gone)  a  frieze,  prob¬ 
ably  of  animals.  About  a  dozen  fragments  from  similar  vases 
were  found. 

The  form  differs  somewhat  from  Bevl.  Cat.  V.  110. 

Several  of  the  smaller  vases  which  clearly  belong  to  the 
Linear  Argive  class  show  a  marked  connection  with  the 
Geometric  style.  The  clay  in  these  vases  is  distinctly  that 
used  in  Geometric,  not  Argive  vases.  The  presence  of  sim¬ 
ilar  vases  in  other  parts  of  Greece  has  induced  Diimmler  2 
and  Pallat3  to  regard  them  as  imitations  of  Argive  ware. 

It  seems  hardly  likely  that  these  small  and  unimportant 
vases  should  be  avowed  imitations  of  the  Argive  style  made 
by  potters  who  manufactured  Geometric  vases  ;  more  probably  they  are  really  Argive 
vases,  the  clay  for  some  reason  or  other  being  that  usually  employed  in  the  Geometric  style. 

Half  a  dozen  complete  vases  of  this  kind  were  found  at  the  Heraeum  and  quite  a 
number  of  fragments. 

Jugs. 

Fig.  84.  One-handled  jug.  Height,  0.065  m.  Lip  (probably  trefoil)  broken  away.  Coarse 
dark  red  clay,  with  reddish  brown  slip,  decoration 
varying  from  brilliant  black  to  dark  brown.  Stripes 
and  triangles  (interlacing  lines)  on  shoulder  ;  stripes 
on  neck  and  handle.  On  either  side  of  base  of  the 
handle  a  breast-like  protuberance. 

Similar  examples  have  been  found  in  Boeotia4 
and  Tiryns.5  The  protuberances  seem  to  denote  a 
survival  of  prehistoric  characteristics. 

Fig.  85.  One-handled  jug.  Height,  0.055  m. 

Reddish  clay,  with  polished  yellowish  brown  slip,  dark  brown  decoration.  Stripes  on  neck,  handle, 
and  base,  three  borders  of  zigzags  and  rays  (points  downwards,  inclosing  lozenges)  on  shoulder. 

1  That  a  foot  was  represented  is  clear  from  the  rays  3  Atlien.  Mitt.  XXII.  (1897),  p.  271. 

around  the  base  and  a  comparison  of  an  aryballos  in  the  4  Jahrb.  III.  (1888),  p.  353,  fig.  32,  and  XIV.  (1899), 

British  Museum  from  Kameiros,  A  1075.  Cf.  Jahrb.  II.  p.  53,  figs.  Ill  and  112. 

(1887),  p.  56,  fig.  21.  5  Schliemann,  Tiryns,  p.  400.  No.  135. 

2  Jahrb.  II.  (1887),  p.  20. 


Neck,  handle,  foot,  and  one 


144 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Some  three  or  four  other  jug’s  similar  to  Fig.  85  were  found,  also  fragments  of  oino- 
choai  with  the  usual  zigzag  decoration,  and  a  few  fragments  of  skyphoi,  with  water  birds 
in  panels. 

Openwork  Vases. 

The  following  fragments  form  a  separate  type  by  themselves,  though  not  found  in 
very  large  quantities.  They  belong  to  vases  of  the  kalathos  form,  whose  sides  are 
pierced  at  intervals  by  openings,  giving  the  effect  of  a  basket.  We  have  already  seen 
this  openwork  principle  applied  to  the  supports  of  Geometric  vases ;  Argive  vases  of  the 
openwork  type,  however,  were  probably  never  used  as  supports,  being  far  too  small  and 
fragile.  Moreover,  having  a  distinct  kalathos  shape,  it  is  probable  that  we  have  here  a 
separate  variety  of  that  form.  It  seems  certain  that  these  were  a  direct  imitation  of 
metal  work,  but  an  imitation  which  did  not  arise  until  after  the  Mycenaean  epoch,  seeing 
that  metal  vases  of  this  description  are  not  found  in  Mycenaean  times.  In  view  of  their 
technique,  it  is  probable  that  they  belong  to  the  early  period  of  Class  II. 

Two  separate  forms  of  openings  may  be  distinguished:  (a)  either  the  vase  is  divided 
into  a  series  of  legs  with  a  long  narrow  opening  sloping  slightly  from  rim  to  base  (in 
some  cases  these  legs  are  joined  halfway,  thus  giving  a  double  series  of  openings),  or 
(b)  the  vase  is  divided  into  two  or  three  sets  of  triangular  openings.  Both  methods  may 
be  employed  on  the  same  vase. 

The  scheme  of  decoration  is  simple,  the  available  space  being  extremely  small.  Either 
the  entire  vase  is  covered  with  a  dull  black  or  brown  glaze  with  parallel  stripes  of  applied 
purple,  or  else  to  the  natural  clay  parallel  stripes  are  applied,  leaving  the  rim  free  for  a 
border  of  some  pattern,  zigzag,  etc.,  etc. 

20  a  and  b.  (Plate  LIX.)  Two  fragments  form  a  vase  13  cm.  in  diameter.  Height  cannot 
be  determined.  Greenish  clay,  with  decoration  in  black  and  dark  brown.  Parallel  stripes  on  sides, 
zigzags  in  series  on  rim. 

This  was  the  best  preserved  vase  of  form  a.  Some  half  a  dozen  bases  and  numerous 
fragments  were  found ;  one  base  showed  a  rather  high  foot  with  ray  pattern. 

Of  form  b  only  a  few  bases  and  fragments  of  sides,  in  very  bad  condition,  were  found. 

Instances  of  such  vases  outside  of  the  Argolid  are  not  very  common.  There  are  three 
in  Athens  (No.  232  from  Corinth,  No.  10969  from  Eleusis,1  and  a  third)  which  have  the 
series  of  triangular  openings ;  one  in  Syracuse  (Megara  Hyblaea,  torn!)  640),  one  in  the 
British  Museum  (A  1601),  and  one  from  Falisco  [Mon.  Ant.  IV.  pi.  vii.  17).  Somewhat 
allied  is  the  kalathos  in  Jahrb.  III.  (1888),  p.  241,  fig.  23.  Cf.  also  Jahrb.  VI.  (1891), 
p.  116,  No.  9. 

What  the  purpose  of  these  vases  was  cannot  be  told  with  any  certainty. 

CLASS  III. 

ORIENTAL  ARGIVE. 

It  is  a  difficult  problem  to  decide  how  much  outside  influence  caused  the  development 
of  the  Argive  style  from  Class  IT.  to  Class  III.,  and  whence  such  an  influence  originally 
came.  That  the  third  class  developed  unassisted  by  such  outside  influence  is  impossible ; 
at  the  same  time  the  elements  which  are  vital  to  the  style,  the  parallel  bands,  incised 
lines,"  ornaments  in  field  and  application  of  color  have  been  seen  either  in  Class  II.  or  else 

1  I  am  not  certain  whether  this  is  the  vase  described  as  the  earliest  use  of  the  incised  line.  Several  of  our 
by  Skias, ’E<pr)/u.  ’A p%.  1898,  p.  107,  fig.  27.  fragments  (v.  p.  127)  are  certainly  older  ;  that  the  incised 

Boehlau  is  inclined  to  regard  the  Larissa  fragments  line  was  a  foreign  innovation  in  Greek  pottery  I  see  no 
(A  'is  Ionisch.cn  und  Itnlischen  Nekropolen,  p.  87,  figs.  88-40)  reason  to  believe. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  CLASS  III 


145 


in  Geometric  ware.  Although  the  animal  frieze  comes  into  the  Argive  style  during  the 
end  of  Class  II.,  it  is  very  common  during  the  middle  Geometric  period.  Clearly  it  is 
some  other  characteristic  which  distinguishes  Class  III.  from  its  predecessors. 

This  can  only  be  the  development  of  purely  decorative  patterns,  such  as  the  lotos,  pal- 
mette,  etc.  Boehlau  (op.  cit.  p.  108)  has  pointed  out  that  the  wreath  pattern  and  dotted 
rosette  are  foreign  to  the  early  Attic  style  while  thoroughly  characteristic  of  the  Argive 
(still  termed  by  him  Proto-Corinthian).  It  is  this  innovation  combined  with  a  wealth  of 
decoration,  incised  lines,  and  recognition  of  the  animal  frieze  as  a  principal  scheme  of 
decoration  that  constitute  the  elements  of  Class  III.  The  presence  of  the  curved  pal- 
mette  on  the  pyxis  (cf.  Fig.  69),  combined  with  the  Geometric  motives,  marks  the  transi¬ 
tion  stage  between  Classes  II.  and  III.,  and  also  stands  as  one  of  the  earliest  examples  of 
the  palmette  with  curved  stem.  Boehlau’s  analysis  of  its  development  (loc.  cit.)  seems  to 
be  confirmed  by  our  pyxis. 

I  do  not,  however,  feel  that  he  is  right  in  contending  that  the  Corinthian  style  cannot 
have  developed  from  the  Argive,  as  that  would  have  been  a  “  Ruckschritt  zur  Zeit  der 
Bliithe  korinthischen  Handels  und  Industrie”  (p.  114).  To  my  mind  this  objection  can¬ 
not  hold,  since  we  know  that  Corinth  possessed  no  previous  ceramic  art  of  her  own,  and, 
as  was  said  before,  the  chief  difference  between  the  Corinthian  style  and  Class  III.  of  the 
Argive  is  that  between  skilled  and  unskilled  labor,  the  foreign  influence  being  the  same 
in  both.  Why  should  we  seek  the  direct  prototypes  of  the  Corinthian  style  in  Asia  Minor, 
when  the  Argive  style,  with  which  it  has  so  much  in  common,  lies  so  close  to  our  hand? 

The  shapes  included  in  Class  III.  have  all  been  seen  before  in  the  previous  classes,  no 
new  shape  being  introduced.  They  are  :  — 

Lekythos,  Skyplios, 

Oinochoe,  Pyxis, 

Jug,  Plate. 

Lekythoi. 

The  lekythoi  follow  one  form  (Bert.  Cat.  V.  102)  with  little  variation,  and  were  rather 
small,  not  more  than  6  cm.  in  height.  About  twenty  were  preserved  more  or  less  in¬ 
tact,  while  at  least  fifty  more  were  represented  by  fragments.  The  scheme  of  decoration 
is  the  same  on  all,  parallel  bands  inclosing  an  animal  frieze,  or  else  the  body  of  the  vase 
is  adorned  with  a  plant  pattern  or  some  other  similar  decoration. 

Although  the  use  of  incised  lines  to  emphasize  details  does  not  originate  in  this  period, 
it  is  one  of  its  chief  characteristics.  Whether  those  vases  which  belong  to  Class  III.  but 
do  not  show  this  feature  are  necessarily  older  than  the  incised  vases  cannot  be  asserted 
with  any  accuracy.  It  is  probable  that  for  a  time  the  use  of  both  incised  and  unincised 
vases  was  common,  and  that  the  former  technique  supplanted  the  latter  as  the  style 
became  advanced.  Certain  it  is  that  all  vases  which  belong  to  the  most  advanced  stage 
show  the  use  of  the  incised  line. 

The  lekythos  described  on  p.  127  properly  belongs  to  a  stage  between  Classes  II.  and 
III.  We  have  there  the  animal  frieze  in  its  simplest  form,  but  without  the  use  of  the 
incised  line. 

\  \ 

Fig.  86.  (Drawing  on  Plate  LX4V.  II.)  Height,  0.043  m.  Light  greenish  clay,  with  brilliant 
black  decoration.  Part  of  rim  broken  away,  but  traces  of  a  ray  pattern  are  still  to  be  seen. 
Dots  on  neck,  guilloche  on  handle,  pot-hooks  and  rosettes  on  shoulder.  Main  frieze :  three  series 
of  two  concentric  circles  (with  central  dot)  1  separated  by  a  palmette,  ivy  branch,  and  guilloelie 

1  For  similar  arrangement  of  circles  see  Ann.  dell  Inst.  1877,  tav.  d'  agg.  A  B  15.  There  is  a  similar  lekythos  in 
Berlin,  recently  acquired. 


146 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


(directly  under  handle).  In  field  five  small  circles  and  a  h  .  Decora¬ 
tion  worn  away  in  places. 

The  form  of  this  vase  is  slightly  plumper  than  the  usual  type, 
which,  combined  with  the  absence  of  any  animal  frieze  or  incised 
lines,  may  point  to  this  lekytlios  being  one  of  the  earliest  in¬ 
stances  of  Class  III.  In  spite  of  a  certain  reminiscence  of  My¬ 
cenaean  motives,  the  palmette  and  ivy  branch  are  distinctly 
characteristic  of  the  later  period  of  the  Argive  style.  More 
remarkable  is  the  treatment  of  the  palmette  as  a  separate  motive 
without  any  connecting  stems.  We  usually  find  the  palmette 
combined  with  others  in  a  chain  and  confined  to  the  shoulder  as 
a  purely  subordinate  motive. 

Fig.  87.  Fragment  of  lekytlios.  Height,  0.033  m.  Slate-colored  clay,  extremely  fine,  being 
almost  as  thin  as  fine  cardboard.  On  shoulder,  dots,  rays,  and  a 
row  of  simple  zigzags.  Main  frieze :  four-spoked  wheel  and  part 
of  a  circle  with  a  leaf  border  inside.  In  field,  bull’s  head  full 
front,  rosette,  dotted  circle,  and  a  human  head  (probably  female) 
in  profile  to  right.  Incised  lines  on  the  two  heads. 

The  form  of  this  lekytlios  is  the  usual  type.  It  is  some¬ 
what  allied  to  the  preceding  lekytlios,  in  that  the  main  frieze 
does  not  contain  a  series  of  animals,  but  circular  motives. 

The  wheel  and  the  circle  are  common  themes  on  Geometric 
vases.  The  use  of  the  human  head  also  is  similar  to  that 
on  the  bottom  of  the  oinochoe  (v.  p.  131). 1  I  know  of  no 
other  similar  instance  on  an  Argive  vase.  For  the  bull’s 
head  see  Fig.  88. 

Fig.  87. 

Fig.  88  1-4.  Height,  0.057  m.  Found  southeast  of  Second 
Temple.  Greenish  clay,  with  faded  black  decoration.  On  rim,  rays  with  dots  in  the  vacant  spaces  ; 
series  of  alternating  diagonal  lines  (suggestive  of  a  herring-bone  pattern)  on  handle.  On  neck 
ornaments  shaped  like  an  I.  Palmette  scroll  on  shoulder,  with  a  hare  on  the  right  and  some 
other  animal  on  the  left.  Main  frieze  :  in  centre  a  bull's  head,  full  front,  with  a  bird  below ; 
to  left  two  lions  ;  to  right  lion  and  bull.  Incised  lines  used  on  all  the  figures.  Intact. 

The  style  of  the  drawing  is  so  distinctly  primitive  in  its  character,  that  its  position  as  one  of  the 
earliest  lekythoi  of  Class  III.  seems  certain.  That  the  drawing  is  not  careless  is  proved  by  the 
extremely  careful  execution  of  the  vase.  Stylistically  it  is  closely  allied  to  the  lekythoi  in  Dres¬ 
den,2  the  British  Museum,3  Boston,4  and  the  collection  of  Herr  von  Radowitz.5 

Several  features  may  be  noticed.  The  bull  is  distinguished  from  the  other  animals  by  the  shape 
of  the  hoofs  and  the  membrum.  The  lion  at  the  left  (below  the  handle)  has  his  body  adorned 
with  dotted  circles  and  turns  his  face  to  the  front  as  in  the  Corinthian  style.  This  is  probably 
one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  this  peculiarity,  for  all  the  earlier  lekythoi  show  animals  in  profile. 
The  bull’s  head  in  the  centre  is  probably  a  mere  ornament  in  field,  though  apart  from  the  previous 
fragment  I  know  of  no  similar  instance  on  an  Argive  vase.  We  find  it  used  twice  on  the  shields 
of  the  Macmillan  lekytlios6  as  a  device.  The  other  two  lions  bear  a  general  resemblance  to 
those  on  the  Radowitz  lekytlios. 

The  ornament  on  the  shoulder  (3)  shows  the  palmette  scroll  in  its  simplest  form,  but  the  addi¬ 
tion  of  animals,  either  as  ornaments  in  field  or  as  part  of  the  design,  is  new  to  me.  That  the  right- 


Fig.  86. 


1  Cf.  also  Pi.atk  LVI.  7. 

2  Arch.  Am.  1894,  p.  33,  fig.  37. 

3  Arch.  Ze.il.  1883,  pi.  x.  fig.  2. 


4  A.  J.  A.  1900,  p.  454,  pi.  vi. 

5  Arch.  Zeit.  1883,  p.  161. 

6  ./.  II.  S.  XI.  (1890),  pis.  i.  and  ii.  p.  169. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  CLASS  III.,  LEKYTHOI 


147 


hand  animal  is  a  hare  is  certain,  but  the  identity  of  the  other  is  doubtful.  The  assertion  is 
frequently  made,  but  without  positive  proof,  that  in  vases  of  the  Corinthian  type,  especially  of  ary- 
balloi,  where  two  panthers  are  seen  with  heads  full  front  together  and  bodies  in  profile,  that  one 


panther  only  is  meant,  and  that  by  some  curious  conventionality  of  ideas  both  sides  of  the  animal 
were  to  be  seen  at  the  same  time.  In  the  case  of  our  animals,  two  legs  only  are  given  to  each,  and 
as  the  left  side  of  the  shoulder  of  the  vase  has  suffered  abrasion,  it  is  pos¬ 
sible  the  animal  there  had  an  ear ;  in  that  case  one  hare  was  probably 
intended,  but  split  in  half,  and  each  side  arranged  symmetrically  at 
each  end  of  the  palmette  scroll. 

Fig.  89.  (Drawing  on  Plate  LXIV.  12.)  Height,  0.044  m.  Neck  and 
handle  missing.  Yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  and  reddish  brown  deco¬ 
ration,  very  brilliant.  On  base  of  handle,  traces  of  a  zigzag  with  small 
lozenges  as  ornaments  in  field.  On  shoulder,  leaf  rosette  ;  on  body,  two 
friezes.  Main  frieze :  panther,  owl,  panther  and  boar.  Dotted  rosettes, 
halved  lozenges,  and  what  may  be  a  scorpion  or  a  lizard,1  as  ornaments  in 
field.  Lower  frieze :  three  dogs  to  right,  with  a  single  dotted  rosette 
separating  two  of  them.  On  base,  rays.  Incised  lines  used  on  all  the  figures.  Fig.  89. 

In  this  vase  we  have  an  example  of  the  latter  period  of  Class  III.,  but 
thex-e  are  no  striking  features.  The  drawing  is  fair,  especially  good  in  the  case  of  the  boar.  The 


1  As  on  Geometric  vases.  Cf.  Plate  LVII.  24. 


148 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


owl  belongs  more  properly  to  the  Corinthian  style  ;  its  presence  here  (1  do  not  know  of  its  occur¬ 
rence  on  any  other  Argive  vase)  is  a  point  in  favor  of  its  later  origin. 

Plate  LXIV.  9  a  and  b.  Upper  part  of  jug  in  form  of  a  plastic  male  head,  with  the  open¬ 
ing  at  the  back.  Height,  0.036  m.  Dark  reddish  clay,  with  a  pale  yellow  slip,  red  color  applied. 
Hair,  eyes,  and  beard  expressed  by  incised  lines.  Through  the  head  is  a  hole  for  suspension. 

The  type  of  face  resembles  slightly  that  on  the  figures  of  the  Mycenaean  ‘  warrior  ’  vase.  At 
the  same  time  the  applied  color,  use  of  incised  lines,  etc.,  show  plainly  that  the  vase  belongs  to  the 
later  Argive  period.  What  the  form  of  the  vase  was  is  uncertain  ; 1  it  may  have  been  similar  to  a 
jug  from  Cyprus  (. Berl .  Cat.  72  ;  Baumeister,  DenJc.  p.  1951,  fig.  2081).  At  all  events,  it  is  prob¬ 
ably  considerably  earlier  than  the  following  vase. 

Plate  LXIV.  10  a  and  b.  Height,  0.024  m.  ;  diameter,  0.026  m.  Top  of  lekythos.  Greenish 
clay.  Neck  in  form  of  three  plastic  female  heads,  with  long  hair,  colored  black,  red,  and  blue 
respectively.  On  rim  (badly  broken),  three  borders  of  rays,  pot-hooks,  and  wave  pattern. 

This  fragment  is  the  most  perfect  of  any  fragments  of  this  period,  and  it  is  fair  to  assume  that 
the  remainder  of  the  vase  would  vie  with  the  best  specimens  of  the  style  in  point  of  execution. 
That  this  fragment  belongs  to  an  Argive  lekythos  seems  probable,  in  view  of  the  ornamentation 
of  the  rim. 

The  making  of  vases  in  1  Anthropomorphic  ’  form  is  no  new  feature  in  Greek  art,  but  the  in¬ 
stances  of  it  in  the  Argive  style  are  rare.  Somewhat  allied  to  it  is  the  Macmillan  lekythos,  though 
the  top  of  that  vase  takes  the  form  of  a  lion’s  head.  The  use  of  a  human  head  (generally  a 
female)  on  the  rims  of  skyphoi  or  tops  of  pyxides  of  the  Corinthian  style  is  well  known  ;  this 
feature  in  the  Argive  style  must  mark  the  last  stage  of  Class  III. 

21.  (Plate  LIX.)  Fragment  of  lekythos,  form  a  trifle  more  rounded  than  is  usual.  Light 
greenish  clay,  black  decoration.  Warrior,  head  and  fore  leg  of  horse,  with  a  crossed  lozenge  as 
ornament  in  field. 

This  fragment  is  curious  in  design  and  differs  from  the  usual  treatment.  The  silver  situla 2  in 
Florence,  a  Phoenician  or  Etruscan  work  of  the  latter  part  of  the  seventh  century,  presents  a  sim¬ 
ilarity,  which  is  so  strongly  marked  as  to  afford  grounds  for  deriving  both  from  some  common 
influence,  though  what  that  influence  was  cannot  be  determined  with  certainty.  The  warrior  on 
our  fragment  wears  a  helmet,  shield,  and  sword  cpiite  in  the  manner  of  his  fellow  on  the  situla. 
The  arrangement  of  the  bridle  is  curious,  and  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  analogous  instance. 
The  shield  device  is  paralleled  by  some  of  our  Geometric  gems,  and  may  point  to  our  fragment  as 
belonging  to  the  elder  period  of  Class  I  IT. 

The  vases  just  considered  are  the  best  examples  of  the  lekythoi  belonging  to  Class  III. 
that  the  Heraeum  yielded.  The  other  vases  and  fragments  did  not  differ  materially  from 
the  types  already  discussed.  Several  of  the  lekythoi  partially  whole  showed  a  double 
frieze  of  animals  on  the  body,  though  a  few  fragments  showed  the  animal  frieze  on  the 
shoulder  as  well.  One  fragment  had  a  broad  border  on  the  body  left  in  the  natural 
color  of  the  clay,  with  a  pomegranate  chain  on  the  shoulder  somewhat  after  the  Cyrenaic 
style.  Several  fragments  showed  the  heads  of  sphinxes,  a  creature  not  as  usual  in  the 
Argive  style  as  in  the  Corinthian.  As  a  whole  these  lekythoi  are  not  superior  to  the 
types  found  in  other  parts  of  Greece. 


Oinochoai. 

The  fragments  of  oinochoai  were  more  numerous  than  those  of  the  lekythoi,  but  the 
number  of  oinochoai  preserved  whole  or  partially  was  small.  The  technique  is  rather  more 


1  A  head  somewhat  similar  may  he  found  on  a  Ring-  ment,  it  is  fairly  certain  that  ours  did  not  belong  to  a  ves- 

forin  Aryballos  in  Dresden  {Arch.  Anz.  18G2,  p.  162,  No.  sel  of  similar  shape. 

25).  Although  belonging  to  the  same  period  as  our  frag-  2  Amelung,  Fiihrer  druch  die  Antiken  in  Florenz,  p.  199, 

No.  221  ;  Ingberami,  Mon.  Etr.  III.  pis.  xix.,  xx. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  LEKYTHOI 


149 


advanced,  some  of  the  fragments  being  unexcelled  by  any  Argive  vase  in  point  of  deli¬ 
cacy  and  freedom  of  execution. 

Two  types  may  be  observed. 

1.  Exactly  similar  to  Type  1  on  p.  128. 

2.  The  Italo-Corinthian  form  (Wilisch,  pi.  ii.  16). 

Type  1  consisted  mainly  of  small  vases,  which  were  fairly  well  preserved,  several  vases 
being  more  or  less  intact ;  of  Type  2  nothing  but  scattered  fragments  were  found,  and  in 
no  case  could  any  vase  be  reconstructed.  The  shape  of  such  fragments  was  the  only 
guide  in  determining  their  form. 

Type  1. 

Two  varieties  of  decoration  are  to  be  seen. 

a.  Upper  part  of  body  adorned  with  an  animal  frieze,  the  lower  containing  the  usual  line  deco¬ 
ration. 

b.  Body  of  vase  entirely  occupied  by  the  animal  frieze. 


a. 

Fragments  of  this  type  were  not  very  common.  The  simplest  form  corresponds  in 
decoration  to  the  lekythos  on  p.  127  (Fig.  55),  having  a  frieze  of  animals  (usually  dogs) 
of  the  plainest  description,  without  incised  lines  and  with  no  ornaments  in  field  except 
occasionally  a  dotted  rosette.  Some  fragments  showed  two  friezes  on  the  body.  Where 
the  single  frieze  occurred,  the  lower  part  of  the  body  was  encircled  by  the  usual  parallel 
bands,  or  with  a  ray  pattern  on  the  base  separated  from  the  animal  frieze  by  a  checkered 
border  or  row  of  zigzags. 

As  a  transitional  type  between  a  and  b,  a  small  oinochoe  may  be  mentioned.  This  was 
63  mm.  in  height,  of  greenish  clay,  and  had  around  the  base  a  frieze  of  birds  with  nu¬ 
merous  ornaments  in  field  (slightly  more  advanced  than  the  Geometric  type),  the  upper 
part  of  the  body  and  neck  covered  with  zigzags  and  parallel  lines,  all  the  decoration 
being  very  much  faded.  Two  similar  instances  are  at  Syracuse  (Cases  IV.  and  VII.; 
provenience  not  stated),  both  with  faded  decoration  ;  that  in  Case  IV.  showed  traces  of 
applied  dark  red  color. 

b. 

22.  Frag  ment  of  body  of  oinochoe.  Reddish  clay.  On  shoulder,  leaf  rosette,  purple  applied  to 
the  alternate  petals.  Main  frieze :  panther  (head  full  front,  body  in  profile)  and  sphinx  to  right 
(and  part  of  another  panther).  In  field,  rosettes,  crosses,  etc.  On  base,  rays.  Dark  red  color  is 
applied  freely  to  the  figures  and  incised  lines  used.  Several  other  fragments  very  similar  to  this 
were  found,  most  of  them  belonging  to  the  base  and  exhibiting  the  ray  pattern,  with  here  and  there 
a  part  of  the  frieze  showing  the  foot  of  some  animal. 

23.  Fragment  of  body  of  oinochoe.  Greenish  clay.  On  shoulder,  leaf  rosette,  with  alternate 
petals  in  applied  purple.  Main  frieze :  panther  and  sphinx  to  right  facing  another  sphinx  whose 
fore  paws  only  are  still  visible.  Rosettes,  rhomboids,  circles,  etc.,  as  ornaments  in  field.  Around 
base,  row  of  dots.  Dark  red  color  and  incised  lines  used  freely  on  all  the  figures. 

A  few  fragments  of  necks  were  found  which  showed  traces  of  an  animal  frieze,  in  addition  to  the 
usual  Geometric  designs. 

Type  2. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  this  class,  which  contains  some  of  the  finest  specimens  of  the 
Argive  style,  should  be  represented  only  by  scattered  fragments.  It  may  easily  be  seen 
that  such  fragments  as  are  here  presented  stand  in  a  close  relation  to  the  Corinthian  style, 
but  are  vastly  better  in  technique. 


150 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Only  a  few  of  the  fragments  are  here  presented,  the  others  showing  merely  parts  of 
legs,  arms,  ornaments  in  field,  etc.  A  few  fragments  seemed  to  belong  to  an  older  type 
in  that  the  body  of  the  vase  was  taken  up  by  two,  sometimes  three  friezes,  without 
incised  lines.  These  were  distinctly  inferior  in  technique  and  included  figures  of  sirens 
as  well  as  sphinxes  and  panthers.  Dark  red  color  was  applied  but  sparingly.  Ornaments 
in  field  were  not  very  numerous,  though  one  fragment  showed  the  entire  background 
covered  with  small  dots. 

The  size  of  the  vases  to  which  these  fragments  belong1  cannot  be  estimated. 

24  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  an  oinockoe.  Yellowish  clay  with  a  reddish  tinge,  lustrous  black 
decoration.  On  base  rays,  and  above  an  animal  frieze.  On  a  rear  part  of  horse  and  goat  back  to 
back ;  on  b  a  goat  to  right.  Technique  excellent,  with  free  use  of  incised  lines  ;  no  ornaments  in 
field. 

25  a-e.  Five  fragments  of  an  oinochoe.  Yellow  clay,  with  lustrous  black  decoration.  Ray  pat¬ 
tern  on  base,  with  a  narrow  rosette  border  above,  separating  it  from  two  friezes  of  animals  and  men, 
with  rosettes  in  field.  Incised  lines  freely  used  and  dark  red  (now  turned  brown)  applied  to  the 
figures.  Technique  excellent. 

How  the  friezes  were  represented  is  difficult  to  say ;  a  and  b  show  a  warrior  to  right  holding  a 
sword  in  his  right  hand,  a  spear  in  his  left  hand,  and  c  the  head  of  some  animal  (perhaps  a  deer) 
below  and  the  legs  of  another  above.  Perhaps  a  hunt  of  some  sort  may  have  been  represented. 
Whether  the  bird  on  e  formed  part  of  another  frieze  or  is  merely  an  ornament  in  field  is  difficult 
to  say,  the  latter  supposition  seems  more  probable.  That  a  and  b  belong  to  the  same  figure  seems 
probable,  though  certainty  is  impossible,  there  being  no  point  of  contact  between  the  two  frag¬ 
ments. 

Plate  LXV.  2  a-c.  Three  fragments  of  an  oinochoe.  Greenish  clay.  Free  use  of  incised  lines 
and  dark  red  color  applied  freely. 

a.  Lower  part  of  fragment  is  covered  with  a  black  glaze,  on  which  are  five  parallel  lines,  two  of 
yellow  inclosing  three  of  red.  Above,  on  a  whitish  yellow  ground  (left  white  in  the  plate),  the  body 
and  legs  of  a  panther  to  left  and  the  muzzle  and  fore  leg  of  a  deer,  the  figures  being  drawn  in  black. 

b.  From  same  frieze.  Head  and  shoulders  of  a  stag  feeding  to  left,1  with  traces  of  a  rosette 
(alternate  dots  in  red)  in  field. 

c.  Above,  in  whitish  yellow  on  a  black  ground,  fore  legs  and  part  of  hind  paw  of  a  panther  to 
left.  Below,  on  a  whitish  yellow  ground,  head  of  panther  to  right  and  rosettes  in  field.  Red  on 
rosettes  and  panther’s  head. 

The  true  arrangement  of  these  fragments  is  doubtful ;  it  seems  probable  that  the  base  of  the 
oinochoe  (represented  by  a)  was  covei’ed  entirely  with  a  black  glaze,  with  two  friezes  above,  the 
lower  white,  the  upper  black,  and  that  the  rest  of  the  surface  was  entirely  covered  by  a  black 
glaze.  The  legs  of  the  panther  on  c  are  in  the  same  color  as  the  white  ground  of  the  vase. 

These  fragments,  which  are  extremely  fine  in  their  execution,  differ  materially  from  other  vases 
of  the  Argive  or  Corinthian  style  in  the  employment  of  two  distinct  backgrounds  on  the  same 
vase,  and  suggests  in  a  way  the  employment  of  two  separate  technical  methods,  such  as  we  might 
expect  to  find  in  Asia  Minor,  and  do  find  on  sarcophagi  from  Clazomenae.  In  spite  of  the 
resemblance  of  an  Aeolian  oinochoe2  to  our  vase,  distinct  technical  differences  exist.  The  white 
panther  on  the  black  ground  is  not  drawn  in  incised  lines  (which  are  used  to  express  details  only), 
but  the  white  paint  has  been  applied  over  the  black  glaze,  probably  after  the  first  firing.  In  that 
case  the  whole  surface  of  the  vase  received  its  black  glaze  and  black  figures  first,  with  the  later 
addition  of  white  figures  painted  on  the  black.  It  recalls  in  a  measure  that  class  of  vases  which 
combine  both  the  black  and  red  figure  technique,  where  one  figure  is  drawn  in  an  incised  outline 
and  another  painted  in  white  with  incised  lines  used  to  express  details.  But  any  actual  connection 
between  such  vases  and  our  fragments  is  not  to  be  thought  of.  Also  in  spite  of  the  very  unusual 

1  This  is  one  of  the  commonest  motives  in  archaic 
vase  painting.  Cf.  B.  C.  II.  XXII.  (1898),  p.  441. 


2  Boehlau,  op.  cit.  p.  99,  fig.  48. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  SKYPHOI 


151 


technique  shown  by  our  fragments,  the  style  of  drawing  is  so  unmistakably  Argive  that  no  doubts 
can  be  aroused  against  their  position  in  Class  III. 

As  these  were  the  only  fragments  found  which  show  this  peculiar  double  technique, 
speculation  as  to  the  influence  which  produced  them  seems  futile.  I  should  feel  inclined 
to  follow  Boehlau’s  lead  in  supposing  that  the  Aeolian  ware  was  responsible,  seeing  that 
the  relation  between  that  and  the  Argive  Class  III.  is  very  close.  Whether  any  Rho¬ 
dian  influence  (cf.  J.  II.  S.  VI.  [1885],  p.  184)  was  here  at  work  is  extremely  doubtful. 


Skyphoi. 

Fragments  and  vases  of  this  form  were  the  most  numerous  in  Class  III.  The  ma- 
jority  of  the  fragments  belong  to  large  vases  and  show  a  style  fairly  advanced.  Being 
more  fragile  than  lekythoi,  very  few  specimens  were  recovered  unbroken.  The  form  of 
the  skyphos  is  the  same  throughout,  the  only  variation  being  in  the  size  of  the  vase.  As 
in  the  case  of  the  shapes  just  discussed,  many  fragments  show  an  entire  lack  of  incised 
lines  and  probably  belong  to  an  older  class.  The  greater  number,  however,  have  incised 
lines,  with  purple,  yellow,  and  red  color  freely  applied.  As  a  rule  the  bases  are  orna¬ 
mented  with  a  ray  pattern,  or  parallel  bands,  the  rest  of  the  body  being  occupied  by  the 
main  frieze  of  animals. 

The  rim  is  usually  bordered  by  a  Geometric  pattern  of  some  sort,  occasionally  by  a 
second  frieze  of  animals,  narrower  than  the  main  frieze.  The  interior  is  always  glazed 
red  or  black. 

26.  (Plate  LIX.)  Greenish  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  interior,  nearly  worn  off.  Ray  pattern 
on  base  and  frieze  of  sirens ;  separated  by  a  checkered  band,  what  appears  to  be  a  second  narrower 
frieze  as  a  rim  border. 

27.  (Plate  LIX.)  Greenish  clay,  with  dull  black  glaze  on  interior.  Rays  on  base  and  animal 
frieze  (cow).  Cross  as  ornament  in  field. 

This  fragment  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  fact  that  it  is  the  only  fragment  found  at  the 
Heraeum  on  which  a  cow  is  represented ;  this,  in  view  of  the  close  mythological  connection 
between  the  animal  and  the  goddess  Ilera,  is  rather  surprising. 

Fig.  90.  Height,  0.047  m. ;  diameter,  0.066  m.  Upper  part  with  handles  restored.  Reddish 

yellow  clay,  with  flaky  black  glaze  on  interior,  decoration  in 
dark  brown.  Frieze  around  base  of  panther  and  three  other 
animals  (perhaps  deer)  upside  down.  Poor  execution. 

It  is  probable  that  two  friezes  were  represented.  For  dis¬ 
cussion  of  the  inverted  frieze,  v.  Fig.  91. 

The  fragments  just  discussed  probably  belong  to  the 
earlier  period.  Fig.  90  is  certainly  very  much  akin  to 
the  lekythoi  on  p.  127,  and  may  mark  the  transition 
stage  between  skyphoi  of  Classes  II.  and  III.  The 
other  fragments,  which  were  quite  numerous,  do  not  dif¬ 
fer  materially  from  the  usual  types.  The  drawing  of  the 
animals  was  distinctly  poor ;  dogs  and  panthers  were 
chiefly  represented. 

Fig.  91.  Height,  0.057  m. ;  diameter,  0.061  m.  From  Old 
Temple  Terrace.  Yellowish  clay,  with  dull  black  glaze  on  in¬ 
terior,  decoration  in  black  and  red.  Main  frieze  (upside  down) 
on  base ;  three  figures,  man  shooting  an  arrow  at  a  deer  to  left, 
behind  the  man  a  lion  with  open  mouth.  Separated  by  a  broad  band  is  a  narrow  border  on  the 
rim  with  two  vertical  dashes  on  each  side.  Figures  in  dark  red,  incised  lines  used. 


Fig.  91. 


Fig.  90. 


152 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Fig.  91  forms  a  companion  piece  to  Fig.  90  save  for  the  use  of  incised  lines.  Through  its  primi¬ 
tive  execution  it  probably  belongs  to  the  early  period  of  Class  III.  But  the  chief  peculiarity  of 
the  two  vases  lies  in  the  subject  being  drawn  upside  down. 


This  peculiarity  is  extremely  rare  in  vase  painting.  We  have  already  seen  it  in  the 
case  of  the  Mycenaean  jug,  Fig.  20,  making  three  from  the  Heraeum.  I  have  been  able 
to  find  but  one  similar  instance  anywhere  else,  a  small  skyphos  at  Syracuse  {Ann.  dell ’ 
Inst.  1877,  tav.  d  agg.  C  D  4,  p.  47,  No.  13),  on  which  is  a  frieze  of  water  birds,  the 
subject  being  inverted  in  the  same  manner.  What  the  object  was  in  doing  this  is 
decidedly  obscure ;  it  can  hardly  have  been  accidental. 

Several  vases  of  the  type  found  at  Syracuse  {Not.  d.  Scav.  1893,  p.  457,  right-hand 
figure)  were  represented  either  whole  or  in  fragments,  their  execution  being  decidedly 
hasty.  Several  fragments  were  found  where  two  friezes  were  represented,  separated  by  a 
checkered  band,  while  a  large  number  belonged  to  very  small  skyphoi  with  a  single  frieze 
and  a  border  of  zigzags  along  the  rim. 

The  fragments  of  skyphoi  which  belong  to  the  best  period  of  Class  III.  are  rather 
larger  in  size  than  those  just  described.  All  employ  the  incised  line. 


PLATE  LIX. 

28.  Fragment  of  large  skyphos  of  dark  red  clay,  with  dark  brown  glaze  on  interior.  Dark 
brown  decoration.  On  base,  rays  :  above,  frieze  of  animals  (panther). 

This  fragment,  though  inferior  in  technique,  bears  a  close  relation  to  the  skyphos  from  Aegina 
(Pallat,  loc.  cit.  pi.  vii.).  The  drawing  of  the  panther,  however,  is  firm  and  decided,  if  conventional. 
The  field  is  divided  by  an  arrangement  of  vertical  lines,  curved  and  straight,  similar  to  that  found 
on  the  neck  of  an  oinochoe  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc.  cit.  p.  271,  fig.  6). 

29.  Fragment  of  a  large  skyphos,  of  which  several  other  fragments  were  found.  Reddish  clay, 
with  black  glaze  burnt  red  in  parts,  on  interior.  Main  frieze  :  head  of  panther  and  hind  quarter  of 
horse  to  right.  Double  lozenge  in  field.  Above,  smaller  frieze  as  a  rim  border,  dog  to  left ;  field 
divided  by  a  Geometric  triangle  scheme. 

Although  no  fragments  of  the  base  were  found,  it  seems  probable  that  the  base  had  the  usual 
decoration  of  rays,  with  the  main  frieze  directly  above  them.  Several  dozen  fragments  belonging 
to  equally  large  skyphoi  were  found. 

30  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  a  large  skyphos.  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  black 
glaze  on  interior ;  also  on  interior,  just  below  rim,  three  stripes  in  applied  color,  the  upper  two  white, 
the  lower  red.  Exterior :  on  rim,  border  of  water  birds  with  sigmas  in  field.  Main  frieze : 
a,  wings,  head,  and  hind  quarters  of  a  gryphon  ;  b,  rear  part  of  a  bird  or  a  siren,  with  the  back  of 
a  crouching  sphinx.  Below,  upper  part  of  an  animal  belonging  to  a  second  frieze.  Red  is  applied 
freely  on  all  the  figures.  Rosettes,  sigmas,  etc.,  as  ornaments  in  field.  Several  other  smaller  frag¬ 
ments  were  found. 

That  three  friezes  were  represented  on  this  skyphos  is  evident,  though  their  arrangement  cannot 
be  discovered.  One  fragment  showed  the  back  of  a  boar  and  another  a  helmet  with  a  flying  bird 
over  it.  Whether  a  boar  hunt  was  represented  is  doubtful ;  probably  both  the  main  friezes  were 
occupied  by  the  usual  series  of  animals,  sphinxes,  gryphons,  etc.,  a  male  figure  (with  a  helmet) 
being  introduced  among  them.1 

The  style  of  the  fragments  represents  the  best  period  of  the  Argive  ware.  The  border  of  water 
birds,  so  common  in  the  earlier  period,  is  here  treated  very  freely  and  as  carefully  as  the  main 
friezes. 

A  dozen  other  fragments,  from  as  many  different  vases,  were  found,  which  were  very 
similar  in  technique  to  30. 

31.  Fragment  of  skyphos.  Yellow  clay,  with  bright  red  decoration.  On  interior  black  glaze, 
1  In  .similar  fashion  to  the  Argive  lekytlios  in  Boston,  A.  J.  A.  1900,  pi.  v. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE:  PYXIDES  AND  JUGS 


153 


burnt  red  in  parts.  On  base,  ray  pattern.  Above,  two  friezes.  Lower  frieze,  dog  to  right ;  upper 
frieze,  panther  to  left.  Reversed  sigma  in  field.  Red  applied  on  dog’s  shoulder  and  belly  of 
panther. 

32.  Fragment  of  small  skyphos  of  coarse  dark  red  clay.  Rays  on  base  and  frieze  above,  part 
of  goat  and  tail  of  a  bird  or  siren.  Free  use  of  incised  lines. 

Several  other  fragments  of  this  particular  skyphos  were  found,  showing  that  one  frieze  only  was 
represented.  The  style  of  this  fragment  is  most  distinctly  transitional  from  the  Argive  to  the 
Corinthian,  and  is  similar  to  a  fragment  found  at  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc.  cit.  p.  319,  fig.  37).  This 
pro-Corinthian  type  was  common  at  the  Ileraeum,  fragments  of  this  kind  filling  half  a  basket. 
Most  of  the  fragments  belonged  to  bases,  and  were  of  a  grayisli  or  greenish  clay,  with  a  pattern  of 
fine  rays  on  the  base  and  a  frieze  above ;  the  technique  was  extremely  poor. 

Plate  LXV.  3.  Fragment  of  small  skyphos.  Fine  greenish  yellow  clay,  with  black  glaze  on 
interior  almost  entirely  obliterated.  Heads  of  two  lions  facing  each  other,  drawn  in  black  and 
red  lines. 

This  fragment  for  fineness  and  delicacy  of  execution  is  equaled  only  by  the  best  Attic  red-figure 
work.  The  lines  of  the  figures  stand  out  from  the  surface  of  the  clay  as  in  Attic  work,  but  the 
style  and  the  use  of  the  red  line  are  most  distinctly  un- Attic ;  in  fact,  we  have  here  a  fragment  of 
the  Argive  style  in  its  most  advanced  stage  and  far  superior  to  any  Corinthian  work.  No  other 
fragment  belonging  to  this  vase  was  found,  and  its  shape  is  only  established  by  the  presence  of  a 
glaze  on  the  back.  Although  this  would  argue  also  for  a  pyxis,  the  slight  upward  curve  of  the 
fragment  makes  a  skyphos  more  probable. 

Pyxides. 

Except  for  the  covers,  practically  none  of  these  vases  were  found.  One  fragment  of 
a  pyxis  showed  two  goats  facing  each  other,  but  the  lack  of  ornaments  in  field  as  well 
as  the  style  would  seem  to  assign  it  to  the  later  period  of  Class  II.  The  large  pyxis  on 
p.  137  may  well  he  a  transitional  type  from  Class  II.  to  Class  III. 

The  same  proportion  between  the  pyxides  and  their  covers,  which  we  have  already 
mentioned,  held  good  in  the  case  of  Class  III.,  as  the  covers  were  quite  numerous,  while 
hardly  any  pyxides  themselves  were  found.  The  subject  on  all  was  the  same,  a  frieze 
of  animals  on  the  outside,  with  or  without  ornaments  in  field,  and  rays  radiating  from 
the  centre.  The  two  best  examples  are  given  below. 

33.  Fragment  of  cover.  Polished  yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  In  centre,  rays; 
animal  frieze,  panther  and  part  of  another  to  right.  Careful  drawing,  free  use  of  incised  lines. 

34.  Yellowish  clay.  In  centre,  rays ;  animal  frieze,  panther  to  left  with  rosettes  in  field. 
Checkered  border.  Decoration  in  black  with  red  applied  to  panther’s  neck  and  belly.  Incised 
lines  freely  used. 

This  is  one  of  the  best  specimens  of  drawing.  It  is  worth  noting,  as  a  curious  fact, 
that  the  left-hand  part  of  the  fragment  was  picked  up  at  the  Heraeum  by  Dr.  Olcott  of 
the  American  School  at  Rome,  in  the  spring  of  1898,  three  years  after  the  completion 
of  the  excavation,  and  on  being  brought  to  Athens  was  found  to  fit  with  a  fragment 
excavated  four  years  before. 

A  small  cover  was  found  with  a  single  zone  of  figures  precisely  similar  to  those  on  an 
aryballos  from  Orchomenos  (B.  C.  II.  XIX.  [1895],  p.  196,  fig.  18). 

Jugs  (Kannen). 

Whether  the  following  fragments  are  to  be  included  under  this  head  is  doubtful,  but 
as  it  does  not  seem  possible  to  class  them  as  lekythoi  or  oinochoai,  the  jug  seems  the 
only  possible  form.  It  is  probable  that  the  form  of  Plate  LXYI.  3  corresponds  more 
closely  to  jugs  of  the  Phaleron  type,  and  if  a  trefoil  lip  be  assumed,  it  should  by  rights 


154 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


be  classed  among  the  oinochoai.  No  trace,  however,  of  a  neck  was  found,  so  that  the 
point  must  remain  doubtful. 

Plate  LXVI.  3.  Two  fragments  from  one-handled  jug,  similar  in  form,  perhaps,  to  one 
from  Megara  Hyblaea  ( Mon .  Ant.  I.  p.  811).  Dark  brownish  yellow  clay,  with  fine  polished  sur¬ 
face.  Decoration  from  black  to  reddish  brown.  On  base,  rays.  Main  frieze  :  two  sphinxes  (back 
of  head  and  fore  legs  of  right-hand  figure,  lower  legs  of  left-hand  figure  missing)  facing  each 
other,  with  an  elaborate  scroll  pattern  between  them.  On  the  left,  tail  of  an  animal  (probably  a 
goat) ;  and  on  the  right,  body  and  legs  of  another  goat.  Crosses  and  rosettes  as  ornaments  in  field. 
On  shoulder,  rays  (of  interlacing  lines)  alternating  with  pot-hooks.  Incised  lines  freely  used,  and 
the  wings  of  the  sphinxes  are  treated  alternately  in  black  and  natural  clay  divisions,  the  latter 
ornamented  with  dots  ;  the  leaves  of  the  palmette  scroll  are  treated  in  similar  fashion.  The  glaze 
on  the  body  of  the  right-hand  animal  and  on  the  right  hind  leg  of  the  right-hand  sphinx  is  badly 
worn. 

A  certain  similarity  may  be  found  on  a  fragment  from  Athens,1  which  is  certainly  not  Early 
Attic  and  is  declared  by  Pernice  to  be  Boeotian.  There  two  friezes  of  figures  are  represented, 
sphinxes  above  and  deer  below.  The  figures  show  a  very  elementary  use  of  the  incised  line  and 
are  distinctly  more  primitive  in  treatment  than  the  figures  on  our  fragment. 

In  spite  of  an  apparent  similarity,  the  styles  of  the  two  fragments  differ  considerably.  That  our 
fragments  are  distinctly  Argive  I  see  no  reason  to  doubt.  The  drawing  is  precisely  the  same  as 
that  already  seen  on  our  best  fragments,  and  the  use  of  the  incised  lines  shows  a  very  advanced 
technical  skill.  The  ornaments  in  the  field  are  treated  elaborately,  but  are  relegated  to  a  very 
minor  position  (except  the  palmette  scroll). 

The  treatment  of  the  wings  on  the  sphinxes  is  extremely  curious,  and  I  have  been  unable  to 
find  any  similar  case ; 2  it  differs  materially  from  the  Athens  fragment.  A  vase  in  the  British 
Museum  (A  1323)  shows  the  same  arrangement  of  hair,3  which  is  gathered  in  a  heavy  mass 
behind,  with  incised  divisions  (as  in  the  case  of  the  Tenean  Apollo)  and  little  locks  over  the  fore¬ 
head.  The  right-hand  animal  shows  no  new  peculiarity. 

So  little  of  the  palmette  scroll  is  left  that  its  reconstruction  is  doubtful.  It  is  certain  that  four 
spirals  and  three  palmettes  were  represented,4  but  whether  it  ended  at  the  bottom  in  a  palmette 
similar  to  that  on  the  top  cannot  be  said.  Judging  by  the  palmette  scroll  on  the  amphora  from 
Melos  (Rayet  and  Coll.  Hist.  pi.  ii.),  it  seems  more  probable  that  the  scroll  here  was  represented  in 
similar  fashion,  with  four  spirals  arranged  in  cross  fashion  and  a  palmette  on  four  sides  between 
each  spiral. 

35.  Fragment.  Greenish  yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration.  Incised  lines  freely  used.  Two 
horses’  heads  to  right,  evidently  part  of  a  biga.  Good  technique. 

It  is  doubtful  what  the  form  of  the  whole  vase  was.  The  heads  are  drawn  in  too  large  a  scale 
for  a  lekythos,  and  as  no  trace  of  a  glaze  can  be  found  on  the  interior  it  cannot  have  belonged  to  a 
skyphos.  The  curve  of  the  fragment  seems  best  suited  to  a  small  jug,  similar  in  shape  to  Fig.  86. 
The  bridle  of  the  horses  seems  to  be  the  same  as  that  on  Plate  LIX.  21. 

Plates. 

Fragments  of  plates  of  the  Oriental  Argive  style  were  very  scarce,  hardly  more  than 
half  a  dozen  being  found. 

36  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  plate,  diameter  uncertain.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black 
decoration  on  one  side,  burnt  red  on  the  other.  The  subject  on  both  sides  is  the  same,  —  a  frieze 
of  panthers,  one  crouching.  The  technique  of  the  obverse  is  better  than  that  of  the  I'everse,  the 
drawing  being  more  careful. 

We  see  from  a  that  the  centre  was  occupied  by  a  star  pattern,  but  what  the  outer  border  of  the 
frieze  was  cannot  be  told. 

’  A  then.  Mitt.  XX.  (1895),  p.  121,  pi.  iii.  2.  »  Cf.  also  Not.  d.  Scav.  1895,  p.  186,  fig.  87. 

1  The  pinax  from  Rhodes  (Ji.  C.  II.  XIX.  [1895],  p.  74,  4  Cf.  Jahrh.  II.  (1887),  p.  57,  fig.  23. 

fig.  2)  is  similar  save  for  the  lack  of  dots. 


THE  ARGIVE  STYLE :  ALABASTRA  AND  ARYBALLOI 


155 


Alabastra. 

That  the  alabastron  had  its  origin  during  this  period  and  not  during  the  Corinthian 
seems  fairly  evident.  What  caused  its  growth  is  a  matter  of  doubt.  It  is  possible  that 
it  may  have  developed  from  the  lekythos,  since  the  alabastron  resembles  strongly  a  leky- 
thos  minus  a  neck  and  handle,  turned  upside  down.  The  fragments  of  this  shape  were 
very  numerous,  especially  those  with  a  scale  pattern,  but  few  were  preserved  whole. 

Two  types  are  represented. 

1.  Form  Berl.  Cat.  v.  109,  without  foot. 

2.  Form  Pottier,  Vases  du  Louvre ,  pi.  41  E  423,  with  foot. 

Type  1. 

Three  varieties  of  ornamentation  are  seen. 

a.  Simple  linear  decoration.  Leaf  rosette  around  neck  and  base,  bands,  checkered  bands  on 
body.  Red  lines  applied  freely.  Cf.  Pottier,  Vases,  pi.  xxxix.  E  32. 

b.  Same  decoration  except  for  addition  of  one  animal  frieze,  sometimes  more,  around  the  base.1 
Incised  lines  are  not  used  on  the  animals  at  all.  The  fragments  were  numerous,  and  one  vase 
(height,  0.074  m.)  was  preserved  almost  complete. 

c.  Body  of  vase  almost  entirely  covered  with  a  scale  pattern,  large  or  small,  as  in  Pottier,  Vases, 
pi.  xxxix.  E  309,  319.  A  red  dot  is  applied  to  alternate  scales.  This  is  the  commonest  type,  half 
a  dozen  vases  being  found  intact  and  numerous  fragments. 

The  animal  frieze  occasionally  occurs  together  with  the  scale  pattern. 

Type  Q. 

Only  a  few  scattered  fragments  of  this  type  were  preserved.  Half  of  one  vase  was 
preserved  with  three  animal  friezes,  very  roughly  drawn,  no  incised  lines  being  used. 

Aryballoi. 

Although  the  aryballos  is  a  thoroughly  characteristic  shape  of  the  Corinthian  style,  a 
number  of  them  were  found  at  the  Heraeum  which  differed  entirely  from  the  Corinthian 
aryballi  in  point  of  technique  and  had  a  decoration  purely  linear  in  character.  This  would 
seem  to  warrant  their  belonging  to  the  Argive  period,  towards  the  beginning  of  Class  III. 
All  show  the  use  of  applied  color  in  an  advanced  stage,  and  this,  together  with  the  form,  is 
more  in  favor  of  their  connection  with  the  later  period  of  the  Argive  style  than  the  earlier. 

The  earliest  instance  seems  to  be  an  aryballos  of  coarse  red  clay,  with  black  glaze  on 
the  shoulder.  The  rest  of  the  vase  is  entirely  covered  with  a  white  wash,  almost  entirely 
worn  away,  with  no  traces  of  other  decoration.  No  case  of  this  peculiarity  can  be  found 
in  Corinthian  vases ;  we  have  already  seen  it  on  Mycenaean  vases.  Cf.  p.  93. 

Fig.  92.  Height,  0.07  m.  Neck  and  handle  restored.  Black  glaze  over  all,  burnt  red  in  places. 
On  body  broad  band  of  dark  red  color  applied,  bounded  above  and  below  by 
two  narrow  bands  inclosing  row  of  dots  applied  in  white. 

This  type  seems  fairly  common.  There  are  similar  examples  in 
the  British  Museum  (A  1028,  from  Kameiros),  Naples  (Rac.  Cum.), 
and  three  at  Syracuse  from  Megara  Hyblaea  (Tombs  784,  941,  980). 

Other  vases  showed  either  a  single  broad  band  of  applied  red,  or  a 
red  band  with  a  smaller  white  band  on  each  side.  One  fragment  was 
found  of  an  aryballos  which  was  divided  by  incised  lines  with  gore-  ^  go 

shaped  divisions  (like  a  child’s  leather  ball),  the  gores  being  colored 
alternately  red,  yellow,  and  black. 

Specimens  precisely  similar  are  in  the  British  Museum  (A  1027,  1031). 

1  Cf.  the  alabastra  from  Orchomenos.  B.  C.  H.  XIX.  (1895),  p.  192,  figs.  10,  17. 


156 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


NOTE  ON  THE  USE  OF  APPLIED  COLOR  IN  THE  MYCENAEAN,  GEOMETRIC,  AND 

ARGIVE  STYLES. 

During  the  last  three  chapters,  repeated  instances  of  vases  having  various  colors  applied 
to  their  surfaces  have  been  mentioned,  and  as  this  feature  is  such  a  prominent  one  on  the 
Heraeum  vases  and  so  common  during  the  succeeding  vase  classes,  Corinthian,  Rhodian, 
etc.,  it  seems  proper  at  this  point  to  discuss  it  briefly. 

For  this  technique  no  satisfactory  term  exists.  Cecil  Smith  (J.  H.  S.  VI.  [1885], 
p.  184)  uses  the  term  “  Dorian  ”  and  distinguishes  between  an  “  Oriental  ”  style,  i.  e.  the 
use  of  incised  lines  and  applied  purple  or  red  color,  and  the  “  Dorian  ”  style,  or  silhouette 
drawing  with  details  in  white,  a  feature  common  on  much  of  the  late  seventh  century 
polychrome  work  in  Rhodes  and  Asia  Minor.  It  is,  however,  perfectly  certain  that  ap¬ 
plied  color  was  used  by  potters  of  the  Mycenaean  age,  and  even  earlier,  since  the  pre- 
Mycenaean  ware  found  by  Flinders  Petrie  in  Egypt  (J.  II.  S.  X.  [1890],  pi.  xiv.  p.  271) 
shows  the  same  polychrome  decoration,  so  common  on  Egyptian  wall-paintings,  applied 
to  the  vases  themselves.  Crete  {Mon.  Ant.  VI.  pis.  ix.  and  x.)  has  also  produced  a  large 
amount  of  similar  ware  which  belongs  to  the  early  part  of  the  Mycenaean  period.  Dur¬ 
ing  the  Mycenaean  period  in  the  Argolid  its  use  would  seem  to  have  been  fairly  common, 
since  at  the  Heraeum  we  find  it  on  fragments  of  both  the  dull  and  lustrous  styles,  and 
Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke’s  Class  I.  (lustrous  finish)  also  shows  that  it  was  extensively 
employed.  During  the  Geometric  and  Argive  styles  at  the  Heraeum  we  find  it  very 
frequently,  though  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  in  general  use  until  the  rise  of  the 
Oriental  influence  in  Greece.  All  these  facts  would  seem  to  show  that  this  technique  did 
not  owe  its  origin  to  the  bright-colored  fabrics  of  Asia  Minor  (especially  Samos),  though 
they  were,  very  probably,  instrumental  in  promoting  its  growth  on  Greek  soil,  and  also 
that  the  term  “  Dorian  ”  is  hardly  accurate  or  comprehensive  enough,  since  the  origin  of 
the  technique  must  he  looked  for  long  before  the  Dorian  invasion,  or,  if  that  event  be 
denied,  before  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period. 

As  a  regular  sequence  of  this  technique  has  not  been  found  (so  far  as  I  know)  outside 
of  the  Argolid,  it  may  perhaps  have  been  a  peculiar  feature  of  the  pottery  made  in  that 
locality  ;  since,  however,  it  is  a  purely  accessory  feature  it  can  hardly  stand  by  itself  as  a 
separate  entity,  and  the  fragments  which  show  its  use  are  not  to  be  separated  from 
the  regular  vase-classes  to  which  they  belong. 

During  the  Mycenaean  period  at  the  Heraeum,  only  a  few  fragments  of  the  dull 
finish,  and  of  Class  III.  lustrous  finish,  show  this  technique.  It  is  fairly  common  on 
fragments  of  the  Geometric  and  Argive  (Class  II.)  styles,  while  with  Class  III.  of  the 
Argive  through  the  Corinthian  style  it  seems  to  be  an  integral  part  of  the  decoration. 

On  Plate  LX.  the  most  representative  fragments  only  are  given,  following  the 
chronological  order  of  the  preceding  chapters. 

MYCENAEAN 
Dull  Finish. 

Only  one  fragment  (Plate  LI.  7,  p.  13)  showed  the  application  of  dark  red  color. 

PLATE  LX. 

Lustrous  Finish ,  Class  III. 

1.  Fine  (lark  red  clay,  exterior  entirely  covered  with  a  brilliant  dark  brown  glaze,  on  which  is  a 
spiral  in  white;  careful  technique;  the  fragment  belongs  to  III.  1. 


157 


APPLIED  COLOR  ’iN  CERTAIN  STYLES 

2.  Coarser  yellowish  clay,  similar  technique.  Two  circles  with  a  clotted  border  inside ;  or  pos¬ 
sibly  the  heads  of  a  murex  pattern. 

3.  Fine  brick  red  clay,  black  glaze  on  exterior,  dark  brown  on  interior.  Upper  part  of  pal- 
mette  pattern  applied  in  yellow. 

These  were  the  only  Mycenaean  fragments  possessing  any  interest.  Several  others 
were  found  showing  traces  of  white  or  yellow  paint. 

GEOMETRIC. 

The  number  of  Geometric  fragments  that  show  this  use  of  applied  color  was  cpiite 
large,  filling  nearly  a  basket.  All  such  fragments  invariably  belong  to  the  earlier 
period  of  the  style  rather  than  the  later ;  i.  e.  their  decoration  (apart  from  their  poly¬ 
chrome  feature)  is  purely  Geometric  or  linear,  and  in  no  case  of  a  later  Geometric 
fragment  representing  animals  or  genre  scenes  did  this  technique  occur.  Outside  of  the 
Argolid  this  technique  is  seldom  found  ;  as  far  as  I  can  discover,  only  a  few  scattered 
Dipylon  vases  in  Athens  show  it  at  all. 

4.  Fragment  of  an  amphora  probably.  Yellow  clay,  with  a  broad  glazed  band  of  dark  red 
covering  the  rim  on  the  interior,  over  which  two  thin  white  stripes  are  applied.  On  exterior,  dark 
brown  glaze.  Design  applied  in  white ;  on  rim,  zigzag ;  on  body,  series  of  zigzags  in  a  panel 
bounded  by  vertical  and  horizontal  lines.  On  base,  rays. 

5.  Dark  red  clay,  burnt  gray  on  exterior.  Dark  red  glaze  on  inside,  dull  black  outside,  with 
design  in  white,  dotted  rosette  above,  and  zigzag  between  horizontal  stripes.  Several  other  frag¬ 
ments  of  this  vase  were  found,  also  fragments  representing  half  a  dozen  other  vases  of  similar 
technique. 

6.  Red  clay,  black  glaze  on  interior ;  reddish  glaze  on  exterior  and  design  in  yellow,  horizontal 
stripes  and  a  border  inclosing  a  “  Running  Dog  ”  pattern.  The  color  is  applied  thickly. 

7.  Red  clay,  with  dark  brown  decoration.  On  upper  border,  a  dotted  lozenge  chain  applied  in 
yellow. 

8.  Fragment  of  foot  of  large  vase,  shape  uncertain.  Red  clay,  with  red  glaze  on  exterior. 
Moulding  on  base.  Broad  meander  pattern  applied  in  yellow,  bounded  by  broad  stripes  of  yellow 
and  narrower  ones  of  red.  Careful  technique. 

Plate  LXVI.  1.  Dark  gray  clay,  with  dark  brown  glaze  on  exterior.  Meander  pattern 
applied  in  red,  with  yellow  border.  Above,  broad  stripe  of  red.  Several  other  fragments  of  this 
vase  were  found.  Another  fragment  had  a  similar  meander  in  yellow,  bordered  by  red  and  white 
stripes. 

2.  Fragment  of  a  vase  with  wide  opening.  Yellow  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  exterior.  Broad 
band  of  yellow,  with  red  border  lines.  On  the  yellow  band  a  simple  meander  in  red,  with  splashes 
of  yellow  in  the  interstices.  Fragments  of  the  rim  were  found  which  showed  identically  the  same 
decoration  on  the  lip. 

The  bulk  of  the  fragments  belonged  to  the  rims  of  large  bowls,  having  a  flat  surface 
on  the  top,  and  covered  with  a  black  or  dark  brown  glaze  on  which  broad  bands  of  red, 
yellow,  or  white  were  applied.  On  these  in  turn  was  a  pattern,  usually  a  meander  in 
red  or  yellow. 

Taking  the  Geometric  fragments  of  the  Heraeum  as  a  whole,  the  use  of  applied  color 
seems  to  have  been  occasional  rather  than  usual,  and  in  only  a  few  cases  (most  of  them 
have  been  given  above)  does  it  form  an  important  part  of  the  decoration. 

ARGIVE. 

The  number  of  Argive  fragments  which  show  the  use  of  applied  color  is  innumerable. 
In  the  majority  of  the  Argive  vases  already  discussed  the  slender  band  of  red  or  yellow 


158 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


is  extremely  common,  but  is  used  mainly  as  an  ornamental  accessory.  The  vases  where 
the  only  decoration  consisted  of  applied  color  are  not  very  numerous  in  proportion  to 
the  rest. 

No  fragments  belonging  to  Class  I.  showed  this  technique.  In  Class  II.  the  frag¬ 
ments  were  much  more  numerous ;  in  Class  III.  the  use  of  applied  color  is  so  universal 
as  an  accessory  ornament  that  few  attempts  were  made  to  employ  it  as  the  only  deco¬ 
ration. 

9.  Fragment  of  skyphos.  Reddish  clay,  with  a  brilliant  brown  glaze,  burnt  red  on  interior,  on 
both  sides.  Yellow  stripe  on  interior  just  below  rim.  Design  in  yellowish  white  ;  double  panel 
inclosing  double  circles.  Technique  very  good. 

10.  Fragment  of  skyphos.  Dirty  yellow  clay,  with  dull  black  glaze  on  both  sides.  Double 
triangles  in  yellowish  white  laid  on  thinly,  above  a  horizontal  stripe.  This  motive  is  identical 
with  that  already  seen  on  the  necks  of  the  oinoclioai. 

Two  fragments  of  a  skyphos  exactly  similar  to  those  from  Aegina  (Pallat,  loc.  cit. 
p.  277,  fig.  9)  and  Eleusis  (’E^p,.  Apy.  1898,  pi.  ii.  3,  p.  115)  were  found. 

11.  Fragment  of  oinochoe.  Bright  yellow  clay,  with  brown  glaze  exterior.  Parallel  bands 
inclosing  zigzag  in  whitish  yellow. 

Three  more  fragments  of  this  vase  Avere  found  and  about  a  dozen  other  fragments 
from  similar  vases,  with  identical  decoration.  Fragments  of  necks  Avere  more  common, 
one  almost  entire,  but  showing  the  same  motive  of  zigzags.  Cf.  neck  of  oinochoe  on 
Plate  LIX.  8,  which  belongs  here. 

The  folloAving  fragments  belong  to  Class  III.  :  — 

12.  Fragment  of  large  skyphos.  Dark  reddish  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  exterior.  Between  two 
broad  bands  of  red  a  palinette  in  incised  lines.  The  motive  resembles  strongly  those  found  on 
some  of  our  bronze  fragments. 

13.  Fragment  of  oinochoe  or  lekythos.  Fine  yellow  clay,  dull  black  glaze  on  exterior.  Lotos 
palmette  in  whitish  yellow,  Avith  incised  lines.  Below,  four  stripes,  the  outer  Avhite,  the  inner  red. 

14.  Fragment  of  bowl.  Yellow  clay,  Avith  red  brown  decoration.  On  exterior,  rays  (red  applied) 
and  a  horizontal  guilloche.  On  interior,  meander  pattern  Avith  fragmentary  applications  of  yellow, 
and  a  wave  pattern  around  the  centre. 

Besides  the  fragments  already  mentioned,  several  dozen  Avere  found  which  belong  to 
rather  large  skyphoi,  10-15  cm.  in  height,  of  a  dark  red  or  yelloAv  clay,  the  exterior  only 
being  covered  with  a  dull  dark  red  glaze.  On  the  shoulder  and  rim  is  the  only  decora¬ 
tion,  consisting  invariably  of  tAvo  or  three  parallel  stripes  of  applied  red,  bordered  above 
and  beloAv  by  a  Avhite  or  yelloAv  stripe. 

A  class  of  fragments  similar  in  technique  to  the  Attic  black-  and  red-figured  styles 
Avill  be  discussed  in  Chapter  VII. 

POLYCHROME  VASES,  OR  DECORATION  ON  A  WHITE  GROUND. 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  the  use  of  applied  color,  a  feAv  fragments  merit  atten¬ 
tion.  These  showed  the  so-called  ‘polychrome’  technique,  having  a  Avhitish  yelloAv 
background  on  which  the  design  is  applied.  These  fragments  Avere  not  very  numerous, 
not  more  than  a  dozen  being  found. 

Plate  LXV.  4.  Saucer,  one  side  broken.  Diameter,  0.058  m. ;  height,  0.017  m.  Dark  reddish 
clay,  exterior  covered  with  a  Avhite  wash,  mostly  worn  off.  Same  on  interior,  with  a  red  band  on 
rim  and  a  lead-colored  band  below  ;  around  central  boss  a  rosette  in  red,  with  lead-colored  lines  in 
the  loops.  • 


MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES 


159 


This  saucer  belongs  to  the  series  already  discussed  on  p.  125,  and  is  perhaps  the  earliest  Argive 
vase  at  the  Heraeum  which  shows  this  ‘  polychrome  ’  technique. 

PLATE  LX. 

15.  Fragment  of  plate.  Yellow  clay,  with  a  black  glaze  on  exterior,  over  which  are  parallel 
stripes  of  white  inclosing  a  row  of  dots.  On  interior,  over  a  whitish  yellow  wash,  a  palmette,  alter¬ 
nate  leaves  black,  with  white  dots.  Incised  lines.  This  fragment  belongs  to  Class  III.,  and  is 
similar  in  point  of  decoration  to  16.  15  shows  some  similarity  to  Naukratis  ware,  but  there  is 
nothing  to  justify  its  being  considered  as  belonging  to  that  style. 

16.  Fragment  of  plate.  Dark  red  clay,  covered  with  a  whitish  yellow  slip.  On  exterior  frieze 
of  animals,  with  tongue  pattern  on  rim.  On  interior,  frieze  of  geese  in  black,  red  (faded)  ap¬ 
plied  to  bodies,  with  zigzag  band  below.  On  rim,  tongue  pattern,  red  applied  to  each  tongue. 


CHAPTER  Y. 

MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES. 

Before  proceeding1  to  the  discussion  of  the  Corinthian  style  proper,  it  seems  best  to 
introduce  a  chapter  on  certain  vases  and  fragments,  which,  though  allied  to  the  two  great 
vase-classes  just  discussed,  yet  stand  apart  by  themselves  on  account  of  certain  peculiar 
features  both  of  clay  and  design. 

It  is  difficult  to  decide  on  a  proper  term  for  these  vases.  That  they  were  imported 
into  Argos  is  possible  but  improbable,  seeing  that  foreign-made  vases  are  extremely 
scarce  at  the  Heraeum.  Moreover,  it  is  more  difficult  to  find  analogies  for  them  outside 
of  Argos  than  at  the  Heraeum  itself,  though  even  there  such  analogies  are  extremely 
rare.  The  most  probable  explanation  is,  that  all  of  them  are  experiments  in  the  mak¬ 
ing  of  certain  types,  which  were  not  continued ;  this  alone  will  account  for  the  wide 
difference  that  exists  between  them  and  the  other  Heraeum  vases,  not  to  speak  of  for¬ 
eign  vase-classes. 

The  vases  and  fragments  represented  here  fall,  roughly  speaking,  in  the  eighth  cen¬ 
tury,  though  a  few  may  be  dated  a  few  years  later  than  b.  c.  700.  Some  are  equally 
related  to  both  the  Argive  and  Geometric  styles ;  others  again  resemble  more  nearly 
purely  foreign  styles  like  the  ‘  Island  ’  types,  Melian,  Rhodian,  etc. 


Fig.  93.  Oinochoe ;  height,  0.19  m.  Handle  and  parts  of  body  restored.  Brownish  yellow 
clay,  with  darker  slip,  dark  brown 
decoration. 

On  rim  four  parallel  stripes ;  on 
neck  “  Running  Dog  ”  pattern,  and 
below  a  frieze,  four  pairs  of  lions  and 
snakes  to  right.  On  shoulder  Geo¬ 
metric  snake,  with  round  balls  and 
dotted  rosettes  in  field.  On  body,  two 
borders.  “  Running  Dog  ”  above,  zig¬ 
zag  (continuous)  below,  with  a  dotted 
row  above  and  below,  and  separated 
by  usual  parallel  stripes.  On  base, 
rays,  points  downward.  On  all  the 
decoration  (except  the  parallel  stripes, 
dotted  rows,  and  rays)  small  round 

dots  of  white.  Fig.  93. 


160 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


This  oinochoe  is  by  far  the  most  peculiar  vase  that  the  Heraeum  yielded,  and  is  remarkable  for 
its  technical  features  as  well  as  its  decoration.  The  form  seems  to  be  a  cross  between  the  two 
Argive  oinochoai  already  discussed  (Figs.  56  and  57). 

Technique.  The  clay  resembles  more  closely  that  used  in  vases  of  the  Geometric  style  than  in 
the  Argive.  The  addition  of  the  white  dots  in  such  numbers  is  peculiar  but  not  unique,  as  it  was 
found  on  several  other  Heraeum  fragments,  and  a  few  vases  outside  of  the  Argolid.1  It  is  certain, 
however,  from  Mycenaean  fragments,  that  it  was  a  common  feature  in  the  Argolid  from  the  earli¬ 
est  times. 

Decoration.  This  oinochoe  differs  from  all  the  other  Argive  types  in  having  an  animal  frieze 
on  the  neck,  while  the  body  is  covered  with  the  ordinary  Geometrical  motives. 

In  spite  of  the  Geometrical  motives  on  the  body  of  the  vase,  it  may  be  safely  asserted  that  our 
oinochoe  does  not  belong  to  the  Geometric  style,  since  the  peculiar  white  dots  never  occur,  so  far 
as  I  know,  on  purely  Geometric  vases,  nor  has  the  style  of  the  lions  any  connection  with  the  lions 
on  Geometric  vases.2  A  closer  connection  seems  afforded  by  the  Phaleron  jugs,  since  there  we  find 
the  same  employment  of  white  dots,  as  well  as  the  use  of  the  neck  for  the  main  frieze.  But  the 
presence  of  the  Geometric  snake  on  the  shoulder  is  against  any  such  connection,  since,  as  far  as  I 
know,  that  motive  never  occurs  on  any  jug  of  the  Phaleron  type,  nor  has  the  style  of  our  oinochoe 
anything  in  common  with  them.  The  Gamedes  oinochoe  is  clearly  of  a  later  date  than  ours,  and 
cannot  therefore  serve  as  a  criterion  for  any  doubtful  point. 

That  our  vase  is  of  native  workmanship  seems  to  me  extremely  probable.  The  presence  of  the 
white  dots  on  a  few  foreign-made  vases  is  offset  by  the  presence  of  fragments  from  as  many  vases 
at  the  Heraeum,  and  the  use  of  the  neck  in  the  Phaleron  jugs  for  the  principal  frieze  is  not  a  com¬ 
mon  peculiarity.  Moreover,  the  style  of  our  vase  is  earlier,  if  anything,  than  that  of  the  Phaleron 
jugs,  and  would  seem  rather  to  point  to  an  Argive  influence  on  that  class  of  vases  (as  was  already 
suggested)  than  vice-versa.  We  have  seen  already  how  common  the  use  of  applied  color  was  in 
all  vases  manufactured  in  the  Argolid  from  the  Mycenaean  times  downwards,  so  that  this  feature 
cannot  be  considered  as  lacking  parallels  in  that  place. 

The  date  of  our  oinochoe  must  fall  during  the  period  of  Argive  Class  II.  The  snakes  and  the 
other  Geometric  motives  make  this  probable.  Moreover,  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  for  seeing 
any  trace  of  Oriental  influence  here ;  the  lions  have  nothing  in  common  with  the  type  of  lion  in 
Class  III.,  and  the  lack  of  incised  lines  is  in  favor  of  an  early  date,  probably  about  the  middle  of 
the  eighth  century. 

The  combination  of  the  lion  and  snake  in  pairs  is  extremely  curious ;  I  have  been  unable  to  find 
any  similar  instance.  That  a  lion  was  intended  is  evident,  though  the  prancing  monster  is  more 
like  the  creation  of  a  nightmare  than  the  noble  monarch  of  the  desert.  The  presence  of  the  lions 
is  interesting,  as  they  are  not  represented  fighting,  but  as  a  purely  ornamental  feature.  This 
would  seem  to  be  one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  the  animal  frieze,  and  would  show  that  if  not 
commonly  employed,  it  was  at  least  known  to  the  vase-painter  before  the  spread  of  Oriental  influ¬ 
ence  in  Greece,  and  need  not  be  considered  as  a  purely  Eastern  innovation. 


PLATE  LX. 

17  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  a  large  amphora.  Coarse  brick  red  clay,  with  a  reddish 
yellow  slip.  Decoration  varying  from  black  to  red.  Around  interior  of  rim,  band  of  black  glaze. 
White  dots  applied  to  all  the  decoration. 

a.  Lion  in  panel  formed  by  two  stripes  inclosing  dotted  row,  and  part  of  a  scroll.  Traces  of  a 
rosette  (?)  above  the  lion’s  head. 


1  The  following  examples  are  known  to  me  :  Warrior 
Vase  (Myk.  Vas.  p.  <>8,  pis.  xlii.  and  xliii. ,  and  Schliemann, 
Tiryns,  pis.  xiv.,  xv.,  xvii.  b,  xxi.  a,  b,  xvii.  e)  ;  Aristono- 
phos  Vase  (Mon.  dell’  Inst.  IX.  pi.  iv.) ;  Gamedes  oinochoe 
(Rayet  and  Collignon,  Hist.  p.  81,  fig.  42);  two  Phaleron 
jogs  (Boehlan,  Jahrb.  II.  [1887],  p.  45,  figs.  3,  4  e,  4  /); 
plate  in  British  Museum  (A  1539;  Campanari  Col.).  The 
body  of  the  stag  on  this  plate  is  filled  in  with  white  dots; 


oinochoe  in  Zurich  (Mon.  dell’  Inst.  IX.  pi.  v.  2)  (frieze  of 
warriors,  dots  on  shields);  two  vases  from  Falisco  (Mon. 
Ant.  IV.  p.  267,  fig.  127;  p.  291,  fig.  147).  The  list 
might  doubtless  be  materially  increased. 

2  Cf.  Furtwangler,  Arch.  Zeit.  1885,  p.  135,  pi.  viii.  2. 
For  discussion  of  the  lion  in  the  art  of  this  period,  v. 
Boehlan,  l.  c.  p.  35. 


MISCELLANEOUS  TYPES 


161 


b.  Scroll  ending  at  each  end  in  a  trefoil.  Base  of  handle  preserved. 

Fig.  94  shows  the  restoration  of  the  design.  The  form  is  not  absolutely  certain,  nor  can  the 
height  be  determined,  though,  judging  from  the  size  of  the  fragments, 
the  vase  must  have  measured  about  30  cm.  in  height.  It  seems  fairly 
certain,  however,  that  no  other  decoration  existed  on  the  vase,  unless  we 
suppose  a  similar  design  on  the  reverse  and  that  the  restoration  here 
given  is  correct. 

The  technique  is  precisely  similar  to  Fig.  93,  and  as  the  resemblance 
between  the  lions  is  so  strong  we  may  almost  assume  that  both  vases 
were  painted  by  the  same  artist.  The  scrolls  which  bound  the  panels 
are  interesting,  and  so  far  a  similar  case  does  not  occur  to  me.  There  is 
a  certain  resemblance  between  the  trefoils  and  the  ivy  leaf  on  Myce¬ 
naean  vases  (cf.  Myh.  Vas.  xxi.  152;  also  J.  II.  S.  XI.  [1890],  pi. 
xiv.  1),  but  whether  the  trefoils  represent  a  development  of  the  latter  ^  ^ 

cannot  be  told. 

18.  Fragment  of  a  large  vase,  perhaps  an  amphora.  Dark  reddish  clay,  exterior  covered  with 
a  dull  dark  brown  glaze.  Broad  band  of  white  with,  a  row  of  small  dots  on  each  side. 

This  fragment,  though  differing  considerably  from  the  two  vases  just  considered,  has  been 
included  here  on  account  of  the  presence  of  the  white  dots.  It  presents  this  peculiarity  that  the 
broad  band  of  white  is  not  painted  over  the  glaze,  since  no  trace  of  glaze  can  be  found  under  it. 
The  clay  is  coarse  and  more  akin  in  texture  to  vases  of  the  Geometric  style,  but  it  cannot  belong 
to  that  class,  since  it  seems  certain  that  the  entire  vase  was  covered  with  a  glaze,  a  peculiarity 
entirely  foreign  to  Geometric  vases.  We  have  already  seen  this  peculiarity  in  the  case  of  other 
Argive  vases,  and  it  is  probable  that  we  have  here  a  fragment  of  a  vase  which  belongs  to  the  same 
class  as  those  discussed  on  p.  158. 

PLATE  LXVII. 

Seven  fragments  from  the  base  of  a  bowl  with  tall  base.  From  Old  Temple  Terrace  (proba¬ 
bly).  Height  cannot  be  determined.  The  fragments  have  been  joined  together  to  form  the  base 
(8).  Height,  0.425  m. ;  diameter  at  base,  0.29  m. ;  diameter  at  top,  0.16  in.  The  original  vase 
probably  measured  about  80  cm.  in  height. 

Brick  red  clay,  covered  with  a  brownish  yellow  slip.  Decoration  uniformly  black,  with  yellow 
paint  added  freely.  Incised  lines  used  on  the  figures  of  the  animals  around  the  base. 

The  form  of  the  vase  was  probably  a  large  deep  bowl  resting  on  a  tall  base,  similar  to  a  vase  in 
Athens  from  Menidi  ( Jahrb .  XIV.  [1899],  p.  108,  fig.  10,  or  p.  126,  fig.  29).  Of  the  bowl  only 
a  small  part  is  preserved  in  fragment  8  ;  all  the  other  fragments  belong  to  the  base. 

Around  the  base  are  three  friezes,  and  a  narrow  frieze  at  the  bottom  of  the  bowl. 

Base.  Lower  frieze  (4,  6,  7).  Border,  a  guiiloche  of  black  and  white  strands  (as  in  Plate 
LIX.  5).  Separated  from  this  by  three  stripes,  a  frieze  of  animals.  What  these  animals  are  can¬ 
not  be  determined.  On  4  and  6  we  have  an  animal  crouching,  with  traces  of  what  may  have  been 
a  horn  on  its  head,  and  the  tail  of  another,  which  projects  into  the  frieze  above.  The  first  animal 
is  clearly  crouching,  and  the  body  is  covered  with  scales  similar  to  Athen.  Mitt.  1897,  p.  309, 
fig.  31.  Incised  lines  on  the  foot,  and  on  tail. 

Separated  by  three  stripes  is  another  frieze,  1,  2,  4,  and  5,  on  which  a  combat  is  represented. 
Portions  of  eleven  warriors  are  preserved,  six  to  right,  four  to  left,  and  a  fallen  warrior  in  the 
centre. 

In  the  centre  of  the  frieze  (4),  a  dying  warrior  to  right  stretching  his  arm  behind  him.  His 
leg  is  drawn  in  outline,  and  as  no  filling  in  with  black  or  application  of  yellow  is  seen,  it  seems 
probable  that  carelessness  on  the  artist’s  part  was  responsible  for  this  deficiency.  On  his  shield  is 
a  rosette,  with  yellow  applied  to  five  of  the  lobes  ;  yellow  is  also  applied  to  the  headpiece  of  the 
helmet.  On  the  left  are  two  warriors  advancing  to  right,  both  armed  with  helmet,  shield,  greaves, 
spears,  and  sword.1  Yellow  is  applied  to  the  headpieces  of  the  helmets  and  to  the  greaves.  The 

1  This  is  not  absolutely  certain,  except  in  the  case  of  the  first  figure,  where  the  object  is  too  thick  to  be  a  spear. 


162 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


first  warrior  has  a  checkered  border  on  his  helmet,  and  a  whirl  pattern  with  a  lozenge  border  on 
his  shield ;  the  warrior  behind  has  a  four-pointed  star  inclosed  by  a  checkered  border  for  his  shield 
device.  Facing  them  to  left,  parts  of  two  warriors  ;  nose,  tip  of  helmet,  shield,  and  one  leg  of  the 
first  warrior  preserved,  shield  and  one  leg  of  the  second.  Yellow  applied  to  greaves.  The  first 
warrior  is  armed  with  a  spear  or  sword  exactly  like  his  opponent ;  on  his  shield,  four-pointed  star 
with  checkered  border.  His  companion  has  as  a  shield  device  a  rosette  elaborately  drawn  in 
black  and  white  with  a  border  of  rays.  Between  the  warriors,  over  the  fallen  man,  a  bird  flying. 

On  fragment  2  we  see  the  back  of  one  warrior’s  helmet  in  black  with  the  point  of  a  spear,  and 
the  helmet  (in  outline)  and  eye  of  another  warrior,  likewise  the  point  of  a  spear.  From  a  com¬ 
parison  of  5  it  seems  probable  that  the  spear  to  the  left  belongs  to  the  right-hand  warrior  and 
the  spear  at  the  right  to  another  not  preserved.  On  the  right  of  1  again  we  see  the  trace  of 
another  helmet  (checkered  border)  projecting  into  the  pattern  above. 

On  5  we  have  three  warriors  ;  the  one  at  the  left  resembles  the  foremost  warrior  on  the  left  of 
2,  except  that  the  border  of  his  shield  is  a  ray  pattern,  and  the  helmet  has  no  border :  he  is  armed 
with  a  spear.  The  warrior  in  the  centre  differs  from  the  others  in  having  a  very  tall  helmet,  with 
a  single  checkered  border,  which  projects  into  the  upper  pattern  as  in  1  ;.  a  faint  line  marks  the 
outline  of  the  head,  evidently  done  in  the  preliminary  drawing.  This  feature  may  be  observed 
on  almost  all  the  figures.  His  shield  seems  to  have  had  a  four-leaf  rosette  for  its  device,  the  leaves 
being  left  plain  and  the  entire  shield  covered  with  yellow ;  a  fainter  line  encircles  the  shield  inside 
the  rim.  He  is  armed  with  a  spear  (since  the  lower  curved  line  behind  him  is  clearly  the  continu¬ 
ation  of  his  spear)  and  a  sword.  Between  his  legs  a  bird  similar  to  the  one  on  4.  Of  the  right- 
hand  warrior  only  the  head  and  part  of  a  leg  are  preserved. 

All  the  figures  are  bearded,  and  as  the  bulk  of  the  face  is  covered  by  the  helmet  a  triangular 
space  is  formed  by  the  nose  and  eye.  It  may  be  noted  that  in  no  two  cases  is  the  device  of  the 
shields  the  same.  Faint  black  lines  are  seen  on  several  of  the  figures,  which  in  most  cases  marks 
the  preliminary  drawing.  On  4  the  lines  of  the  legs  of  four  figures  cross  each  other,  due,  of  course, 
to  careless  drawing. 

Separated  from  the  frieze  just  described  by  a  narrow  border  containing  a  double  guilloche  (drawn 
in  outline  and  stippled  in  black)  is  the  third  frieze  (1  and  3). 

At  the  left  of  1  are  the  body,  hind  leg  and  fore  legs  of  a  horse  :  to  right,  a  broad  band  around  the 
chest,  with  the  reins  along  the  back.  Behind  the  horse  the  figure  of  a  man  from  the  waist  down¬ 
wards  carrying  a  shield  (in  outline  ;  device  a  rosette)  and  two  spears.  Around  his  waist  is  a  belt 
with  a  row  of  dots.  Yellow  is  used  on  his  body  and  legs  as  well  as  on  the  body  and  legs  of  the 
horse,  with  the  addition  of  faint  black  lines.  Before  the  horse  to  left  a  woman,  from  the  waist 
downward  (in  outline),  holding  a  staff  in  her  hand  and  clad  in  a  chiton  reaching  almost  to  the 
ankles,  stippled  above  in  black,  with  three  borders,  a  zigzag,  meander,  and  dots.  Behind  her  the 
leg  and  foot  of  another  man,  drawn  in  outline,  but  evidently  wearing  a  boot.  Between  the  horse’s 
fore  legs  a  water  bird  and  above  the  reins  a  flying  bird,  as  in  the  lower  frieze.  Incised  lines  are 
used  to  denote  the  reins.  At  the  back  of  the  horse  is  a  projection  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened, 
from  which  goes  a  diagonal  line  to  the  top  of  the  frieze  representing  a  goad  or  whip. 

The  arrangement  of  3  is  somewhat  problematical.1  At  the  left  is  the  upper  part  of  a  female 
figure  (with  long  hair  in  ribbed  locks)  clad  in  a  sort  of  bodice  and  a  long  skirt,  stippled  with 
black  dots;  she  is  stretching  out  her  right  arm.  Behind  her  the  figure  of  a  bearded  centaur,  with 
a  belt  around  his  waist,  looking  to  left,  but  his  body  turned  to  right ;  the  line  of  the  nates  and  the 
calf  is  visible  at  the  lower  part  of  the  fragment.  He  is  formed  in  the  Archaic  tyjie,  the  entire 
figure  of  a  man  joined  to  the  body  and  hind  legs  of  a  horse.  The  horse’s  body  is  seen  to  left  and 
the  woman  seems  to  have  her  left  arm  around  it.  The  waist  of  the  centaur  is  pierced  by  an 
arrow,  and  the  blood  is  marked  by  dark  streaks.  The  attitude  of  his  right  hand  is  uncertain. 
The  eyes  of  both  figures  are  drawn  as  dotted  circles.  In  field,  flying  bird. 

Above  is  the  last  frieze  which  forms  the  base  of  the  vessel  proper.  Some  animal  is  represented 
to  left,  as  three  legs,  body,  and  neck  (ornamented  with  a  scale  pattern)  are  visible,  but  what  the 
animal  is  cannot  be  told.  Under  its  fore  leg  a  row  of  dots  and  beneath  the  body  a  swastika. 

For  tliis  interpretation  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Edward  Robinson,  Director  of  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston. 


l 


NESSOS  AND  DEIANEIRA 


163 


The  chief  interest  of  the  vase  lies  in  the  two  main  friezes,  but  owing  to  the  fragmentary  condi¬ 
tion  of  the  vase  their  arrangement  is  extremely  doubtful.  It  is  perfectly  plain  that  the  subject  of 
the  lower  frieze  was  the  combat  over  some  fallen  warrior,  and  if  we  place  5  below  1,  and  transfer 
2  to  a  position  directly  over  4,  we  shall  obtain  six  warriors  on  the  left  and  four  (or  perhaps  only 
two,  if  2  forms  the  head  of  the  two  warriors  to  the  right  of  4)  on  the  right.  How  many  warriors 
were  represented,  or  whether  the  two  sides  of  the  base  represented  different  scenes,  we  cannot  say. 

Less  clear  is  the  arrangement  of  the  upper  frieze.  We  have  the  figures  of  a  horse,  man,  two 
women,  and  a  centaur,  and  as  it  is  certain  that  the  subject  of  3  had  no  connection  with  1,  both 
fragments  were  probably  on  opposite  sides  of  the  base.  That  the  horse  on  1  was  harnessed  to  a 
chariot  seems  certain.  Although  we  have  only  one  horse,  we  know  the  single  teams  were  com¬ 
mon  during  the  Archaic  period.1  As  three  reins  are  certainly  represented,  it  is  possible  that  a 
pair  of  horses  was  intended  (which  would  be  more  appropriate  to  the  period  of  the  vase).  If  a 
wagon  be  supplied,  then  the  object  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened  must  be  the  top  of  the  pole. 
Although  it  is  placed  just  over  the  flank,  we  find  it  set  as  far  back  on  the  shoulder  of  a  black  figure 
hydria  (Gerhard,  Aus.  Vas.  pi.  253).  It  cannot  possibly  be  the  uvtv (  of  a  chariot,  as  it  is  far  too 
close  to  the  body  of  the  horse.  That  the  diagonal  line  which  begins  at  the  end  of  the  pole  is  a 
goad  held  in  the  driver’s  hand,  a  comparison  of  Aus.  Vas.  pi.  251  shows  clearly.  Not  enough  of 
the  scene  is  preserved  to  warrant  an  identification. 

With  3  the  subject  is  plain.  Deianeira  and  the  centaur  Nessos  are  represented.  The  round 
object  at  the  back  of  the  woman’s  head  is  probably  the  sword  of  Herakles ;  at  least  it  is  precisely 
similar  to  the  sword  on  the  lower  frieze,  and  on  a  Chalcidian  vase  in  the  Louvre  we  find  Herakles 
attacking  the  centaur  with  a  sword  ( Aus .  Vas.  117-118,  1).  The  attitude  of  the  centaur  is  par¬ 
alleled  by  another  centaur  on  the  Argive  lekythos  in  Berlin  (Arch.  Zeit.  1883,  pi.  x.),  who, 
pierced  by  an  arrow,  is  flying  to  right  while  looking  back  over  his  shoulder.  Deianeira  is  repre¬ 
sented  in  a  rather  singular  fashion  ;  she  seems  to  be  clinging  to  the  centaur’s  body  with  one  hand 
while  stretching  out  her  right  hand  as  if  to  call  for  assistance.  Such  a  treatment  of  the  scene  is, 
as  far  as  I  know,  unique. 

This  representation  of  Herakles’s  encounter  with  Nessos  (if  such  it  be)  seems  to  be  the  earliest 
instance  we  have  where  Deianeira  is  represented  (cf.  Roscher’s  Lex.  II.  p.  2194). 

Several  points  in  the  matter  of  detail  must  be  noticed.  The  type  of  helmet  is  peculiar ;  for  the 
simple  helmet,  that  worn  by  the  warrior  on  the  Melian  vase  (Conze,  Melische  Vasen ,  pi.  iii.),  offers 
the  nearest  resemblance,  but  the  tall  helmet  differs  from  any  I  have  yet  seen.  The  female  figure 
on  3  wears  her  hair  in  a  ribbed  band  behind,  an  extremely  common  form  during  the  late  Argive 
and  Corinthian  periods.  The  treatment  of  the  eye  varies  in  the  two  principal  friezes  ;  in  the 
lower  we  have  a  pear-shaped  space  for  the  nose  in  white  with  the  eye  as  a  small  dot;  in  the  upper  we 
have  the  usual  type  on  Melian  or  Rhodian  vases,2  the  dotted  circle.  The  shields  are  the  round  form 
which  is  found  in  the  Geometric  style,  but  the  addition  of  a  device  is  characteristic  of  a  later  period. 

In  spite  of  its  many  peculiarities,  I  see  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  vase  is  of  Argive  fabrication 
and  belongs  to  the  early  stage  of  Class  III.  of  the  Argive.  Of  purely  Geometrical  motives  we  find 
no  trace,  except  the  water  bird  on  1,  but  all  the  various  motives,  the  swastika ,  guilloche,  birds, 
etc.,  can  be  traced  to  earlier  examples.  The  arrangement  of  the  figures  savors  of  a  Mycenaean 
prototype,  but  the  animal  frieze  shows  a  certain  amount  of  Oriental  influence.  The  application  of 
color  is  probably,  as  we  have  seen,  an  Argive  peculiarity.  At  the  same  time  the  general  execution 
is  primitive  in  its  character,  in  spite  of  the  advanced  tendency  of  the  composition,  and  shows  little 
trace  of  the  technical  skill  so  characteristic  of  the  later  Argive  vases. 

It  is  of  course  possible  that  this  may  be  a  foreign  product,  imported  into  Argos,  and  if  such 
were  the  case  we  should  expect  to  find  analogous  vases  in  other  places,  which,  with  one  exception, 
the  Aristonothos  vase,3  are  not  forthcoming.  Melian,  Rhodian,  and  Ionian  vases  which  belong  to 
the  same  period  as  our  vase  (perhaps  a  trifle  later)  seem  to  offer  some  slight  resemblance,  but  it 
may  be  easily  seen,  if  their  styles  be  analyzed,  that  there  is  no  connection  between  them. 

The  Aristonothos  vase,  though  treating  a  different  subject  from  ours,  is  the  only  vase  which 

1  Cf.  the  Mycenaean  grave  stelae  and  Geometric  Vases,  2  Also  on  the  Mycenaean  ‘Warrior  ’  Vase, 

flelbig,  Epos2,  p.  139,  fig.  33.  3  Mon.  dell ’  Inst.  IX.  pi.  iv. 


164 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


shows  any  similarity  of  style,  and  has  therefore  been  assigned  by  Furtwangler  to  an  Argive 
fabric.1  It  may  be  bold  to  use  that  vase  as  a  criterion,  but  the  view  of  a  scholar  like  Furtwangler 
calls  for  careful  attention,  and  if  at  Argos  we  find  a  vase  similar  to  the  Aristonothos  vase,  which, 
though  exhibiting  several  new  features,  shows  clearly  the  elements  of  the  Argive  style,  there  would 
seem  to  be  good  reason  for  assigning  both  to  an  Argive  fabric. 

We  find  that  on  the  Aristonothos  vase  the  type  of  figures,  profiles,  etc.,  is  identical.  The  round 
shields  are  used  with  similar  devices.  Also  on  many  of  the  figures  small  white  dots  are  added  such 
as  we  have  seen  on  the  vases  just  discussed,  a  strong  point  in  favor  of  the  Argive  origin  of  that 
vase.  We  find  a  rosette  precisely  similar  to  that  on  the  shield  of  our  fallen  warrior  with  black 
and  white  leaves.  Except  for  the  white  dots,  there  is  no  application  of  extra  color  on  the  Aris¬ 
tonothos  vase. 

If  what  we  have  just  said  holds  good,  then  our  vase  must  fall  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventh 
century ;  later  than  that  it  cannot  be. 


PLATE  LX. 

19  a-h.  Eight  fragments  from  a  large  vase.2  The  shape  is  uncertain  but  it  may  have  been 
some  sort  of  a  pyxis.  The  diameter  was  about  28  cm.,  greenish  yellow  clay  with  a  dirty  brownish 
yellow  slip,  decoration  in  black  to  dark  brown.  Incised  lines  used.  Rim  ends  in  a  moulding.  No 
trace  of  glaze  on  interior. 

A  pyxis  seems  the  most  probable  shape,  though  the  addition  of  a  moulding  to  the  rim  is  unusual. 

On  a  we  have  a  bearded  man  in  a  chariot  to  right  drawn  by  a  single  horse,  holding  the  reins  in 
his  left  hand  and  a  goad  or  spear  in  his  right  hand.  Pie  is  clad  in  a  single  long  garment  with  a 
zigzag  pattern  down  the  front.  The  body  of  the  chariot  is  ornamented  with  a  zigzag  border, 
incised,  and  the  eye  of  the  man  is  denoted  by  a  dotted  circle.  The  chariot  has  a  single  wheel. 
Behind  the  man  three  vertical  lines  bordering  the  panel. 

On  b  we  have  a  large  cauldron  and  a  tripod  with  double  legs,  ending  at  the  sides  in  a  wheel  on 
which  a  horse  is  perched.  Over  the  tripod  is  a  helmet.  Between  the  cauldron  and  the  tripod 
some  object,  perhaps  a  cleaver,  c  shows  portions  of  two  deer  (eyes  incised)  to  right,  and  d  and 
e  show  the  head  and  horns  of  a  stag-. 

On  the  bottom  of  the  vase  (e-h)  some  design  was  represented,  though  not  enough  is  left  to 
conjecture  what  the  actual  design  was.  We  have  already  seen  this  peculiarity  on  the  base  of 
another  pyxis  (Fig.  69). 

It  seems  certain  from  the  presence  of  the  vertical  lines  on  a  that  two  scenes  were  represented, 
each  in  a  panel ;  a  and  b  belong  to  one  side,  c,  d,  and  e  to  the  other,  f  is  probably  the  bottom  of 
b  (showing  the  continuation  of  the  cauldron),  while  g  and  h  belong  to  the  other  side,  g  being  the 
lower  part  of  c. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  what  the  principal  scene  represents  .  perhaps  the  most  probable  explanation 
is  that  a  chariot  race  is  represented  (there  is  room  for  two  more  teams  on  the  vase),  and  that  the 
cauldron,  tripod,  and  helmet  are  the  prizes.  If  this  is  correct,  we  obtain  the  year  776  B.  c.  as  a 
terminus  ante  quern ,  since  before  that  date  the  representation  of  a  contest  for  prizes  never  occurs 
on  any  Greek  vase.  Only  one  horse  is  attached  to  the  chariot,  which  is  similar  to  that  found  on 
Geometric  vases  with  a  curved  uvtv£  (cf.  Helbig,  Epos2,  p.  138,  fig.  32);  but  as  three  reins  are 
represented  in  the  driver’s  hand,  and  the  head  and  feet  of  the  horse  are  missing,  the  usual  num¬ 
ber  of  two  was  probably  represented.  The  cauldron  is  similar  in  shape  to  the  large  Dipylon  vases, 
but  differs  from  them  as  to  the  handles.  The  tripod  has  double  legs  (contrary  to  the  ones  found 
at  Olympia,3  which  have  single  legs),  and  seems  to  belong  to  a  different  type,  as  the  legs  run  clear 
to  the  rim  of  the  bowl.  The  peculiar  form  of  the  latter  is  due  entirely  to  the  desire  to  make  room 
for  a  helmet  (Corinthian  type).  The  tripod  has  a  characteristic  quite  common  in  the  tripods  from 
Olympia,4  as  well  as  in  other  early  bronze  work,  in  having  rings  or,  as  here,  wheels  at  the  sides  on 


1  Bert.  Pliilol.  Wochens.  1895,  p.  202.  “  Nun  liaben  die 

Ausgrabungen  am  Ilcraeon  von  Argos  sowohl  Scherben 
jener  von  mir  der  Fabrik  der  ‘  Aristonothos- Vase  ’  zu 
gerechneten  Art  als  auch  Protokorinthische  zu  Tage 
gebraclit.”  Our  fragments  are  the  ‘  Scherben  ’  referred  to. 


2  A  fragment  (b)  of  this  vase  has  already  been  pub¬ 
lished  by  Laurent,  B.  C.  H.  1901,  p.  151,  fig.  4. 

3  Furtwangler,  ‘  Die  Bronzen,’  Olympia,  IV.  pp.  72  ff. 

4  Ibid.,  pi.  xxx.  574,  624  ;  xxxiii.  607  and  a. 


THE  CORINTHIAN  STYLE 


165 


which  a  horse  is  perched.  What  the  object  to  the  right  of  the  cauldron  represents  is  difficult  to 
say ; 1  from  f  it  seems  certain  that  a  similar  object  was  placed  on  the  other  side,  but  the  size  of  the 
vase  precludes  our  considering  them  as  supports. 

The  animal  frieze  presents  no  peculiarity  of  any  kind.  The  general  style  of  the  vase  is  decidedly 
that  of  the  early  period  of  the  Oriental  Argive  class,  a  at  first  sight  seems  to  show  the  same 
style  of  drawing  in  the  case  of  the  male  figure  as  is  generally  found  on  Geometric  vases ;  but  the 
style  of  the  horse  as  well  as  the  presence  of  the  incised  lines  show  that  by  no  possibility  can 
the  style  be  Geometric.  It  is  possible  that  the  artist  may  have  drawn  the  male  figure  after  some 
Geometric  prototypes.  All  things  considered,  there  seems  no  good  reason  why  we  should  not  have 
here  a  vase  of  distinctly  Argive  fabric. 

PLATE  LX VI. 

Three  fragments,  4  a-c,  from  the  same  vase,  found  east  of  the  Northwest  Building.  Brick  red 
clay,  with  a  bright  yellow  slip  on  exterior,  chocolate-brown  decoration  with  free  use  of  incised 
lines.  Form  of  vase  uncertain. 

That  two  friezes  of  animals  were  represented  is  certain.  Traces  of  a  lower  frieze  appear  on  a. 
On  a  and  b  we  have  some  animal  to  right,  on  b  the  wing  and  body  of  a  seated  sphinx,  and  on  c 
the  fore  part  of  another  animal  similar  to  a. 

Of  all  the  fragments  yielded  by  the  Heraeum  these  are  the  most  unique  and  extraordinary. 
With  the  exception  of  an  animal  on  an  Early  Attic  vase  (Couve,  B.  C.  II.  1893,  p.  25,  pis.  ii. 
and  iii.),  which  bears  an  extremely  superficial  resemblance,  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  vase  or 
fragments  which  offer  any  analogy  whatsoever.  The  fact  that  an  animal  frieze  is  represented  as 
well  as  the  presence  of  the  sphinx  shows  that  the  fragments  cannot  be  earlier  than  the  third  class 
of  the  Argive  style,  though,  stylistically  considered,  these  animals  show  none  of  the  particular 
Argive  features. 

Certain  technical  points  deserve  notice ;  the  drawing  is  extremely  curious,  especially  at  the 
juncture  of  the  body  and  fore  leg,  where  a  crescent-shaped  cut  is  incised  to  show  the  modeling 
of  the  leg.  An  oval  space  is  left  for  the  eye,  which  is  denoted  by  a  dot,  and  resembles  that  of  a 
toad  ;  the  ears  stand  upright.  The  mouth,  denoted  by  a  slit,  gives  a  savage  expression  to  the 
head.  We  can  only  guess  at  the  identity  of  the  animals,  but  that  they  represent  boars  seems  most 
probable.  It  would  appear  at  first  sight  as  if  the  feet  of  the  animal  on  a  were  the  paws  of  a  car¬ 
nivorous  animal,  but  since  the  details  of  the  body  are  so  carefully  incised,  and  as  the  paws  of 
carnivora  during  this  period  are  always  denoted  by  incised  lines,  we  must  conclude  that  they  are 
hoofs.  The  absence  of  horns  shows  clearly  that  they  are  not  cattle,  sheep,  or  goats,  so  that  a  boar 
is  the  only  other  animal  possible. 

Whether  we  can  recognize  here  a  foreign  interpretation  is  impossible  to  say,  but  until  some 
analogous  example  is  found  elsewhere,  it  seems  most  natural  to  regard  it  as  an  Argive  product, 
perhaps  a  caricature  ;  not  a  representative  of  any  type,  but  merely  an  isolated  case  of  some  potter’s 
fancy  ;  in  short,  a  ‘  freak.’  Taking  the  technique,  clay,  and  style  into  consideration,  we  may  assign 
the  fragments  to  the  early  part  of  the  seventh  century. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE  CORINTHIAN  STYLE. 

The  relations  of  the  Argive  and  Corinthian  styles  to  each  other  were  discussed  at  length 
in  the  Introduction  and  in  Chapter  IV.  In  the  present  chapter  only  those  vases  and 
fragments  which  belong  to  the  Corinthian  style  proper  will  he  considered. 

The  Corinthian  style 2  is  so  thoroughly  well  known  and  its  origin  so  firmly  established, 
that  any  discussion  of  the  various  questions  which  here  arise  in  regard  to  it  is  out  of 

1  Laurent  (loc.  cit .)  identifies  this  as  a  sword,  which  2  For  general  discussion  of  the  style,  v.  Wilisch.  Alt- 
seems  doubtful.  korinthische  Thonindustrie. 


166 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


place.  It  was  fairly  well  represented  at  the  Heraeum  ;  whole  vases  were  scarce,  hut  the 
fragments  filled  nearly  half  a  dozen  baskets.  Such  fragments  as  are  preserved  show 
nothing  new ;  the  forms  of  the  vases  differ  in  no  way  from  the  usual  Corinthian  types, 
and  the  scheme  of  decoration  is  identically  the  same. 

Whether  all  the  Corinthian  fragments  found  at  the  Heraeum  were  manufactured  at 
Argos  is  impossible  to  say.  It  has  not  been  proved  that  the  various  vases  of  the  style 
scattered  over  the  Greek  world  were  all  made  in  Corinth,1  and  it  is  undoubtly  true 
that  after  the  style  became  thoroughly  known  its  manufacture  was  carried  on  in  other 
places  than  Corinth,  just  as  a  great  deal  of  the  Mycenaean  ware  found  in  Greece  must 
have  been  manufactured  outside  of  the  Argolid.  As  Corinth  lies  so  near  Argos 
(only  thirty  miles  away),  the  importation  of  the  style  into  the  latter  place  would  be  per¬ 
fectly  possible.  At  all  events,  the  internal  evidence  of  the  Corinthian  fragments  found 
at  the  Heraeum  throws  no  light  on  the  question. 

Wilisch  has  divided  the  Corinthian  style  into  two  classes,  the  elder  and  the  younger. 
With  the  exception  of  three  fragments  the  elder  class  only  is  found  at  the  Heraeum. 
This  may  serve  to  show  that  the  Corinthian  vases  were  manufactured  in  the  Argolid 
and  not  imported,  since  after  the  Corinthian  style  very  few  fragments  of  any  class  of 
vases  are  found  at  the  Heraeum,  while  if  the  reverse  were  the  case,  it  would  be  an 
extremely  curious  fact  to  find  the  importation  of  a  style  suddenly  ceasing,  without 
any  definite  reason.  There  is  no  literary  evidence  to  show  that  Argos  ever  enacted  an 
embargo  against  the  products  of  Corinth  as  she  did  in  the  case  of  Athens. 

The  forms  found  at  the  Heraeum  are :  — 


Skyphos, 

Aryballos, 

Oinoehoe, 

Amphora, 

Pyxis, 

Askos, 

Sugar  Bowl, 

Kylix, 

Tripod  Bowl, 

Kothon, 

Alabastron, 

Plate. 

Wilisch’s  statement  {op.  cit.  p.  21)  that  the  skyphos  is  the  only  form  peculiar  to  both 
the  Argive  and  Corinthian  styles  is  certainly  incorrect,  since  several  fragments  belonging 
to  oinochoai  of  the  type  on  p.  127  were  found  with  Corinthian  decoration,2  and  as  we 
have  seen,  the  Argive  style  included  all  the  forms  in  the  above  list  with  the  exception  of 
the  kylix  and  the  tripod  bowl.  The  decoration  on  all  the  fragments  was  distinctly  poor, 
few  showing  really  good  technique.  Most  of  them  were  found  on  the  Second  Temple 
Terrace  in  the  pocket  towards  the  southeast  and  under  the  retaining  wall  of  the  West 
Building  (southwest  corner).  The  number  of  bottoms  (of  skyphoi  and  oinochoai)  far  ex¬ 
ceeded  the  fragments  which  belonged  to  the  upper  part  of  such  vases.  Though  as  a 
rule  the  clay  of  the  Corinthian  vases  is  rather  more  grayish  in  tone  than  in  the  Argive, 
it  was  impossible  in  most  cases  to  decide  whether  such  fragments  belonged  to  Argive 
or  Corinthian  vases,  the  decoration  in  both  styles  (ray  pattern)  being  identical.  Some 
of  these  vases,  however,  showed  just  enough  of  the  main  zone  to  established  their  identity 
as  Corinthian. 


1  It  is  perfectly  certain,  through  the  presence  of  in¬ 
scriptions,  that  vases  of  this  style  were  manufactured  in 
Sikyon  (Kretschmer,  Griechische  Vaseninschriften,  p.  50  ; 
cf.  also  p.  185,  No.  1).  Hence  Argos  may  well  have  made 
some  herself. 

2  The  British  Museum  possesses  such  an  oinoehoe 


(A  1035)  with  three  zones  of  figures.  I  noted  in  the 
Naples  Museum  an  oinoehoe  of  the  Argive  style,  which 
had  Corinthian  decoration  over  the  parallel  bands.  I  was 
unable  to  examine  the  vase,  but  feel  sure  that  the  Corin¬ 
thian  decoration  is  modern.  Cf.  H.  S.  XI.  (1890),  p. 
175. 


OLD  CORINTHIAN  STYLE 


167 


In  but  a  few  cases  could  a  vase  be  reconstructed  from  the  fragments,  and  as  the  num¬ 
ber  of  whole  vases  was  so  small  no  such  classification  as  was  followed  in  Chapter  IY. 
could  be  used,  nor  does  the  class  represented  admit  of  any  chronological  subdivisions. 

OLD  CORINTHIAN  STYLE. 

Skyphos. 

This  form,  being  the  commonest,  will  be  treated  first.  Two  types  may  be  detected, 
those  having  a  glaze  on  the  interior  and  those  without.  The  latter  type  is  represented 
only  by  fragments  in  a  very  poor  condition,  and  seems  to  have  been  confined  to  small 
vases.  The  clay  is  greenish  or  gray  in  tone,  the  foot  projecting  in  a  slight  moulding, 
and  the  base  ornamented  with  a  ray  pattern,  the  rays  being  very  fine  and  close  together. 
Above  the  rays,  separated  by  a  broad  stripe  on  which  narrow  stripes  of  red  or  white  color 
are  applied,  is  the  principal  zone.  As  the  type  is  so  common,  no  examples  are  given 
here. 

Fragments  belonging  to  the  former  type,  though  not  so  numerous,  were  in  better  pre¬ 
servation  as  far  as  the  figure  decoration  is  concerned.  They  are  generally  of  a  red  or 
yellow  clay,  the  glaze  black,  though  in  some  cases  it  has  been  burnt  to  a  brilliant  red, 
and  in  others  is  almost  entirely  obliterated,  owing  doubtless  to  the  nature  of  the  soil. 
The  form  of  the  vase  is  always  that  of  Fig.  64,  and  the  only  variation  is  found  in  the 
proportion  between  the  height  and  the  diameter.  The  motives  of  decoration  are  the 
usual  ones,  zones  of  animals  (lions,  panthers,  bulls,  goats,  deer,  etc.),  birds,  fabulous  mon¬ 
sters  (sirens  and  sphinxes),  and  flower  patterns  (generally  lotos).  Red  color  is  univer¬ 
sally  applied  to  the  figures  themselves  and  the  bands  which  border  the  zone ;  red  stripes 
are  often  applied  to  the  interior,  just  below  the  rim.  Incised  lines  are  almost  invariably 
used,  but  extremely  carelessly,  as  no  attempt  has  been  made  in  many  cases  to  prevent 
such  lines  running  into  the  background  of  the  zone.  The  bases  are  usually  ornamented 
with  rays,  and  the  rim  with  a  border  of  zigzags,  water  birds,  or  flowers,  placed  over  the 
main  zone  ;  in  some  cases  the  border  is  omitted  and  the  main  zone  extends  clear  to  the 
rim.  Ornaments  in  field  are  almost  invariably  used. 

PLATE  LXI. 

1  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  skyphos,  of  reddish  clay,  dark  red  glaze  on  interior.  On  main 
zone  sphinx  and  siren  to  right  (a)  and  sphinx  to  left  (b).  Two  broad  stripes  of  applied  red 
separate  the  rim  border  (vertical  zigzags).  Red  applied  to  the  wings  of  the  figures,  and  to  two 
stripes  below  the  rim  on  the  interior. 

2.  Grayish  clay,  dark  glaze  on  interior  almost  obliterated.  Heads  of  sphinx  and  goose  to  left. 
Toothed  and  zigzag  border  above. 

The  sphinx  is  almost  the  commonest  motive  on  our  fragments.  Dozens  of  others  were  found 
showing  a  similar  design. 

3.  Light  yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  black  glaze  on  interior.  Fore  part  of  boar  to  right.  Ray 
pattern  below.  Red  applied  on  boar’s  neck. 

This  fragment  belonged  to  a  large  skyphos,  probably  15  cm.  in  height. 

4.  From  a  large  skyphos,  about  20  cm.  in  height.  Grayish  clay,  glaze  and  decoration  very  much 
faded.  Above  main  zone  (two  panthers  back  to  back)  border  of  palmettedotos  chain,  only  visible 
through  the  incised  lines,  as  the  decoration  has  almost  entirely  faded. 

5.  Yellowish  clay,  with  dark  brown  glaze.  Zigzag  border  on  rim.  On  main  zone,  hind  part  of 
bull  to  right.  Red  applied  to  bull’s  belly. 

6.  Yellow  clay,  with  faded  black  glaze.  On  main  zone  haunch  of  a  goat  and  tail  of  another 
animal.  Above  palmettedotos  chain.  Applied  red  band  below  rim  on  interior;  red  on  the  centres 
of  the  palmette  and  on  goat’s  body.  Cf.  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  iii.  36. 


168 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


7.  Reddish  clay,  with  bright  red  glaze.  Panther,  full  front,  and  rear  part  of  another  animal. 
Above,  zigzag  border.  The  zone  is  burnt  bright  red,  the  rim  border  black. 

As  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  Argive  fragments,  the  difference  in  color  between  the  two  parts  of 
the  vase  is  strongly  marked,  and  is  no  doubt  intentional. 

8.  Bright  yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  black  glaze.  Rooster  to  left.  Red  applied  to  the  wattles, 
wing's  and  rosettes  in  field. 

9  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  rim  of  skyphos.  Yellow  clay,  with  dark  brown  glaze.  On 
principal  zone  head  of  sphinx.  Above,  separated  by  a  checkered  border,  zone  of  water  birds  to 
right  broken  by  a  panel  containing  a  star.  Red  applied  to  wings  of  the  bird. 

These  fragments  show  an  upper  zone  which  in  its  drawing  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Oriental 
Argive,  without  any  ornaments  in  field.  The  lower  zone  is  in  the  typical  Corinthian  style. 

10.  Yellow  clay,  with  brilliant  dark  brown  glaze  and  bright  red  decoration.  Main  zone  occu¬ 
pied  by  a  very  elaborate  palmette-lotos  chain  in  squares,  with  red  color  frequently  applied.  Below, 
zone  of  wafer  birds.  It  is  probable  that  a  similar  zone  formed  the  upper  border.  For  palmette, 
cf.  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  iii.  35. 

The  fragments  here  given  are  paralleled  by  dozens  of  others  of  varying  technical  skill. 
Some  of  the  fragments  showed  the  figures  of  the  animals  stretched  out  to  an  abnormal 
length. 

Oi  'nochoai. 

Two  types  were  represented. 

1.  Tall-necked  oinochoe  (p.  127). 

2.  Corinthian  type.  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  ii.  18. 

The  first  type  was  represented  only  by  a  few  fragments  in  bad  preservation.  These 
were  entirely  covered  with  a  black  glaze,  except  for  the  animal  zone  on  the  body,  and  had 
on  the  shoulder  an  incised  tongue  pattern,  red  and  yellow  being  applied  to  the  alternate 
divisions.  Of  Type  2  fragments  of  only  one  vase  were  found  which  permitted  a  fairly 
satisfactory  reconstruction,  and  several  fragments  of  others.  Curiously  enough,  no  neck 
belonging  to  these  oinochoai  was  found,  nor  is  it  certain  whether  some  fragments 1  did 
not  belong  to  another  variety  of  oinochoe  (Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  ii.  16). 

11  a-c.  Three  fragments  of  an  oinochoe.  Reddish  clay.  On  base,  rays,  with  three  bands 
(middle  band  black,  the  others  applied  in  red,  dividing  lines  in  white)  separating  them  from  the 
main  zone.  Panther  to  right  (head  full  front)  and  goat  to  left.  On  b  an  owl,  to  right  head  full 
front ;  on  c,  deer  feeding  to  left  and  feet  of  a  sphinx.  Above,  two  applied  red  bands  inclosing 
toothed  border.  On  shoulder,  another  zone,  with  lower  part  of  a  bird  to  right.  Red  is  freely 
applied  to  all  the  figures. 

A  few  other  unimportant  fragments  of  this  vase  were  found. 

12.  Dark  yellow  clay,  with  decoration  varying  from  black  to  red.  Ram’s  head  to  right,  dotted 
circles  as  ornaments  in  field.  Good  technique. 

The  other  fragments  were  unimportant.  They  included  an  owl,  panther,  goat,  etc. 

Pyxides. 

Very  few  fragments  belonging  to  this  form  were  found,  but  the  covers  were  much 
more  numerous,  showing  the  same  discrepancy  of  proportion  already  mentioned  in  the 
case  of  the  Argive  fragments  (p.  136). 

Two  types  were  represented. 

1.  Pyxis  with  curving  sides  (Perl.  Oat.  v.  103). 

2.  Pyxis  witli  straight  sides  (Perl.  Cat.  v.  101). 

l  Two  fragments  of  yellow  clay  with  an  animal  zone  on  the  body  and  another  on  the  shoulder  were  found,  which, 
judging  from  the  curve,  may  have  belonged  to  this  form. 


CORINTHIAN  STYLE:  COVERS 


169 


The  few  fragments  belonging  to  Type  1  followed  the  same  scheme  of  decoration,  ray 
pattern  on  the  base  and  a  sort  of  tongue  pattern  incised  on  the  body,  red  and  yellow 
color  being  applied  to  the  alternate  divisions.  The  interior  was  not  glazed  in  every  case. 

2. 

13.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  bright  red  glaze  on  interior.  On  main  zone,  procession  of  women 
to  right.  Two  other  fragments  were  found,  one  showing  the  women  facing  to  left  so  that  two  pro¬ 
cessions  were  represented.  This  fragment  differs  slightly  from  the  usual  form  in  that  the  base 
does  not  rest  flat  on  the  ground,  but  the  sides  are  continued  down  lower  than  the  base,  so  that  the 
vase  rests  on  a  low  foot. 

Of  the  other  fragments,  three  belonged  to  a  pyxis  of  greenish  gray  clay,  adorned  with  the  usual 
animal  zone  (lion,  bull,  boar,  and  goat).  Another  showed  a  palmette-lotos  chain  as  the  main  zone, 
very  hastily  done. 

Covers. 

A  very  large  number  of  these,  mostly  in  fragments,  was  found.  Only  one  type  could 
be  distinguished,  that  with  a  flange  fitting  inside  the  rim  of  the  pyxis  (v.  p.  139,  fig.  73). 

In  only  a  few  cases  was  the  knob  preserved,  and  in  those  it  was  conical  or  flat  in  shape. 
The  commonest  type  (at  least  thirty  covers  were  represented)  had  a  ray  pattern  or  leaf 
rosette  in  the  centre,  and  a  zone  of  animals  of  the  usual  type  as  a  border  on  the  rim. 
Almost  equally  common  was  the  tongue  pattern  with  red  lobes.  A  few  fragments 
showed  a  procession  of  warriors  armed  with  round  shields  and  spears. 

14.  Diameter,  0.106  m.  Greenish  clay.  In  centre  leaf  rosette,  outside  animal  zone,  four  lions, 
two  boars,  stag,  and  duck.  Decoration  vei'y  much  faded,  with  frequent  traces  of  applied  red  color. 
This  was  the  only  cover  preserved  almost  intact.  Its  wealth  of  decoration  suggests  the  “Dodwell” 
vase. 

15.  Fra  gment  of  cover.  Original  diameter,  0.155  m.  Very  fine  bright  yellow  clay,  with  black 
decoration,  red  color  freely  applied.  In  centre,  ray  pattern.  Main  zone  bounded  by  two  bands 
applied  in  red.  Bird,  male  figure,  sphinx,  and  two  lions  in  an  heraldic  scheme. 

The  bearded  figure  on  the  left  is  dressed  in  a  long  chiton  with  a  border  down  the  front,  and  a 
long  himation  which  falls  in  a  fold  at  the  right.  The  arms  are  not  visible,  but  may  perhaps  be 
denoted  by  the  incised  lines  starting  from  the  shoulders.  The  figure  presents  this  peculiarity,  that 
while  the  himation  is  filled  in  with  red,  the  skirt  of  the  chiton  is  drawn  in  outline.  This  peculiarity, 
as  far  as  I  know,  does  not  occur  on  vases  of  the  Old  Corinthian  style.1 

The  identity  of  the  bird  is  doubtful ;  it  resembles  a  crow  more  than  any  other  bird.  The  sphinx 
shows  no  new  features. 

The  group  of  the  two  lions  is  the  most  interesting.  Though  the  heraldic  scheme  was  no  new 
feature  in  Greek  art  during  the  earlier  periods  (e.  g.  the  Lion  Gate  at  Mycenae,  Geometric  vases, 
etc.),  it  is  not  until  the  use  of  the  Corinthian  style  that  the  scheme  is  generally  used.  The  attitude 
of  our  lions  is  paralleled  by  two  bronze  reliefs,  one  from  the  Acropolis  (Bather,  J.  II.  /S.  XIII. 
[1892-93 j,  p.  256,  fig.  25)  and  the  other  in  Athens  (Furtwangler,  Ann.  dell  Inst.  1880,  p.  135, 
tav.  d’  agg.  H),  and  by  a  terra-cotta  relief  from  the  Heraeum.  In  the  latter  the  lions  are  standing, 
not  sitting.  Analogous  is  the  relief  in  Curtius  (  Wappengebrauch  unci  Wappenstil  im  Altertlium, 
pi.  i.  11).  Except  for  Chalcidian  vases  (v.  Ann.  1880,  p.  135,  note  2)  I  have  been  able  to  discover 
this  motive  on  but  one  other  example  of  Archaic  vases  (A.  C.  II.  XIX.  [1895],  p.  76,  fig.  4). 

From  the  various  analogies  mentioned,  it  is  certain  that  our  fragment  cannot  be  older  than  the 
bronze  reliefs,  i.  e.  the  end  of  the  seventh  century.  The  fineness  of  the  clay,  style  of  drawing,  and 
lack  of  ornaments  in  field  is  consistent  with  this  view,  and  shows  that  the  fragment,  if  not  belong¬ 
ing  to  the  New  Corinthian  style,  belongs  at  least  to  the  transitional  period  between  the  Old  and  the 
New  Corinthian  styles. 


i  Cf.  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  p.  99. 


170 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Sugar-Bowl  Form. 

Two  types  of  these  bowls  were  represented. 

1.  Without  handles  (Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  i.  10). 

2.  With  handles  in  plastic  form  ( Ibid .  pi.  i.  13). 

As  no  fragments  were  found  with  handles,  it  is  uncertain  whether  a  third  type 
(Wilisch,  op.  cit.  pi.  i.  11  and  12)  was  represented. 

All  the  fragments  show  a  zone  of  figures ;  the  interior  is  always  unglazed.  The  base 
is  invariably  ornamented  with  a  ray  pattern. 

1. 

16  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  from  same  bowl  ;  original  height  about  12  cm.  Greenish  yellow 
clay,  decoration  very  much  faded.  On  base,  rays  ;  above,  main  zone,  bounded  on  each  side  by  two 
dotted  rows.  Procession  of  women  to  left ;  the  right-hand  figure  holds  a  pomegranate  in  her 
hand.  Dots  as  ornaments  in  field.  Rim  ends  in  a  moulding. 

On  b  the  skirt  of  one  woman’s  dress  is  drawn  in  a  triangular  outline.  Judging  by  the  extremely 
primitive  character  of  the  drawing,  we  have  here  one  of  the  earliest  examples  of  the  style. 

17.  Fragment  of  bowl ;  original  height  about  15  cm.  Yellow  clay,  with  black  decoration,  red 
freely  applied  to  the  figures.  On  main  zone,  two  sphinxes.  Dotted  bands  above. 

18.  Fragment  of  base.  Reddish  brown  clay,  with  black  decoration  burnt  red.  On  base,  rays ; 
above,  animal  zone  with  lower  part  of  a  sphinx  and  leg  of  a  panther  showing. 

It  is  not  absolutely  certain  that  this  fragment  belongs  to  a  bowl ;  the  curve  would  suit  an 
oinochoe  equally  well. 

None  of  the  other  fragments  possessed  any  interest  except  one  very  small  fragment  on 
which  traces  of  a  row  of  warriors  armed  with  shields,  helmets,  and  spears  could  be  seen. 

2. 

The  presence  of  this  type  is  established  only  by  a  dozen  fragments  representing,  with 
one  exception,  a  plastic  female  head. 

19.  Fragment  of  bowl.  Plastic  female  head  ;  light  yellowish  brown  clay,  with  brown  decora¬ 
tion.  Red  bands  applied  to  the  surface  of  the  vase.  The  hair  is  arranged  on  either  side  of  the 
head  in  three  strands. 

Examples  of  this  type  are  fairly  numerous.  Cf.  Furtwangler,  Sammlung  Sabouroff, 
pi.  xlvii.  1 ;  Wilisch,  op.  cit.  p.  22,  note  82. 

20.  Plastic  head  of  a  sheep.  Similar  technique  to  19. 

Tripod  Bowls.  (Form,  Bert.  Cat.  v.  198.) 

Though  this  form  can  hardly  he  called  a  very  characteristic  one  of  the  Corinthian 
style,  it  is  by'  no  means  rare.  Wilisch  ignores  it  entirely.  The  number  of  fragments  of 
this  type  found  at  the  Heraeum  was  not  very  numerous  ;  of  these  the  majority  were  legs, 
with  fragments  of  the  bowl  itself  still  attached.  Whether  these  bowls  possessed  covers 
originally  is  impossible  to  say;  a  bowl  in  Berlin  (No.  1153)  has  none,  nor  were  any 
covers  which  clearly  belonged  to  these  bowls  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

Except  for  difference  in  the  proportion  of  the  depth  of  the  bowl  and  the  height  of  the 
legs,  no  separation  into  classes  is  possible,  and  all  the  fragments  follow  one  type. 

21.  Fragment  of  bowl.  Height,  0.05  m. ;  original  diameter,  0.127  m.  Yellow  clay.  The  rim 
is  ribbed  on  its  outer  and  upper  sides.  Interior  covered  with  a  dark  brown  glaze,  extending  over 
the  rim,  with  two  concentric  circles  uncolored,  with  a  narrow  stripe  of  red  applied  between  them. 


CORINTHIAN  STYLE:  VARIOUS  VASES 


171 


On  exterior,  zone  of  animals,  very  much  faded,  on  body,  and  a  single  animal  (lion)  on  each  leg. 
Another  fragment  of  a  leg  was  found. 

The  other  fragments  of  the  type  all  followed  the  same  scheme  of  decoration,  a  zone  of 
animals  on  the  body  and  single  figures  (panthers,  lions,  sphinxes,  birds,  etc.)  on  the 
legs.  One  leg  showed  a  palmette-lotos  pattern  in  place  of  a  figure. 


Alabastra. 

Two  types  may  be  distinguished. 

1.  With  a  slight  moulding  on  the  base,  allowing  the  vase  to  stand  upright  (Wiliseh,  op.  cit. 
ii.  15). 

2.  With  round  base  ( Berl .  Cat.  v.  109). 

1. 

Only  a  few  scattered  fragments  of  this  type  were  found.  The  moulding  is  placed 
directly  in  the  centre  of  the  base,  with  a  leaf  rosette  radiating  from  it,  and  the  body  of 
the  vase  ornamented  with  one  or  two  zones  of  animals,  in  the  usual  style. 


2. 

Fragments  of  the  second  type  were  fairly  numerous,  especially  the  rims.  Very  few 
vases  were  preserved  whole  and  no  vase  could  he  reconstructed  from  the  fragments. 

Fig.  95.  Height,  0.072  m.  Intact  save  for  small  fragment  of  rim.  On  rim,  leaf  rosette,  with 
dots  at  the  side.  On  neck,  leaf  rosette,  alternate  leaves  applied  in  red.  On 
body,  three  gryphons.  On  base,  leaf  rosette.  Red  color  freely  applied  on 
their  bodies.  Rosettes  as  ornaments  in  field. 

None  of  the  other  vases  were  in  as  good  condition.  They  show 
the  usual  figures,  lions,  panthers,  geese,  etc.,  One  fragment  showed 
three  gorgoneia  around  the  base,  while  another  had  the  lower  part  of 
a  female  figure. 

A  mphora. 

The  neck  and  handle  of  an  amphora  similar  to  Wiliseh,  op.  cit.  II. 

21,  was  found,  with  traces  of  Corinthian  decoration,  very  much  faded. 


V  * 


Fig.  95. 


Aryballoi.  (Wiliseh,  op.  cit.  ii.  14.) 

Only  one  type  of  aryballos  could  he  detected.  Curiously  enough, 
in  spite  of  the  shape  of  the  aryballos,  which  is  well  calculated  to  withstand  the  pressure 
of  the  earth  in  which  it  is  buried,  not  a  single  specimen  was  recovered  intact.  Frag¬ 
ments  were  numerous,  especially  rims,  hut  none  of  them  showed  any  interesting  features.1 
They  were  usually  of  a  gray  or  greenish  clay,  though  some  fragments  of  red  or  yellow 
clay  were  found.  The  decoration  is  the  usual  type,  a  leaf  rosette  on  the  base  with  some 
figure  or  other  on  the  body  and  a  leaf  rosette  or  tongue  pattern  on  the  rim.  Half  a 
dozen  fragments  showed  a  wheel  pattern  with  curving  spokes  on  the  base.  The 
technique  in  almost  all  cases  was  extremely  indifferent. 

As&os.  (Wiliseh,  op.  cit.  ii.  22.) 

Only  one  vase  of  this  type  was  found,  very  nearly  whole.  Height,  0.13  m.  Wheel 

1  The  only  fragment  which  possessed  any  remarkable  decoration  bore  a  Sikyonian  vase-inscription:  see  below, 
Inscriptions  on  Vases,  p.  185,  No.  1. 


172 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


pattern  on  base,1  zone  of  female  figures  in  procession  to  right  (red  applied  to  the  dresses), 
and  dotted  bands  on  the  shoulder.  The  execution  was  hasty. 

Kylikes.  (Wilisch,  op.  cit.  ii.  19.) 

Of  this  type,  one  vase  was  found  represented  by  two  fragments.  The  clay  was  yellow, 
the  interior  covered  with  a  dark  brown  glaze,  to  which  three  stripes  of  red  were  applied. 
On  the  exterior  a  zone  of  figures  was  represented,  of  which  only  an  owl  could  be  recog¬ 
nized.  The  rim  Hared  sharply  outwards,  in  a  fashion  slightly  more  marked  than  the 
type  given  by  Wilisch. 

Plates. 

Fragments  of  plates  were  not  very  numerous.  The  general  type  is  that  of  p.  142  with 
a  flat  base,  sides  curving  outwards  and  a  moulding  on  the  base.  The  profile  of  each  plate 
was  different,  no  two  being  found  alike.  Most  of  the  fragments  belonged  to  the  sides, 
hardly  more  than  half  a  dozen  fragments  from  the  centres  of  these  plates  being  found. 
The  principal  decoration  is  confined  to  the  interior,  the  exterior  being  usually  orna¬ 
mented  with  the  system  of  parallel  bands  as  in  the  Argive  style- 

22.  (  Fig.  96.)  F  ragment  of  plate.  Original  diameter,  19  cm.  Brick  red  clay  with  black 

decoration.  In  rim,  two  holes. 

Exterior.  On  side,  rays.  The  entire  centre  seems  to  have 
been  occupied  by  a  single  figure,  a  sphinx  and  siren,  of  which 
only  the  tip  of  the  wing  is  visible. 

Interior.  On  side,  zone  of  animals,  sphinxes,  and  a  siren 
or  bird  with  very  long  tail.  In  centre,  two  sphinxes  facing 
each  other.  Red  applied  freely  to  the  bodies  and  wings  of 
the  figures. 

This  was  the  only  fragment  which  showed  animal  decoration  on  both  sides. 

23.  Fragment  of  plate.  Original  diameter,  32  cm.  Light  red  clay,  with  sharp  profile.  On 
interior,  palmette-lotos  chain,  red  frequently  applied.  On  exterior,  bands.  Two  other  fragments  of 
the  rim  were  found,  one  pierced  by  two  holes.  No  trace  of  the  central 
decoration  was  found,  or  could  not  be  identified  on  any  fragment.  A 
bronze  plate  with  similar  ornamentation  on  the  rim  was  also  found. 

NEW  CORINTHIAN  STYLE. 

23  a  and  b.  T  wo  fragments  from  the  same  vase  ( amphora  a  colon¬ 
nette  or  stamnos).  Brownish  clay,  covered  with  a  light  brown  slip, 
polished.  Above,  main  zone,  tongue  pattern,  with  alternate  red  and 
yellow  divisions  applied. 

On  a  warrior  to  right  armed  with  helmet,  greaves,  shield,  and  two 
spears.  Below  the  shield  A  (  Behind  him  head  of  a  horse.  Red 
(faded  to  a  paler  tint)  applied  on  the  horse’s  neck  and  on  the  warrior's 
helmet,  shield,  and  greaves. 

b.  Foot  race.  Two  men,  nude  (heads  wanting),  running  to  right.  Below,  traces  of  a  second 
zone,  probably  of  animals.  Under  the  handle  the  tip  of  a  wing. 

A  third  fragment  was  found,  representing  a  goat  to  left,  which  may  possibly  have  belonged  to 
the  lower  zone. 

The  shape  of  the  vase  cannot  be  determined  with  any  certainty,  as  not  enough  of  the  handle  is 
preserved.  The  curve  of  the  fragments  would  suit  a  stamnos  as  well  as  an  amphora.  It  seems 
probable  that  the  main  zone  represented  a  warrior’s  departure  or  combat  on  the  obverse  and  an 
athletic  scene  on  the  reverse,  with  a  zone  of  animals  below.  Sphinxes  or  sirens  were  perhaps 
placed  below  the  handles  as  ornaments  to  separate  the  two  scenes.  The  letters  of  the  inscription 
1  Exactly  similar  to  that  on  the  Timonidas  jug,  Arch.  Zeit.  18G3,  pi.  clxxv.  o. 


FOREIGN  TYPES 


173 


suggest  A  ^  [FAM]  (AiFas)  or  A^  [IVBAM](Atreas).  The  technique  of  the  fragments  marks  the 
latest  and  most  advanced  type  of  the  Corinthian  style. 

The  figure  is  paralleled  by  a  Corinthian  skyphos  representing  the  combat  between  A  jax  and 
Aeneas  ( Ann .  dell.  Inst.  1862,  tav.  d’  agg.  B),  except  that  the  warrior  on  our  fragment  is  not 
fighting  and  that  only  one  horse  is  represented.  The  warrior’s  squire  was  evidently  mounted  on 
the  horse  as  in  the  skyphos. 

FOREIGN  TYPES. 

EARLY  ATTIC. 

A  few  fragments  were  found  which  bear  a  close  similarity  to  the  Early  Attic  style ; 
in  fact,  they  show  more  of  the  elements  of  the  Early  Attic  technique  than  of  the  Argive. 
Whether  they  were  actually  imported  from  Attica  cannot  be  said. 

PLATE  LXII. 

1  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  a  large  bowl,  exact  shape  uncertain.  Coarse  reddish  clay,  with 
brown  glaze  on  interior,  brown  decoration  faded.  On  rim,  a  palmette  chain,  with  a  row  of  pot¬ 
hooks  below. 

The  clay  seems  remarkably  like  that  of  the  Early  Attic  vases,  and  the  palmette  chain  is  very 
similar  to  the  palmettes  on  the  Eai’ly  Attic  vases  in  Athens  ( Jahrb .  II.  [1887],  pis.  ii.  and  iii.). 

2.  Fragment  from  the  handle  of  a  large  vase,  probably  an  amphora  a  colonnette.  Coarse  red, 
dish  clay,  exterior  covered  with  a  whitish  slip,  decoration  in  dark  red. 

This  fragment  shows  all  the  technical  characteristics  of  Early  Attic  ware  very  plainly. 

None  of  the  other  fragments  were  worth  reproducing. 

CYRENEAN. 

Not  more  than  fifty  fragments  or  so  of  this  ware  were  found,  nor  is  it  certain  that  they 
were  imported  from  Cyrene.  In  the  opinion  of  Professor  Ernest  Gardner,  who  exam¬ 
ined  them  carefully,  the  quality  of  execution  was  almost  too  poor  for  genuine  Cyrenean 
work.  On  this  account  he  was  disposed  to  regard  them  as  an  Argive  imitation.  That 
these  fragments  are  distinctly  Cyrenean  in  style  is  evident,  hut  it  is  equally  true  that  they 
are  greatly  inferior  to  the  vases  which  represent  the  style  elsewhere. 

That  Mr.  Gardner’s  view  of  them  is  correct  seems  to  me  most  probable.  We  have 
found  all  along  that  foreign  importations  were  extremely  scarce  at  the  Heraeum,1  and 
that  the  great  mass  of  vases  was  made  on  the  spot.  There  is  nothing  to  forbid  the 
presence  at  Argos  of  Cyrenean  ware,  which  is  the  only  ware  in  Greece  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  sixth  century  that  seems  to  have  contested  the  field  with  Athens.  At  the 
same  time  we  know  that  all  Attic  vases  were  excluded  from  Argos  during  the  latter  part 
of  the  sixth  century,  and  not  enough  of  this  Cyrenean  ware  is  found  to  make  up  for  the 
lack  of  black  and  red  figure  vases. 

The  kylix  was  the  only  form  represented,  and  seemed  to  fall  into  two  types. 

1.  Attic  type  ( Arch .  Zeit.  1881,  pi.  xii.  2a). 

2.  Rim  and  shoulder  sharply  separated  (ibid.  pi.  xii.  4). 

It  was  not  possible  in  every  case  to  identify  the  form  from  which  the  fragment  came. 

The  clay  corresponds  in  every  respect  with  other  Cyrenean  vases,  and  the  decoration 
follows  the  same  scheme.  The  interior  has  a  design  in  a  circle,  on  an  exergue.  Red  is 
frequently  applied  to  various  details.  The  exterior  as  a  rule  is  given  up  to  the  usual 
sequence  of  Cyrenean  motives,  rays,  tongue  pattern,  and  pomegranate  chain  ;  a  few 
fragments  showred  traces  of  a  figure  zone  on  the  exterior. 

1  Except  the  Corinthian  style,  and  that,  we  have  seen,  might  possibly  have  been  manufactured  in  the  Argolid  and 
not  imported. 


174 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


The  execution  is  certainly  inferior  to  the  ordinary  vases  of  the  style.  Not  enough 
figures  are  preserved  to  judge  accurately  on  this  point,  but  in  the  ornamental  motives 
there  appears  a  certain  lack  of  firmness  and  crispness  in  the  drawing. 

3.  Fragment  of  kylix,  Type  2.  White  slip,  palmette  and  pomegranate  border.  Below,  zigzag 
pattern  and  rays.  C£.  Arch.  Zeit.  1881,  pi.  x.  3 ;  Nauhratis ,  I.  pi.  ix. 

4.  Fragment  of  kylix.  Glaze  on  exterior..  Interior  covered  with  a  white  slip.  Eagle  with 
snake  in  its  beak.  Decoration  faded. 

5  a  and  b.  Two  fragments  of  kylix,  white  slip  on  both  sides.  On  exterior,  pomegranate  border; 
on  interior,  warrior  to  left  with  helmet  and  spear  mounted  on  horseback,  the  neck  of  the  horse 
showing  to  left.  On  b,  part  of  hind  leg  of  horse. 

6.  Fragment  of  kylix.  On  exterior,  tongue  pattern  and  rays.  On  interior,  two  feet  of  a  woman 
(probably)  on  some  object,  perhaps  a  foot  stove  (cf.  B.  C.  H.  XVII.  1893,  p.  236,  fig.  4).  On 
the  left,  part  of  a  scroll. 

The  other  fragments  possessed  little  interest.  A  few  showed  portions  of  the  central 
pictures,  a  bird,  horn  of  a  goat,  legs  of  some  animal,  palmette,  etc.  The  larger  part  of 
the  fragments  possessed  only  the  usual  Cyrenean  motives  on  the  exterior. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

BLACK-  AND  RED-FIGURE  STYLES. 

Fragments  of  the  Black-  and  Red-figure  styles  were  represented  at  the  Heraeum  in 
extremely  small  quantities  —  not  more  than  a  basketful  of  the  former  and  hardly  more 
than  fifty  of  the  latter.  Considering  the  extreme  popularity  of  this  ware  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  sixth  century  throughout  the  whole  of  the  Greek  world,  the  explanation 
of  its  absence  presents  one  of  the  most  interesting  problems  afforded  by  the  Heraeum. 
That  the  fragments  of  these  two  styles  found  at  the  Heraeum  are  of  Attic  manufacture 
there  can  be  no  question.  W e  have  seen  already  that  vases  of  foreign  workmanship  were 
extremely  scarce  at  the  Heraeum,  but  no  certain  explanation  of  this  deficiency  was  to  be 
found ;  in  the  case  of  the  Attic  vases,  however,  the  explanation  of  their  absence  at  Argos 
is  perfectly  satisfactory  and  agrees  with  the  historical  evidence  at  our  command. 

When,  after  the  reforms  of  Kleisthenes,  the  rise  in  power  of  the  Athenians  had  driven 
back  her  envious  neighbors,  Thebes  and  Chalkis,  the  former  turned  to  the  Aeginetans 
for  assistance,  who  gladly  gave  it  on  account  of  an  ancient  feud  with  the  Athenians.1 
The  origin  of  this  feud  was  as  follows  :  — 

Once,  in  early  times,  the  land  of  Epidauros  suffered  through  a  failure  of  the  crops;2 
to  bring  relief,  the  Delphic  oracle  ordered  the  Epidaurians  to  erect  statues  of  Damia  and 
Auxesia,3  not  in  bronze  or  stone,  but  of  cultivated  olivewood.  For  this  material  they 
applied  to  Athens,  ostensibly  because  there  existed  no  olive-trees  in  Greece  outside  of 
Attica,  and  the  request  was  granted  by  the  Athenians  on  condition  that  an  annual  tribute 
to  Athena  Polias  and  Erechtheus  should  be  paid.  This  condition  was  scrupulously  car¬ 
ried  out  so  long  as  the  Epidaurians  retained  possession  of  the  holy  statues.  But  Aegina,  a 
colony  of  Epidauros,  grown  overbearing  through  her  rapidly  increasing  sea-power,  asserted 
her  independence,  and  during  the  course  of  an  incursion  into  Epidauros  carried  away  the 
statues  and  set  them  up  at  Oia,  twenty  stadia  from  the  capital,  where  a  cult  to  the  two 
goddesses  was  inaugurated.  The  Epidaurians  then  refused  to  pay  their  annual  tribute 

1  Ilerodot.  V.  81  ft'.  8  Paus.  II.  30,  4  ;  cf.  Roscher’s  Lex.  I.  p.  738. 

2  Ibid.  V.  82  ft. 


THE  ARGIVE  EXCLUSION  OF  ATTIC  POTTERY 


175 


to  Athens,  and  the  latter  endeavored  to  obtain  the  statues  from  Aegina,  but,  failing  to 
persuade  the  Aeginetans  to  give  them  up,  sent  an  expedition  consisting  of  one  trireme 
(according  to  the  Athenian  tradition)  or  (according  to  the  Aeginetan  tradition,  which  is 
more  probable)  of  a  whole  fleet.  While  the  Athenians  were  unsuccessfully  endeavoring 
to  remove  the  statues,  they  were  attacked  and  completely  destroyed,  with  the  exception 
of  one  man,  by  the  Argives,  whom  the  Aeginetans  had  called  to  their  aid.  This  survivor, 
on  his  return  to  Athens,  was  attacked  by  the  wives  of  his  slain  comrades  and  stabbed  to 
death  by  their  brooches.  The  use  of  the  brooch  was  then  forbidden  in  Athens,  and 
hence  the  introduction  of  the  Ionic  chiton  came  about.  The  Argives  and  the  Aeginetans 
made  it  a  custom  that  women  should  dedicate  brooches  in  preference  to  other  offerings  in 
the  temples  of  their  goddesses  and  also  passed  a  law  “ '  Attik'ov  Se  /xifre  ti  a  Wo  npocrepe- 
peiv  irpos  to  Ipov  pujre  k4  papov,  dkX’  Ik  ^vt  piho)v  iiri^opiecDV  vopov  to  \olttov 
avTodi  elvaL  ttlvel v”1  (“that  nothing  of  Attic  manufacture  should  be  dedicated  in  the 
temples,  not  even  vases,  but  that  they  [the  Argives  and  the  Aeginetans]  should  in  future 
drink  from  vessels  made  from  the  clay  of  the  country  ”). 

In  spite  of  the  legendary  character  of  this  tale,  there  seems  no  valid  reason  for  reject¬ 
ing  it.  Herodotus  does  not  mention  the  date,  but  Studniczka 2  has  shown  that  the  expe¬ 
dition  referred  to  must  have  taken  place  between  570  and  550  b.  c.,  since  Athens  could 
hardly  have  undertaken  such  an  expedition  before  the  increase  of  her  naval  power  under 
Solon  and  Peisistratos ;  nor  would  the  expedition  be  likely  during  Peisistratos’s  third 
period  of  power  ( circa  540  b.  c.),  as  his  wife  then  was  an  Argive.  Also  the  history  of 
Argos  shows  that  she  was  at  war  with  Sparta  from  585  to  570  b.  c.,  and  with  Sikyon 
from  549  onwards.3 

Now  a  survey  of  Attic  vase  painting  shows  that  the  black-figure  style  did  not  come  to 
its  full  development  earlier  than  550  b.  c.,  and  the  period  before  that  date  is  represented 
by  such  potters  as  Nikosthenes  and  the  ‘  Lesser  Masters  ’  group.  The  red-figure  style 
was  not  introduced  until  some  twenty  years  later,  and  its  finest  work  falls  in  the  period 
between  the  end  of  the  sixth  century  and  the  Persian  wars.  An  examination  of  the 
black-  and  red-figuire  fragments  at  the  Heraeum  reveals  the  following  facts :  that  of  the 
scanty  number  of  black-figure  fragments  barely  a  dozen  belong  to  the  better  period 
(i.  e.  after  550  b.  c.),  while  of  the  red-figure  fragments,  which  are  earlier  than  the  Persian 
wars,  hardly  more  than  half  a  dozen  were  found.4  Here  at  Argos,  then,  we  have  a  period 
of  seventy  years,  represented  by  hardly  twenty  fragments  of  the  most  popular  styles 
throughout  the  Greek  world.  That  the  cause  of  this  is  the  embargo  passed  by  the 
Argives  against  Athenian  products  in  the  sixth  century  becomes  a  fact  too  plain  to  be 
doubted,  and  shows  that  the  date  assigned  is  the  true  one. 

Thus  Argos  puts  herself  on  record  with  perhaps  the  first  recorded  case  of  an  absolutely 
prohibitory  tariff  or  embargo.  That  the  act  was  a  case  of  pure  spite  and  not  due  to  any 
desire  to  protect  ‘  home  industries  ’  is  plain,  since  no  increased  activity  on  the  part  of  the 
Argive  potters  is  the  result.  The  presence  of  the  few  fragments  mentioned  does  not  affect 
the  truth  of  the  statement,  for  if  we  consider  the  enormous  amount  of  vases  of  these  two 
styles  exported  from  Athens,  it  may  be  seen  that  no  tariff  measure  could  be  so  completely 
effective  as  to  prevent  a  single  Attic  vase  from  entering  the  Argolid,  and  as  the  absence 
of  this  ware  at  Argos  must  have  some  explanation,  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  neater 
one  than  the  passage  just  quoted  from  Herodotus. 

1  Herod.  V.  88.  The  same  statement  is  found  in  Atlie-  3  Curtius,  Griechische  Geschichte 5,  I.  p.  308. 

naeus,  Deipn.  XI.  502  c.  This  passage  has  been  com-  4  Mr.  Stais  informs  me  that  very  few  fragments  of 

mented  upon  by  me  in  the  Class.  Rev.  1898,  p.  88.  either  style  were  found  by  him  at  Aegina. 

2  Beitrdge  zur  Geschichte  der  altgriechischen  Tracht,  p.  4. 


176 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


If,  then,  we  have  for  seventy  years  an  absolute  lack  of  Attic  ware  at  the  Heraeum,  the 
question  arises,  “  What  took  its  place?”  since  it  is  hardly  conceivable  that  no  vases 
should  have  been  manufactured  at  the  Heraeum.  Three  suggestions  are  possible  :  — 

1.  The  early  style  (Argive)  may  have  continued.  This  is  unlikely,  as  it  was  contrary 
to  Greek  taste  in  the  developed  periods  of  art  to  use  old-fashioned  types.1 

2.  Some  other  foreign  type  was  imported  to  take  the  place  of  Attic  vases.  No  such 
type  was  found. 

3.  Some  local  type  must  have  been  used.  This  is  the  most  natural  explanation,  hut 
it  cannot  be  affirmed  with  certainty  that  this  type  has  been  found. 

A  large  number  of  fragments  of  a  certain  type  of  vases  (four  basketsful)  was  found, 
which  type,  as  far  as  I  know,  is  peculiar  to  the  Heraeum.  These  were  of  red  or  yellow 
clay,  covered  on  both  sides  with  a  black  glaze,  the  only  decoration  consisting  of  two  par¬ 
allel  stripes  of  applied  red  on  the  exterior,  just  below  the  rim  (most  of  the  fragments 
belonged  to  skyphoi),  varying  in  thickness,  but  never  more  than  2  mm.  broad.  So 
common  was  this  type,  and  its  characteristics  so  unvarying,  that  we  soon  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  a  special  Argive  type  was  represented.  Any  chronological  classification 
is  impossible,  but  the  following  points  of  difference  were  observed.  Half  the  number 
were  of  coarse  clay,  with  a  very  dull  glaze,  while  the  other  half  consisted  of  fragments  of 
a  fine  red  clay,  carefully  cleaned,  with  a  glaze  of  extreme  brilliancy.  At  first  sight  it 
would  appear  that  the  latter  were  Attic,  but  a  close  inspection  shows  that  the  clay  is  not 
as  fine  or  light  as  in  Attic  vases,  nor  the  glaze  as  even,  distinct  irregularities  being  pre¬ 
sent  in  the  surface  of  the  clay,  under  the  glaze,  both  to  the  sight  and  touch.  In  Attic 
vases  of  the  best  black-  or  red-figure  periods,  the  clay  is  always  carefully  smoothed  before 
applying  the  glaze,  and  such  irregularities  are  not  usual. 

These  seem  to  be  the  only  fragments  which  answer  the  requirements  of  our  third  sug¬ 
gestion.  The  Attic  influence  is  plain,  through  the  fineness  of  the  glaze,  and  it  is  prob¬ 
able  that  the  Argive  potters  borrowed  this  feature  from  their  Athenian  contemporaries. 
At  the  same  time  the  application  of  red  stripes  is  distinctly  an  Argive  feature,  and  fol¬ 
lows  a  fashion  instituted  several  centuries  before. 

No  vases  were  found  intact,  nor  could  any  be  restored  from  the  fragments.  Fig.  98 
shows  an  example  of  this  particular  style  (red  clay,  width,  0.05 
m. ;  height,  0.052  m.). 

BLACK-FIGURE  STYLE. 

Fragments  of  the  following  vases  were  found:  kylix,  skyphos, 
amphora,  lekythos,  and  plate.  No  vase  was  recovered  intact, 
nor  could  any  be  restored  from  the  fragments,  as  in  hardly  any 
case  were  more  than  four  or  five  fragments  from  the  same  vase 
preserved. 


Fig.  98. 


Kylilces. 


Fragments  of  the  kylix  shape  were  most  numerous.  Two  types  were  represented 

1.  With  tall  foot,  deep  bowl  (‘Lesser  Masters’  shape.  Berl.  Cat.  vi.  171). 

2.  With  short  foot,  shallow  bowl  (Jierl.  Cat.  vi.  172). 

Few  of  the  bases  were  preserved,  but  it  may  be  seen  from  the  fragments  of  the  rims 
that  Type  1  was  the  more  common.  None  of  the  bases  found  showed  any  central  pic¬ 
ture  on  the  interior  of  the  kylix. 

1  It  may  bo  urged  in  reply  to  this  that  Athens  continued  to  use  the  archaic  type  of  coins  through  the  fifth  century, 
but  that  was  due  to  a  special  cause. 


BLACK-FIGURE  STYLE 


177 


1. 

Plate  LXII.  7.  Fragment  of  rim.  Band  of  glaze  on  rim.  Panther’s  head  full-front,  and  back 
of  some  other  animal. 

This  would  seem  to  be  one  of  the  earliest  fragments  of  the  style  found  at  the  Ileraeum.  The 
panther  on  the  animal  zone  shows  the  Corintho-Attic  influence. 

8.  Rim.  Same  technique.  Rider  to  left  clad  in  a  white  chiton  ;  behind  him  a  spear  or  a  goad 
of  another  figure.  Incised  lines  used  on  hair,  eye,  and  arm. 

This  fragment  is  by  all  odds  the  finest  bit  of  black-figure  work  we  found. 

9.  Warrior,  armed  with  shield,  greaves,  and  corselet.  Five  white  balls  on  the  shield. 

This  addition  of  a  shield  device  in  white  is  extremely  common  in  black-figure  work.  Half  a 
dozen  similar  fragments  were  found. 

10.  Lower  part  of  driver  with  long  white  chiton  in  chariot  to  right.  Behind  him  rear  part  of 
horse  to  left,  white  dots  on  legs. 

Other  fragments  showed  figures  of  men  or  women  in  procession,  animals,  etc.  White 
is  always  used  to  mark  the  flesh  color  for  the  female  figure  and  red  very  frequently  for 
the  men.  The  glazed  band  is  generally  separated  from  the  main  zone  by  a  slight 
projection. 

2. 

Main  zone  directly  along  the  rim. 

11.  Head  of  man  to  right. 

12.  Head  of  horse  to  right.  This  fragment  in  point  of  drawing  is  among  the  best  we  found. 

13.  Female  head  to  left ;  flesh  white,  incised  lines  along  edge  of  hair.  Red  fillet  in  hair. 

14.  Satyr  to  right ;  ivy  vine  in  field. 

Satyrs  were  found  on  quite  a  number  of  fragments.  The  drawing  in  every  case  was  extremely 
careless. 

15.  Eye  with  iris  in  white,  and  white  circle  ;  in  field,  ivy  vine.  To  the  right  of  the  eye  what 
appears  to  be  a  satyr  stooping  with  one  hand  on  the  ground.  Streak  of  white  marking  perhaps 
a  wine  skin  which  the  satyr  is  carrying. 

With  ivy  border  along  rim. 

16.  Head  of  sphinx  (part  of  wing  showing)  to  left,  flesh  white,  red  fillet  in  hair. 

Fragments  of  this  description  were  extremely  numerous.  Quite  a  number  of  frag¬ 
ments  were  found  which  showed  only  a  palmette  system  around  the  exterior,  ornamented 
at  intervals  by  white  or  yellow  dots. 

STcyphoi.  ( Berl .  Cat.  vi.  190.) 

Fragments  belonging  to  this  form  were  not  very  numerous. 

17.  Fragment  of  skyphos.  Reddish  yellow  clay,  with  black  glaze  on  interior.  Herakles  and 
the  Nemean  lion. 

If  the  interpretation  of  the  scene  is  correct  this  fragment  is  clearly  later  than  550  B.  c.,  since 
the  type  of  Herakles  strangling  the  lion  without  the  aid  of  any  weapon  is  not  introduced  in  vase- 
painting  till  after  this  date  (Roscher’s  Lex.  I.  p.  2197).  The  form  of  this  vase  differs  slightly 
from  that  of  the  Berlin  type,  as  the  rim  is  not  so  sharply  defined. 

It  was  very  difficult  in  the  case  of  the  other  fragments  to  tell  whether  they  should  be 
considered  as  belonging  to  this  or  the  kylix  form. 

Tripod  Bowl. 

18.  Le  g  with  rim  of  bowl  similar  to  Plate  LXI.  21.  Slight  moulding  on  rim,  glazed.  Two 
male  heads  facing  each  other  and  a  third  head  on  the  left.  This  was  the  only  fragment  of  a  black- 
figure  bowl  of  this  description. 


178 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


Amphora. 

19.  Foot  and  leg  to  left.  The  style  of  the  drawing  suggests  a  Panathenaic  amphora. 

Fragments  of  amphoras  were  extremely  scarce.  Some  half  a  dozen  belonged  to  the 

rims  of  large  amphoras  and  showed  the  usual  lotos  chain  on  the  flat  surface  of  the  rim. 
One  fragment  of  the  side  showed  the  lower  part  of  three  seated  figures.  Several  bases 
and  a  few  fragments  of  amphora  covers  were  found,  the  latter  showing  a  ray  pattern  in 
the  centre  and  an  animal  zone  around  it. 

Lehythos. 

20.  Side  of  lekythos ;  horse  and  rider  to  right. 

Fragments  of  lekythoi  were  quite  common.  Such  as  had  any  decoration  showed  a  remarkable 
lack  of  finish.  20  is  the  best  specimen.  Horses,  single,  double,  or  in  a  quadriga,  formed  the  usual 
subjects. 

Plate. 

21.  Fragment  of  plate,  exterior  glazed.  On  interior,  heads  of  Dionysos  and  satyr,  red  applied 
on  the  hair  and  beard  of  each.  Above  Dionysos’s  head,  ivy  leaves. 

22.  Same.  Head  of  cock. 

The  exact  form  of  these  plates  cannot  be  determined,  as  it  is  impossible  to  tell 
whether  they  were  provided  with  a  foot.  No  other  fragments  were  found. 

We  also  found  a  fragment  of  a  phiale  precisely  similar  to  one  in  Syracuse  {Not.  d. 
Scav.  1893,  p.  479)  and  a  fragment  of  a  patera.  The  latter  had  no  decoration  except  a 
tongue  pattern  (red  and  black  lobes)  on  the  flat  surface  of  the  rim. 

POLYCHROME  WARE. 

Only  four  fragments  of  this  ware  were  found. 

23.  Fragment  of  kylix.  Black  glaze  on  exterior;  interior  covered  with  a  white  slip  on  which  is 
the  arm  of  a  figure  in  black  and  the  corner  of  a  garment  (?)  in  red.  Below,  what  seems  to  be  a 
spear. 

24.  Base  of  alabastron,  white  ground.  Border  of  rays,  points  downward,  and  the  feet  of  a 
figui’e  in  black. 

Two  other  very  small  fragments  were  also  found.  These  had  a  white  ground  on  which  was  the 
haunch  of  some  animal  with  red  dots  on  the  leg.  One  fragment  showed  a  human  hand  over 
the  animal’s  body.  Judging  by  the  style,  the  last  two  fragments  belong  to  the  early  part  of  the 
black-figure  period. 

The  following  fragments  are  selected  from  a  dozen  similar  ones.  Their  identification 
is  difficult,  hut  it  seems  most  probable,  owing  to  the  presence  of  the  applied  stripe  in  red, 
that  they  belong  to  the  class  just  mentioned  p.  176),  which  may  possibly  have  taken 
the  place  of  Attic  products  at  the  Heraeum.  The  technique  in  all  is  the  same ;  light  red 
clay,  covered  on  both  sides  with  a  black  glaze,  to  which  the  decoration  is  applied  in  white 
and  red.  A  few  fragments  from  Naukratis  in  the  British  Museum  show  a  similar  use  of 
white,  but  the  motives  are  different,  nor  are  the  red  stripes  employed. 

25.  Fragment  of  kylix.  On  rim,  red  stripe ;  flower  pattern  in  white  laid  sideways. 

26.  The  same.  Two  bands  of  flower  pattern  were  evidently  represented.  Below,  two  red 
stripes. 

27  Central  part  of  kylix.  Lotos  pattern  in  white. 

RED-FIGURE  STYLE. 

It  is  difficult  to  make  any  selection  of  the  red-figure  fragments.  Less  types  are  repre¬ 
sented  than  in  the  black-figure  style,  and,  furthermore,  such  as  we  have  are,  with  one 


RED-FIGURE  STYLE.  POLYCHROME  WARE 


179 


exception,  of  little  importance.  As  far  as  can  be  told  from  the  various  bases  and  handles 
preserved,  three  shapes  were  represented,  —  kylix,  amphora,  and  skyphos.  Exactly  six 
fragments  of  the  first  period  of  the  severe  style  were  found,  of  which  five  are  here  repre¬ 
sented.  Of  a  rhyton,  representing  the  head  of  a  satyr  probably,  the  eye,  one  ear,  and 
part  of  the  beard  were  also  found,  but  no  reconstruction  was  possible. 

SEVERE  STYLE. 

28.  Fragment  from  rim  of  kylix.  Palmette. 

29.  Fragment  of  kylix.  Backs  of  two  horses.  On  the  flank  of  the  first,  a  small  wheel  orna¬ 
ment,  and  a  band  on  the  shoulder. 

30.  Fragment  of  kylix.  Female  figure,  draped,  with  arm  extended.  Perhaps  an  Athena. 

31.  Form  uncertain.  Leg  of  a  warrior  to  right  armed  with  shield,  with  a  frieze  border.  Glaze 
badly  worn  ;  traces  of  preliminary  drawing. 

The  fifth  fragment  of  this  period  is  the  polychrome  kylix  (see  below).  The  sixth 
fragment  represented  a  palmette  similar  to  28. 

LATER  STYLE. 

32.  Fragment  of  amphora.  Upper  part  of  woman’s  head  to  left  (maenad  probably),  with  a 
saccos,  holding  a  tliyrsos  ;  above,  tongue  pattern. 

33.  Fragment  of  kylix  or  skyphos.  Boy  holding  torch  to  right. 

34.  F  ragment  of  amphora.  Man  in  mantle  with  staff,  facing  another  figure  (probably  a  woman) 
clad  in  chiton  and  himation. 

The  other  fragments  showed  the  upper  part  of  a  youth  wrapped  in  a  mantle,  very  poorly 
drawn  ;  two  hoofs  of  a  horse  clear  of  the  ground,  probably  represented  as  galloping ; 
parts  of  garments  of  several  figures,  and  various  bits  of  palmettes,  tongue  patterns,  etc. 

POLYCHROME  WARE. 

Plate  LXYIII.  Two  fragments1  of  a  kylix  (form,  Berl.  Cat.  vi.  224).  Exterior  entirely 
covered  with  a  black  glaze,  fairly  brilliant.  The  original  form  seems  to  have  been  the  squat-footed 
type  with  a  thick  base,  characteristic  of  the  smaller  kylikes  with  no  decoration  on  the  exterior. 

The  entire  interior  is  covered  with  a  whitish  yellow  slip  slightly  reddish  in  places.  The  central 
picture,  bounded  by  a  plain  circle,  represents  a  group  on  an  exergue,  a  nude  satyr  (upper  part  of 
head  missing)  leaning  on  some  object,  probably  a  rock.  He  has  a  horse's  tail  and  long  shaggy 
beard ;  his  chest  and  abdomen  down  to  the  pubes  are  thickly  covered  with  hair.  Faint  red  lines 
are  used  for  the  muscles  of  the  stomach  and  the  knee  cap.  On  b  a  foot  projecting  from  a  garment 
to  right  upon  an  exergue.  In  the  field  of  a,  inside  the  circle,  E  A  (ey [pa</>o-er]  ? ). 

The  subject  of  the  composition  is  not  quite  clear.  We  have  a  group  of  two  figures,  a  satyr  and 
another  figure,  which  may  be  male  or  female  ;  the  circle  is  too  small  for  a  third  figure.  Three 
interpretations  are  possible,  —  Satyr  and  Dionysos,  Marsyas  and  Athena  (Roscher's  Lex.  II. 
p.  2446),  Satyr  and  Maenad.  The  first  is  possible,  but  unlikely,  as  Dionysos  is  generally  repre¬ 
sented  with  an  attendant  satyr  on  each  side.  The  second  is  extremely  doubtful,  for  the  object  in 
the  centre  rather  speaks  against  it,  at  least  if  we  imagine  such  a  scene  conceived  in  the  spirit  of  the 
Berlin  lekythos  (Baum.  Denk.  p.  1001,  fig.  1209).  The  last  interpretation  is  the  most  likely, 
though  how  the  group  was  represented  is  impossible  to  say. 

The  loss  of  the  larger  part  of  the  subject  is  irritating  enough,  but  the  mutilated  inscription  is 
still  more  perplexing.  That  ‘i-ypafyaev  was  written,  and  that  the  artist’s  name  followed  the  verb 
seems  most  probable,  but  what  the  name  was  cannot  be  conjectured  on  such  slight  indications. 

If,  as  is  possible,  the  vase  is  by  some  well-known  artist,  more  can  be  gained  through  the  stylistic 
features.  The  class  of  polychrome  vases  known  to  us  at  present  is  not  very  large.  Hartwig2  enu- 

1  Another  fragment  with  part  of  the  handle  was  found  2  Meisterschalen,  p.  499,  note  1. 
which  had  no  decoration  except  the  white  slip. 


180 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


merates  twenty-five,  and  there  are  two  in  the  Louvre;1  the  number  is  increased  to  twenty-eight 
by  our  vase.  The  attitude  of  the  satyr  on  a  polychrome  kylix  from  Ruvo2  with  ’AA./«/3id<5?7s  «aA.<k  is 
very  similar  to  that  of  the  satyr  here,  but  our  vase  cannot  be  restored  so  as  to  resemble  the  former, 
since  no  room  exists  on  our  fragment  for  the  satyr  to  hold  anything  in  his  hand,  much  less  a  kan- 
tharos.  The  style  of  the  Ruvo  kylix  is  certainly  later  than  ours,  which  resembles  more  the  Nau- 
kratis  fragments  in  the  British  Museum.3 4  I  cannot  go  so  far  as  to  assign  these  fragments  to 
Euphronios,  as  they  hardly  seem  to  me  good  enough,  but  I  think  on  the  whole  that  they  show  his 
style  more  than  that  of  any  other  artist  and  are  certainly  contemporaneous  with  his  later  period. 
We  may  conclude  that  the  vase  is  painted  in  the  Euphronian  style  (perhaps  by  one  of  his  pupils), 
probably  about  485-480  B.  c. 

Practically  the  history  of  the  vase  fragments  found  at  the  Heraeum  ends  here,  for  the 
number  of  vases  of  any  kind  of  a  later  date  than  the  Persian  wars  found  on  the  site  are 
so  scarce  as  to  have  little  value.  A  few  scattered  fragments  of  Megarean  ware,  Roman 
lamps  and  a  Byzantine  cup,  are  all  that  represent  a  period  of  six  centuries. 

It  seems  probable,  then,  that  the  embargo  instituted  by  Argos  against  Attic  vases  was 
either  never  removed,  or  else  that  the  Argive  potters  abandoned  vase-making  entirely. 
We  know  that  for  at  least  a  century  almost  no  vases  of  any  kind  were  made  in  Greece 
outside  of  Athens ;  the  Attic  ware  was  undoubtedly  cheaper  and  more  popular  than  that 
made  by  local  potters.  At  Argos  fragments  of  a  later  date  are  so  few  that  there  seems 
no  reason  for  supposing  the  embargo  was  removed,  and  it  is  hardly  possible  to  suppose 
that  the  manufacture  of  the  black  glazed  fragments  mentioned  above  continued  steadily 
on.  For  a  time,  perhaps,  that  ware  may  have  been  a  satisfactory  substitute,  but  it  is 
hardly  credible  that  the  Argives  should  always  have  been  contented  with  it.  We  must 
suppose,  therefore,  that  somewhere  about  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  century  the  activity 
of  Argos  as  an  industrial  centre  for  vase-making  ceased  entirely,  and  there  being  no  for¬ 
eign  importations  to  serve  as  a  substitute,  the  custom  of  dedicating  vases  at  the  Heraeum 
fell  into  abeyance.  It  is  also  possible  to  suppose  that  this  custom  had  declined  in  the 
rest  of  Greece,  for  with  the  exception  of  the  Kabirion  at  Thebes,  vases  of  a  later  date 
than  the  fifth  century  are  not  found  on  any  temple  sites.  From  that  time  onwards  vases 
are  only  found  in  graves. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


VASES  IN  RELIEF  AND  LATER  VASES. 


Although  the  vases  in  relief  represent  two  widely  different  periods,  it  has  seemed  best 
to  include  them  under  one  chapter.  Two  different  styles  are  represented,  —  the  Red- ware 
vases  and  the  so-called  Megarean  vases.  The  latter  are  practically  the  only  vase  frag¬ 
ments  of  any  kind  found  at  the  Heraeum  which  are  undoubtedly  later  than  the  fifth 
century. 

RED  WARE. 

Almost  all  the  fragments  belonging  to  this  style  are  given  on  Plate  LXIII.  They 


1  Monuments  et  Memoir  es  (Fondation  Eugene  Piot), 
1895,  pis.  v.  and  vi. 

2  Ann.  dell’  Inst.  1877,  tav.  <P  agg.  Q  (No.  19  in  Hart- 
wig’s  list). 

3  Hartwig,  op.  cit.  pi.  li. 

4  The  date,  provenience,  and  use  of  this  ware  has  always 
been  a  vexed  problem,  and  only  two  facts  may  he  re¬ 
garded  as  certain  —  that  it  is  Greek,  not  Etruscan,  in 


its  origin,  and  is  directly  influenced  by  metal  work 
(Loeschcke,  Arch.  Zeit.  1881,  p.  44).  As  there  is  little 
general  resemblance  of  style  in  the  case  of  all  the  frag¬ 
ments  from  various  places,  it  is  probable  that  each  town 
had  its  local  style,  and  that  no  one  town  was  the  manufac¬ 
turer  of  all.  None  of  the  fragments  of  this  ware  found  at 
the  Heraeum  or  elsewhere  can  be  older  than  the  seventh 
century. 


VASES  IN  RELIEF 


181 


are  not  very  numerous,  and  seem  to  play  a  minor  part  in  the  Argolid,  since  outside  of 
the  Heraeum  very  little  ware  of  this  nature  was  found  at  Mycenae  1  or  Tiryns.2 

Pottier  has  analyzed  all  the  existing  material  up  to  1886  ( B.  C.  II.  1888,  p.  491). 
Since  that  date  the  most  important  additions  have  been  published  by  Di'immler  ( Athen . 
Mitt.  1896,  p.  229,  pi.  vi.)  and  De  Kidder  (. B .  C.  II.  XXII.  [1898],  pp.  439  ff.,  pp.  497  ff., 
pis.  iv.-vi.  bis. 

1.  Fragment  of  base  of  a  large  pithos.  Coarse  reddish  clay,  measuring  between  2  and  3  cm.  in 
thickness.  On  the  base,  a  zone  of  figures  bounded  above  and  below  by  a  moulding  on  which  a 
herring-bone  pattern  is  incised. 

On  main  zone,  Herakles  and  the  centaurs.  In  the  centre,  Herakles  to  right  naked  and  bearded, 
holding  a  bow  in  his  left  hand,  from  which  he  is  about  to  shoot  an  arrow  at  a  centaur  advancing 
towards  him,  whose  hands,  fore  legs,  and  hind  leg  only  are  visible.  Behind  Herakles,  another 
centaur  to  left  armed  with  a  tree  branch,  head  and  front  of  body  wanting.  A  cutting  extends 
along  the  top  of  the  zone,  making  the  lower  part  of  the  relief  much  slighter. 

2.  From  base  of  another  pithos.  Clay  and  subject  identical  with  1.  Below  the  zone,  four  rows 
of  herring-bones  incised. 

3.  Fragment  of  pithos  similar  in  clay  and  subject  to  1.  At  the  right  of  the  fragment  the  figure 
of  Herakles  is  repeated.  The  attitude  of  the  centaur  is  slightly  different  from  1,  as  his  left  hand 
holds  the  branch  of  the  tree  instead  of  being  extended  towards  Herakles. 

If  this  fragment  belongs  to  the  same  vase  as  1,  which  seems  probable,  it  must  have  formed  part 
of  the  belly  of  the  vase  at  its  lowest  point  where  it  joins  the  base.  Thus  it  would  seem  that  the 
original  vase  possessed  certainly  two  zones  of  figures,  on  the  base  and  belty,  with  perhaps  a  third 
on  the  rim,  leaving  the  body  undecorated. 

Some  interesting  technical  features  present  themselves.  It  may  be  seen  from  3  that  the  sub¬ 
ject  was  repeated,  and  consists  in  its  simple  form  of  a  man  and  a  centaur.  As  the  figures  were 
stamped  from  a  mould,  it  seems  most  probable  that  the  original  mould  was  circular  in  form  and 
contained  only  one  group ;  the  mould  was  revolved  over  the  soft  clay,  encircling  the  whole  circum¬ 
ference,  and  thus  the  design  was  repeated  at  regular  intervals.  The  fact  that  no  trace  of  any 
dividing  line  between  the  groups  can  be  seen  makes  this  explanation  the  only  natural  one.  At  the 
same  time  the  potter  might  have  retouched  the  groups  after  stamping  and  thus  secured  a  little 
variety  in  his  figures.3 

That  the  three  fragments  are  contemporaneous  is  evident.  Both  style  and  execution  are  more 
advanced,  than  in  the  fragment  from  Kameiros  (Milchhoefer,  Anfange  der  Hunst,  fig.  48),  but 
there  is  absolutely  no  trace  of  any  Oriental  influence  on  our  fragments.  Also  the  centaurs  are 
still  treated  in  the  older  style  — the  entire  figure  of  a  man  combined  with  the  body  and  hind  legs 
of  a  horse.4  Although  it  cannot  be  said  exactly  when  the  change  to  the  later  type  took  place,  it 
is  probable  (the  Assos  reliefs  notwithstanding)  that  the  change  occurred  about  the  beginning  of 
the  sixth  century.  But  it  seems  probable  that  Herakles  is  here  represented,  though  the  club  and 
quiver  are  wanting ;  this  would  seem  to  show  an  early  treatment  of  the  myth.5  We  have  already 
seen  archers  on  the  Mycenaean  silver  vase,  but  the  bow  on  that  vessel  does  not  curve  up  at  the  ends 
as  here.  The  branch  held  by  the  centaurs  is,  as  far  as  I  know,  unique  in  its  form.  We  shall  not 
be  very  far  wrong  if  we  assign  these  fragments  to  the  first  half  of  the  seventh  century. 

4  a-d.  Four  fragments  from  a  round  box,  probably  of  pyxis  form.  Height,  0.10  m.  ;  diam¬ 
eter,  0.22  m. ;  thickness,  0.01  m.  Fine,  cleaned  yellow  clay,  with  brown  glaze  on  interior,  worn  off 
in  patches. 


1  Myk.  Vas.  p.  53. 

2  Schliemann,  Tiryns ,  p.  63,  fig.  8  ;  p.  64,  fig.  9. 

3  This  is  certain,  since  the  Louvre  possesses  a  fragment 
identical  with  the  figure  of  Perseus  on  the  Louvre  pithos 

(De  Ridder,  l.  c.  p.  457,  fig.  7),  and  shows  that  while  a 

few  minor  differences  can  be  detected,  the  same  mould 
was  used  for  both  figures.  De  Ridder,  I  think,  is  wrong 


in  laying  so  much  stress  on  these  differences  (p.  458), 
and  denying  that  the  same  model  was  used  for  both. 
What  differences  exist  are  clearly  due  to  retouching  after 
stamping. 

4  Roscher’s  Lex.  II.  p.  1076. 

5  Ibid.  I.  p.  2193  ;  II.  p.  1046. 


182 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


On  rim,  a  round  moulding  decorated  with  a  series  of  wavy  vertical  lines,  incised.  Below,  two 
raised  bands.  Directly  below  the  moulding  the  wavy  lines  end  in  a  series  of  dull  holes.  Orna¬ 
mentation  of  base  precisely  similar.  On  the  figure  zone  itself,  above  and  below,  appear  traces  of 
a  faint  band,  which  were  probably  originally  like  those  below  the  rim  moulding.  The  figures  of 
the  zone  are  much  worn,  in  some  places  almost  obliterated.  The  subject,  as  far  as  it  can  be  ascer¬ 
tained,  represents  a  lion  hunt  by  men  on  horseback  and  on  foot. 

a.  Fragment  of  rim.  At  the  left,  horse  and  rider  galloping  to  left.  Rider  holds  reins  in  one 
hand  and  brandishes  a  spear  behind  him  in  the  other.  Below  the  horse,  some  animal,  probably  a 
dog.  Behind  the  horse,  a  bearded  man  crouching  to  left,  stretching  his  right  hand  towards  the 
rider  while  grasping  with  his  left  the  mane  of  a  lion  who  is  evidently  sitting  on  his  haunches.  Be¬ 
low  the  lion’s  head  is  the  head  of  another  lion  very  faintly  outlined.  At  the  right  of  the  fragment, 
a  lion  walking  to  right,  whose  head  is  grasped  by  the  right  hand  of  another  bearded  man,  crouching 
on  one  knee,  who  holds  a  spear  in  his  left  with  which  he  spears  the  lion.  At  the  extreme  right  of 
the  fragment,  the  outstretched  hand  of  another  figure. 

b.  The  same.  Two  horses  with  riders  galloping  to  left.  The  fore  part  of  the  left-hand  horse 
and  the  rear  part  of  the  other  are  wanting.  The  riders  hold  whips  in  their  left  hands  and  the 
reins  in  their  right. 

c.  The  same.  Lion’s  head  to  right  and  two  crouching  bearded  figures  to  left.  This  group  is 
the  duplicate  of  that  on  the  right  of  a. 

d.  Fragment  of  base.  Feet  of  one  lion  and  fore  foot  of  a  second  to  right. 

These  fragments  are  by  far  the  finest  of  the  vases  in  relief  we  found.  As  far  as  can  be  told 
from  the  fragments,  we  have  one  scene  —  two  horsemen,  crouching  man,  two  lions,  and  two  crouch¬ 
ing  men,  repeated  twice.  Whether  another  figure  was  added  is  uncertain.  At  all  events,  if  we 
assume  that  these  seven  figures  formed  the  whole  scene,  there  is  room  enough  on  the  vase  for 
three  separate  repetitions  of  them.  This  was  undoubtedly  done  by  the  use  of  the  circular  mould 
(v.  No.  3). 

The  repetition  of  the  lion’s  head  on  a  is  curious.  Either  the  artist  endeavored  to  represent  two 
lions  (delineating  the  fainter  one  with  a  knife),  or  else,  more  probably,  he  failed  to  secure  a  good 
impression  of  the  mould  on  the  first  trial  and  therefore  repeated  it. 

The  style  of  the  fragment  is  distinctly  Argive  and  the  Oriental  influence  more  marked  than  in 
the  preceding.  At  the  same  time,  judging  by  the  lack  of  ornaments  in  field,  the  fragments  would 
fall  in  the  early  part  of  the  Oriental  Argive  style,  about  the  middle  of  the  seventh  century.  The 
execution  of  the  figure  is  better  than  in  1-3,  but  it  cannot  be  said  witli  any  certainty  what  the 
chronological  difference  is  between  them. 

The  following  fragment  is  of  a  later  date  and  would  seem  to  belong  to  the  Corinthian  period. 

5.  Fragment  of  a  large  vase,  perhaps  a  pithos.  Coarse  yellowish  clay,  covered  with  a  brilliant 
yellow  slip. 

Between  two  borders  (tongue  pattern),  zone  of  animals.  On  the  left,  the  head  of  a  sphinx  and 
a  panther  or  lion  ;  both  to  right.  In  the  centre  of  the  fragment,  a  palmette.  At  the  right,  another 
panther  (head  full-front)  and  rear  part  of  another  sphinx  (wing  showing)  both  to  right. 

The  whole  scene  is  merely  a  grouping  of  those  animals  which  the  Oriental  influence  had  made 
popular  and  which  is  especially  characteristic  of  the  Corinthian  style.  All  the  special  features, 
head  of  panther  full-front,  sphinx,  palmette  as  ornament  in  field,  etc.,  are  distinctly  characteristic 
of  that  style.  This  fragment  is  the  only  one  of  this  ware  which  shows  a  distinct  foreign  influence, 
and  may  not  be  due  to  a  local  school ;  we  may  assign  it  to  the  earlier  part  of  the  Corinthian  period, 
i.  e.  towards  the  end  of  the  seventh  century. 

6.  Neck  of  vase.  Diameter,  0.05  m. ;  height,  0.054  m.  Brick  red  clay,  with  palmette-lotos 
chain  stamped  upon  the  neck. 

This  fragment  also  would  seem  to  belong  to  the  Corinthian  period. 

MEGABEAN  WARE. 

The  presence  of  this  ware  at  the  Heraeum  furnishes  one  of  the  many  problems  with 
which  we  have  to  deal.  Fragments  of  these  vases  represented  the  only  vases  which  fall 


MEGAREAN  WARE.  LAMPS 


183 


between  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  century  and  the  Roman  times.  We  have  already 
stated  that  the  embargo  against  Athenian  vases  probably  killed  the  vase  industry  at 
Argos,  but  why  this  particular  ware,  which  is  quite  common  in  Greece,  should  be  the 
sole  representative  of  all  the  other  styles  peculiar  to  this  period,  South  Russian,  Lower 
Italian,  Arretine,  etc.,  is  a  question  which  finds  no  satisfactory  solution. 

This  particular  style  is  generally  attributed  to  Megara,1  and  belongs  to  the  third  and 
second  centuries.  The  only  historical  connection  between  Megara  and  Argos  known  to 
us  is  that  the  former  joined  the  Achaean  League  in  243  b.  c.,j  and  the  latter  some  fifteen 
years  later.  This  date  suits  our  fragments  well,  and  thus  it  would  seem  that  as  the  two 
states  were  brought  together  in  the  end  of  the  third  century,  importations  of  Megarean 
industries  took  place  in  Argos.  Why  Argos  should  suddenly  have  imported  this  ware  is 
hard  to  say ;  at  any  rate,  it  was  the  only  ware  manufactured  at  this  time  by  a  city  of 
Greece  proper. 

The  amount  of  this  ware  filled  about  half  a  basket.  No  whole  vases  were  found,  and 
none  could  be  reconstructed.  All  the  fragments  show  the  usual  technique  —  a  reddish 
clay,  covered  on  both  sides  with  a  brown  or  red  glaze  (sometimes  steely  black)  and 
adorned  with  figures  in  low  relief,  the  execution  on  the  whole  being  rather  poor.  The 
shallow  cup  without  handles  is  the  only  form  represented  and  the  decoration  follows  the 
usual  scheme.  On  the  bottom  a  pattern  of  leaves,3  above  a  zone  of  figures  and  below  the 
rim  a  border  composed  of  a  double  wave  pattern.  Ornaments  in  field,  rosettes,  etc.,  are 
added  freely  to  the  figure  zone.  Some  of  the  fragments  showed  no  figure  zone,  but  were 
entirely  covered  with  a  leaf  pattern.  What  the  subjects  of  the  figure  zones  were  cannot 
be  told.  Very  few  of  the  fragments  possessed  any  interest. 

PLATE  LXII. 

35.  Horse  and  rider  to  right ;  below,  leaf  pattern  with  rosettes  in  the  spaces  between  the  points 
of  the  leaves. 

36.  Original  diameter,  0.128  m. ;  height,  about  0.065  m.  Steely  black  glaze.  On  base,  three 
concentric  circles.  Figures  very  much  worn,  one  group  repeated  twice.  Warrior  to  right  with 
shield  and  helmet,  stretching  his  right  hand  behind  him,  and  a  female  figure  (Victory).  In  field, 
a  rosette  and  a  tripod  (?). 

37.  Bearded  man  to  right  with  staff,  holding  out  his  right  hand  to  a  woman,  who  holds  a  vase  in 
her  right  hand.  In  field,  rosettes,  circles,  and  bird.  Below,  leaf  pattern. 

The  other  fragments  showed  various  figures,  bulls’  heads,  vases  (amphoras),  etc.,  etc. 

With  these  fragments  the  sequence  of  vases  at  the  Heraeum  practically  closes,  and  it  is 
difficult  to  say  whether  any  pottery  of  a  later  date  can  be  detected.  I  have  noted  before 
that  a  large  mass  of  the  rough  undecorated  pottery  might  as  well  be  Roman  as  early 
work,  but  the  evidence  does  not  seem  to  be  conclusive  either  way. 

About  twenty  small  bottles,  usually  known  as  ‘  Tear  Jugs,’  without  decoration,  were 
found.  These  were  uniformly  of  a  red  or  grayish  clay  and  differ  in  no  way  from  the 
well-known  type.  Judging  from  evidence  of  those  found  elsewhere,  they  seem  to  belong 
to  the  second  century  b.  c. 

LAMPS. 

About  twenty  of  these  were  found  more  or  less  intact,  and  a  small  number  of  fragments. 
Those  belonging  to  the  Greek  period  have  a  small  spout  with  a  large  opening,  the  handle 

1  Furtwangler,  Samml.  Sabouroff,  pis.  Ixxiii.  and  lxxiv.  ;  2  Holm,  History  of  Greece,  IV.  p.  2G0. 

Benndorf,  Griechische  und  Sicilische  Vcisenbilder,  pis.  3  Samml.  Sab.  pi.  Ixxiii. 
lviii.-lx. 


184 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


standing  clear  of  the  vase  as  in  a  kylix.  The  Roman  lamps  are  rather  squat  and  heavy, 
with  a  small  opening  and  an  upright  projection  for  a  handle.  Several  of  the  lamps 
through  the  presence  of  a  cross  clearly  belonged  to  the  Christian  period. 

Greek  lamps  were  found  only  in  fragments.  Two  of  the  Roman  lamps  had  figure 
decoration,  the  rest  being  ornamented  with  a  large  rosette,  etc.,  in  the  centre. 


38.  Top  of  lamp.  Diameter,  0.068  m. ;  length,  0.09  m.  Dark  red  clay,  with  projection  for 
handle.  Youth  with  spear  in  his  left  hand  holding  bridle  of  a  horse.  Wave  pattern  on  rim. 

This  relief  is  interesting,  since  it  supports  the  view  already  propounded  by  Furtwangler,  that 

the  Dorypliorus  of  Polycleitus  was  accompanied  by  a  horse,  on  ac¬ 
count  of  a  relief  found  at  Argos  ( Athen .  Mitt.  III.  [1878],  p.  287, 
pi.  xiii.).  Our  lamp  presents  a  striking  similarity  to  the  Argos  relief, 
but  is  probably  of  a  later  date,  as  it  cannot  be  earlier  than  the  Roman 
period. 


Height,  0.032  m 
Youth  to 


left  blowing- 


diameter,  0.07  m. ; 
double  pipes, 


Fig.  99. 


39.  Lamp,  spout  broken, 
length,  0.083  m.  Red  clay. 

with  some  uncertain  object  in  field.  On  rim,  circles. 

GLASS. 

Fragments  of  glass  vases  were  scarce,  and  only  one  vase 
could  be  restored.  The  fragments  seem  as  a  rule  to  represent 
low  bottles  of  the  ordinary  type.  All  fragments  were  very 
much  corroded,  the  silvery  surface  flaking  off  readily  if 
touched.  A  few  of  the  fragments  showed  a  ribbed  surface. 

Fig.  99.  Height,  0.145  m.  Bottle  of  usual  type.  On  neck,  series 
of  raised  bands.  At  the  back  of  the  neck  a  small  projection,  which 
probably  did  not  represent  the  base  of  a  handle,  as  a  handle  does 
not  belong  to  this  type  of  bottle. 

None  of  the  fragments  were  worth  reproducing  ;  the 
majority  of  them  were  bases  with  a  low  boss  in  the  centre 
after  the  fashion  of  a  modern  wine  bottle. 

BYZANTINE. 

Fig.  100.  Height,  0.05  m. ;  diameter,  0.09  m.  One-handled 
cup  of  dark  red  clay.  The  entire  surface  of  both  exterior  and 
interior  has  been  covered  with  a  shiny  iridescent  yellow  glaze.  Under  the  glaze  the  surface  of 
the  clay  is  speckled  with  yellow  dots  :  the  handle  is  divided  into  two  parts. 

This  vase  was  the  only  specimen  of  Byzantine  ware  found. 


Fig.  100. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  VASES 


BY  THEODORE  WOOLSEY  HEERMANCE 


1. 


I.  PAINTED  INSCRIPTIONS. 

[Fig.  101.)  Neck  and  handle  of  an  aryballos  of  Corinthian  style  (p.  171).  Diameter 


Fig.  101. 


of  mouth,  0.054  m.  Clay  yellow  or  light  buff,  with  yellow  slip.  Decoration  carefully 
painted  in  brown,  with  some 
red.  The  cuts  (from  draw¬ 
ings  by  Gillieron)  show  re¬ 
spectively  top,  back,  and  side 
views  of  the  fragment.  Be¬ 
low  the  handle  a  bit  of  the 
body  of  the  vase  is  preserved, 
and  on  it  appears  the  wing 
and  tail  of  a  bird,  painted  in  light  brown,  with  incised  details.  Above  the  tail  is  all 
that  remains  of  the  inscription,  also  in  a  light  brown. 

The  drawing  gives  no  adequate  idea  of  the  condition  of  the  surface,  and  tends  to  make 
certain  traces  of  letters  appear  clearer  than  they  really  are,  while  discolorations  of  the 
surface,  which  confuse  the  reading,  are  not  indicated.  All  that  is  sure  are  phi,  and,  to 
the  right  of  phi,  a  Sikyonian  e-sign.  What  followed  is  as  uncertain  as  what  preceded, 
for  the  paint  has  largely  disappeared,  and,  in  places,  the  slip  as  well.  Traces  of  at  least 
three  letters  are  visible,  but  they  are  too  indistinct  to  justify  any  conjectures  as  to  the 
original  reading. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  inscription  is  not  complete,  for  it  is  older  than  that  on 
the  Berlin  amphora  a  colonnette,  1147,  and  Sikyonian  inscrip¬ 
tions  on  vases  are  of  interest  if  only  for  their  rarity.  Cf. 

Kretschmer,  Griech.  Vaseninschriften,  p.  51,  and  Hpa/crt/cd, 

1899,  p.  61  (from  Thermon). 

2.  (Fig.  102.)  Two  fragments  of  a  deinos  ;  combined  length, 

0.117  m.  Clay  light  buff,  with  dull  black  glaze  inside  and  out.  Inscription  painted 
in  a  dirty  brown  immediately  below  rim. 

- -  p§po<?  pe  av\_edrjKe\ 

The  loop  of  the  second  letter  preserved  differs  in  size  and  shape  from  the  loop  of  the 
third  letter ;  hence  the  combination  -Sp-  is  preferable  to  -pp-. 

3.  For  At[/ras]  or  Ai^ea?]  on  a  fragment  of  late-Corinthian  ware,  see  above,  p.  173. 

II.  INCISED  INSCRIPTIONS. 

PLATE  LXIX. 1 

1.  On  flat  rim  of  small  bowl.  Buff  clay,  poor  brownish  glaze. 

rd?  C/H[pa?  i^tu] 

1  The  inscriptions  are  reproduced  in  the  actual  size  of  the  originals. 


Fig.  102. 


18G 


THE  VASES  AND  VASE  FRAGMENTS 


2.  Red  clay,  good  black  glaze.  Inscription  on  inside  of  vase,  close  to  lip. 

[tci?]  gpl~\ 

The  author  of  the  inscription  at  first  omitted  ER=  in  EEi^A?;  but  seeing  his  mistake 
before  he  scratched  the  next  word,  changed  the  A  to  E  and  the  5  to  I* . 

3.  Fragment  of  black-figured  ware  of  reddish  clay.  Below  the  inscription  are  the 
carelessly  drawn  head  and  shoulders  of  a  male  figure. 

[rds  'Hpajs  rjpi 

In  front  of  the  sigma  the  second  hast  a  of  the  alpha  is  still  visible. 

4.  Reddish  clay,  good  glaze. 

[rd?  r,Hp]a<?  ? 

5.  Buff  clay,  poor  glaze. 

fHp]a? 

For  the  nominative  of  the  name’  of  the  divinity  in  dedications,  cf.  Naukratis ,  I.  p.  62, 
No.  447  ;  II.  p.  67,  Nos.  841-844. 

6.  Fragment  of  black-figured  ware.  Inscription  on  rim  below  lip. 

[6  Seiz'd  p  aveOrj^Ke  r[a  H pa] 

After  tau  part  of  the  alpha  is  preserved. 

7.  Fragment  of  black  glazed  ware,  with  two  red  lines  0.02  m.  below  lip.  Inscription 
immediately  under  lip,  but  inverted. 

[6  Seiz'd  pe  /caJre'S&jz^e]  ? 

Part  of  the  alpha  is  preserved.  With  zcare'Saizce  compare  KaOrjKe,  Ka60r]K€,  zcareffy/ce 
(. Naukratis ,  I.  p.  61,  No.  185 ;  II.  p.  65,  Nos.  788-792,  840). 

8.  On  foot  of  kylix.  Brown  clay,  lustrous  black  glaze. 

[6  Seiz'd  p  e]7reS(yK:e  tw  Mlkco 

The  form  eVe'S oust  is  found  also  in  a  Boeotian  incised  inscription,  Berlin,  1968.  For  the 
name  Muco<?  (Fick-Bechtel,  Griech.  Per sonenn amen,  p.  33)  cf.  G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gram 3. 
p.  363,  note. 

The  genuineness  of  this  inscription  is  not  beyond  suspicion. 

9.  Buff  clay,  with  brownish  black  glaze  inside  and  out,  and  dull  red  stripe  below  in¬ 
scription. 

Vopazz'o[9  p  dv49rjKe~\ 

This  is  the  only  occurrence  of  koppa  and  the  only  retrograde  inscription. 

10.  B  rownish  clay ;  the  poor  glaze  has  disappeared  with  the  slip  ;  on  interior,  parallel 
with  lip,  are  purple  stripes.  The  inscription  encircled  neck  of  vase,  just  below  lip. 

- Jacrojc  — -  (or - ]acrajz'[Sa'?])  —  [ p'  avedrjKe~\ 

From  one  to  three  letters  are  missing  at  the  beginning  of  the  name. 

11.  Fragment  of  black-figured  ware. 

’Az'8pe[a?  p  dvd9rjKe~\ 

12.  Brown  glaze.  Inscription  just  below  rim.  If  it  is  part  of  a  proper  name,  there 
are  several  possibilities,  as  :  ’Az'rdz'[ajp],  “ Ai>Tav[_8po<;~\,  [H]az'rdz'[ajp],  [n]az'raz'[Spo9], 
[II  ]ttZ'7dz'[€//.G9]. 

13.  I  jow  bowl,  which  resembles  in  shape  Furtwiingler,  Berl.  Cat.  vi.  215,  restored 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  VASES 


187 


from  several  fragments.  One  horizontal  and  one  vertical  handle.  Diameter  of  top, 
0.096  m.  Black  glaze  inside  and  out.  The  inscription,  which  is  complete,  encircles  the 
top  of  the  vase,  and  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  handles. 

Though  every  character  is  perfectly  clear,  no  satisfactory  interpretation  of  the  inscrip¬ 
tion  is  here  offered.  A  close  parallel  in  letter-forms  is  afforded  by  an  incised  inscription 
on  a  fragment  of  black  glazed  ware  from  Mycenae  (/.  G.  A.  29).  In  both  this  and  in 
the  inscription  from  the  Heraeum  hepoos  corresponds  exactly,  letter  for  letter,  even 
to  the  small  o-signs  and  the  narrow  four-barred  sigma.  Yet  to  change  rpv-  of  the 
Heraeum  inscription  to  to  is  entirely  too  violent,  and  no  other  explanation  suggested  has 
more  in  its  favor. 

14.  Brown  clay,  with  dull  black  glaze.  Silenus  head  in  relief  on  top  of  vertical  handle 
to  left  of  inscription,  which  is  set  in  a  frame  of  incised  lines. 

ep - 

Can  this  be  the  same  as  No.  13?  The  letters  appear  to  be  later. 

Nos.  15-20  are  incised  on  the  outside  of  their  respective  vases ;  Nos.  21-23  on  the 
inside ;  and  Nos.  24-29  on  the  bottom. 

The  characters  of  No.  16  are  similar  to  those  of  No.  2. 

No.  22  is  on  the  reverse  of  No.  16. 

No.  26  shows  the  Corinthian  form  of  beta. 

30.  On  bottom  of  small  un glazed  vase  of  dark  gray  clay.  Inscription  pressed  into 
the  moist  clay  before  firing. 

'Hpa/cXet 
- ov - 

This  inscription  is  shown  by  its  letter-forms  to  be  some  centuries  later  than  Nos.  1-29. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  L 


s****S*Jf 

Wifmi 

mum 


o  o 

OOOoO'^o 


mU/Muto 


•./VV 
<'  "...  :  .  ^ 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— PRIMITIVE  VASES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LI 


&*»>»»  W> 


VASE  FRAGMENTS 


MYCENAEAN  STYLE  :  DULL  FINISH  AND  CLASS  II,  i  LUSTROUS  FINISH 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LII 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASSES  II,  2  AND  III,  i. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LIII 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASS  III,  2. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LIV 


kr 


luouuu' 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN  STYLE  :  CLASS  III, 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LY 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— MYCENAEAN  STYLE:  CLASSES  III 


2  AND  IV 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LVI 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.- GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  LINEAR  MOTIVES,  HORSES,  BIRDS,  ETC 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LVII 


25 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.  GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  HUMAN  AND  ANIMAL  FIGURES. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LVIII 


ItPiiP 


Lw,  '*  ■■ 

^B/gS^^SS^ 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— GEOMETRIC  STYLE:  DIPYLON  AND  AEGINETAN. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LIX 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— ARGIVE  STYLE. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Pi.ate  LX 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— LOCAL  STYLE. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXI 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— CORINTHIAN  STYLE. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXII 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.— EARLY  ATTIC,  CYRENAEAN,  RED  AND  BLACK-FIGURE.  MEGARA  WARE,  ETC. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXIII 


^  VsVv ..  t.  s  ^  s  ^ 


'■n^TJT-,TT7T!l  jlijJHlMi 

' "  ' '  > < <« U<<<<<W<OT 


VASE  FRAGMENTS. — VASES  IN  RELIEF. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Prate  LX IV 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.  —  VARIOUS  ARGIVE  TYPES 


The  Argive  Heraf.um 


Plate  LXV 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.  —  ARGIVE  STYLE  :  CLASS  III 


Thk  Argivk  IIkrakum 


Plate  LX VI 


VASE  FRAGMENTS. —GEOMETRIC,  ARGIVE,  AND  LOCAL  TYPES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXVII 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.  — LOCAL  TYPES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXYIII 


VASE  FRAGMENTS. 


POLYCHROME  KYLIX 


HANDLE' 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


13 


v 


VASE  FRAGMENTS.- 


X 


THE  BRONZES  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


THE  BRONZES  OF  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 

By  HERBERT  FLETCHER  DeCQU 


INTRODUCTION 


The  Bronzes  which  are  described  in  the  following  Catalogue  1  were  found,  for  the  most 
part,  in  the  deposits  and  strata  that  yielded  the  larger  portion  of  primitive  and  archaic 
objects  in  other  materials,  and  their  study  is  accordingly  subject  to  the  conditions  of  pro¬ 
venience  which  have  already  been  set  forth  in  the  General  Introduction  (Vol.  I.  pp.  38  If.). 
In  other  words,  while  many  pieces  were  found  on  the  uppermost  terrace,  and  still  more 
beneath  and  in  front  of  the  Cyclopean  supporting  wall  of  the  same  terrace,  especially 
back  of  the  Northeast  Stoa  (III),  by  far  the  greatest  number  lay  on  the  west  and  south 
slopes  of  the  main  terrace,  particularly  near  the  southwest  angle  of  the  retaining  wall 
described  in  Vol.  I.  pp.  118  if.,  and  so  formed  part  of  the  rubbish  employed  in  preparing 
the  site  for  the  Second  Temple.  Bronzes  were  also  found  in  and  about  the  West  and 
Northwest  buildings  (VII,  VIII),  and,  to  a  less  extent,  in  other  parts. 

Distinctions  in  strata  and  periods  of  deposit,  such  as  are  mentioned  in  the  General 
Introduction,  Vol.  I.  p.  41,  cannot  be  maintained  so  far  as  concerned  the  bronzes,  because 
in  their  case  no  strata  and  very  few  depths  were  recorded.  It  may  be  said,  however, 
that  the  general  terminus  ante  quem ,  which  is  indicated  for  the  majority  of  the  finds  by 
the  date  of  the  burning  of  the  Old  Temple  (423  b.  c.),  holds  with  few  or  no  exceptions 
for  the  entire  mass  of  bronze  material  discovered  in  so  far  as  dependence  can  be  placed 
on  considerations  of  style  or  comparison  with  the  results  of  other  excavations.  Any  fur¬ 
ther  chronological  distinctions  which  may  be  made  rest  entirely  on  such  evidence. 

Conclusions  as  to  the  purpose  or  use  of  buildings  at  the  Heraeum  cannot  safely 
be  drawn  from  the  bronzes  found  in  them,  because  the  proveniences  specially  recorded, 
though  including  most  of  the  more  important  objects,  are  in  slight  proportion  to  the  total 
number  found  — -  604  :  5738  approximately.  To  this  principle  the  noticeable  number  of 
straight  pins,  fibulae,  and  rings  attributed  to  the  West  Building  (VII)  can  hardly  be 
regarded  as  an  exception,  because  it  seems  probable  —  at  least  to  the  present  writer  • — 


1  Acknowledgments  for  assistance  are  given  under  the 
respective  numbers  in  the  catalogue,  but  I  desire  to  ex¬ 
press  here  my  sense  of  particular  obligation  to  Profes¬ 
sors  Richard  Norton  and  J.  C.  Hoppin  for  aid  of  every 
kind,  and  to  many  other  friends  for  encouragement  and 
suggestions.  Professor  Norton’s  relation  to  the  work 
requires  furthermore  a  special  statement.  Daring  my 
absence  in  Greece  in  the  spring  of  1903,  he  with  the 
utmost  kindness  undertook  and  performed  the  tedious 
task  of  revising,  condensing,  and  copying  the  manuscript 
of  the  Introduction  and  of  numbers  1-1849  of  the  Cata¬ 
logue.  To  Miss  M.  Louise  Nichols  is  due  grateful  acknow¬ 
ledgment  for  the  final  revision  of  the  entire  manuscript 
for  the  printers.  I  am  also  under  obligation  to  the  editor- 


in-chief,  Professor  Waldstein,  for  permission  to  undertake 
the  work  and  for  various  suggestions,  and  to  the  Archae¬ 
ological  Institute  and  the  Committee  in  charge  of  the 
Heraeum  publication  for  their  patience  and  liberality. 
Especial  thanks  are  also  due  to  the  Ephors  in  charge  of 
the  National  Museum  at  Athens  for  their  unfailing  cour¬ 
tesy,  as  well  as  to  the  late  Dr.  A.  S.  Murray  for  permission 
to  publish  the  silver  pin  (see  Plate  CXXXVII.)  and  for 
the  privilege  of  using  the  reading-room  of  his  department 
in  the  British  Museum.  Finally,  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  C.  R. 
Morey  for  service  as  amanuensis  generously  rendered  to 
Professor  Norton  and  myself,  and  to  Johannes  Papadakes, 
Texvirr/s  in  the  Museum  at  Athens,  for  much  assistance 
in  cleaning  the  bronzes  and  for  many  practical  bints. 

191 


192 


THE  BRONZES 


that  some  of  them  may  belong'  rather  to  the  deposits  about  the  retaining  wall  above 
mentioned.1 

The  bronzes  when  discovered  were  for  the  most  part  heavily  oxidized.  In  very  few 
cases  had  the  oxidation  taken  the  form  of  a  patina.  The  majority  of  the  roughly  oxi¬ 
dized  pieces  (some  3938  specimens)  were  cleaned  by  the  slow  and  somewhat  tedious 
process  employed  by  the  Greek  government  for  the  removal  of  oxides.2  The  patinated 
pieces  were  left  untouched,  together  with  others  in  which  the  oxides  had  already  destroyed 
the  bronze  in  whole  or  in  part,  and  a  considerable  number  of  pieces  which  did  not  seem 
of  sufficient  interest  to  repay  the  trouble. 

A  brief  account  of  the  method  of  classification  which  has  been  followed  in  the  case  of 
these  bronzes  has  been  given  in  Yol.  I.  pp.  62  f.  That  in  it  the  first  division  has  been 
made  according  to  genera  rather  than  styles  is  due  to  the  following  considerations : 
(1)  Throughout  the  study  of  these  bronzes  their  rights  and  requirements  as  museum 
material  have  been  kept  in  view.  The  first  duty  that  is  owed  to  the  products  of  an 
excavation,  after  means  have  been  taken  to  secure  their  preservation,  is  a  convenient  and 
systematic  arrangement  in  a  museum.  Unless  the  strata  or  pockets  in  which  the  objects 
have  been  found  are  very  sharply  defined  or  clearly  distinguished,  the  arrangement  by 
kinds  or  subjects  is  the  more  convenient.  (2)  The  same  principle  holds  true  for  the  first 
publication  of  the  finds,  because  the  primary  object  of  this  is,  of  course,  to  make  the  finds 
available  to  the  public  as  material  with  which  to  work.  In  other  words,  the  first  publi¬ 
cation  of  an  excavation  should  be  a  portable  museum,  so  to  speak,  of  the  objects  found. 
(3)  Our  knowledge  of  the  history  and  interrelations  of  the  styles  of  early  Greek  art  is,  in 
the  opinion  of  the  writer  at  least,  too  slight  and  unstable  to  make  it  safe  or  desirable  to 
found  thereon  a  classification  which,  whether  for  museum  or  first  publication,  should  in 
its  main  lines,  at  least,  be,  so  far  as  possible,  permanent. 

In  the  second  division  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  group  and  order  the  objects  accord¬ 
ing  to  style  and  chronology,  but  the  method  followed  lias  been,  where  possible,  inductive  ; 
that  is,  the  selection  and  arrangement  of  catalogue  numbers  has  been  made  with  a  view 
toward  securing  a  continuous  development  from  one  subdivision  of  a  type  to  another,  and, 
where  it  seemed  practicable,  from  type  to  type.  It  is  for  this  purpose  that  many  objects 
have  been  entered  and  described  which  would  not  of  themselves  be  of  any  especial  value 
or  interest. 

Though  the  so-called  styles  have  not  been  made  the  main  basis  for  classification,  a  list 
of  the  principal  types  and  objects  which  would  be  attributable  to  them  has  been  given  in 


1  The  West  Building  came  to  light  before  the  construc¬ 
tions  east  and  southeast  of  it,  and  objects  found  were 
labeled  accordingly  until  the  outline  and  relations  of  the 
successively  appearing  walls  became  clear. 

2  Described  Deltion,  1888,  p.  228,  and  J.  II.  S.  X.  p.  275. 
Cf.  Bather,  II.  S.  XI  II.  p.  124.  A  brief  description 
of  the  process  may  be  of  service  to  those  who  do  not  have 
access  to  the  Deltion.  In  a  glazed  earthenw.are  bowl  is 
spread  a  layer  of  scraps  of  zinc.  On  this  are  laid  the 
bronzes  to  be  cleaned.  They  are  then  covered  with 
water  into  which  about  ten  per  cent,  or  less  of  hydro¬ 
chloric  acid  is  poured.  At  intervals  which  should  not 
exceed  two  days,  at  least  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  pro¬ 
cess,  the  bronzes  and  zinc  (if  any  remains)  must  be  taken 
out  and  brushed  with  a  stiff  brush,  the  bowl  rinsed,  and  a 
fresh  bath  prepared  in  the  same  manner  as  the  first.  The 


proportions  of  zinc  and  acid  vary  with  circumstances,  and 
must  be  learned  by  practice.  This  part  of  the  process 
may  require  to  be  protracted  from  a  week  to  a  year  or 
more,  but,  if  all  has  gone  well,  its  result  is  to  leave  the 
surface  of  the  bronze  entirely  free  from  verdigris  and 
covered  with  a  dark  brown  deposit  which  in  no  way  in¬ 
terferes  with  the  clearness  of  the  finest  details.  The 
remainder  of  the  process  is  brief.  On  removal  from  the 
bath  just  described  the  bronzes  are  put  into  a  solution  of 
potash  (avOpaiciKbv  KaAiov')  consisting  of  about  one  part  of 
potash  to  nine  of  water.  After  twenty-four  hours  they 
are  removed  and  placed  for  the  same  period  in  distilled 
water.  They  are  then  dried  and  covered  with  a  thin  coat¬ 
ing  of  melted  white  wax.  A  vigorous  polishing  with  a 
brush  completes  the  process. 


INTRODUCTION 


193 


the  abstract  cited  above.  As  the  material  for  comparison  derived  from  deposits  of  dat¬ 
able  periods  is  not  very  extensive,  this  list  can  be  considered  only  as  an  approximation. 
Until  more  material  is  at  hand,  the  “  Primitive  ”  period  must  be  regarded  as  but  scantily 
represented,  the  suspension  vase  (No.  2019)  being  almost  the  only  object  which  could 
not  well  be  put  in  one  of  the  later  periods,  and  even  the  earlier  Mycenaean  period  offers 
nothing  which  could  not  equally  well  be  assigned  to  later  Mycenaean  times. 

Under  “Geometric”  have  been  included  various  things  which  should  perhaps  be 
kept  apart,  i.  e.  small  animals  cast  in  imitation  of  hammered  technique,  and  engraved, 
punched,  and  repousse  linear  designs,  but  as  the  occurrence  of  figures  of  similar  tech¬ 
nique  in  connection  with  engraved  or  linear  ornamentation  imitated  in  cast  work  is  well 
known  in  the  case  of  the  large  tripods,  and  the  distinction  between  punched  and  repousse 
work  is  often  difficult  to  maintain,  especially  in  the  case  of  thin  metal  strips,  it  seems  jus¬ 
tifiable  to  group  objects  of  similar  style  together  without  prejudice  to  the  question  as  to 
the  origin  of  their  respective  techniques.  Where  this  is  done,  however,  it  is  necessary  to 
guard  against  the  danger  of  drawing  conclusions  as  to  development  and  chronology  from 
what  may  very  likely  be  a  fortuitous  association.  Because  a  certain  type  of  figurine  is 
found  in  certain  cases  in  connection  with  engraved  linear  ornament,  it  by  no  means  fol¬ 
lows  that  we  have  the  right  to  put  all  the  bronzes  which  have  linear  ornament  along  with 
them  and  thus  build  up  a  great  class.  So  at  the  Heraeum  the  tripod  legs,  the  animals  of 
style  similar  to  the  figures  which  occur  on  tripods,  and  the  fibulae  with  the  same  style  of 
figures  engraved  on  the  blade  very  probably  belong  together,  but  there  is  no  adequate 
reason  for  placing  the  other  objects,  such  as  pins,  sheathings,  etc.,  which  have  linear 
designs,  in  the  same  category  historically.  Many  of  them  are  probably  much  earlier. 

The  small  number  of  bronzes  of  the  so-called  Dipylon  style  thus  left  indicates  plainly 
enough  the  slight  and  transitory  character  of  the  influence  of  this  style  on  Argive  metal 
work.  Such  specimens  as  Nos.  23  and  49,  which  have  linear  ornaments,  are  under  the 
influence  of  the  geometric  style  only  in  the  wider  sense  referred  to  above.  We  can 
scarcely  speak  of  a  Geometric  or  Dipylon  period  so  far  as  concerns  Argive  bronzes. 

As  has  been  pointed  out  in  the  above-mentioned  abstract,  the  same  is  true  at  Argos  of 
the  so-called  Oriental  style.  Modification  of  design,  as  in  the  case  of  the  griffin,  under 
the  influence  of  the  Orient,  there  may  be,  but  that  here  Argos  herself  bore  a  consider¬ 
able  share  in  the  construction  of  the  new  type  may  be  inferred  from  the  Argive  crater 
mentioned  by  Herodotus  (IV.  152).  The  essential  qualities  of  style  and  technique 
remain  what  they  were  before,  that  is,  Mycenaean. 

The  space  required  for  the  catalogue  renders  it  inexpedient  to  enter  here  into  a  more 
general  discussion  of  the  relations  of  Argive  metal  work  to  that  of  the  other  centres 
of  similar  industry  in  Greece  and  Ionia.  While  this  is  reserved  for  another  occasion, 
there  are  two  points  to  which  attention  should  be  called :  (1)  The  uniform  technical 
excellence  exhibited  by  the  Heraeum  bronzes,  even  the  earliest  of  them  ;  the  inscription 
No.  1826  will  serve  as  an  approximately  datable  example  of  masterly  handicraft. 
(2)  Inasmuch  as  the  bronzes  from  the  Heraeum  exhibit  the  same  qualities  of  design, 
style,  and  technique  as  very  many  others  which  have  been  found  at  Olympia,  Athens, 
Dodona,  and  elsewhere,  it  seems  reasonable  to  consider  the  claims  of  Argos  to  a  large 
share  in  the  manufacture  of  such  pieces  as  paramount,  resting  as  they  do  upon  a  contin¬ 
uous  tradition  from  Mycenaean  times  down  and  upon  the  actual  finds. 


CATALOGUE  OE  BRONZES 


I.  FRAGMENTS  OF  STATUES 


Plate  LXX. 

I.1  Lock  of  hair.  Provenience  unknown. 
Broken  at  top.  Damaged  by  oxidation. 
Straight  except  end,  which  curls  out  and 
slightly  to  right.  Length,  0.154  m.  Width  at 
top,  0.009  m.  Thickness  at  top,  circ.  0.0025 
m. ;  at  bottom,  circ.  0.0015  m.  Height  of  curl, 
0.008  in.  Width  of  curl,  i.  e.  diameter  of  semi¬ 
circle  formed  by  it,  0.018  m.  Engraved  in  par¬ 
allel  lines  to  show  single  hairs.  Eight  grooves 
at  top,  four  at  bottom  of  curl,  where  they  stop 
just  past  the  middle.  Uncertain  whether  en¬ 
graving  was  not  carried  to  end  of  curl,  as  sur¬ 


face  is  damaged  at  that  point.  Sides  engraved 
with  two  grooves  each. 

2.  Lock  of  hair.  Provenience  unknown. 
Broken  at  both  ends.  Length,  0.10  m.  Width 
at  top,  0.008  m. ;  at  bottom,  0.0065  m.  Thick¬ 
ness  at  top,  0.0045  m. :  at  bottom,  0.0025  m.  En¬ 
graved  to  represent  three  strands  of  hair ;  single 
hairs  indicated  within  each  strand  by  finer  lines. 
In  first  strand  on  left,  four  grooves  at  top  and 
three  below ;  in  second,  three  at  top  and  two  at 
bottom ;  three  in  third.  Along  middle  of  each 
side,  a  single  groove.2 3 


II.  STATUETTES  AND  FRAGMENTS  OF  STATUETTES 


Plate  LXXI. 

3.  Horseman.  From  south  slope,  southwest 
corner,  1895.  Surface  thickly  oxidized  and 
damaged.  Legs  broken  below  knees.  Hands 

o  o 

broken,  the  left  at  wrist,  the  right  above. 
Somewhat  overcleaned.  Original  surface  shows 
around  navel  and  fairly  well  beneath  nipples, 
on  upper  back,  on  forehead,  and  on  inner 
right  thigh.  Height  0.1275  m.  Cast  solid. 
Figure  was  rider  as  shown  by  position  of  legs, 
hands  (hole  for  reins),  and  hole  in  bottom  for 
attachment  to  horse.  Depth  of  hole,  0.11  m.  ; 
direction  along  axis  of  body  so  attitude  of  figure 
depended  on  whether  dowel  leaned  back  or  was 

1  Objects  the  catalogue  numbers  of  which  are  printed  in 
heavy-faced  type  are  illustrated  on  the  Plate  cited  above 
them  ;  light-faced  types  in  these  numbers  indicate  that 
the  objects  are  not  illustrated. 

-  Cf.  Olympia,  IV.  Nos.  25,  2G  [pi.  v.],  and  28  [text,  p. 
15],  and  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  No.  G798  (De  Iiidder,  No. 
G24),  from  the  Acropolis. 

3  Gait  of  horse  probably  slow,  if  rider  leaned  back,  as 

examples  of  galloping  or  rearing  horses  the  riders  of 

which  lean  forward  are  numerous  in  archaic  art.  Cf. 

amphora  from  Caere,  Wiener  Vorlegeblatter,  1889,  pi.  x., 

two  amphorae  of  Nicosthenes,  ibid.  1890-91,  pi.  iii.,  cylix 
of  Pamphaeus,  Harrison  and  Maccoll,  pi.  viii .,  and  one  of 
Onesimus,  Ilartwig,  M eistersclialen,  pi.  liii.  An  exception 
on  pithos  in  Vienna,  Masner,  Samml.  antileer  Vasen,  p.  19, 

No.  210.  Upright  rider  with  head  forward  on  slow  horse 


upright.  Latter  unlikely,  as  it  would  have  made 
figure  sit  too  upright.8  Arms  hang  stiffly  ;  upper 
arms  about  in  axis  of  body  ;  forearms  at  nearly 
right  angles  to  upper  arm.4 *  Right  forearm  bent 
unnaturally.  Right  forearm  from  inner  angle 
of  elbow  to  knuckles,  0.031  m. ;  left  forearm, 
0.024  m.  Otherwise  arms  naturally  modeled, 
though  no  details  are  given.  Hands  perforated 
for  round  (wire  ?)  reins.  Thighs  disproportion¬ 
ately  large,  especially  towards  hips.  Knee-caps 
carefully  indicated.  Shoulders  broad  and  square 
compared  with  waist.  Upper  part  of  chest  with 
nipples  very  full  compared  to  parts  beneath.6 *  No 
certain  indications  of  muscles,  only  faint  lines 

on  Corinthian  aryballos,  Lau,  Die  griech.  Vasen,  pi.  iv. 
No.  2. 

4  Bronze  rider  found  between  Sparta  and  Megalopolis, 
now  in  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens  (No.  7549  =  De  Ridder,  Bronzes 
de  la  Soc.  Arch.  No.  860,  pi.  ii. ),  has  about  same  angle  at 
elbow,  but  greater  angle  at  shoulder  :  hence  hands  meet 
lower  down. 

6  Cf.  Holleaux,  B.  C.  H.  XI.  p.  363,  and  examples  of 
extra  Peloponnesian  provenience,  the  marble  statue  in  the 
Brit.  Mus.  ( Catalogue ,  Vol.  I.  p.  84,  No.  205;  cf.  Furt- 
wiingler,  A.  Z.  1882,  pp.  51  ff.  pi.  iv.),  and  the  marble 
horseman  in  the  Acropolis  museum,  No.  590  (Winter, 
Jahrbuch,  VIII.  p.  138,  No.  7 ;  Sophoules,  ’A px- 1887, 

pi.  ii.).  Torso  from  Actium  in  the  Louvre,  Gaz.  Arch.  XI. 
(1886),  pp.  235  ff.  pi.  xxix.  (Collignon). 


STATUETTES 


195 


running  horizontally  across  chest,  distant  from 
pubes  0.031  m.,  0.0165  m.,  0.0145  m.  These 
probably  accidental  and  due  to  oxidation. 
Note  that  two  planes  meet  at  the  nipples. 
Slight  swelling  of  abdomen.  Navel  slightly 
indicated.  Distance  from  pubes  to  plane  of 
nipples,  0.037  m. ;  to  base  of  neck,  0.0565  m. 
Distance  between  nipples,  circ.  0.019  m.  Back 
has  no  details  except  slight  depression  along 
spinal  column.  Angle  of  baek  to  rump  too 
sharp,  thus  making  hips  too  prominent.  Head 
high  and  shallow.  Height  from  chin  to  top, 
0.026  m.  Depth  from  forehead  to  back,  circ. 
0.021  m.  Width  above  ears,  circ.  0.019  m.1  Face 
high  and  well  proportioned.  Contour  vertical. 
Distance  from  tip  of  chin  to  approximate  end  of 
nose,  from  end  of  nose  to  beginning,  from  begin¬ 
ning  to  top  of  forehead,  each  circ.  0.006  m.  Flat 
cheeks  have  high  bones.  Chin  broad  and  flat. 
Mouth  small,  curving  slightly  upward.  Nose 
was  straight.  Eyes  large,  rounded,  set  in  large 
sockets.  Upper  lid  and  eyebrow  of  left  eye  may 
be  traced.  Measurements  by  Kalkmann’s  system 
(in  metres) :  — 


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Ears  about  normal,  but  superficially  treated. 
Project  nearly  at  right  angles.  Upper  edge  of 
lobe  on  line  with  outer  corner  of  eye.  Top  on 
line  with  eyebrows.  Slight  attempt  at  detail. 
Hair  much  injured  on  top.2  Original  treatment 
uncertain.  Bound  by  taenia,  which  is  visible  at 
back  and  up  to  ears,  but  uncertain  whether  it 

1  Note  brachycephalism  (cephalic  index  90  !)  as  com¬ 
pared  with  shape  of  later  Peloponnesian  heads. 

2  Cf.  B.  M.  Cat.  of  Bronzes ,  No.  210,  and  Perrot  and 
Chipiez,  Histoire  de  l’ Art,  I.  ( Egypte ),  p.  6G4,  fig.  452. 

3  End  of  tip  folded  under  in  Nike  of  Archerinus  type, 
Acropolis  Museum,  No.  690,  as  is  shown  by  lines  of  en¬ 
graving.  For  doubtful  cases,  cf.  Francois  vase,  olvox&v  of 
Cholchos  in  Berlin  ( Wiener  Vorlegebl.  1889,  pi.  i.  2  b), 
hydria  of  Timagoras  in  the  Louvre  (ibid.  pi.  v.  4  c),  and 
b.-f.  amphora  (Gerhard,  IV.  pi.  cclxiv.  1). 

4  Thus  differing  from  early  “  Apollo  ”  type  (Orcheme- 


passed  over  top  of  head  or  over  forehead,  and 
was  covered  at  sides  by  overhanging  locks. 
Former  seems  more  probable.  At  back,  hair 
falls  to  shoulders  in  heavy  rounded  mass,  ending 
in  flat  tip.  Originally  engraved  with  fine  lines 
running  toward  tip.  Of  this  only  slight  indica¬ 
tions  remain.  Tip  at  end  shows  tying  of  ends 
of  hair.  No  folding  either  under  or  over.3  No 
trace  of  cord,  but  trace  of  depression  where  it 
passed.  Height  of  tip,  0.007  m. ;  width,  0.008  m. 
Falls  circ.  0.009  m.  below  top  of  shoulder.  Front 
of  hair  formed  by  three  carefully  engraved  curls 
starting  behind  ears  and  falling  backward  in  a 
curve  towards  tip.4  Neck  large  and  thick. 
Height,  0.004  m.  Period  to  be  determined  from 
head,  which  is  more  advanced  than  body.  Later 
than  the  “  Apollo  ”  figures  of  the  first  group 
(Thera,  Orchemenos,  Melos,  etc.),  but  earlier 
than  the  Apollo  of  Canachus  at  Didyma  or  its 
replicas  (Payne-Knight,  Piombino,  Naxos,  etc.). 
Probably  a  little  later,  to  judge  from  hair  and 
arms,  than  the  statue  at  Delphi  by  Polymedes 
(Homolle,  B.  C.  H.  XXIV.  [1900],  pp.  445  ft.). 
The  bronze  reliefs,  Olympia ,  Nos.  707  (pi. 
xxxix.),  707  a,  are  not  closely  similar  in  style. 
Plate  LXX. 

4.  Bearded  standing  male  figure.  Proveni¬ 
ence  unknown.  Height,  0.0605  m.  Cast  solid. 
Surface  suffered  from  oxidation.  Arms  hang- 
stiff,  with  hands  open  and  flat,  with  extended 
fingers  attached  to  thighs.  Arms  small,  with  no 
modeling.  Left  thumb  seems  to  show  a  nail. 
Length  of  arms,  including  fingers,  right,  0.0235 
m.  i,  left,  0.024  m.  Arms  separated  from  body 
by  relatively  large  opening  which  is  cut  higher 
on  right  side.  Legs  and  feet  fastened  together, 
even  to  tips  of  toes.  Toes  partially  indicated  on 
left  foot.  Contour  of  legs  fairly  good.  Length 
of  feet,  left,  0.008  m. ;  right,  0.007  m.  Broad 
square  shoulders.  Body  and  waist  not  exces¬ 
sively  thin.  No  indication  of  belly,  navel,  or 
nipples,  but  chest  slightly  fuller  than  abdomen. 
Circumference  at  shoulders,  0.047  m. ;  at  waist, 

nos,  Thera,  Melos,  etc.)  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other 
from  types  represented  by  statuettes  from  Naxos  (Frankel, 
A.  Z.  1879,  p.  84,  pi.  7)  and  from  Ptoon  (Holleaux,  B.  C. 
H.  X.  p.  190,  pi.  9).  An  intermediate  or  combination  type 
also  from  Ptoon  (Kabbadias,  KardA 070s  tu>v  TXvktuv,  No. 
16,  Holleaux,  B.  C.  H.  X.  pp.  73  ff.,  pi.  7),  with  one  curl 
over  breast  and  two  over  shoulder  behind.  See  in  general, 
Conze,  Nuove  Mem.  dell ’  Inst.  pp.  408  ff.,  Waldstein,  J .  H. 
S.  I.  pp.  168  ff.,  Sehreiber,  Ath.  Mitth.  VIII.  pp.  246  ff., 
IX.  pp.  232  ff.,  Studniczka,  Jahrbuch,  XI.  (1896),  pp. 
289  ff. 


196 


THE  BRONZES 


0.03  m.  Back  sliort.  Rump  high  and  promi¬ 
nent,  parted  by  groove,  which  continues  straight 
down  to  bottom  of  feet.  Head  high  and  wide, 
but  shallow.  Height,  0.0145  m.  Width  above 
ears,  0.0125  m.  Depth  from  bridge  of  nose  to 
back,  0.011  m.  Face  retreats  sharply  from  tip 
of  nose  to  top  of  forehead.  Top  of  forehead 
seems  to  form  ridge  running  nearly  from  ear  to 
ear.  It  may  be  a  diadem,  but  probably  not. 
Nose  short  and  prominent.  Eyes  large,  in  large 
sockets.  Left  more  rounded  than  right.  Mouth 
short  (0.0035  m.)  and  wide.  Under  lip  flattened, 
with  groove  near  the  top,  thus  making  mouth 
seem  wide  open.  Chin  long.  Beard  mainly  de¬ 
stroyed,  showing  chiefly  in  sharpness  of  angle 
along  line  of  jaws.  Ears  large  and  prominent, 
set  high.  Slight  attempt  at  modeling  interior 
of  ear,  noticeable  especially  in  right.  Top  of 
forehead  to  bridge  of  nose,  0.0075  m.  Tip  of 
nose  to  mouth,  0.002  m. ;  to  chin,  0.0065  m. 
Bridge  of  nose  to  ears,  0.008  m.  No  indication 
of  particular  dressing  of  hair. 

5.  Upper  part  of  female  figure.  From  south 
slope.  Height,  0.094  m.  Cast  solid.  Figure 
broken  at  navel.  Arms  also  broken.  Front  of 
hair  damaged  on  the  right  side,  between  centre 
and  right  rosettes,  and  the  right  rosette  (not  ear¬ 
ring)  is  destroyed.  Headdress  broken,  so  that 
original  form  is  uncertain.  On  right  side,  lower 
right  volute  was  apparently  attached  to  the  lotus- 
blossom  above  by  transverse  piece,  of  which  only 
stub  remains.  On  lotus-blossom  just  above  lower 
right  corner  is  seen  place  where  something  was 
attached.  Centre  of  this  place,  0.00125  m.  from 
upper  right  side  of  flower.  On  left  side,  left 
volute  gone.  On  left  side  of  lotus,  0.012  m. 
from  top  of  left  side  is  similar  attachment  place 
to  that  on  right  side.  Top  of  headdress  slightly 
irregular  but  does  not  appear  to  be  broken,  as 
lines  of  engraving  of  the  back  piece  continue 
over  top.  Surface  of  bronze  well  preserved  ex¬ 
cept  for  abrasions.  Figure  was  probably  stand¬ 
ing.  Left  hand  probably  held  object.  Action 
of  right  arm  uncertain,  but  probably  held  some¬ 


thing1  stretched  out  from  elbow.  Action  of  lower 
part  of  figure  uncertain  but  seems  probable  that 
it  was  a  free-standing  statuette,  though  it  may 
have  stood  on  a  base.  Figure  entirely  nude,2 
as  shown  by  indication  of  navel.3  Style  of  fig¬ 
ure  archaic  of  advanced  type,  marked  by  ease 
and  sureness  of  technique.  Breasts,  slight  and 
angular,  ending  in  blunt  and  rounded  points. 
No  indication  of  nipples.  Body  modeled  in  two 
planes ;  the  upper  from  neck  to  nipples,  lower 
continuing  thence  straight  downward.  Between 
breasts  and  navel  two  broad  shallow  furrows, 
connected  by  similar  perpendicular  furrow.4 
Back  without  details.  In  general,  body  of  this 
figure  shows  artist’s  effort  to  escape  from  uni¬ 
formity  and  sexlessness  of  the  nude  type.  Con¬ 
siderable  skill,  relatively,  is  shown  in  modeling 
of  arms.  Position  of  right  arm  together  with 
muscle  shows  that  it  did  not  hang  loosely,  but 
was  probably  extended  at  elbow.  Neck  full  and 
rather  long.  Length,  0.007  m.  Sharply  dif¬ 
ferentiated  from  the  body.  On  chest  just  be¬ 
low  neck  is  necklace  in  zigzag  pattern.5  Head 
high  and  somewhat  shallow.  Height  from  chin 
to  top  of  headdress  in  front,  0.021  m.  Depth 
from  bridge  of  nose  to  back,  circ.  0.0175  m. 
Forehead  appears  low  because  of  headdress,  but 
quite  full  over  eyes.  Eyes  large,  set  in  plainly 
defined  sockets.  Ball  of  eye  full.  Upper  and 
lower  lids  shown.  No  prolongation  of  upper  lid 
over  lower  at  outer  corner.  Indication  of  eye¬ 
brows  uncertain.  Nose  straight  and  regular. 
Mouth  short  (0.0035  in.).  Lips  prominent,  rather 
thick.6  Chin  pointed  and  prominent.  Cheek¬ 
bones  high.  Cheeks  well  modeled.  Kalkmann’s 
measurements :  — 


0.000 

0.007 

0.016 


0  "2 
£  V 

.  S 

OS  ’3 

■  g  5 

a5©rt 

U  -f* 

05  | 

1  <L 

15  7  f_ 

rt  d 

W  0 

,«K  0 

*  s 

S  *  t-3 

0.012 

0.006 

0.006 

0.006 

0.004 

0.010 

0.003 

0.006 

— 

— 

0.007 

0.004 

0.016 

0.016 

0.016 

0.016 

1  Perhaps  flower,  as  in  bronze  statuette  in  Tran  collec¬ 
tion  (Gurlitt,  Arch.-Epig.  Mittlieil.  aus  Oesterreich,  II.  pp. 
150  ff.,  pi.  viii.). 

2  For  other  examples  of  mule  female  type,  ef.  Kiirte, 
A  rcluiolog.  Stud.  II.  Brunn  dargeb.  pp.  10  ff.,  De  Ridder, 

’Apx  1805,  coll.  171,  n.  4.  Also  Marx,  Aiken.  Milth. 
X.  ]>]>.  177  ff.,  pi.  vi. 

3  Aia^w/ua,  as  in  mirror-handle,  ’A px-  1805,  pi.  vii. 

(Re  Ridder),  not  excluded. 

4  Cf.  Naxos  statuette,  Arch.  Zeit.  XXXVII.  (1870),  pi. 


vii.  (Friinkel),and  horseman  from  Peloponnese,De  Ridder, 
Bronzes  de  la  Soc.  Arch.  No.  860,  pi.  ii. 

6  Cf.  Perrot  and  Chipiez,  Histoire  de  I’Art,  I.  (Egypte), 
p.  762,  fig.  511;  III.  ( Cypre ),  p.  531,  fig.  358.  Design 
occurs  also  on  several  terra-cottas  from  the  Heraeum. 

6  Cf.  archaic  female  terra-cotta  head  in  Acropolis 
Museum  (A Idovcra.  E 15w\lcov,  case  7? ) ,  bronze  statuette  in 
National  Museum  at  Athens  (No.  6576),  and  terra-cotta 
mask  from  Tanagra  in  same  museum  (No.  4143). 


ANIMALS:  HORSES 


197 


Ears  slightly  indicated  under  headdress.  Ro¬ 
settes  projecting  from  headdress  opposite  angle 
of  jaw,  undoubtedly  earrings.  If  lobe  of  ear 
is  considered  as  coming  as  far  down  as  these 
rosettes,  the  ears  would  be  placed  remarkably 
correctly  for  an  archaic  work.  Head  on  top  and 
behind  covered  with  sort  of  wig  of  nearly  uni¬ 
form  thickness.  This  wig  lies  low  on  forehead. 
From  temples  it  slopes  off  to  the  ears,  beneath 
which  it  swells  forward  to  about  middle  of  side 
of  neck.  Hair  falls  down  at  back  to  a  blunt  point. 
No  indication  of  tying  at  tip  or  of  folding  under. 
From  top  of  shoulders,  two  flat  curls,  hanging- 
downward  on  either  side  of  the  breast.  Head¬ 
dress  ornamented  with  rosettes  1  above  the  tem¬ 
ples  and  the  centre  of  forehead.  They  consist 
of  slightly  concave  disks,  with  tiny  knob  in  centre. 
From  this  centre  engraved  lines  radiate  to  outer 
edge.  Hair  and  curls  ornamented  with  short, 
oblong  punch-marks,  except  on  left  side  of  head. 
For  front  hair  (forehead,  neck,  and  curls)  a 
smaller  punch  seems  to  have  been  used.  Above 
headdress  is  ornament  of  lotus  flower  and  bud, 
rising  from  volutes.2  Height,  0.0305  m. 

Of  these  volutes,  three  remain,  of  which  the 
two  larger  are  placed  back  to  back.  The  other 
at  the  right  curls  under  end  of  bar  which  con¬ 
nects  the  former.  Whether  there  was  another 
volute  is  uncertain.  These  volutes  ornamented 
with  irregular  engraving.  The  larger  volutes 
were  meant  to  be  connected  by  oblong  ornament 
across  their  face.  This  ornament  consists  of  a 
zigzag  inclosed  by  a  rectangle,  and  seems  to 
have  been  stamped  with  a  concave  punch.  The 


lotus  ornament  rises  above  central  volutes  and 
consists  of  bud,  sides  of  flower  and  palmette- 
shaped  back  of  same.  Bud  ornamented  by  fine 
line  running  near  edge,  all  around  from  top  of 
stalk,  and  by  slight  punch-marks  struck  between 
the  lines.  Back  of  ornament  is  entirely  plain, 
and  rests  against  nail-like  support  3  growing  out 
of  top  of  head,  with  which  it  is  cast  in  one  piece. 
Lotus  and  volute  seem  cast  separately  and  welded 
on  to  head.4 

Probably  to  be  understood  as  Aphrodite  with 
Orientalizing  headdress.  Cf.  De  Bidder, 
Bronzes  de  V Acropole,  Nos.  806,  820,  799  ff., 
and  Petersen,  Athen.  Mitth.  XI.  p.  375.  For 
indirect  analogies,  cf.  Astartewith  Hathor  crown, 
Roscher,  Lexilcon  d.  Mythologie ,  I.  coll.  652  f. 
(E.  Meyer),  the  Syrian,  Cypriot,  and  Graeco- 
Roman  combination  Aphrodite-Isis,  ibid.  II.  coll. 
495  (Drexler),  and  the  Hellenistic  identification 
of  Isis  with  Io,  ibid.  coll.  439  f.  Not  to  be  iden¬ 
tified  with  Isis,  because  earlier  than  introduction 
of  her  cult  into  Greece. 

Period  about  that  of  Apollo  of  Canaclios  at 
Didyma. 

6.  Fragment  of  leg.  Provenience  not  known. 
Badly  preserved.  Length,  0.0325  m.  Cast 
solid.  Probably  of  male  figure.  Modeling- 
superficial.  Knee-cap  appears  to  have  been 
especially  indicated.  From  appearance  of  back 
on  the  left  seems  to  be  right  leg. 

7.  Fragment  of  leg.  Length,  0.022  m.  Pro¬ 
venience  unknown.  Solid.  Left  side  slightly 
flatter  than  right.  So  probably  piece  of  left 
leg.  No  details.  Bent  slightly  at  knee. 


III.  ANIMALS 

FREE  AND  ATTACHED  FIGURES 


1.  HORSES. 

GEOMETRIC  STYLE. 

Type  a. 

Plate  LXXII. 

8.  Stallion.  Found  back  of  South  Building'. 

© 

Solid.  Base  broken  off  in  cleaning1.  Tail  gone 

1  Cf.  Cesnola,  Descriptive  Atlas  of  the  Cesnola  Collection, 
II.  pi.  xlviii.,  Perrot  and  Cliipiez,  op.  cit.  III.  ( Cypre ),  p. 
545,  fig.  371,  and  head  from  Cyprus  in  Nat.  Mus.  at 
Athens  (No.  GO). 

2  Cf.  volutes  on  sphinx-heads  on  scrap  of  archaic  bronze 
relief  from  Corinth.  Jahrb.  IX.  Anz.  p.  117,  fig.  10. 

3  Top  of  support  flat,  closed,  and  ornamented  with  zig¬ 

zag  near  edge.  Represents  mouth  of  lecythus.  Cf. 


except  where  attached  to  base.  Hind  legs,  front 
left  leg,  and  nose  close  to  neck  broken.  Other¬ 
wise  fairly  well  preserved.  Original  height, 
0.068  m.  Present  height  with  base,  0.064  m. 
Body  cylindrical  and  rather  long.  Attempt  to 
indicate  shoulders.  Legs  flat,  especially  near 
body,  where  they  are  slightly  hollowed  on  inside. 

Heuzey,  Figurines  de  terre  cuite  du  Louvre,  pi.  xiii.  Nos.  4 
and  6  (Rhodes),  Korte,  Arch.  Zeit.  XXXV.  pp.  116  f., 
pi.  ii.  (Orvieto),  Winter,  Jahrhuch,  XIV.  pp.  73  ff. 

4  Ornament  appears  to  be  translation  of  Osiris  crown 
into  terms  of  lotus.  Thus  the  crown  of  upper  Egypt  is 
represented  by  bud,  plumes  by  sides  of  flower,  ram’s  horns 
by  extended  volutes  at  base,  and  asp  heads  perhaps  by 
last  upper  portions  of  volute. 


198 


THE  BRONZES 


Hocks  and  knees  indicated  by  knobs  or  pro¬ 
tuberances.  Neck  wide  and  flat,  with  curve 
where  inane  should  be.  Bent  slightly  to  right. 
Nose  rectangular,  upper  head  flattened.  Fore¬ 
lock  indicated.  Eyes  and  ears  not  clearly  dis¬ 
tinguishable.  Base 1  ornamented  on  under  side 
with  line  running  entire  length.  On  left  side 
of  line,  tooth-ornament.  On  right  side  a  heavy 
zigzag,  outside  of  which  along  edge  a  narrow 
tooth-ornament  pointed  inward.  Near  front 
right  corner,  small  indentation.  Front  left 
corner  broken  off.  This  animal  is  of  the  severe 
or  angular  geometric  style,  marked  by  long  body 
with  angular  jointing  of  neck  and  legs,  crupper 
rising  very  little  above  back.  Extreme  flatness 
of  neck  also  a  feature  of  this  phase  of  the  style. 

9.  Hind  part  of  horse.  Stallion.  Provenience 
unknown.  Fragment.  Heavily  oxidized. 
Height,  0.032  m.  Solid.  Body  slightly  almond- 
shaped,  being  narrower  at  top.  Legs  flat,  joined 
to  body  angularly.  Parts  between  legs  and 
under  tail  deeply  undercut. 

Type  b. 

10.  Horse  with  base.  Provenience  unknown. 
Neck  and  tail  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.004 
m.  Length  of  base,  0.0355  m.  Width  in  front, 
0.0135  m.  Body  short,  slightly  almond-shaped, 
as  No.  9.  Crupper  high.  Legs  long  and  flat. 
Hips  and  shoulders  not  sharply  set  off,  nor  is 
joining  to  body  angular.  Attempt  to  show  dif¬ 
ference  between  fore  and  hind  quarters  at 
juncture  with  body.  Knees  and  hocks  shown 
by  sudden  decrease  in  thickness  on  outside,  the 
inside  lines  being  straight.  Body  undercut  be¬ 
tween  legs,  especially  at  back.  No  indication  of 
sex.  Feet  not  distinguished.  Neck  flat.  Base 
plain  on  top.  Below  deeply  undercut  so  as  to 
show  zigzag  in  relief,  running  lengthwise,  with 
field  at  either  side  inclosed  on  front  and  sides  by 
rim  or  frame,  which  is  omitted  at  back.  Short¬ 
ness  of  body,  lack  of  angularity  of  joining  of 
legs,  and  treatment  of  back  mark  this  as  milder 
geometric  style.  Antiquity  shown  by  treatment 
of  knees,  hocks,  and  plainness  of  neck. 

11.  Horse  with  base.  Found  southeast  of 
temple,  near  wall,  1893.  Right  hind  leg  broken. 
Solid.  Height,  0.0445  m.  Length,  0.046  m. 
Length  of  base,  0.04  in.  Width,  0.016  m. 
Body  small,  nearly  cylindrical  ;  rather  long. 
Crupper  high,  joining  back  with  natural  curve. 
Neck  joins  body  more  angularly,  but  softened 

1  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  213  a. 

2  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  217  a. 


with  attempt  to  imitate  nature.  Legs  small ; 
shoulders  scarcely  marked,  and  hind  quarters 
very  small.  Knees  indicated  only  by  outward 
bend.  Left  hock  fairly  truthful.  Tail  hangs 
straight  down  and  is  attached  to  base.  No 
indication  of  sex.  Neck  flat,  slightly  curved 
along  the  mane.  Ears  indicated.  Between 
them  ridge  for  forelock.  No  certain  indication 
of  eyes,  but  an  engraved  line  from  right  ear  to 
top  of  nose,  continued  on  other  side  to  mouth. 
Joined  on  right  side  (of  animal)  by  similar  line. 
A  semicircle  engraved  close  to  end  of  nose. 
Top  of  base  plain,  but  bottom  ornamented  with 
zigzag  pattern,  consisting  of  double  row  of  teeth 
running  lengthwise,  one  in  one  direction,  one  in 
the  other.2  Each  pair  has  centre  line  in  com¬ 
mon.  Style  similar  to  No.  10,  but  more  ad¬ 
vanced,  as  shown  by  treatment  of  neck,  where  it 
joins  body,  and  by  joints  of  legs.3 
Type  c. 

12.  Horse  with  base.  Found  east  of  North¬ 
west  Building,  1895.  Legs  broken.  Solid. 
Height,  0.0765  m.  Length,  0.069  m.  Length 
of  base,  0.048  m.  Width  (front),  0.0165  m. 
Width  (back),  0.0185  m.  Body  rather  short, 
slightly  almond-shaped.  Crupper  fairly  high, 
Legs  long.  Shoulders  and  hind  quarters  care¬ 
fully  distinguished  from  body.  Hocks  indicated 
by  slight  projections  with  notch  above.  Tail 
curves  outward  and  is  attached  to  base.  Legs 
undercut  at  body,  more  behind  than  in  front. 
No  mark  of  sex.  Mane  not  indicated,  but  there 
is  high  forelock  and  crest,  which  with  part  be¬ 
neath  was  probably  conceived  to  be  covered 
with  hair.  Crest  undercut  above  nose,  which  is 
nearly  round.  No  mouth  or  eyes  visible.  Lumps 
at  side  of  head  are  ears.  Base  plain  on  to]) ; 
bottom  divided  into  two  rectangular  fields  of 
about  equal  size,  each  surrounded  by  a  rim.  In 
left  field,  under  hind  legs,  lion  in  relief  to  right 
with  tail  over  back.  Above  neck,  indistinct  ob¬ 
ject,  possibly  upper  part  of  a  man.  In  right 
field  a  horse  to  left,  moving.  No  details  given, 
but  head  and  body  long,  neck  short,  tail  hangs 
straight.  Above  horse,  a  lizard  (probably),  to 
light.  In  upper  right  corner  a  serpent  (per¬ 
haps)  rampant.  In  this  base  and  in  that  of  the 
others,  except  No.  15,  technique  is  that  of  carved 
design  (probably  in  wood)  impressed  on  clay 
model.  This  horse  is  a  further  development  of 
type  of  Nos.  8  and  9. 

3  Similar,  but  with  flatter  legs,  Olympia,  No.  200. 


HORSES 


199 


Type  d. 

Plate  LXXIII. 

13.  Horse  with  base.  Provenience  unknown. 
Tail  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.066  rn.  Length  of 
base,  0.0485  m.  Width  (front),  0.024  m.  Width 
(back),  0.026  m.  Body  short.  Slightly  almond- 
shaped.  High  crupper.  Neck  attached  angularly, 
but  not  as  sharply  as  in  No.  12.  Shoulders  not 
sharply  differentiated  from  body.  (Cf.  No.  11.) 
Left  hind  quarter  distinguished  a  little  more 
carefully  than  right.  Knees  shown  by  sudden 
narrowing  in  front,  as  though  part  of  leg  were 
cut  out.  Hocks  given  in  same  way.  No  feet. 
Undercut  between  fore  legs  up  to  line  of  body, 
square  across.  Partially  undercut  at  back, 
especially  between  legs,  which  are  wide  apart, 
and  under  tail.  Uncertain  whether  sex  was  indi¬ 
cated.  Tail  attached  to  end  of  base.  On  right 
side  of  neck  a  little  back  of  centre,  two  concen¬ 
tric  circles.  Between  this  and  head,  traces  of 
double  line  of  dots  across  side  of  neck.  Close 
to  head  similar  line  running  across  neck.  Be¬ 
low  circles  a  line  of  dots  which  does  not  at 
either  end  come  to  edge  of  neck.  Beneath  it, 
three  other  parallel  rows.  In  front,  the  ends 
connected  by  irregular  convex  line  of  dots.  At 
the  back,  first  and  second  lines  are  connected 
square  across.  Connection  between  other  lines 
doubtful.  At  right  of  rings  there  seems  to  be  a 
broad  zigzag  connecting  the  lines  at  top  and  lower 
part  of  neck.  On  left  side  of  neck,  double  row 
of  dots  just  below  ears.  At  bottom  of  neck  an¬ 
other  double  row.  Above  second  row,  a  wavy 
row.  Across  middle  of  neck,  an  indistinct  pat¬ 
tern,  perhaps  a  zigzag,  in  middle  of  which  and 
of  neck,  a  punch-mark,  around  which  a  small 
ring.  Between  right  side  of  this  zigzag  and 
lines  at  top  of  neck  apparently  a  similar  irregu¬ 
lar  zigzag.  No  indication  of  inane.1  Nose  long 
and  cylindrical.  Mouth  indicated.  Right  eye 
shown  by  dot  and  circle.  No  certain  trace 
of  left  eye.  Right  ear  has  engraved  line  down 
centre.  Left  ear  has  two  such  lines.  Crest 
between  ears.  Base  appears  to  have  line  of  dots 
down  both  sides  on  top,  near  edge.  Between 
front  and  back  legs,  cross  of  a  double  line  of  dots. 
At  back,  between  tail  and  left  side,  double  row 
of  dots  about  0.0015  m.  apart.  Bottom  of  base 
divided  by  raised  line  into  two  rectangular  fields, 
surrounded  on  front  and  sides  by  a  double 

1  For  body,  neck,  and  legs,  cf.  Olympia,  No.  200  a. 

2  No  clear  stylistic  parallel  from  Olympia.  The  near¬ 
est,  Olympia,  No.  1G3,  having  flat  neck  and  other  charac- 


raised  frame.  At  back,  single  frame,  from  tail 
to  bottom  ;  none  above.  In  left  field  under  hind 
feet,  horse  standing  to  right  with  neck,  head, 
and  ears  fairly  natural.  Above  horse,  in  field, 
indistinct  animal,  showing  head,  four  legs,  and 
short  tail.  In  right  field,  a  lion  to  left  walking, 
with  tail  curled  over  back  ;  mouth  open.  Eye  re¬ 
presented  by  knob  in  relief.  End  of  tail  bushy. 
This  horse  unites  severe  and  milder  types  (a 
and  b)  before  described.  More  advanced  in 
technique,  but  in  spite  of  certain  softnesses, 
clings  tenaciously  to  style  as  against  nature. 
Type  e.  Early  naturalistic  and  transi¬ 
tional. 

14.  lloi  \se.  Found  under  Cyclopean  wall 
above  the  east  end  of  Stoa,  1893.  Condition 
very  poor.  Base  broken  off  in  cleaning.  Legs 
and  tail  gone.  Solid.  Height  with  base,  0.041 
m.  Length  of  base,  0.044  m.  Width  of  base, 
0.02  m.  Body  long  ;  nearly  cylindrical,  though 
slightly  narrower  in  upper  part.  Crupper  fairly 
high.  Hock  shown  in  left  hind  leg,  marked 
by  bend,  and  clearly  defined  exterior  angle. 
Left  knee  indicated  by  bend  and  slight  swelling. 
Body  roughly  undercut  between  legs.  No  indi¬ 
cation  of  sex  ;  probably  female.  Neck  attached 
to  body  at  obtuse  angle  with  easy  curve ;  about 
cylindrical.  No  mane.  Top  of  head  and  face  a 
triangle.  No  trace  of  eyes,  mouth,  or  ears,  due 
probably  to  bad  preservation.  Base  plain  on 
top.  Bottom  ornamented  with  parallel  rows  of 
arrowheads  in  relief  running  towai'd  back,  the 
whole  inclosed  by  raised  frame  which  forms 
outer  edge  of  base.  This  animal  is  of  geometric 
style,  as  base  and  undercutting  between  legs 
show.  Body,  shoulders,  hips,  and  legs  are  of 
Type  b.  The  neck  is  devoid  of  style  and  con¬ 
vention  and  more  naturalistic.  The  head  ex¬ 
cessively  rude  and  clumsy.  The  piece  is  prob¬ 
ably  as  early  as  Nos.  8  and  9,  and  earlier  than 
Nos.  10  or  11.  In  view  of  the  radical  stylistic 
characteristics  of  even  the  earliest  and  rudest 
geometric  work,  it  is  better  to  regard  it  not  as 
preparatory  to  the  geometric  period  but  as  the 
outgrowth  of  coexistent  naturalistic  tendencies.2 

15.  Horse  with  base.3  Provenience  unknown. 
Preservation  fair.  Solid.  Height,  0.028  m. 
Length,  0.042  m.  Length  of  base,  0.0305  m. 
Width  of  base,  0.015  m.  Body  somewhat  ovoid 
in  profile  :  rather  long.  Slopes  from  neck  to  tail. 

teristics  of  geometric  style  clearly  indicated.  For  style 
of  base,  cf.  Olympia,  No.  217  a. 

2  Base,  Plate  CXXXYII. 


200 


THE  BRONZES 


No  crupper.  Legs  short  and  thick.  No  shoul¬ 
ders,  hips,  knees,  or  hocks.  Tail  descends  in 
curve  to  base.  Body  not  undercut.  Between 
hind  legs  remains  a  wall  of  metal,  though  it  is 
undercut  or  hollowed  out  a  little  in  front  and 
rear.  No  sign  of  sex.  Neck  a  flat  ellipse, 
thinner  at  back  than  in  front,  joined  to  body 
at  obtuse  angle,  with  easy  curve.  Head  rather 
flat.  Mouth  indicated,  but  not  eyes.  Ears 
rudimentary.  No  mane.  Base  of  flatiron  shape, 
plain  on  top.  Bottom  has  one  lengthwise  line 
a  little  to  right  of  centre,  also  some  irregular 
lines  at  front  and  back  and  irregular  diamond 
pattern  at  centre.  Head,  back,  and  body  of 
free  geometric  style.  Neck  shows  naturalistic 
influences.  Base  probably  geometric,  although 
the  rude  engraving  might  belong  to  any  time.1 

16.  Horse  with  base.  From  Northwest  Build¬ 
ing,  1894.  Bits  of  legs  and  tail  broken  off.  Solid. 
Height,  0.03  m.  Length,  0.055  m.  Length  of 
base,  0.032  in.  Width,  0.016  m.  Body  short 
and  cylindrical,  swelling  quickly  into  shoulders 
and  hips.  Crupper  high  and  round.  Shoulders 
and  hips  attached  as  in  Nos.  10  and  11,  but  more 
freely.  Hips  light  as  compared  with  shoulders. 
Knees  shown  by  bend  ;  hocks  indicated  plas¬ 
tically.  Body  not  undercut  in  front,  but  cut 
out  broadly  between  hind  legs.  Sex  not  shown. 
The  animal  is  shown  as  looking  forward  and 
down.  Neck  nearly  cylindrical.  Ears  project 
forward  and  up.  Eyes  formed  by  two  holes 
close  together.  Mouth  open,  and  on  left  side 
are  notches,  probably  to  imitate  teeth.  Notches 
not  so  plain  on  right.  Upper  side  of  base  plain. 
Bottom  ornamented  with  transverse  zigzags 
arranged  to  make  double  line  of  arrowheads. 

o 

No  border.  Base  is  geometric ;  body  and  legs 
also  of  less  severe  type  (b).  Neck  and  head 
naturalistic.2 
Plate  LXXIV. 

17.  Horse  with  base  detached.  Found  below 
east  end  of  Cyclopean  wall,  1893.  Legs  and 
tail  broken,  stubs  remaining  on  base.  Badly  pre¬ 
served.  Solid.  Height,  with  base,  0.068  m. 
Length  of  base,  0.0515  m.  Body  cylindrical, 
but  short.  Crupper  fairly  high.  Neck  attached 
angularly.  Fore  quarters  heavy,  showing  con¬ 
siderable  attempt  to  imitate  nature.  Hind 
quarters  lighter.  Hocks  carefully  modeled. 
Body  not  undercut  in  front,  and  but  slightly 

1  Cf.  animals  of  so-called  terra-cotta  style  ;  Olympia, 
Nos.  128,  130,  135,  etc. 

2  Style  not  paralleled  at  Olympia,  but  cf.  with  Olympia, 


between  hind  legs.  Sex  not  indicated.  Neck 
flat,  but  not  thin  ;  only  slightly  curved.  Mane 
not  indicated.  Head  short.  Eyes  shown  by 
two  holes3  bored  from  sides.  Beneath  ej^es 
and  running  back  are  the  ears.  Upper  side  of 
base  has  row  of  dots  at  back  near  edge,  and 
apparently  a  double  row  on  right  side.  Bottom 
divided  by  line  made  by  cutting  either  side  of 
it  into  lengthwise  fields,  each  of  which  is  en¬ 
graved  with  two  parallel  zigzag  lines.  These 
lines  produce  effects  of  zigzag  in  relief,  with  line 
of  tooth-ornament  also  in  relief  at  either  side. 
In  this  figure  the  freer  and  more  natural  shape 
of  body  and  shoulders,  lack  of  undercutting, 
and  greater  thickness  of  neck  are  marks  of 
emancipation  from  the  geometric  style,  which, 
however,  is  still  shown  in  the  base,  and  in  the 
flatness  of  neck. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

Plate  LXXIV. 

18.  Horse  (uncertain  whether  originally  with 
base).  Provenience  unknown.  Ears,  legs,  and 
tail  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.057  m.  Length, 
0.08  m.  Body  full,  tends  to  cylindrical  form. 
Back  terminates  in  ridge  from  tip  to  tail.  Body 
long,  crupper  slight.  Shoulders  slight,  but  full 
in  front.  Hips  carefully  marked.  Hock  indi¬ 
cated.  Cut  roughly  between  hind  legs,  but  not 
undercut.  No  mark  of  sex.  On  middle  of 
back  two  short  cuts,  and  three  at  base  of  neck, 
which  is  short  and  thick.  Neck  thicker  behind 
than  in  geometric  types,  and  has  sort  of  dewlap 
in  front.  Head  short  and  thick.  Eye  indi¬ 
cated  by  circle.  Forehead  between  eyes  high, 
and  marked  by  arrowhead  over  nose.  This 
animal  shows  no  true  geometric  influence,  but 
imitates  nature  in  manner  of  early  archaic 
period,  scarcely  any  detail  being  correct. 

2.  DEER. 

GEOMETRIC  STYLE. 

Type  a.  Rigid. 

Plate  LXXIII. 

19.  Deer  with  antlers,  on  base.  From  north¬ 
west  corner  of  West  Building,  1894.  Fair  pre¬ 
servation.  Solid.  Height,  0.0525  m.  Length, 
0.037  m.  Length  of  base,  0.021  m.  Width  of 
base,  0.0135  in.  Body  short  and  rather  flat. 

Nos.  181  ff.,  regarded  by  Furtwangler  as  geometric  of 
exceptional  naturalism.  For  base,  cf.  Olympia,  No.  217  a. 

3  Now  appear  as  groove,  owing  to  bad  preservation. 


DEER,  SHEEP,  CATTLE 


201 


Slight  rise  over  hips.  Legs  flat,  and  slightly 
wider  at  top  to  indicate  shoulders  and  hips. 
Knees  and  hocks  unindicated.  Legs  under¬ 
cut,  but  not  deeply.  No  mark  of  sex.  Ears 
and  mouth  not  shown.  Uncertain  whether 
eyes  were  represented.  Horns  rise  in  upright 
branches,  each  having  short  projecting  prong 
near  top  and  longer  prong  at  bottom.  Rec¬ 
tangular  base,  worked  to  represent  frame,  in¬ 
closing  zigzag  shaped  like  a  three-stroke  sigma. 
Body,  neck,  and  legs  indicate  geometric  style 
of  severer  type. 

Type  b.  Less  rigid. 

20.  Deer  with  base.  From  northwest  side  of 
Upper  Terrace,  1891.  Fair  preservation.  Solid. 
Height,  0.041  m.  Length,  0.045  m.  Length  of 
base,  0.029  m.  Width  of  base  (front),  0.0165  m. 
Width  of  base  (back),  0.018  m.  Body  nearly 
cylindrical  at  shoulder.  Slopes  toward  crupper 
like  a  cone.  Crupper  high  and  pointed.  Upper 
front  legs  heavy.  Hips  not  shown.  No  under¬ 
cutting,  but  legs  well  separated.  No  mark  of 
sex.  Neck  (almost  cylindrical)  rises  nearly 
straight,  but  increases  slightly  toward  head  and 
body.  Head  broad  and  flat.  No  ears  or  mouth. 
Uncertain  whether  eyes  were  indicated.  Right 
horn  projects  up  and  back.  Left  horn  broken. 
Top  of  base  has  zigzag  across  ends  and  diagonal 
cross  from  leg  to  leg.  Bottom  has  rudely  cut 
intaglio  figure  of  uncertain  significance,  around 
which  is  a  zigzag.  Neck,  body,  and  hind  legs 
mark  less  rigid  type. 

EARLY  NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

Plate  LXXIV. 

21.  Deer  (uncertain  whether  with  base). 
Found  1891.  Condition  poor.  Solid.  Height, 
0.096  in.  Length,  0.1185  in.  Body  long  and 
nearly  cylindrical,  swelling  and  rising  slightly 
towards  crupper,  which  is  long  and  high.  Hind 
legs  are  naturally  attached.  Hock  shown  by 
swelling  and  bend  of  leg.  Front  legs  drawn 
up  for  a  spring.  Manner  of  drawing  up  and 
attachment  of  front  legs  stiff  and  awkward. 
Back  of  front  legs  are  deep  holes.  Neck  round¬ 
ish.  Head  roughly  triangular.  Ear  projects 
straight  out,  and  slightly  downward  and  for¬ 

1  In  Brit.  Mus.,  First  Vase-room,  Case  E,  is  a  bronze 
statuette  of  goat  from  Camirus,  similar  to  above  speci¬ 
men,  but  with  geometric  elements  slightly  more  marked. 

2  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  214. 

3  Cf.  cow  in  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  No.  7392.  Head 

shows  similar  eyes  and  rosette,  but  simpler.  Bursian  and 


ward.  Eyes  set  slanting,  nearly  in  line  with 
axis  of  head,  and  somewhat  protuberant.  Mouth 
probably  indicated.  This  animal  falls  not  far 
from  end  of  geometric  period,  of  which  holes 
between  legs  and  distance  between  hind  legs 
are  a  reminder.  Eyes  probably  also  in  that 
style.  Remainder  of  figure  naturalistic,  but  there 
is  a  slight  stiffness  throughout,  marking  the  re¬ 
cent  emancipation  from  geometric  forms.1 

3.  SHEEP. 

EARLY  NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

22.  Ram  (probably)  with  base.  From  North¬ 
west  Building,  1894.  Preservation  fair.  Solid. 
Height,  0.014  m.  Length,  0.0235  m.  Length 
of  base,  0.0145  m.  Width  of  base,  0.0075  m. 
Body  short  and  rounded,  but  higher  than  wide, 
rather  flat  on  bottom.  Legs  short,  thick,  and 
without  joints.  No  shoulders,  but  clumsy  trace 
of  hips.  Crupper  fairly  high.  Neck  short  and 
thick ;  hole  through  base.  No  certain  indica¬ 
tion  of  mouth  or  eyes.  Not  undercut  between 
legs.  Hind  legs  not  completely  separated.  Base 
plain  on  top.  Below,  divided  by  two  engraved 
lines  running  lengthwise.  Contemporary  with 
geometric  work,  which  is  shown  by  rudeness  of 
base,  but  rather  naturalistic  in  style.2 

4.  CATTLE. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

Type  a.  Geometric  influence. 

Plate  LXXV. 

23.  Head  of  cow.3  Attached  figure.  From 
northwest  of  West  Building,  1894.  Condition 
good  (except  for  loss  of  left  ear).  Head  solid; 
neck  hollow.  Length  of  top  from  rim  to  fore¬ 
head,  0.0435  m.  Length  of  bottom  from  rim  to 
nose,  0.0435  m.  Attached  to  slightly  convex 
surface  by  thin  rim  at  base.  Neck  of  natural 
shape,  lower  side  representing  folds  of  dewlap. 
Above,  neck  distinguished  from  head  by  line 
drawn  back  of  horns,  which  line  forms  base  of 
triangle,  apex  being  0.005  m.  from  rim.  Within 
triangle  are  eight  lines  drawn  from  base  toward 
apex.  Cheeks  ornamented  with  engraved  line,4 

Rangabe  found  “  una  piccola  testa  di  bue  veduta  dalla 
parte  d’  innanzi  che  sembra  esser  stata  affissa  a  qualche 
parete  a  guisa  d’anatema.”  Bull.  d.  Inst.  1854,  p.  xvi. 

4  Here  and  elsewhere  in  this  object  probably  executed 
in  the  model  rather  than  in  the  cast  bronze. 


202 


THE  BRONZES 


close  to  edge  around  curve,  and  by  seven  lines 
drawn  from  it  diagonally  downward.  Ear  simi¬ 
lar  to  No.  21,  but  hollowed  out  more  on  under 
side.  Horns  0.064  m.  between  tips.  Engraved 
lines  on  front  of  forehead  continued  over  top  to 
line  behind  ears.  Eyes  set  almost  vertically. 
Consist  of  nearly  round  ball  with  oblong  lids 
meeting  in  acute  angles.  Between  eyes  rosette 
and  half -diamond.1  From  lower  corners  of  eyes 
three  parallel  lines  run  toward  end  of  nose. 
Mouth  shown  by  engraved  line.  Nostrils  shown 
by  curved  lines  at  outer  corners  of  upper  jaw 
and  by  slight  swelling.  End  of  nose  covered 
with  irregular  punch-marks.  On  sides  of  nose 
one  row  of  marks  to  show  nasal  swelling  and 
lower  jaw.  Length  of  face,  0.05  m.  Geometric 
influence  seen  in  angular  lines  of  head,  eyes, 
and  ornamentation.  Modeling  and  style  natu¬ 
ralistic. 

Type  b.  Geometric  and  Oriental  influence. 

24.  Bull.  From  Northwest  Building,  1894. 
Legs  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.033  m.  Length, 
0.0685  m.  Body  modeled  with  skill  and  fidelity 
to  nature.  Knees  and  hocks  indicated.  Shoul¬ 
ders  indicated  by  bands  running  toward  middle 
of  back.  Hips  more  successful,  though  too 
prominent.  Left  fore  leg  ends  in  swelling,  which 
was  probably  attached  to  base.  Hind  legs  per¬ 
forated  lengthwise,  just  back  of  and  above  hock. 
In  left  leg  the  pin  remains  by  which  leg  was 
fastened  to  base  or  other  object.  Tail  bent  un¬ 
der.  Dewlap  carefully  modeled.  Head  distin¬ 
guished  from  neck  on  top  by  ridge  of  horns. 
Horns  0.021  m.  between  tips.  Between  them,  in 
front,  engraved  2  lines.  Eyes  vertical,  made  by 
punched  ring.  No  ears.  Nose  and  mouth  care¬ 
fully  modeled.  Above  end  of  nose,  two  engraved 
lines  cross  face.  Nostrils  shown  by  swelling  and 
on  end  of  nose  by  slight  oblong  holes.  The  eyes 
and  engraving  are  geometric.  Term  Oriental  is 
here  used  for  a  certain  softness  of  modeling 
found  in  figures  of  animals,  especially  lions  (cf. 
Nos.  29,  720,  946),  which  belong  to  species 
which  began  to  be  employed  after  Oriental  de¬ 
signs  had  been  introduced.  Neither  technique 
nor  subject  is  due  to  that  influence.3 

Type  c.  Oriental  influence  (to  be  under¬ 
stood  as  above). 

25.  Head  of  ox  or  cow.  Attached  figure.4 
From  south  slope,  southwest  corner,  1895.  Pre- 

1  Mr.  I),  G.  Hogarth  suggests  that  the  engraving 
represents  ornamental  fillets  and  frontlet  for  sacrifice. 

2  As  No.  23  (p.  201,  note  4). 


servation  fair.  Solid.  From  behind  seems  to 
be  cast  in  two  pieces,  but  welding  so  skillful  that 
this  does  not  show  in  front.  Length,  0.052  m. 
Width,  0.088  m.  Height,  0.0525  m.  Horns 
between  tips,  0.043  m.  Attached  to  convex  sur¬ 
face  by  triangular  plate.  Holes  for  fastening 
at  corners.  Around  the  edges  is  lead.  Short 
neck,  nearly  round,  but  broader  in  upper  part. 
No  dewlap.  Head  not  distinguished  from  neck, 
except  by  bonis  and  nose.  From  top  of  fore¬ 
head,  between  horns,  hangs  sort  of  forelock : 
height,  0.014  m.  ;  width,  0.0175  m.  Horns  curl 
forward  and  slightly  upward.  Eyes  very  con¬ 
ventional,  indicated  merely  by  slightly  oblong 
swellings.  No  mouth  or  nostrils.  No  trace  of 
geometric  influence.  Naturalistic  style,  but  con¬ 
ventionalized  for  decorative  purposes. 

Type  d.  Naturalistic. 

26.  Cow,  uncertain  whether  originally  with 
base.  Found  1892.  Preservation  poor.  Solid. 
Height,  0.074  m.  Length,  0.113  m.  The  animal 
was  shown  as  walking.  Body,  legs,  hips,  and 
shoulders  rendered  with  skill  and  fidelity  to  na¬ 
ture.  Knees  shown  by  carefully  modeled  swell¬ 
ing.  Hocks  by  modeling.  Neck  slightly  convex 
on  top,  full  and  deep,  with  carefully  modeled 
dewlap.  Horns  short,  curved  out  and  up.  Ridge 
between  horns  engraved  in  front  and  on  top  with 
fine  wavy  lines.  Eyes  made  with  simple  punched 
circle.  Over  the  eyes  are  swellings  of  frontal 
bone,  each  with  two  engraved  lines  in  plane  of 
face.  Between  these,  rosette  of  fine  lines  radiat¬ 
ing  irregularly.  Nostrils  indicated  by  two  slits. 
Mouth  closed.  This  cow  shows  entire  freedom 
from  conventionality  or  stylistic  influence  and  is 
based  simply  upon  study  of  nature.  It  is  some¬ 
what  plainer  than  No.  27,  especially  in  treatment 
of  neck,  and  does  not  show  quite  the  same  sure¬ 
ness  of  technique. 

27.  Cow,  without  base.  From  south  slope, 
1895.  Condition  poor.  Legs,  tail,  ears,  and 
horns  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.111  m.  Length, 
0.217  m.  Body  somewhat  long,  but  modeled 
after  nature  with  care  and  skill,  as  seen  in  treat¬ 
ment  of  shoulder-blades,  hips,  and  flanks.  Knees 
indicated  by  swelling;  hock  by  careful  model¬ 
ing.  The  tail  broader  at  top  than  bottom. 
Upper  part  perhaps  engraved.  Bag  large.  Neck 
high  and  narrow.  Dewlap  carefully  rendered, 
with  clearly  marked  folds,  reaching  on  right  to 

3  For  a  somewhat  different  view,  see  Bather,  J.  H.  S. 
XIII.  (1892-3),  p.  232. 

4  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  877. 


LIONS,  RODENT,  FROG 


203 


line  between  ear  and  mouth.  On  back  of  neck, 
irregular  marks  and  indentations,  possibly  of  an 
inscription.  Between  horns  in  front  and  on  top 
of  head,  engraving  to  represent  hair.  Transi¬ 
tion  from  ridge  of  horns  to  face  better  than  in 
No.  26.  The  ears  were  correctly  placed.  Eyes 
consist  of  two  curves,  the  upper  larger,  its  arc 
passing  that  of  the  lower  at  lower  corner  of  eye. 
Ball  of  eye  rounded.  Length  of  eye,  0.000  m. 
Width,  0.005  m.  In  front  of  eyes,  prominent 
folds  of  skin,  marked  also  by  two  engraved  lines. 
Between  eyes,  rosette  of  convex-concave  lines 
radiating  from  centre.  Nostrils  and  upper  lip 
indicated  and  with  great  care.  Mouth  closed 
and  indicated  by  line  on  back  side  of  face  as  in 
No.  26.  Distinction  between  head  and  neck  along 
angle  of  jaw  modeled  without  any  harshness. 
Mistakes  shown  in  this  part  of  No.  26  avoided. 
Animal  was  represented  moving,  probably  walk¬ 
ing.  Of  early  part  of  classical  period. 

28.  Foot  of  ox  or  cow.  From  south  slope. 
Badly  oxidized.  Solid.  Length,  0.047  m.  Hoof 
broad  and  flat.  Probably  cloven,  though  slightly. 
Above  hoof,  concave  band,  running  all  round. 
Above  this,  raised  ring  around  three  sides,  ter¬ 
minating  in  low  protuberances,  higher  up  on  one 
side  of  leg  than  on  the  other.  Probably  left  leg. 
Lower  part  at  very  low  angle,  suggesting  rearing 
animal  or  animal  crushed.  Work  of  good  pe¬ 
riod. 

5.  LIONS. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

Type  a.  Oriental  influence. 

Plate  LXXVI. 

29.  Lion  on  base,  to  which  is  attached  long 
iron  bar.  Provenience  unknown.  Condition  fair. 
Cast  hollow  and  bar  inserted.  Height,  0.186  m. 
Length  of  bar,  0.134  m.  Length  of  figure, 
0.035  m.  Width  of  bar  at  top,  0.0165  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0075  m.  Lion  seated  upright,  tail  over 
back.  Body  simple  but  correct.  Hips  prominent. 
Paws  heavy  and  toes  marked.  Tail  indicated  by 
ridge  along  back.  Breast  and  neck  marked  off 
by  heavy  modeling  of  neck  along  line  drawn  from 
front  legs  over  shoulders  to  tip  of  tail.  No  mane. 
From  ears  to  lower  edge  of  lower  jaw  is  a  raised 
ring  ;  this  is  flattened  below  ears  and  heaviest 
back  of  mouth.  Ears  slightly  indicated.  Nose 
and  eyes  marked  off  from  top  of  head  by  raised 
modeling  of  latter  between  ears.  Eyes  set  at 
upper  back  side  of  large  sockets,  which  are  wide 

1  For  another  example  of  this  type,  cf.  fibula,  No.  946. 


and  deep  in  front  of  eyeball.  Nose  short  and 
thick ;  no  nostrils.  Mouth  open,  showing  four 
teeth  at  corners.  Front  and  hind  legs  connected 
by  flat  base  that  hides  the  insertion  of  bar.  Up¬ 
per  part  of  base  projects  over  lower,  forming  sort 
of  cornice.  The  iron  bar  much  corroded,  and 
shape  thereby  altered.  It  seems  to  have  been 
inserted  into  some  wooden  object,  such  as  staff 
or  sceptre.  Style  in  general  true  to  nature  but 
somewhat  conventionalized  for  decorative  pur¬ 
poses.  Modeling  soft ;  all  sharp  outlines  avoided.1 
Type  b.  Purely  naturalistic  conventional¬ 
ized  for  decorative  purposes. 

Pin-head,  No.  720,  and  attached  figure,  No. 
2204. 

6.  RODENT. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE  —  DECORATIVE. 

30.  Mouse  on  human  right  forearm  attached 
to  iron  rod.  From  West  Building.  Condition 
fair.  Arm  cast  hollow  for  insertion  of  rod. 
Entire  length,  0.114  m.  Length  of  mouse, 
0.034  m.  Height  of  mouse,  0.021  m.  Mouse 
crouches  on  upper  side  of  arm,  tail  extended 
toward  hand.  Body  full  and  rounded.  Hind¬ 
quarters  shown  with  low  modeling.  Shoulders 
scarcely  indicated,  toes  not  at  all.  Head  sepa¬ 
rated  from  body  by  low  groove.  Cheeks  full. 
Ears  drawn  back  over  groove  in  neck  shown  in 
low  relief,  slightly  undercut.  Eyes  round, 
slightly  raised.  Mouth  indicated.  Arm  and 
hand  less  carefully  done ;  wrist  poor.  At  junc¬ 
tion  with  rod  a  raised  ring  circ.  0.004  m.  broad, 
rudely  done.  Hand  closed.  Fingers  poor,  and 
no  nails.  Through  hand  passes  round  hole  in 
which  was  once  some  object  held  by  the  hand. 
Shape  of  iron  rod  uncertain,  but  probabty  rec¬ 
tangular. 

7.  FROG. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE  —  DECORATIVE. 

31.  Provenience  unknown.  Condition  poor. 
Feet  broken  and  surface  abraded.  Solid. 
Length,  0.046  m.  Length  of  tail,  0.009  m.  Fig¬ 
ure  worked  only  on  back  and  sides,  flat  below. 
Body  tapers  slightly  to  waist,  between  which 
and  lower  hind  legs  two  wrinkles  on  each  side. 
These  form  the  hips.  No  details  except  en¬ 
graved2  lines  diagonally  over  ends  of  legs,  per¬ 
haps  to  indicate  toes.  Head  flattened  from  back 
to  front.  No  mouth.  Eyes  oblong  and  raised. 
Round  hole  pierced  through  tail.  —  Much  eon- 

2  Cf.  No.  23  (p.  201,  note  4). 


204 


THE  BRONZES 


ventionalized  for  decorative  purpose.  Perhaps 
attached  or  suspended  by  hole  in  tail.1 

8.  SERPENTS. 

GEOMETRIC  INFLUENCE  —  DECORATIVE. 

32.  Head  attached  to  bronze  tube.  Proveni¬ 
ence  unknown.  Condition  fair.  Hollow.  Length, 
0.052  in.  Diameter  of  tube  inside,  0.0095  m. 
Head  shaped  like  truncated  cone,  but  top  slightly 
convex.  Corners  on  lower  side  beveled.  Bot¬ 
tom  and  sides  plain-  Mouth  given  by  straight 
line.  Eyes  of  two  concentric  circles,  above 
which  raised  lid  inclosed  by  two  lines.  Top  of 
head  engraved  with  double  crescent  at  back  and 
down  centre  oblong  ornament  of  two  elliptical 
lines.  Space  between  the  parallel  lines  en¬ 
graved  with  oblicpie  strokes,  giving  rope  effect. 
Midway  between  eyes  and  end  two  crescents  open 
outward,  one  on  each  side.  They  are  formed 
of  two  lines  running  to  edge  of  top.  Mouth 
round.  Head  and  tube  hollow  for  passage  of 
water,  forming  small  spout. 

33.  Serpent,  attached.  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Preservation  good.  Length,  0.1215  m. 
Width,  0.045  m.  Body  and  lower  neck  plain. 
Nine  lines  on  upper  neck.  Head  tapers  to  a 
rounded  point  and  flattens  from  back  to  front. 
Sides  and  bottom  of  head  plain.  On  top,  four 
half-circles,  turned  outward,  two  on  each  side. 
Each  consists  of  two  lines.  No  indication  of 
mouth.  Probably  not  much  of  original  figure 
lost,  as  serpent  seems  to  have  been  intended  to 
project  from  behind  aegis  or  part  of  clothing  of 
statue,  e.  g.  Athena.  Technique  (hammering) 
and  engraving  are  geometric,  but  figure  is  prob¬ 
ably  not  of  geometric  period,  but  of  archaic  art. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

Type  a.  Decorative. 

34.  Head  of  serpent.  Formerly  attached.  Pro¬ 
venience  unknown.  Preservation  poor.  Length, 
0.0265  m.  Sides  and  bottom  plain.  Ridge  along 
top.  Traces  of  two  circles  near  mouth,  one  on 
eacli  side.  Probably  not  meant  for  eyes.  Mouth 
large  and  open.  Line  round  inside  of  lower  jaw, 
probably  only  fissure  in  bronze.  Hollow.  Served 
as  spout. 

1  Cf.  Friinkel,  ‘  Geweiliter  Froscli,’  Jahrh.  d.  hist.  I. 
j>]>.  50  ff.  Somewhat  similar  is  Brit.  Mas.  Cat.  of  Bronzes, 
No.  1002. 

2  For  use,  cf.  Olympia,  No.  810  a,  De  Ridder,  Bronzes 
de  VAcropole,  No.  558.  Projecting  protome,  probably  from 
ring  of  support  of  kettle.  Cf.  also  Brit.  Mus.,  Bronze 


Type  b.  Purely  naturalistic. 

35.  Serpent.  Provenience  unknown.  Body 
broken  close  to  neck.  Preservation  poor.  Solid. 
Length,  0.04  m.  Neck  and  body  plain.  Head 
broad  and  flat  and  at  back  stands  out  prominently 
from  neck.  Eyes  prominent,  set  at  forward 
corners  of  rectangle  of  head.  Probably  formed 
by  single  ring,  over  which  rises  the  puffy  eyelid. 
Mouth  open.  Line  round  inner  edge  of  upper 
jaw.  Probably  work  of  archaic  or  classical 
period.2 

9.  BIRDS. 

GEOMETRIC  STYLE  —  CONVENTIONALIZED. 

I.  AQUATIC. 

Type  a.  Geometric. 

36.  F  rom  West  Building,  1893.  Condition 
fair.  Solid.  Height,  0.0525  m.  Length,  0.036  m. 
Body  flat,  plain  underneath.  On  top  slightly 
rounded.  Legs  bend  slightly  forward,  are  plain, 
and  of  uniform  size.  Neck  rises  from  lower  edge 
of  body.  At  base  of  neck,  hole,  for  suspension, 
0.003  m.  in  diameter.  Head  about  at  right  angles 
with  neck.  No  eyes  or  mouth.  Probably  had 
base,  to  judge  from  roughness  at  end  of  left  foot.3 

37.  Bird  on  standard.  Probably  originally 
on  base.  From  below  Cyclopean  wall  and  above 
Stoa.  Preservation  poor.  Legs  and  standard 
broken.  Head  and  tail  damaged.  Solid. 
Height,  0.036  m.  Length,  0.034  m.  Adjoining 
legs,  but  separate,  a  round  standard.  It  is  placed 
between  legs,  slightly  forward,  and  comes  through 
to  upper  side  of  back,  where  it  is  raised  slightly 
above  surface.  Legs  straight  and  round.  Neck 
somewhat  elliptical.  Probably  had  no  eyes. 

38.  Bird  on  standard.  Probably  ornamental 
stud  or  nail,  but  possibly  attached  to  base.  Un¬ 
cleaned.  Preservation  bad,  and  badly  oxidized. 
Solid.  Height,  0.036  m.  Length,  0.027  m. 
Height  of  standard,  0.0195  m.  Round  body,  like 
nail-head,  with  narrow  extension  at  back,  which 
may  be  either  body  or  tail.  Eyes  marked  by  two 
pointed  projections.  From  eyes,  head  sharpens 
to  point,  in  three  planes  on  upper  side  and  one 
convex  plane  below.  No  decorations.  Shape  of 
neck  and  addition  of  eyes  mark  this  as  more  ad¬ 
vanced  than  preceding  number. 

Room,  Centre  Cases  C. :  circular  bronze  dish ;  on  handles 
male  and  female  figures  reclining  ;  four  serpents  attached 
beneath  rim,  with  heads  projecting  over  rim  toward  inside. 
Castellani  (1562). 

3  For  style  (flat  wide  tail  and  beak,  and  long  legs),  cf. 
Ohjmpia,  No.  210,  with  base. 


BIRDS 


205 


39.  Complex  of  two  birds,  attached  to  base. 
Found  in  bank,  east  of  chambers  (III),  just 
above  poros  wall,  1894.  Preservation  fair. 
Base  rough  at  back  as  though  broken.  Solid. 
Height,  0.036  m.  Length,  0.041  m.  Length  of 
base,  0.028  m.  Width  of  base,  0.0055  m.  So 
constructed  that  right  legs,  which  are  very  large, 
serve  as  standards,  keeping  the  poise  of  whole 
figure,  and  left  legs  and  bodies  so  combined  that 
bodies  seem  to  be  a  continuous  bar  attached  to 
short  left  legs ;  portions  of  bar  belonging  to 
each,  marked  by  obtuse  angle  close  to  right  leg 
of  rear  bird.  In  front  figure,  bar  projects  nearly 
to  front  of  right  leg.  Heads  have  small  projec¬ 
tions  for  eyes.  Beaks  rounded,  slightly  thicker 
than  wide.  Base  rectangular.  Has  round  hole, 
0.0123  m.  from  front  end,  0.0019  m.  in  diameter. 
Seems  like  hole  for  suspension,  but  slant  of  figure 
toward  left  makes  possible  to  drive  nail  through 
from  right  side. 

40.  Bird  with  base.  Provenience  unknown. 
Preservation  good.  Solid.  Height,  0.035  m. 
Length,  0.0325  m.  Height  from  centre  of  base 
to  centre  of  body,  circ.  0.025  m.  Base,  0.013  m. 
square.  Body  has  hole  diagonally  through  from 
base  of  neck  to  front  just  above  standard.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.0018-0.003  m.  Back  of  body  shows 
two  bands  of  two  lines  each,  on  top  and  sides. 
Base  of  head,  similar  band  of  two  lines.  Tail 
fan-shaped ;  nicked  along  back  edge.  Head 
flat  but  slightly  rounded.  No  eyes  or  other 
details.  Standard  ornamented  with  three  raised 
rings  just  beneath  body.  Below  these,  rounded 
swelling.  Line  of  top  of  base  projects  slightly, 
forming  ridge,  and  on  bottom  is  indented  square, 
circ.  0.007  m.  on  a  side.  Outside  this,  another 
square.  Space  inside  smaller  square  sunk  more 
deeply  than  space  between  squares.  First  ex¬ 
ample  so  far  with  ornamentation,  though  form 
is  very  primitive  or  conventionalized.1 

41.  Bird  on  standard,  probably  originally  with 
base,  similar  to  No.  40.  Provenience  unknown. 
Badly  preserved.  Solid.  Height,  0.032  m. 
Length,  0.024  m.  Body  shows  no  details,  but 
seems  to  have  had  three  lines  at  top  of  neck. 
Similar  ornament  perhaps,  at  base  of  tail.  Hole 
in  neck,  similar  to  preceding.  Standard  has  nar¬ 
row  swelling  immediately  beneath  body,  followed 
by  a  wide,  full  band.  Probably  belongs  with 
preceding,  though  shape  of  head  may  have  been 
different. 

1  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  418. 


Plate  LXXVII. 

42.  Bird  with  base,  which  is  circular  and 
perforated.  Provenience  unknown.  Preservation 
fair.  Solid.  Height  above  base,  0.04  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  base,  0.028  m.  Hole  in  neck  of  bird. 
Diameter,  0.0045  in.  Body  has  prominent  breast, 
but  short  back.  Eyes  prominent.  Bill  long  and 
clearly  marked.  Standard  nearly  round.  Base 
flat  on  top,  but  slightly  hollowed  below,  leaving 
uneven  rim  around  the  edge.  Neck,  eyes,  head, 
and  bill  the  most  advanced  so  far.  In  these 
points  and  in  short  body  resembles  No.  38,  in 
which,  however,  body  has  different  shape.2 

43.  Bird  with  standard,  resting  on  perforated 
circular  base.  Provenience  unknown.  Preser¬ 
vation  fair.  Base  less  well  preserved.  Solid. 
Height,  0.04  m.  Length,  0.042  m.  Length  from 
neck  to  end  of  tail,  0.0265  m.  Diameter  of  base, 
0.035  m.  Diameter  of  hole  in  body,  circ.  0.004  m. 
Prominent  breastbone.  Body  tapers  above  and 
below  toward  tail.  Standard  circular,  swelling 
where  it  joins  base,  which  is  plain  on  top,  and 
below,  the  rim  taking  form  of  a  roll. 

Type  b.  Naturalistic  influence. 

44.  Duck.  From  cutting  at  east  end  of  Upper 
Temple,  toward  the  tents.  Preservation  fair. 
Cast  hollow.  Height,  0.019  m.  Length,  0.045  m. 
Body  rounded,  of  natural  shape.  Wings  indi¬ 
cated  by  line  down  back,  from  upper  end  of  which, 
0.05  m.  from  base  of  neck,  are  drawn  lines  to 
show  curve  of  wings.  Curve  of  neck  slightly  stiff 
and  too  small.  Eyes  almond-shaped,  slightly  con¬ 
vex,  surrounded  by  engraved  line.  Bill  rather 
flat.  Inside,  partially  filled  with  some  dark  sub¬ 
stance,  uncertain  whether  core  or  dirt.  Behind 
hole  in  breast  are  shown  the  flippers.  No  cer¬ 
tain  mark  of  attachment  below,  though  less  care¬ 
fully  finished.  Work  of  considerable  skill. 
While  more  naturalistic  than  geometric,  belongs 
to  a  period  before  naturalism  became  a  style. 

II.  LAND-BIRDS,  CHIEFLY  COCKS. 

Type  a.  Purely  geometric. 

45.  B  ody  of  bird.  Solid.  Provenience  un¬ 
known.  Badly  preserved.  Head,  neck,  legs, 
and  tail  broken.  Solid.  Height,  0.014  m. 
Length,  0.0425  m.  Tail  spade-shaped.  Resem¬ 
bles  more  a  peacock  with  folded  tail.  More 
primitive  than  No.  46,  as  shown  by  rectangular 
lines  of  body  and  neck. 

46.  Cock.  Provenience  unknown.  Preserva- 

2  With  this  and  No.  43,  cf.  Olympia,  No.  210  b,  which 
has  round  perforated  base  and  is  also  similar  in  style. 


206 


THE  BRONZES 


tion  poor.  Solid.  Had  no  legs,  but  possibly 
standard,  through  vertical  hole  in  body. 
Height,  0.023  m.  Length,  0.039  m.  Diameter 
of  hole,  on  top,  0.003  m.  Neck  deeper  than 
wide.  On  both  sides  of  comb,  circle  inclosing 
dot.  At  base  of  comb,  two  parallel  lines.  Eyes 
uncertain,  but  probably  given.  Each  side  of 
tail  has  two  circles  surrounding  dots.1  At  base 
of  tail,  four  lines  of  engraving  on  each  side. 
Neck  better  than  No.  47,  but  body  less  good. 
Probably  had  no  standard,  but  was  a  pendant. 

47.  Cock.  Provenience  unknown.  Preser¬ 
vation  poor.  Ring  or  contrivance  on  back 
broken.  Large  irregular  hole  in  left  side  of 
body,  showing  inside  to  be  hollow.  Height, 
0.055  m.  Length,  0.0995  m.  Height  of  body 
and  knot  on  back,  0.026  m.  On  top  of  body, 
vertical  hole,  0.002  m.  in  diameter,  through  to 
interior.  In  middle  of  back,  piece  of  uncertain 
purpose,  perhaps  part  of  suspension  ring.  Legs 
about  0.008  m.  long.  Bottom  slightly  concave. 
Body  rises  at  either  end  in  two  spouts  toward 
neck  and  tail.  Not  certain  whether  hollow  en¬ 
tire  length.  On  inside,  reed  or  tongue-like  strip 
of  metal,  0.0035  m.  wide,  and  0.0004  m.  thick, 
projects  from  about  centre  of  right  side  horizon¬ 
tally  across  body.  At  base  of  tail,  two  raised 
rings.  Length  of  tail,  0.032  m.  Ornamented 
on  each  side  with  five  sets  of  concentric  circles, 
three  of  which  are  larger,  and  consist  of  small 
round  hole,  surrounded  by  two  circles,  tlie  outer 
fainter  than  the  inner.  Above  these,  a  dot  sur¬ 
rounded  by  circles.  Upper  circles  are  fainter 
than  lower.  At  upper  end  of  neck,  two  raised 
rings.  Eyes  raised.  Beak  round  and  tapers  to 
point.  Convex  above,  concave  below.  On  each 
side  of  comb,  dot  inclosed  by  two  circles,  as  on 
tail.  Between  these  and  top  of  comb,  on  each 
side,  five  dots  each  in  circle. 

Type  b.  Naturalistic  influences. 

48.  Cock.  Provenience  unknown.  Condi¬ 
tion  rather  poor.  Probably  hollow,  as  it  seems 
too  light  for  solid  mass.  Height,  0.0445  m. 
Length,  0.0472  m.  Body  rounded,  broad  across 
bottom,  pot-shaped.  On  back,  sort  of  dowel, 
which  seems  to  have  terminated  in  an  eye,  now 
broken.  It  seems  to  have  been  let  into  the 
body,  not  cast  with  it.  On  right  side  of  body 
two  dots,  each  surrounded  by  circle.  Same 
on  left,  where  between  circles  is  pierced  hole. 
On  lower  part  of  breast,  to  right  and  left  of 

1  Owing  to  frequency  of  this  decorative  motive  in  early 
Greek  and  other  arts,  it  would  form  here,  as  well  as  in 


legs,  two  similar  dots  and  circles.  At  rear 
end  of  body,  in  centre,  a  similar  dot  and  circle. 
Straight  legs  attached  to  outer  corners  of  body. 
Bottom  of  feet  slightly  concave.  Lines  on 
outer  side  of  legs.  Two  lines  on  back  end  of 
body  on  right  side,  run  from  circle  toward 
base  of  tail.  Similar  on  left  side.  Round  base 
of  tail  on  body,  four  lines,  discernible  on  right ; 
faint  traces  on  left.  Tail  semicircular.  Each 
side  has  three  dots  inclosed  by  circles.  Lines 
from  base  of  neck  run  diagonally,  three  from 
one  side  and  two  from  the  other,  joining  on  cen¬ 
tre  of  breast.  Beneath  these  another  line  on 
each  side.  Top  of  neck  on  right  side  has  traces 
of  three  lines.  Eyes  round  projections.  Not 
certain  whether  originally  had  comb.  Body  and 
legs  show  advance  over  No.  47  in  naturalism. 
Neck,  bead,  and  tail  as  good.  Ornamentation 
rather  more  elaborate. 

NATURALISTIC  STYLE. 

Type  a.  Geometric  influence. 

49.  Tail  of  bird.  Provenience  unknown. 
Preservation  fair.  Solid.  Extreme  length, 
0.053  m.  Width,  0.052-0.089  m.  Thickness, 
0.004-0.0065  m.  Upper  side  slightly  convex  in 
both  directions.  At  end,  nine  scallops.  Per¬ 
forated  near  centre,  toward  base.  Upper  side 
engraved  with  two  lines  of  feathers,  ending  in 
before-mentioned  scallops.  Engraver  worked 
from  left  to  right,  as  shown  by  miscalculation 
for  commencement  of  dividing  line  between 
feathers  of  back  row.  Each  feather  divided  by 
quill ;  sides  engraved  with  slanting  lines.  Geo¬ 
metric  influence  in  stiff  angularity  in  form  and 
decoration. 

Type  b.  Naturalistic. 

Plate  LXXVIII. 

50.  Head  and  neck,  probably  of  swan.  Pro¬ 
venience  unknown.  Preservation  fair.  Solid, 
except  for  depth  of  0.022  m.  from  lower  end. 
Height,  0.098  m.  Length,  0.092  m.  Circum¬ 
ference  of  neck  at  base,  0.096  m.  Neck  without 
ornamentation.  Head  differentiated  plastically 
from  neck.  Sides  of  bead  concave  in  region  of 
eyes.  Eyebrow  projects  sharply.  Top  of  bead 
somewhat  concave,  especially  between  eyes,  and 
narrows  rapidly  from  back  to  front.  Eyes,  in 
clearly  marked  sockets,  consist  of  elliptical  ring 
rising  from  bed  of  socket.  Inside  ring,  promi¬ 
nent  eyeball.  Projecting  corners  of  head  above 

Nos.  47,  48,  an  unsafe  basis  for  identification  with  pea¬ 
cock.  Cf.  Heim,  Kulturpjlanzen  und  Hausthiere 6,  pp.  342  ff. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


207 


eyes  distinguished  as  eyebrows  plastically  and 
by  engraving.  Fleshy  parts  of  head  separated 
from  bill,  on  under  side,  by  depression  of  plane 
for  the  bill  and  slight  change  in  direction.  On 
sides  of  head,  distinction  is  made  by  a  band,  sep¬ 
arated  from  behind  by  engraved  line  and  in 
front  by  a  difference  of  plane.  Feathers  on 
head  indicated  by  engraving.  Toward  back 
they  are  fainter  than  in  front.  They  are  not 
perfectly  regular  in  shape,  size,  or  arrangement. 
Bill  is  modeled  with  care.  Upper  and  lower 
mandibles  separated  by  sharply  marked  groove. 
Nostrils  suggested  by  bulge.  On  lower  half  of 


upper  surface  of  bill,  on  each  side,  are  two  or 
three  very  shallow,  slightly  diagonal  grooves. 
Work  of  severe  style,  of  much  skill  and  care; 
probably  late  archaic  or  transitional,  possibly  of 
early  classical  period. 

Plate  LXXVII. 

51.  Feather  of  bird.  From  West  Building. 
Preservation  fair.  Solid.  Length,  0.074  m. 
Back  and  sides  plain.  Divided  into  three  divi¬ 
sions,  which  taper  to  tip,  two  outer  divisions 
sloping  slightly  inward.  Three  divisions  cov¬ 
ered  by  cross-lines.  Belongs  probably  to  ar¬ 
chaic  period. 


IV.  ORNAMENT  AND  TOILET 


1.  PINS. 

A.  STRAIGHT. 

Type  a.  Simple,  plain  head. 

Pins  of  this  type  sometimes  difficult  to  distin¬ 
guish  from  ends  of  spits.  Head  and  body  one 
piece  of  metal.1 

Form  1.  Body  round  throughout. 

Head  a  simple  knob. 

Plate  LXXVIII. 

52.  Provenience  unknown.  Preservation  fair. 
Length,  0.0838  m.  Head  oblate.  Sides  roughly 
rounded.  Head  separated  from  body  by  shallow 
groove.  Point  dull.2 

Form  2.  Body  rectangular  in  upper 

PART,  ROUND  BELOW.  HEAD  SIMPLE  AN¬ 
GULAR  KNOB.3 

Class  a.  Undecorated  body. 

53.  Well  preserved.  Length  (as  bent),  0.08  m. 
Round  part  begins  0.005  m.  from  point,  which  is 
dull.  Neck  slightly  pinched  in. 

54.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.111  m.  Round 
part  begins  0.09  m.  from  head.  Head  flat  on 
top,  perhaps  broken.  Neck  sharply  pinched 
in. 

55.  Poor.  Broken  and  oxidized.  Length, 
0.06  m. 

56.  Poor.  Broken  and  oxidized.  Length, 
0.185  m.  Head  pointed  at  top. 

57-61.  Heads  blunt.  All  are  poor,  being 
broken  and  oxidized.  Length,  resp.  0.235, 
0.142,  0.141,  0.18,  0.232  m. 

1  The  simple-headed  pins  from  Troy,  No.  4339,  Athens 
Mus.,  Schmidt,  Schliemann’s  Sammlung  Trojan.  Altertiimer, 
Nos.  6262  if.,  are  not  exact  parallels  to  this  type,  but 
are,  for  the  most  part,  ruder  and  more  primitive. 

2  Cf.  Schmidt,  op.  cit.  No.  6266. 


Class  (3-  Rectangular  part  of  body  deco¬ 
rated. 

62.  Point  gone  ;  upper  part  oxidized.  Length, 
0.123  m.  Decorated  probably  with  zigzag  on 
all  four  sides. 

63-66.  Similar  to  No.  62.  Lengths,  0.116  m. ; 
0.222  m. ;  0.06  m. ;  0.0915  m.  No.  63  from  back 
of  South  Building,  No.  66  from  West  Building. 

67.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.22  m. 
Rounds  circ.  0.037  m.  from  head.  Transition 
plain  and  abrupt.  On  all  four  sides  decorated 
with  zigzag. 

68.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.083  m. 
Rounds  gradually  circ.  0.043  m.from  head.  Col¬ 
lar  at  top  of  body.  Broad  zigzag  on  all  four 
sides. 

69.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.099  m. 
Rounds  gradually.  Zigzag  on  all  four  sides. 
Collar  as  in  No.  68. 

70.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.104  m. 
Rounds  abruptly.  Zigzag  on  all  four  sides. 
Collar  as  in  No.  68,  color  medium. 

71.  Point  gone.  Much  oxidized.  Length, 
0.068  m.  Rounds  abruptly  at  0.029  m.  from 
head.  Zigzag  on  all  four  sides.  Small  collar. 

Class  y.  Rectangular  and  round  part  of 
body  decorated. 

72.  Point  dull.  Condition  fair.  Length, 
0.168  m.  Rounds  at  0.117  m.  from  head.  Traces 
of  zigzag  on  upper  part  on  all  four  sides  ;  round 
part  engraved  to  represent  broadly  threaded 
surface  ;  the  threads  break  irregularly. 

3  With  this  form  compare  an  Italic  type  with  round 
shaft  ornamented  with  two  rings  near  head;  Montelius, 
Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  42,  7  (col.  229),  from  Monencco  near 
Como.  For  heads,  cf.  Schmidt,  op.  cit.  Nos.  6321  ft’.,  and 
note  1  above. 


208 


THE  BRONZES 


73-86.  Fragments  resembling  No.  72.1 

Form  3.  Head  with  ornamental  con¬ 
tinuation  ABOVE  KNOB.  EXAMPLES  UN¬ 
CERTAIN. 

87.  End  broken.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.104  m. 
Rounds  abruptly  at  0.03  m.  from  neck.  Zigzag 
on  rectangular  part.  At  transition  to  round 
part,  three  fine  lines.  Collar  at  neck.  From 
head  rises  short  point  like  end  of  wire  ;  if  due 
to  corrosion,  probably  not  a  pin. 

88.  Broken  and  oxidized.  Length,  circ. 
0.023  m.  Rectangular  body  with  collar.  Un¬ 
certain  whether  ornamented.  Above  head,  ta¬ 
pering  blunt  stub,  as  in  No.  87. 

89.  Broken  near  head.  Oxidized.  Length, 
circ.  0.038  m.  Body  round,  with  collai\  Not 
decorated.  Head  oblong  spheroid.  Small  stub 
of  uncertain  character  above. 

Form  4.  Knob  reduced  to  thick  disk, 

WITH  COLLAR  ABOVE  AND  BELOW. 

90.  End  broken.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.0545  m. 
Above  and  below  head,  collar.  Above  upper  col¬ 
lar,  short  rounded  stub. 

91.  Similar  to  No.  90.  Length,  0.147  m. 

Form  5.  Head  truncated  cone.  Body 

CORRUGATED  IN  UPPER  PART.  HEAD 
CONICAL. 

92.  End  gone.  Much  corroded.  Length, 
0.0455  m.  Top  of  head  uneven.  Sides  con¬ 
cave.  Body  has  four  corrugations  of  different 
sizes  in  upper  part. 

93.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.076  m.  Head  a 
low  cone.  Beneath  head,  two  corrugations. 

Form  6.  Wide,  flat  head. 

94.  F  iom  south  slope.  Somewhat  oxidized. 
Length,  0.09  m.  Head  slightly  concave.  On 
inside  line  of  engraving  from  bottom  up¬ 
ward. 

Type  b.  Flat  head,  corrugated  or  beaded 

body.  Head  small  and  rather  thick.  Usu¬ 
ally  appreciably  larger  than  body.  Some¬ 
times  not.  Some  possibly  headless.'2 

Form  1.  Two  beads. 

95.  Head  probably  gone.  Otherwise  condi¬ 
tion  fair.  Length,  0.1095  m.  Below  beads, 
rectangular  block  surmounted  by  low  collar. 
Point  sharp.  Filed  ;  color  medium. 

1  No.  73  from  upper  terrace  toward  tents;  Nos.  75  and 
80  from  south  slope. 

2  Cf.  headless  ivory  pins  from  Mycenae  (outside  of 
tombs),  with  corrugations,  No.  2565,  and  from  Tiryns, 

No.  164C>;  also  from  Troy,  No.  4413.  Those  under  No. 


Form  2.  Three  beads. 

Class  a.  Headless ,  by  accident  or  design. 

96.  Point  gone.  Corroded.  Length,  0.527  in. 
Filed  ;  color  medium.3 

97.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.10.  Commencement  of  body  rectangular. 
Point  sharp.  Filed  ;  color  medium. 

98.  End  gone.  Much  corroded.  Length, 
0.0475  m.  Top  uneven.  Sharply  defined  rec¬ 
tangular  block  with  heavy  collar.  Filed  :  color 
slightly  reddish. 

Class  ft.  With  heads. 

99.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.114  m. 
Body  round  from  start.  Color  light.  Head  has 
form  of  half  corrugation. 

100.  End  gone.  Corroded.  Length,  0.047  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0069  m.  Color  medium, 
with  trace  of  red. 

Form  3.  Four  beads. 

Class  a.  Without  heads. 

101.  End  gone.  Length,  0.058  m.  Clearly 
marked  rectangular  block. 

102.  End  gone.  Somewhat  corroded.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Upper  bead  complete.  Sharply  defined 
rectangular  block  with  collar. 

Class  ft.  With  heads. 

103.  Head  mostly  destroyed.  Length,  0.113  m. 
First  corrugation  slight,  with  long  neck  above. 
Clearly  marked  rectangular  block  with  collar. 

104.  Mucli  corroded.  Length,  0.0265  m. 

105.  End  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.0805  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.008  m.  Beads  uneven  in 
size. 

106.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.064  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.007  m.  Color  medium. 

107.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Some¬ 
what  oxidized.  Length,  0.076  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.0085  in. 

108.  Corroded.  Broken.  Length,  0.048  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.008  m. 

109.  From  south  slope.  Broken.  Length, 
0.036  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0085  m. 

110.  From  cutting  east  of  Upper  Temple  to¬ 
ward  tents.  Broken.  Length,  0.048  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0085  m. 

111.  Broken.  Length,  0.0415  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0085  m.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 

1000  (outside  of  tombs)  have  three  to  six  corrugations. 
All  in  National  Mus.  at  Athens. 

8  Cf.  somewhat  similar  pin,  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It. 
col.  177,  pi.  32,  fig.  5.  The  Italian  specimen  has  no 
block,  but  appears  to  have  slight  ornamentation  of  shaft  ; 
Bronze  Age. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


209 


112.  From  south  slope.  Broken.  Much  cor¬ 
roded.  Length,  0.045  m.  Head  small. 

Form  4.  Five  beads. 

Class  a.  Headless ,  probably  by  accident. 

113.  From  south  slope.  Broken.  Oxidized. 
Length,  0.074  m. 

114.  Broken.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.0245  m. 
Transition  to  shaft  rectangular. 

115.  Broken.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.0565  in. 
Transition  as  in  No.  114. 

Class  [3.  With  heads. 

116.  From  south  slope.  Corroded.  Length, 
0.068  in.  Long  neck.  Body  rectangular  at 
beginning. 

117.  Corroded.  Length,  0.08  m.  Upper  part 
of  body  rectangular. 

118-120.  Fragments  of  similar  pins.  No.  120 
from  south  slope. 

121.  Length,  0.11  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.006  m. 

122-132.  Similar.  Nos.  123, 125  from  south 
slope.  Lengths,  0.0487-0.117  m.  Diameter  of 
heads,  0.0065-0.0095  m. 

133.  Fragment.  Beneath  lowest  bead,  three 
narrow  rings. 

134.  Fragment.  At  transition  to  body,  block, 
above  which  narrow  grooved  collar. 

135.  From  West  Building.  Fragment.  Head 
grooved.  Block  with  grooved  collar,  as  in  No. 
134. 

136.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.04  m.  Doubtful  whether  collar  should  be 
classed  as  one  or  two  separate  beads. 

Form  5.  Six  beads. 

Class  a.  Headless ,  by  accident. 

137-139.  Fragments.  Rectangular  block  at 
transition  to  body,  surmounted  in  Nos.  138,  139 
by  heavy  collar. 

Class  (3.  With  heads. 

140.  Point  injured.  Length,  0.094  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.005  m. 

141.  Length,  0.1035  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.006  m. 

142-149.  Fragments.  Nos.  142,  149  from 
south  slope.  Diameter  of  heads,  0.007-0.01  m. 

150.  End  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.07  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.008  m. 

151.  Broken.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.044  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Beneath  corruga¬ 
tion,  rectangular  block,  on  which  five  engraved 
lines,  and  sixth  separating  block  from  round  part 
of  body. 


152.  Point  gone.  Corroded.  Length,  0.147  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Above  rectangular 
block,  grooved  collar.  On  one  side  of  block,  en¬ 
graved  cross.  Head  grooved. 

Form  6.  Seven  beads. 

Solid  body.1 

153-156.  Fragments.  No.  153  from  West 
Building.  Diameter  of  heads,  0.003-0.01  m. 

157.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.09  m. 
Head  grooved.  Diameter,  0.0085  m. 

158.  End  gone.  Length,  0.082  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block. 

159.  F  rom  south  slope.  End  gone.  Corroded. 
Length,  0.0602  m.  Head  grooved.  Diameter, 
0.009  m. 

Separable  body.  Head,  beads  and  rec¬ 
tangular  block  beneath.  Round  part 
inserted  into  hole  in  bottom  of  block. 

160.  Fragment.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.03  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.01 ;  grooved. 

161.  Fragment.  Pin  gone.  Length, 0.0275  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.007.  Collar  above  block. 

162.  Pin  gone.  Corroded.  Length,  0.03  in. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0125.  Rectangular  block 
with  diagonal  cross  engraved  on  each  side. 
Above  and  below  block,  heavy  collar. 

Form  7.  Eight  beads. 

Class  a.  Headless ,  by  accident  and  design. 
Solid  body. 

163.  From  West  Building.  End  gone.  Oxi¬ 
dized.  Length,  0.076  m.  Rectangular  block 
with  diagonal  cross  on  each  side. 

Separable  body. 

164.  From  West  Building.  Pin  mainly  gone. 
Length,  0.054  m.  Cross  on  top.  Rectangular 
block.  Each  side  ornamented  with  three  circles, 
having  dot  in  centre.  Pin  of  iron. 

Class  ft.  With  heads. 

Solid  body. 

165.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0375  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0095  m. 

166.  End  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.092  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0075  m.  On  top,  cross  from 
side  to  side. 

167.  Fragment.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.057  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.009  m.  Beginning  of  body 
rectangular.  Head  grooved.  Top  ornamented 
with  dots  in  circles,  probably  five,  though  only 
four  show. 

Separable  body. 

168.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin 
gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.034  m.  Diam- 


1  Cf.  pin  from  Mycenae  (outside  of  shaft-graves)  in  Athens  Mus.,  No.  4546. 


210 


THE  BRONZES 


eter  of  head,  0.01  m.  Rectangular  block  with 
round  hole.  Above  block,  grooved  collar. 

169.  From  West  Building.  Similar  to  No. 
168.  Length,  0.034  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.012  m.  Head  grooved.  Cross  on  head.  Rec¬ 
tangular  block,  above  which  grooved  collar. 

Form  8.  Nine  beads. 

170.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.118  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m. 

171.  Fragment.  Length,  0.047  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0085  m.  Head  seems  to  have 
had  ornament  like  No.  167. 

172.  Pin  broken.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.065  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.007  m.  Beginning  of  pin 
rectangular.  Sides  with  engraved  lines.  On 
top  of  head,  two  dotted  circles. 

Form  9.  Ten  beads. 

Class  a.  Headless,  by  accident. 

Separable  body. 

173.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0445  m.  Rec¬ 
tangular  block  with  double  collar.  In  bottom 
hole,  0.002  m.  in  diameter.  Pin  probably  of 
iron.  Traces  of  engraving  on  block. 

Class  (3.  With  heads. 

Separable  body. 

174.  Pin  gone.  Corroded.  Length,  0.062  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0115  m.  Lai’ge  cross  on 
top  of  head.  Pin  was  riveted  into  slit  in  block. 
In  slit  traces  of  ii’on  pin  remain.  On  two  sides 
of  block,  cross. 

Form  10.  Eleven  beads. 

Solid  body. 

175.  Pin  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.077  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Rectangular  block 
with  collar,  sharply  distinguished  from  pin.  In 
centre  of  head,  dot  in  circle.  On  each  side 
of  block,  three  dots  in  circles,  one  above  the 
other. 

Separable  body. 

176.  Fragment.  From  West  Building. 
Length,  0.0575  m. 

177.  Pin  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.06  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Slit  block  with 
riveted  pin.  In  slit  traces  of  bronze  pin. 

Form  11.  Fourteen  beads. 

178.  From  West  Building.  Pin  broken  at 
block.  Length,  0.067  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0105  m.  On  each  side  of  block,  dot  in 
circle. 

179.  Fragment.  Length,  0.034  m. 

Form  12.  Fifteen  beads. 


Form  13.  Seventeen  beads. 

181.  Fragment.  Length,  0.055  m. 

Form  14.  Twenty  beads. 

182.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0605  m.  Slit 
block  surmounted  by  low  collar. 

Form  15.  Twenty-two  beads. 

183.  Fragment.  Pin  gone.  Corroded.  Length, 
0.083  m.  Rectangular  block  with  double  grooved 
collar.  In  bottom  hole,  0.0032  m.  in  diameter. 
On  sides,  cross.  On  three  sides,  dot  in  circle 
between  upper  limbs  of  cross.  Traces  of  dot  in 
circle  between  lower  limbs  of  cross  on  one  side. 

Form  16.  Twenty-six  beads. 

Head  double.  Upper  part  as  usual. 

Lower  part  a  large  truncated  cone. 

184.1  Eight  beads.  Head  similar  to  that  of 
No.  184  a.  Rectangular  block  with  double 
collar.  Inserted  iron  pin. 

Plate  LXXIX. 

184  a.  From  West  Building.  Corroded. 
Length,  0.127  m.  Head  consists  of  truncated 
cone,  with  round  lower  edges,  surmounted  by  low 
inverted  truncated  cone.  Top  has  ten-barred 
cross.  Block  slit  entire  length,  with  rivet  holes 
in  lower  part.  Pin  of  iron,  as  remaining  portion 
shows.  Cross  carved  on  two  sides  of  block. 

Addenda.  The  following  probably  accident¬ 
ally  headless  pins  could  not  be  arranged  under 
the  above  forms,  because  of  danger  of  fallacious 
conclusions  respecting  introduction  of  ornament. 

Solid  body. 

185.  Fragment.  Length,  0.105  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block,  on  all  four  sides  of  which  cross. 

186.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0475  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block  with  heavy  grooved  collar.  All 
four  sides  have  cross. 

187.  Fragment.  Length,  0.051  m.  Short 
rectangular  block  with  deep  cross  on  each  side. 

188.  189.  Fragments.  No.  189  has  on  sides 
of  block  dots  inclosed  in  double  circles. 

190.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.19  m.  Rectangu¬ 
lar  block  with  double  grooved  collar.  On  sides 
of  block,  cross  in  circle.  On  pin  next  to  block, 
six  grooves. 

Separable  bodies. 

191.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Grooved 
block.  Dots  in  circle. 

192.  193.  Fragments.  Grooved  blocks  with 
traces  of  engraving. 

194.  From  first  chamber  at  east  end  of  Lower 
Terrace,  1893.  Slit  block  with  remains  of  iron 
pin. 


180.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0385  m. 

1  Inserted  here  inconsistently  because  of  similarity  to  No.  184  a. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


211 


Uncertain  object. 

195.  Pin  or  end  of  spit.  Uncertain  whether 
complete. 

Thirty-three  fragments  discarded. 

Plate  CXXXVII. 

195  a.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.0375  m. 

Type  c.  Pins  with  large,  fiat,  thin  head  and 

corrugated  or  beaded  upper  part  of  body. 

Fokm  1.  Solid  stem  and  pin.  Head  some¬ 
times  ATTACHED  TO  STEM. 

Class  a.  Two  corrugations. 

196.  Fragment.  Length,  0.074  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0125  m. 

Plate  LXXIX. 

197.  From  West  Building.  Point  gone.  Head 
damaged.  Length,  0.052  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.018  m.  Beginning  of  body  rectangular. 

198.  Length,  0.116  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.013  m.  Corrugations  slight.  Underneath, 
about  seven  fine  grooves  very  close  together. 

Class  (3.  Three  corrugations. 

199.  Head  about  two  thirds  gone.  Length, 
0.12  m. 

Class  y.  Four  corrugations. 

200.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.053  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m. 

201.  Fragment.  Length,  0.083  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0095  m. 

202.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0375  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0085  m. 

203.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.05  m. 

204.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0565  m. 

205.  Fragment.  From  above  east  end  of  Stoa, 
under  Cyclopean  wall,  1893.  Length,  circ. 
0.09  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Block¬ 
like  beginning  of  body. 

206.  Fragment.  Length,  0.087  m.  Body 
begins  as  in  No.  205. 

207.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.027  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Short 
rough  block. 

208.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0725  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Short  rectangular  block. 

209.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.015  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block. 

210.  Fragment.  Length,  0.046  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.014  m.  Rectangular  block. 

211.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.104  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Rectangu¬ 
lar  block. 


212-215.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.009-0.0115  m.  Rectangular  blocks. 

216.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block. 

217.  Fragment.  From  West  Building. 
Length,  0.054  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m. 
Rectangular  block. 

218-220.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.012,  0.013  m.  Rectangular  blocks. 

221.  Fragment.  Length,  0.021  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block. 

222.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.018  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Slight 
rectangular  block. 

223.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.01  m. 
Rectangular  block. 

224.  225.  Fragments.  From  south  slope. 
Diameter  of  heads,  0.015,  0.012  m.  Rectangu¬ 
lar  blocks,  that  of  No.  225  with  collar. 

226.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m. 
Rectangular  block  with  heavy  collar. 

227.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build¬ 
ing.  Length,  0.128  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m. 
Rectangular  block  with  collar.  In  centre  of  top 
of  head  slight  depression,  corresponding  to  place 
of  attachment.  First  case  in  this  type  where 
this  is  plain. 

228.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0135 
m.  Rectangular  block  with  overhanging  col¬ 
lar. 

229.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.108  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.009  m.  Sharply 
cut  corrugations  on  slender  stem.  Short  rec¬ 
tangular  block  with  collar  marked  off  by 
groove. 

230.  231.  Fragments.  From  south  slope. 
Diameter  of  heads,  0.01,  0.011  m.  Blocks  as  in 

No.  229. 

232.  Fragment.  From  West  Building.  Block 
as  in  No.  229. 

233.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Block 
as  in  Nos.  229  and  228. 

234.  235.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.009,  0.0115  in.  Blocks  with  collar  as  in  Nos. 
229,  233,  respectively. 

Class  8.  Five  corrugations. 

236.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0785  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Elementary  rectangular 
block. 

237-240.  Injured  and  fragmentary.  No. 
239  from  West  Building.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.01-0.013  m.  Rectangular  blocks. 


212 


THE  BRONZES 


241.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.122  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Short  rectangular 
block. 

242-244.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.012-0.013  m.  Rectangular  blocks. 

245.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Short 
heavy  rectangular  block. 

246.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build¬ 
ing.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Short  rectan¬ 
gular  block. 

247-250.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.011-0.012  m.  Rectangular  blocks,  which  in 
Nos.  249,  250  have  overhanging  collar. 

251.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0135  m.  Rectangular  block. 

252.  Fragment.  Rectangular  block  with 
small  collar. 

253.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.012  m.  Block  as  in  No.  252. 

254.  Length,  0.118  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.012  m.  Rectangular  block  with  small  col¬ 
lar. 

255.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build¬ 
ing.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0135  m.  Rectangular 
block  with  projecting  collar. 

256.  Point  and  part  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.063  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Block 
with  projecting  collar. 

257.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m. 
Block  as  in  No.  256. 

258.  259.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.013,  0.011  in.  Blocks  as  in  No.  256. 

260.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build¬ 
ing.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0145  m.  Block  tapers 
toward  top.  Heavy  projecting  collar. 

261.  Fragment.  Block  similar  to  that  of  No. 
260. 

262.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Block 
as  in  No.  255.  Cross  on  all  four  sides.  Proba¬ 
bly  also  on  head. 

263.  264.  Fragments.  Diameters  of  heads, 
0.015,  0.01  m.  Blocks  as  in  No.  255. 

265.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build¬ 
ing.  Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Grooved 
collar  on  block. 

266.  Fragment.  Rectangular  block,  with 
collar  separated  by  groove. 

267.  Fragment.  End  gone.  Oxidized.  Length, 
0.0715  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.01  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block  with  projecting  grooved  collar. 

268.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0105.  Block  as  in  No.  267. 


269.  Fragment.  From  West  Building. 
Length,  0.0515  m.  Rectangular  block  with 
grooved  collar. 

Discarded:  one. 

Class  e.  /Six  corrugations. 

270.  Head  and  point  broken.  Length,  0.088 
m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.02  m.  Three  lower 
corrugations  small  and  separated  by  shallow 
rings. 

271,272.  Fragments.  272  from  south  slope. 
Diameter  of  heads,  0.0075,  0.0115  m. 

273.  Point  blunted.  Length,  0.1215  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.01  m. 

274.  Length,  0.145  m.  Diameter  of  head 
(nicked),  0.0125  m.  Rectangular  block.  Cor¬ 
rugations  not  strung. 

275.  Condition  poor.  Point  gone.  Length, 
0.0615  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Rec¬ 
tangular  block.  Corrugations  sharply  defined. 

276-278.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.0105-0.012  m.  Blocks. 

279.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.084  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Rectangular  block  with 
raised  collar. 

280.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Rectangular 
block  separated  from  pin  by  groove.  Raised 
collar. 

281-285.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.009-0.014  m.  Rectangular  blocks  tapering 
toward  raised  collar. 

286.  Fragment  from  south  slope.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.011  m.  Block  as  in  Nos.  281  ff. 

287.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.017 
m.  Long  rectangular  block  with  raised  grooved 
collar. 

288.  Fragment  from  back  of  South  Building. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.01  m.  Short  rectangular 
block  with  grooved  raised  collar. 

Class  t-  / Seven  corrugations. 

289.  Point  and  most  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.09  m.  Rectangular  block  with  collar.  Traces 
of  cross  on  sides  of  block. 

Class  y]-  Eight  corrugations. 

290.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0915  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Corrugations  elongated 
with  shallow  grooves  between. 

291.  Length,  0.127  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.012  m.  Rectangular  block,  separated  from  pin 
by  slight  groove  with  raised  grooved  collar. 
Possibly  traces  of  cross  on  sides. 

Of  this  form  nine  fragments  were  discarded,  including 
one  from  south  slope. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


213 


Form  2.  Separable  pin.  Pin  inserted  in 

RECTANGULAR  BLOCK, BENEATH  CORRUGA¬ 
TIONS.  HEAD  ATTACHED  LIKE  RIVET.1 

Inserted  pins  are  later  than  introduction  of 
rectangular  block.  No  pin-shafts  preserved. 

Class  a.  Five  corrugations. 

292.  Head  broken.  Length,  0.027  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.014  in.  Rectangular  block 
broken  at  lower  end.  Has  slit  instead  of  hole. 

293.  Length,  0.027  in.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.018  m.  Stem  shows  plainly  on  top.  Block. 

294.  Fragment  from  West  Building.  Slight 
remains  of  iron  pin.  Block. 

295.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0263  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0215  m.  Rectangular  block  with 
small  raised  grooved  collar.  In  bottom,  hole, 
0.003  m.  across. 

296.  F  rom  south  slope.  Head  mostly  gone. 
Length,  0.03  m.  Stem  shows  above  head. 
Rectangular  block  with  raised  grooved  collar. 
Traces  of  iron  pin. 

Class  /3.  /Six  corrugations. 

291 .  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.03  m.  Rectangular  block  with  slight  groove 
near  top.  Pin  probably  of  iron. 

298.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.031  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.019  m.  Slight  trace  of  stem 
on  top.  Rectangular  block  with  slightly  grooved 
collar.  Pin  of  iron. 

299.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.029  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m.  Top  of  head  has 
row  of  dots  inclosed  by  circles  close  to  edge. 

300.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.032  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0195  m.  Trace  of  stem  on 
top.  Dots  in  circles  same  as  in  No.  299.  Pin 
probably  of  iron. 

301.  Length,  0.029  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.022  m.  No  trace  of  stem.  Pin  of  iron.  Dots 
in  circles  as  above,  and  one  where  stem  should 
appear. 

Class  y.  Seven  corrugations. 

302.  F  rom  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.0365  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.017  m.  No  trace 
of  stem  on  top.  Pin  probably  of  iron.  Dots 
in  circles  on  head  round  edsre. 

303.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.036  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.018  m.  Rectangular  block 
with  slight  grooved  collar.  Pin  probably  of 
iron. 

304.  Length,  0.031  m.  Diameter  of  head, 

1  With  this  form  cf.  pin-head  from  Lusi,  Jahreshefte, 
IV.  p.  55,  fig.  97  (Reichel  and  Wilhelm). 

2  Cf.  bronze  pin  of  tack-form  with  large  flat  head  and 


0.016  in.  Dots  in  circles  on  head.  Rectangular 
block  with  raised  grooved  collar.  Pin  of  iron. 

305.  Fragment.  Length,  0.035  in.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block  with  heavy  collar.  Pin  probably  of 
iron. 

Class  8.  Eigl/t  corrugations. 

306.  Fragment.  Length,  0.041  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block  with  raised  collar.  Iron  pin. 
Bronze  when  filed  showed  reddish. 

307.  Fragment.  Two  rows  of  dots  in  circles 
on  head. 

Class  e.  Nine  corrugations. 

308.  Head  mostly  gone.  Length,  0.042  m. 
Dots  in  circles  on  head.  Pin  probably  of  iron. 
Fine  groove  on  block. 

309.  Length,  0.0465  m.  Diameter  head, 
0.0215  m.  No  trace  of  stem  on  top.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block  with  raised  collar.  Pin  probably 
of  iron. 

Class  £.  Eleven  corrugations. 

310.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.039  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Rectangular  block 
with  slightly  raised  grooved  collar.  Pin  prob¬ 
ably  of  iron. 

311.  Head  mostly  gone.  Length,  0.054  m. 
Dots  in  circles  on  head.  Slight  rise  at  centre 
of  head  above  stem.  Rectangular  block  with 
grooved  collar,  probably  ornamented  on  all  sides 
with  dots  in  circles. 

Class  7],  Fourteen  corrugations. 

312.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.0435  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.0135  m.  No  certain  trace  of 
stem  on  top.  Rectangular  block  ornamented  on 
all  sides  with  cross  ;  raised  grooved  collar.  Pin 
probably  iron. 

Class  0.  Sixteen  corrugations. 

313.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.04  m.  No 
certain  trace  of  stem  on  top  of  head.  Dots  in 
circles  on  edge  of  head.  Rectangular  block  with 
raised  grooved  collar.  Pin  of  iron.  Bronze 
when  filed  showed  medium  color. 

Of  this  form  four  fragments  were  discarded. 

Form  3.  Body  solid,  with  alternate 

BROAD  AND  NARROW  SWELLINGS.  HEAD 

ATTACHED. 

314.  Fragment.  Length,  0.028  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  Stem  shows  in  centre  of 
head.2 

Addenda.  The  following  (Nos.  315-317)  are 
of  too  uncertain  character  to  treat  as  a  separate 

small  corrugated  body  from  Menidhi,  Athens  Mus.,  No. 
1928. 


214 


THE  BRONZES 


type,  inasmuch  as  the  length  being  unknown, 
they  may  be  rivetSo  Not  corrugated.1 

315.  End  gone.  Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m. 
Stem  shows  on  top  of  head. 

316.  End  gone.  Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m. 
Stem  projects  through  head.  Body  rectangular. 

317.  Similar  to  No.  316.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.02  m. 

Type  d.  Pins  usually  with  conical  head 
and  solid  body,  of  which  upper  part  is 
ornamented  with  threading  and  bead¬ 
like  corrugations,  or  with  a  disk  substi¬ 
tuted  for  a  corrugation. 

Form  1.  Threading  and  corrugations. 

Class  a.  One  corrugation. 

318.  End  gone.  Length,  0.074  m.  Thread¬ 
ing  faint. 

319.  Length,  0.117  m.  Screw  threading. 

320.  Head  partly  gone.  Length,  0.152  m. 
Traces  of  threading  between  head  and  corruga¬ 
tion. 

Class  (3-  Two  corrugations. 

321.  F  rom  south  slope.  Broken.  Length, 
0.096  in.  Coarse  screw-threading  between  head 
and  first  corrugation.  Rectangular  beginning 
of  pin. 

322.  End  gone.  Length,  0.102  m.  Screw¬ 
threading  between  head  and  corrugation.  Be¬ 
ginning  of  pin  rectangular. 

323.  Head  and  point  gone.  Length,  0.128  m. 
Plain,  coarse  threading  between  top  and  first 
corrugation.  Rectangular  beginning  of  pin. 

324.  Head  gone.  Length,  0.12  m.  Rather 
fine  screw-threading  above  first  corrugation. 
Rectangular  beginning  of  pin. 

325.  From  West  Building.  Point  broken. 
Length,  0.073  m.  Threading  above  first  corru¬ 
gation.  Beginning  of  body  rectangular. 

326.  From  West  Building.  End  broken. 
Length,  0.1105  m.  Above  upper  corrugation, 
fine  threading. 

327.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.108  m.  Screw¬ 
threading  between  head  and  first  corrugation. 

328.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.155  m.  Coarse 
screw-threading  between  head  and  first  corruga¬ 
tion. 

329.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.084  m.  Fine 
threading  between  head  and  first  corrugation. 

330.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.198  m.  Top 
of  head  rounded.  Irregular  screw-tlireading  be¬ 
tween  head  and  lower  corrugation. 

'  Cf.  flat-beaded  bronze  tacks  from  Mycenae  (outside 
tombs),  Athens  Mus.,  No.  3201. 


331.  Broken.  Length,  0.097  m.  Medium  ir¬ 
regular  screw-threading  from  head  to  lower  cor¬ 
rugation. 

332  Length,  0.208  m.  Medium  screw-tliread- 
ing  beneath  head  and  between  corrugations. 
Above  upper  and  beneath  lower  corrugations, 
grooves,  forming  in  each  case  a  small  corrugation. 

333.  Point  broken.  Length,  0.1865  in. 
Threading  fine  from  head  to  lower  corrugation. 
Secondary  corrugations  as  in  No.  332.  Begin¬ 
ning  of  pin  rectangular. 

Under  side  of  upper  corrugation  flat. 

334.  Length,  0.12  m.  Head  to  first  corruga¬ 
tion,  0.0155  in.  Medium  coarse  screw-tlireading 
between  head  and  first  corrugation.  Second  cor¬ 
rugation  smaller  than  first.  Above  it  small  cor¬ 
rugation,  as  in  No.  332. 

335.  Both  ends  broken.  Length,  0.104  m. 
Above  first  corrugation,  coarse  plain  threading. 
Second  corrugation  smaller  than  first.  Begin¬ 
ning  of  pin  rectangular. 

Class  y.  More  than  two  corrugations. 

Group  i.  Under  side  of  main  corrugation 
flat. 

336.  Fragment.  Length,  0.072  m.  Between 
corrugations,  rather  fine  threading.  Beginning 
of  body  rectangular. 

Group  ii.  More  elaborate. 

337.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.187  m. 
F rom  top  to  second  corrugation  (reckoning  from 
the  top),  probably  coarse  threading.  Second 
and  third  and  third  and  fourth  seem  divided  by 
two  grooves.  Below  fourth  ring,  perhaps  origi¬ 
nally  disk.  Between  ring  and  fifth  corrugation,  a 
very  low  corrugation,  which  probably  has  groove 
in  middle.  Above  and  below,  coarse  threading. 
Below  fifth  corrugation,  clearly  marked  rectangu¬ 
lar  block,  tapering  to  pin.2 

Form  2.  Threading  and  corrugation  ; 

WITH  DISK  SUBSTITUTED  FOR  CORRUGATION, 

USUALLY  UPPER  ONE. 

Class  a.  Disk  and  one  corrugation. 

338.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.116  m.  Un¬ 
certain  whether  upper  part  threaded.  Disk  larger 
than  corrugation.  Beginning  of  pin  rectangular. 

339.  Fragment.  Top  and  most  of  body  gone. 
Above  disk,  four  small  corrugations.  Lower  one 
grooved.  Beginning  of  pin  rectangular. 

340.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.10  m. 
Grooved  above  disk,  forming  four  small  corru¬ 
gations. 

2  Of  tliis  form,  seven  were  discarded,  of  which  six  were 
of  two  corrugations  and  one  uncertain. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


215 


341.  Top  and  most  of  body  gone.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Above  disk,  irregular  screw  and  plain 
threading.  Below  disk,  a  narrow,  then  a  longer 
lower  corrugation,  followed  by  two  rings.  Be¬ 
ginning  of  pin  rectangular. 

The  following  have  two  or  more  plain  raised 
surfaces  above  disk,  which  in  some  cases  ap¬ 
proach  character  of  subordinate  corrugations. 

342.  End  gone.  Length,  0.07  m.  Between 
head  and  disk,  two  low  corrugations  separated  by 
threading,  which  continues  to  head.  Below  disk, 
plain  space,  then  low  corrugation,  then  ring. 
Prominent  rectangular  beginning  of  pin. 

343.  Fragment.  Length,  0.062  m.  Above 
disk,  stem  tapers,  and  is  ornamented  with  convex 
plain  surfaces  and  four  groups  of  three  rings. 
Between  disk  and  corrugation,  similar  surface 
with  rings. 

344.  End  gone.  Length,  0.089  m.  Raised 
surface  close  to  collar  of  disk.  Space  above  di¬ 
vided  into  three  parts,  separated  by  two  raised 
surfaces.  Fine  threading.  Ring  above  corruga¬ 
tion.  Beginning  of  body  rectangular. 

Plate  CXXXVII. 

345.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.13  m.  Above 
disk,  stem  tapers  in  four  raised  surfaces,  divided 
by  rings.  Below  disk,  plain  convex  surface  be¬ 
tween  group  of  three  rings.  Rectangular  begin¬ 
ning  of  pin,  with  groove  at  top. 

Class  /3.  Disk  and  two  corrugations  beneath. 
Plate  LX  XIX. 

346.  End  gone.  Length,  0.096  m.  Head 
has  rounded  top.  Upper  part  probably  had  plain 
surfaces  and  rings. 

347.  Head  and  most  of  body  gone.  Length, 
0.042  m.  Beneath  corrugation,  rectangular  piece. 
Above  disk,  screw-threading.  Rings  between 
disk  and  first  corrugation,  and  between  corruga¬ 
tions. 

348.  Perhaps  belongs  to  Class  y.  Most  of 
body  gone.  Length,  0.074  m.  Between  head 
and  disk,  coarse  screw-threading.  Between  cor¬ 
rugations,  single  low  ring.1 

Class  y.  Disk  and  more  than  two  corruga¬ 
tions,  of  which  the  one  beneath  disk  is 
slightly  larger. 

349.  End  gone.  Length,  circ.  0.155  m.  Plead 

1  Cf.  the  fragment,  Olympia ,  No.  1134  (upside  down), 
said  by  Furtwangler  to  be  completely  preserved. 

2  Type  found  at  Tiryns  (No.  1587),  and  at  Heraeum 
tomb  (No.  3325);  Athens  Museum.  Possible  also  that 
Olympia,  No.  431  b,  belongs  here  (though  not  stated  that 
head  has  hole  for  shaft),  rather  than  to  pendants,  as 
Furtwangler  takes  it.  With  this  type  may  be  compared, 


to  disk  threaded  downward  from  right  to  left. 
Beneath  corrugations,  small  ring,  then  rectangu¬ 
lar  block,  beneath  which  round  body  of  pin. 
Space  between  disk  and  lowest  corrugation  plain. 

Of  this  form  two  were  discarded. 

Addenda.  The  following  two  may  be  of  either 
form. 

350.  Fragment.  Length,  0.047  m.  Head  and 
fourteen  corrugations.  Bottom  filed.  Solid. 
Color  medium. 

351.  F  rom  West  Building.  Lower  end 
broken.  Length,  0.054  m.  Entire  length  from 
head  to  last  corrugation  with  fine  threading. 

Six  unclassified  discards. 

Type  e.  Pins  with  body  similar  to  preced¬ 
ing  (Type  d,  Form  1),  and  oblong  rivet¬ 
shaped  head,  usually  with  conical  top. 

Pin  inserted  into  middle  of  rivet  bar. 

Ends  of  heads  attached,  except  perhaps 

in  No.  352.^ 

Class  a.  All  or  part  of  body  preserved .3 

Group  i.  Body  has  threading  and  one  corru¬ 
gation. 

Plate  LXXX. 

352.  Head  damaged.  Length,  0.0988  m. 
Length  of  head,  0.013  m.  Pin  top  shows  on 
upper  side  of  head,  which  has  four  grooves  on 
each  side.  Next  head,  two  small  threads.  Then 
convex  surface,  beneath  which  screw-thread  to 
corrugation.  Beneath  corrugation,  beginning  of 
body  rectangular.  Here  two  threads. 

353.  Possibly  belongs  under  ii.  Broken  at 
base  of  corrugation.  Length,  0.019  m.  Length 
of  head,  0.0205  m.  Top  of  pin  shows.  Ends  of 
head  convex  and  rounded.  Shaft  finely  threaded 
to  ends  on  both  sides.  Head  to  corrugation  also. 

Group  ii.  Body  has  threading  and  two  corru¬ 
gations. 

354.  Ends  of  head  and  of  pin  gone.  Length, 
0.059  m.  Length  of  head,  0.028  m.  Coarse 
screw-threading  on  both  sides  of  head.  From 
head  to  lower  corrugation  rather  fine  irregular 
screw-threading.  Beginning  of  pin-shaft  rec¬ 
tangular. 

355.  From  northeast  part  of  excavation,  near 
Cyclopean  wall,  1893.  End  of  pin  and  head 
gone.  Length,  0.075  m.  Length  of  head, 

in  general,  a  silver  pin  with  eyelet  above  bar,  but  other¬ 
wise  similar  in  shape  to  simpler  Greek  forms,  from 
Remedello,  prov.  of  Brescia.  (Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It. 
p.  196,  fig.  13,  pi.  36.)  Italian  specimen  one  piece. 

3  Though  degree  of  preservation  is  not  a  proper  basis 
for  classification,  it  is  adopted  here  because  corresponding 
in  the  main  to  the  material  employed,  i.  e.  bronze  or  iron. 


216 


THE  BRONZES 


0.0215  m.  Pin  shows  on  top  of  stem  of  head. 
Threading  of  head,  similar  to  that  of  No.  354. 
Finer  between  corrugations.  Beginning  of  pin 
rectangular. 

356.  Broken  at  base  of  second,  corrugation. 
Head  ends  injured.  Length,  0.037  m.  Length 
of  head,  0.0275  m.  Stem  shows  on  top.  Ends 
of  head  hollow,  thin,  and  originally  quite  large. 
Space  circ.  0.005  m.  each  side  of  centre  has 
screw-threading;  from  right  to  left.  Between 
head  and  second  corrugation,  slightly  finer 
threading  from  right  to  left. 

O  O 

Class  ft.  Head  only  preserved. 

Group  i.  Stem  threaded ;  with  break  in 
threading  at  centre. 

357  [on  Plate  wrongly  numbered  367] . 
Length,  0.019  m.  Ends  rounded.  Screw  threaded. 
Diameter  of  pinhole,  0.0015  m.  Nos.  357  a,  b,  c, 
fragments;  latter  two  from  south  slope.  Form 
series  leading  to  conical  ends  in  No.  358. 

358.  Both  ends  injured.  Length,  0.025  m. 
More  damaged  end  seems  to  show  the  construc¬ 
tion,  the  conical  end  of  stem  being  covered  with 
thin  conical  cap.  Medium  fine  threading. 

359.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Ends 
injured.  Length,  0.027  m.  Fragment  remains 
of  pin,  probably  of  iron. 

360.  From  cutting  above  Upper  Temple  to¬ 
ward  tents.  Ends  injured.  Length,  0.025  m. 
Medium  screw-threading.  Fragment  of  probable 
iron  pin. 

361.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0265  m. 
Medium  screw-thread ing. 

362.  Ends  much  injured.  Length,  0.027  m. 
Medium  threading. 

363.  Ends  injured.  Length,  0.0285  in. 
Character  of  threading  uncertain. 

364.  Corroded.  Length,  0.034  m.  Stem  with 

three  grooves  on  one  side  and  six  on  other. 
© 

Coarse  screw-threading.  Remains  of  pin,  proba¬ 
bly  iron. 

365.  Corroded.  Length,  0.0335  m.  Traces 
of  fine  threading  of  uncertain  character. 

366.  From  south  slope.  Much  corroded. 
Length,  0.0315  m.  Threading  coarse,  and  of 
uncertain  character. 

367.  From  cutting  above  Upper  Temple  to¬ 
ward  tents.  Much  corroded.  Length,  0.039  m. 
Coarse  screw-threading.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

368.  From  south  slope.  Much  corroded. 
Length,  0.036  m.  Threading  rather  fine. 

369.  From  northeast  corner  between  Cyclo¬ 
pean  wall  and  Stoa,  1893.  Much  corroded. 


Length,  0.0405  m.  Ends  solid,  one  larger  than 
the  other.  Slight  traces  of  fine  threading.  Re¬ 
mains  of  iron  pin. 

370.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.041  m.  Medium 
threading. 

Group  ii.  Stem  threaded.  Ends  ornamented 
with  grooves. 

371.  From  northeast  corner  below  Cyclopean 
wall,  1893.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.026  in. 
Line  engraved  on  each  end.  Medium  threading 
from  right  to  left.  Remains  of  pin,  probably  iron. 

372.  Length,  0.0325  m.  Ends  solid  ;  diam¬ 
eter,  0.021  m.  Groove  on  each  head.  Fine  screw¬ 
threading. 

373.  Injured.  Length,  0.038  m.  Groove  on 
each  end.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

374.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.0465  m. 
Three  grooves  on  ends.  At  either  side  of  pin¬ 
hole,  fine  screw-threading.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

375.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.042  m.  Four 
grooves  on  one  end,  and  three  now  visible  on 
other ;  probably  had  four.  Remains  of  bronze 
pin.  Medium  fine  threading. 

376.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.05  m.  On 
each  end  six  grooves.  Medium  fine  threading  of 
uncertain  character  on  shaft. 

377.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.051  m.  Traces 
of  grooves  on  end.  Fine  threading  of  uncertain 
character  on  shaft.  Pin  probably  bronze. 

378.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.055  m.  Three 
grooves  on  ends.  Medium  threading  of  uncer¬ 
tain  character  on  shaft.  Pin  probably  iron. 

One  was  discarded  from  each  of  tbe  above  groups. 

Group  iii.  Ends  round  and  thick  at  edge. 
Body  tends  to  rectangular  form. 

379.  Much  corroded.  Length,  0.024  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  ends,  0.012  m.  Stem  seems  inset 
into  ends.  Pin  iron.  This  pin  is  between  type 
of  Nos.  357  and  380,  but  closer  to  No.  357. 

380.  Poor  condition.  One  head  gone.  Length, 
0.029  m.  Thickness  of  ends,  0.006  m.  Thread¬ 
ing  not  certain. 

381.  From  West  Building.  Much  corroded. 
Length,  0.032  m.  Diameter  of  ends,  0.013  m. 
Stem  rectangular,  with  rounded  sides.  Traces 
of  threading. 

Class  y ■  Miscellaneous. 

382.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.031  m. 
Diameter  of  ends,  0.019  m.  Stem  rectangular, 
with  one  side  broader  than  the  other.  Metal 
dark  reddish  brown,  probably  copper. 

383.  From  West  Building.  See  No.  2217. 

Of  this  Class  y,  one  was  discarded. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


217 


Type  f.  Pins  often  with  separable  heads. 
Heads  flat,  and  upper  part  of  body  com¬ 
pound,  consisting  of  one  main  corrugation, 
flanked  on  each  side,  but  especially  be¬ 
low,  by  narrow  bands  and  rings,  which 
develop  into  one  or  more  subordinate 
corrugations.1 

Form  1.  Upper  part  of  body  elongated 

AND  USUALLY  WITH  LARGE  TIIIN  HEAD." 

Class  a.  No  ornament ,  or  simple  threading 
at  sides  of  corrugation.  Body  solid. 

384.  F  rom  south  slope.  One  fourth  head 
and  end  of  point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.095 
m.  No  ornament.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0085  m. 

385.  Head  nicked.  Oxidized.  Length, 0.086  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0075  m.  Above  corruga¬ 
tion,  groove. 

386.  Slightly  corroded  and  oxidized.  Length, 
0.091  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.006  m.  Above 
corrugation,  three  small  rings.  Beginning  of  pin 
below  corrugation  rectangular. 

387.  Head  nicked.  Corroded  and  oxidized. 
Length,  0.083  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.008  m. 
Above  corrugation,  five  small  rings  separated 
by  irregular  grooves  only  apparently  resembling- 
screw. 

388.  End  gone.  Somewhat  corroded.  Oxi¬ 
dized.  Length,  0.048  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0065  m.  Above  and  below  corrugation,  low 
ring  or  minor  corrugation. 

Class  (3.  At  either  side  of  corrugation ,  or 
at  least  on  under  side ,  is  rise  to  sort  of 
ring,  falling  o  f  abruptly  on  outside ,  be¬ 
ing  beginning  of  subordinate  corrugation. 
Group  i.  No  ornamentation  at  ends  or 
centre. 

389.  F  rom  south  slope.  End  gone.  Oxidized. 
Length,  0.034  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0135  m. 
Stem  projects  through  head  circ.  0.001  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  stem,  0.0019  m.  Round  edge  a  row 

1  Cf.  bronze  pins  from  Mycenae  (outside  shaft-graves) 
with  flat  head  and  single  hall  or  swelling  (Athens  Mus., 
No.  2558).  A  more  advanced  type,  of  ivory,  with  two 
balls  and  double  rings  between  convex  spaces,  ibid.  No. 
2608.  Bronze  pin  with  flat  head  with  small  corrugation, 
at  either  side  of  which  grooved  or  double  ring,  and  simple 
jacket-efFect  beneath,  from  above  the  palace  at  Mycenae 
(Tsountas,  ’E <prip-  ’A px- 1887,  col.  169,  No.  19,  peASvr ;  xa^Kv 

evpndeitra  ets  r a  a  v  d  t  e  p  a  a  r  pet  par  a  ruv  eirl  rou  Meyapov 
fpeiirlwv,  pi.  13).  Cf.  No.  400.  Simple  and  jacket  forms 
from  Tiryns,  Athens  Mus.,  No.  1586.  The  pins  from  the 
Dictaean  cave  published  by  Hogarth,  Annual  of  British 
School  at  Athens,  VI.  p.  112  resemble  those  of  this  type 
chiefly  in  the  cap.  Cf.  Nos.  507,  510.  Pins  somewhat 


of  inclosed  dots.  Beneath  corrugations,  sort  of 
jacket,  0.003  m.  in  length,  rising  toward  lower 
end.  Corrugations,  jacket,  and  pin  probably 
one  piece. 

390.  From  south  slope.  Pin  mostly  gone. 
Present  point  not  original.  Length,  0.031  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Beneath  cor  ruga- 
tions,  raised  grooved  ring.  Pin  stem  projects 
through  head,  diameter,  0.0019  m. 

391.  End  gone.  Slightly  oxidized.  Length, 
0.03  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0085  m.  Diameter 
of  projecting  stem,  circ.  0.0008  m.  Probably 
two  parts,  head  and  stem. 

392.  Corroded.  Length,  0.052  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.007  m.  Jacket  consists  of  central 
corrugation,  and  ring  at  either  side.  Probably 
one  piece  with  pin.  Head  thin,  perhaps  sep¬ 
arable. 

Group  ii.  Lower  or  upper  ring  grooved. 

Central  knob  plain. 

393.  Point  blunted.  Length,  0.977  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0115  m.  Beneath  knob,  grooved 
ring.  Between  knob  and  ring,  pin  thins  to  less 
diameter  than  it  has  farther  down.  Thin  head. 

394.  Bad  condition.  Length,  0.074  m.  No 
jacket.  Beneath  knob,  high  grooved  ring.  Head 
thin. 

395.  Length,  0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.012  m.  Round  edge,  row  of  inclosed  dots. 
No  jacket.  Below  knob,  grooved  ring.  Head 
thin.  Two  parts,  probably. 

396.  Length,  0.084  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.009  m.  Round  edge  row  of  inclosed  dots. 
Edge  of  head  grooved.  Above  knob,  ring  ;  below, 
grooved  ring.  Probably  two  parts. 

397.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.027  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.0115  m.  On  top,  undercut 
knob  intended  to  represent  projecting  stem.  Be¬ 
neath  knob,  grooved  ring.  Above  corrugation, 
upward  increase  in  diameter  of  jacket  to  head. 

like  this  type,  especially  elementary  forms,  from  lakes 
Neuchatel  and  Bienne,  in  Brit.  Mus. 

2  To  this  form  belongs  a  silver  pin  in  tlie  British  Mu¬ 
seum,  said  to  have  come  from  Argolis.  Jahrb.  1897, 
p.  196.  Inscription  C.  I.  G.  P.  I.  No.  508.  Added  here 
by  kind  permission  of  Dr.  A.  S.  Murray. 

Plate  CXXXVII.  Condition  good.  Length,  0.116  m. 
Similar  in  shape  to  pins  of  Class  y,  Group  vi.,  but  the  ring 
development  resembles  rather  that  of  Group  ix.  Bead 
striated  vertically  as  in  Form  2,  Class  -t),  No.  511,  or  Class  6, 
No.  512.  Three  rings  under  head,  the  topmost  being 
largest.  Single  notched  ring  at  either  side  of  principal 
bead.  Two  rings,  or  rather  single  ring  with  accentuated 
approach  at  either  side  of  smaller  bead.  On  top  of  head, 
and  on  under  side,  rosettes.  Cf.  No.  667. 


218 


THE  BRONZES 


398.  From  south  slope.  Corroded.  Length, 
0.049  in.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0135  m.  Pro¬ 
jecting  stem.  Head  and  both  rings  grooved. 
Inclosed  dots  round  edge  of  head. 

Group  iii.  Central  corrugation  has  an  or¬ 
nament  (plain  or  grooved  ring)  at 
either  side.  Otherwise  similar  to 
Groups  i.  and  ii. 

399.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.06  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Stem  projects.  Head 
grooved.  Grooved  ring  below  corrugations.  On 
upper  side  of  corrugations,  single  ring.  On 
lower  side,  two.  Head  seems  one  piece  with 
stem. 

400.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.035  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Stem  projects.  Low 
double  ring  on  both  sides  of  corrugations. 
Thence  on  upper  side  gradual  rise  to  join  head. 
On  lower  side,  rise  to  grooved  ring.  On  top 
of  head,  rosette.  Groove  on  edge  of  head. 
Filed  ;  color  medium. 

401.  F  rom  south  slope.  Bad  condition. 
Length,  0.031  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.02  m. 
Undercut  knob  on  top  representing  stem.  Head 
grooved.  Corrugation  large,  with  grooved  rings 
at  either  side.  Below,  effect  of  jacket  inclosing 
stem,  but  probably  all  of  one  piece. 

402.  Bad  condition.  Length,  0.034  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Two  grooves  in  edge 
of  head.  Ring  on  either  side  of  coiTugation. 
Uncertain  whether  corrugation  and  rings  are 
one  piece  with  stem.  Head  possibly  separate, 
in  which  case  projecting  knob  goes  with  it. 

403.  Bad  condition.  Length,  circ.  0.083  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.008  m.  Stem  projects. 
Edtre  of  head  orooved.  Ring  on  either  side  of 
corrugation.  Stem  on  both  sides  of  corrugation 
smaller  than  beginning  of  pin.  Beneath  corru¬ 
gation,  double-grooved  ring.  Head  perhaps  sep¬ 
arate.  Rest  of  one  piece. 

404.  Length,  0.088  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0095  m.  Small  knob  on  top  of  head.  Edge 
of  head  grooved.  On  either  side  of  corrugation, 
grooved  ring,  of  one  piece  with  corrugation. 
Grooved  ring  beneath  head.  Below  corrugation, 
two  rings.  Lower  slightly  larger  and  grooved. 
Head  perhaps  separate.  Rest  perhaps  one 
piece.  Waist  in  stem  above  and  below  corru¬ 
gation. 

405.  Broken.  Length,  0.0635  m.  Diameter 

1  Probably  not  like  Naue,  Rev.  Arch.  XXVII  (1895), 
p.  58,  No.  41. 

2  Cf.  pin  from  Megara  Ilyblaea,  published  by  Orsi, 


of  head,  0.0125  m.  Grooved.  Knob  small. 
Grooved  ring  on  either  side  of  corrugation  and 
joined  to  it.  Beneath  head,  small  swelling. 
Below  corrugation,  two  rings,  upper  larger  and 
grooved.  Head  perhaps  separate.  Rest  of  one 
piece. 

406.  From  south  slope.  Head  broken. 
Length,  0.0975  m.  At  top,  a  disk.  Beneath, 
grooved  ring,  divided  by  low  ridge  around 
centre.1 

Class  y.  Central  corrugation  ornamented  at 
side.  Under  head,  one  or  more  rings, 
sometimes  thick  enough  for  a  subordinate 
corrugation.  Beneath  main  corrugation, 
subordinate  one,  of  varying  size,  flanked  by 
a  ring,  which  may  or  may  not  be  grooved 
at  either  side. 

Group  i.  Much  elongated.  Two  rings 
under  head.  Lower  corrugation  nar¬ 
row,  resembling  more  prominent  ring  ; 
flanked  at  either  side  by  single  ring. 

407.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.099  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Edge  grooved. 
Knob  on  top  undercut.  Under  head,  grooved 
ring.  Single  ring  either  side  of  corrugation. 
Parts  are  head  with  knob,  stem,  and  jacket. 

408.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.0915  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.0165  m.  Thin.  Knob  under¬ 
cut.  Jacket  probably  separable.  Lower  of  rings 
beneath  head  and  ring  just  above  corrugation 
are  ends  of  same  piece  of  bronze.  So  also  the 
ring  at  under  side  of  corrugation  and  that  above 
lower  corrugation  ring.  Knob  goes  with  head. 
Remainder  looks  as  though  strung  separately  on 
stem,  but  probably  one  piece,  except  perhaps 
head  and  knob.2 

409.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.104  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.015  m.  No  knob.  Seems  to 
have  same  parts  as  No.  408,  but  more  crowded 
and  probably  all  of  one  piece  (i.  e.  all  parts  of 
jacket).  Lowest  ring  plain.  Filing  on  broken 
head  showed  no  lines  of  separation.  Parts 
probably  head,  jacket,  stem,  pin. 

Group  ii.  Elongated  jacket ;  like  pre¬ 
ceding,  but  more  elaborate,  and  with 
more  rings  under  head  or  about  lower 
corrugation. 

410.  From  south  slope.  Pin  gone.  Corroded. 
Length,  0.028  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0135  m. 
Knob  low  and  undercut.  Resembles  No.  409, 

Mon.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  816.  This  example  is  similar  in 
style,  but  lias  small  attached  ring  at  either  side  of  main 
corrugation  and  under  head. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


219 


but  second  ring  from  top  and  rings  on  either  side 
of  head  grooved.  Broad  secondary  corrugation 
with  raised  ring  in  centre  and  grooved  ring  on 
either  side.  Filing  showed  color  medium.  Prob¬ 
ably  all  one  piece  except  perhaps  head  and  knob. 

411.  Broken,  condition  bad.  Length,  0.0715, 
m.  Similar  to  No.  410.  Pin  probably  one 
piece. 

412.  Poor  condition.  Length,  0.083  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.0127  m.  Knob  small  and 
undercut.  Head  thin.  Similar  to  Nos.  408-411, 
but  more  elaborate  and  finished.  Jacket  divided 
into  six  parts.  Pin  probably  one  piece. 

413.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.043  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.023  m.  Knob  low.  Similar 
to  No.  412.  At  top  of  stem,  however,  three 
rings.  Bead  and  lower  connecting  block  one 
piece.  Probable  that  grooved  ring  at  lower  end 
of  upper  connecting  block  belongs  with  it.  Cer¬ 
tainly  belongs  with  bead.  Filing  showed  core 
yellow,  with  redder  metal  outside.  This  per¬ 
haps  due  to  oxidation.  Jacket,  except  lowest 
ring,  probably  one  piece,  and  no  separate  stem 
running  through.  Head  thin  ;  knob  probably 
end  of  stem.  Rosette  on  top  of  head. 

414.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.067  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.015  m.  Knob  undercut.  Sim¬ 
ilar  to  No.  412.  Divided  by  slightly  deeper 
grooves  into  upper  connecting  block  with  both 
rings,  bead,  lower  connecting  block  with  both 
rings,  lower  corrugation,  grooved  ring,  plain 
ring.  Pin  probably  one  piece,  except  perhaps 
head  and  knob. 

415.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.055  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.018  m.  Filing  showed  head 
and  jacket  of  one  piece. 

416.  Length,  0.074  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0125  m.  Undercut,  low  knob.  Head  grooved 
on  edge.  Ring  beneath  head  and  at  either  side 
of  bead  vertically  notched.  A  slightly  larger 
similar  ring  forms  lower  corrugation.  Beneath 
this,  grooved  ring,  then  smaller  notched  ring. 
Pin  probably  solid,  except  perhaps  head  and 
knob.  Parts  mentioned  separated  by  clearly 
marked  grooves.  Lowest  ring  goes  with  pin. 

Group  iii.  Central  corrugation  plain,  with 
ring  on  each  side.  Just  under  head,  a 
single  ring.  Corrugations  plain.  Rings 
small.  Lower  corrugation  usually  nar¬ 
row  and  with  ring  on  each  side. 

417.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.038  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.0185  m.  Knob  low  ;  slightly 


undercut.  Parts  separated  by  shallow  grooves. 
Pin  probably  one  piece,  except  perhaps  head  and 
knob.1 

418.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.039  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.023  m.  Small  knob.  Pin  of 
one  piece  and  head  as  in  No.  417.  Possibly,  but 
improbably,  from  same  factory  as  No.  417. 

419.  Length,  circ.  0.135  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.019  m.  Knob  not  undercut,  and  very 
possibly  genuine  stem.  Lower  corrugation  only 
a  heavy  ring.  Pin  and  head  as  No.  417. 

420.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.037  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.02  m.  Low,  undercut  knob. 
Undercut  effect  perhaps  due  to  hammering.  Pin 
and  head  as  in  No.  417.  Very  possibly  from 
same  factory  as  No.  419. 

421.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin 
broken.  Length,  0.028  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0205  m.  Knob  small  and  undercut.  Similar 
to  No.  420,  except  ring  above  corrugation  is 
grooved.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Pin  and  head 
as  No.  417. 

422.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.018  m.  Similar 
to  No.  421. 

423.  Bad  condition.  Length,  0.024  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.019  m.  Similar  to  No.  421. 
Filing  showed  medium  light  color. 

424.  From  south  slope.  Condition  bad. 
Length,  0.032  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m. 
Similar  to  No.  421. 

425.  From  south  slope.  Condition  bad. 
Length,  0.0375  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0195  m. 
Similar  to  No.  424,  and  possibly  from  same  fac¬ 
tory. 

426.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0485  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0205  m.  Similar  to  No.  425. 

427.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.041  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.018  m.  Upper  four  rings  belong 
structurally  to  connecting  blocks.  Upper  ring 
of  each  pair  the  larger.  Pin  and  head  as  before. 

428.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0415  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.019  m.  Top  ring  largest.  Pin 
and  head  as  before. 

Group  iv.  Similar,  but  with  larger  rings, 
especially  at  top. 

429.  Pin  gone.  Condition  bad.  Length. 
0.025  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.017  m.  Edge 
of  head  grooved.  Head  probably  separate  and 
knob  part  of  stem. 

430.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length. 
0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m.  Knob 


1  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  482,  which  is  smaller  hut  of  same  general  design. 


220 


THE  BRONZES 


slightly  undercut.  Row  of  dotted  circles  round 
top  of  head.  Edge  grooved.  Lowest  two  rings 
rope-threaded.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

431.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0535  in.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.018  m.  Rim  on  top  of  head 
slightly  raised.  Edge  has  two  grooves.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

432.  Condition  poor.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0415  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0195  m. 

433.  Condition  poor.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.051  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m. 

434.  Pin  mostly  gone.  Length,  0.029  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.015  m.  Edge  of  head  has 
three  grooves.  Lowest  ring  forms  top  of  pin. 

435.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0355  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.0175  m.  Edge  of  head 
grooved.  Looks  as  though  the  parts  were,  (1) 
head,  (2)  knob,  (3)  stem  and  pin  with  grooved 
ring,  and  (4)  rings  with  corrugation,  but  possibly 
whole  pin  of  one  piece. 

436.  P  in  gone.  Length,  0.025  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  Edge  of  head  has  raised 
band  in  centre.  Looks  separable  like  No.  435, 
but  probably  as  in  No.  417.  Possibly  from  same 
factory  as  No.  435. 

437.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0285  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  (corroded).  Edges 
of  upper  four  rings  had  vertical  lines.  Whole 
pin  probably  one  piece. 

438.  Most  of  head  and  pin  gone.  Length, 
0.032  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.003  m.  Filing 
showed  color  medium.  Pin  as  in  No.  437. 

439.  End  gone.  Length,  0.058  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.019  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves.  Pin  looks  separable,  into  (1)  head, 
(2)  upper  pair  of  rings,  (3)  lower  pair,  (4)  cor¬ 
rugations,  (5)  lowest  ring,  (6)  stem,  knob,  and 
pin,  but  probably  all  one  piece. 

440.  1  >in  gone.  Length,  0.03  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0245  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two  bands. 
Only  one  ring  above  upper  corrugation.  Filing 
showed  iron  pin.  Color  of  bronze  medium. 
Head,  knob,  and  jacket  probably  one  piece. 

Group  v.  Ring  under  head  increased  in 
size  to  nearly  that  of  subordinate  cor¬ 
rugation. 

Plate  LXXXI. 

441.  I  length,  0.113  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.018  in.  Head  thin,  outer  rim  slightly  raised 
on  to]).  Five  rings.  Top  one  separated  from 
head  by  shallow  groove.  Pin  probably  one 
piece. 

1  Very  similar  to  pin  from  Lusi,  Jahreshefle, 


442.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0855  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.021  m.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 
Rings  at  either  side  of  main  corrugation  grooved. 
Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

443.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.037  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0235  m.  Row  of  dots  near 
edge  on  top  of  head.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 
Corrugations  larger  than  in  No.  442,  but  arrange¬ 
ment  similar.  Both  probably  from  one  factory. 

Group  vi.  Similar  to  Groups  iii.  and  iv., 
but  with  two  rings  just  under  head. 

444.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.075  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.015  m.  Raised 
rim  round  upper  edge  of  head.  Grooved  ring 
beneath  head.  Below  main  corrugation,  shaft 
smaller  than  at  beginning  of  pin.  Pin  and  head 
as  in  No.  417.1 

445.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.024  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0185  m.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 
Beneath,  two  rings,  the  upper  one  being  the 
larger.  Filing  showed  color  medium  light.  Pin 
and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

446.  End  gone.  Length,  0.045  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.016  m.  Slight  rim  round  top  of  head. 
Edge  of  head  grooved.  Rings  beneath  head  as 
in  No.  445.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

447.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m.  Slight 
rim  on  top  of  head.  Two  grooves  round  edge 
of  head.  Ring  nearest  head  largest.  Pin  proba¬ 
bly  one  piece. 

448.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.095  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Top 
ring  largest.  Lowest  ring  goes  with  pin.  Head 
and  pin  as  in  No.  417. 

449.  Condition  poor.  End  gone  and  most 
of  head.  Length,  0.045  m.  Rings  beneath 
head  as  in  No.  446.  Filing  showed  color  me¬ 
dium  light.  Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

450.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0315  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0165  m.  Rim  round  top 
side  of  head.  Raised  band  round  centre  of  edge 
of  head.  Head  and  pin  as  in  No.  417.  Perhaps 
from  same  factory  as  No.  449. 

451.  End  gone.  Length,  0.05  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0195  m.  Edge  grooved.  Conical  knob. 
Rim  (raised)  round  edge  top  side  of  head.  En¬ 
tire  pin  probably  one  piece. 

452.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.05  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0195  m.  Traces 
of  groove  on  edge  of  head.  Pin  and  head  as 
in  No.  417. 

IV.  p.  54,  No.  9G  (Reichel  and  Wilhelm). 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


221 


453.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Condi¬ 
tion  poor.  Length,  0.042  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0175  m.  Knob  high  and  undercut.  Edge  of 
head  grooved.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

Group  vii.  Similar  to  Group  vi.,  hut  with 
apparently  compound  jacket,  caused 
by  deeper  grooves  between  the  parts  ; 
perhaps  all  from  one  factory. 

454.  Most  of  pin  and  head  gone.  Length, 
0.029  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.019  m.  Edge  of 
head  grooved.  Top  ring  closely  attached  to 
head.  This  pin  differs  from  preceding  class 
only  in  greater  depth  of  groove.  Pin  and  head 
as  in  No.  417. 

455.  End  gone.  Length,  0.049  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  Raised  rim  round  top  side  of 
head.  Raised  band  round  edge  of  head.  Rings 
similar  to  No.  454.  First  and  third  from  top 
about  equal  and  larger  than  others.  Lowest  three 
rings  smaller  than  second.  Pin  and  head  as  in 
No.  417. 

456.  Fragment.  Length,  0.02  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.023  m.  Slight  raised  rim  around  top 
of  head.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Seems  separa¬ 
ble  into  (1)  head,  (2)  three  rings  with  connect¬ 
ing  parts.,  (3)  corrugation,  (4)  ring,  (5)  stem 
and  knob,  but  probably  as  in  No.  417. 

Group  viii.  Similar  to  Group  v.,  but  with 
grooved  rings  just  under  head,  the 
upper  one  being  largest.  Probably 
from  same  factory  as  Group  v. 

457.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0685  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.017  in.  All  parts  separated  by 
slight  grooves.  Entire  pin  probably  one  piece. 

458.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.028  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0195  m.  Jacket  same  as  No. 
457. 

The  following  have  two  rings  under  main 
corrugation  and  two  at  each  side  of  lower  cor¬ 
rugation,  and  are  very  probably  from  same 
factory. 

459.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.0505  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0235  m.  Edge 
of  head  grooved.  Raised  rim  on  upper  side. 
Rings  next  to  corrugation  grooved.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

460.  End  gone.  Length,  0.062  in.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m.  Considerable  raised  rim  on 
top  of  head.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves. 

461.  F  rom  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Length,  0.0635  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0228  m.  Raised  rim  round  top  of  head.  Edge 
of  head  probably  grooved.  Head  trifle  thinner 


than  those  of  Nos.  459,  460.  Top  ring  larger 
than  in  No.  460. 

Group  ix.  Two  or  more  narrow  sharply 
cut  rings  just  under  head,  and  two  sim¬ 
ilar  rings  on  one  or  both  sides  of  either 
or  both  corrugations. 

462.  Length,  0.138  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.015  m.  Slight  raised  rim  round  head.  Edge 
of  head  grooved.  Above  each  corrugation, 
grooved  ring.  Beneath,  plain  ring.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

463.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.076  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.02  m.  Edge  of 
head  grooved.  Grooved  ring  just  beneath  head. 
Smaller  grooved  rings,  one  at  either  side  of  each 
corrugation.  Parts  crowded  together.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

464.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.027  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m.  Slight  raised  rim 
round  top  of  head.  Beneath  head,  four  rings,  or 
one  ring  with  three  grooves.  Grooved  ring  either 
side  of  main  corrugation.  Plain  ring  either  side 
of  lower  corrugation.  Whole  pin  probably  one 
piece. 

465.  Condition  poor.  End  and  most  of  head 
gone.  Length,  0.0555  m.  Grooved  ring  either 
side  of  main  corrugation  and  on  upper  side  lower 
corrugation.  Ring  on  lower  side  lower  corruga¬ 
tion  probably  simple.  Filing  showed  color  me¬ 
dium  light.  Whole  pin  one  piece. 

Group  x.  Similar  to  Groups  iii.  and  iv., 
but  with  projecting  edge  or  band  about 
centre  of  main  corrugation. 

466.  Pin  mainly  gone  and  about  one  fourth 
of  head.  Length,  0.034  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0235  m.  Head  thin.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No. 
417. 

467.  F  'rom  south  slope.  Most  of  pin  and  lower 
corrugation  gone.  Length,  0.044  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0219  m.  Slight  raised  rim  on  head. 
Edge  of  head,  two  grooves.  Similar  to  No.  466. 
Possibly  from  same  factory,  though  heads  of  dif¬ 
ferent  style. 

468.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.098  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.017  m.  Slight  raised  rim  round 
head.  Head  rather  thin.  Whole  pin  probably 
one  piece. 

Group  xi.  Similar  to  Groups  iii.,  iv.,  v., 
but  with  raised  grooved  ring  about  cen¬ 
tre  of  corrugation. 

469.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Point 
gone.  Corroded.  Length,  0.148  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m.  Small  ring  above  corruga- 


222 


THE  BRONZES 


tions.  All  grooves  shallow,  except  that  next  to 
head,  which  is  of  moderate  depth.  Slight  raised 
rim  around  head.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves. 
Traces  of  groove  round  centre  of  lower  corruga¬ 
tion.  Pin  probably  one  piece. 

470.  From  West  Building.  Most  of  pin 
gone.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0405  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.021  m.  Slight  raised  rim. 
Traces  of  two  grooves  round  edge  of  head.  Up¬ 
per  corrugation  has  three  grooves.  Separating 
grooves  all  rather  shallow.  Pin  and  head  as  in 
No.  417. 

471.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0415  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m. 
Possible  traces  of  groove  on  edge  of  head.  Also 
of  raised  rim.  Main  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band.  Lower  corrugation  plain.  Pin 
and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

472.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0465  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.025  m.  Slight  raised  rim. 
Edge  grooved.  Upper  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band.  Lower  corrugation  plain.  Head 
and  pin  as  in  No.  417. 

473.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0525  in.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.025  m.  Raised  rim  round  head. 
Two  grooves  in  edge  of  head.  Upper  corruga¬ 
tion  has  raised  band  with  two  grooves.  Lower 
corrugation  has  raised  band  with  one  groove. 
All  rings  have  fine  rope-threading.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

474.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.0965  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0205  m.  Raised 
rim  around  head,  which  has  two  grooves  round 
edge.  Upper  corrugation  with  raised  grooved 
band.  Lower  corrugation  plain.  Ring  beneath 
head  has  fine  oblique  threading.  Grooved  ring 
at  either  side  of  secondary  corrugation.  Pin  and 
head  as  in  No.  417. 

475.  End  and  part  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.057  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m.  Rather 
high  knob.  Grooves  shallow.  Raised  grooved 
band  around  main  corrugation.  Lower  corruga¬ 
tion  plain.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

Group  xii.  Similar  to  Groups  vi.  and  x. 

476.  From  south  slope.  Most  of  pin  gone. 
Length,  0.027  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0175  m. 
Groove  round  edge  of  head.  About  centre  of 
corrugation  narrow  raised  band.  All  grooves 
shallow.  Head  and  pin  as  in  No.  417. 

477.  End  gone.  Length,  0.048  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.019  in.  Rounded  knob.  Edge  of 
head  grooved.  Three  rings  between  head  and  cor¬ 


rugation.  Corrugation  has  narrow  raised  band. 
Grooves  shallow.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

478.  End  gone.  Length,  0.06  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  Flat  undercut  knob.  Top  of 
head  slightly  concave.  Edge  grooved.  Corru¬ 
gation  has  narrow  raised  band.  Lower  corruga¬ 
tion  plain.  Grooves  plain  but  not  deep.  Pin 
and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

Group  xiii.  Similar  to  Groups  vi.  or 
vii.,  and  xi. 

479.  End  gone.  Head  abraded.  Length, 
0.0365  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m.  Low 
rounded  knob,  slightly  undercut.  Main  corru¬ 
gation  with  prominent  raised  grooved  band. 
All  grooves  shallow.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No. 
417. 

480.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.058  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0185  m.  Low 
rounded  knob.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Both 
corrugations  have  raised  grooved  band.  All 
grooves  shallow.  Head  and  pin  as  in  No.  417. 

Group  xiv.  Two  rings  just  beneath  head. 
One  or  two  rings  at  each  side  of 
the  corrugations.  Raised  grooved  band 
which  may  also  ornament  the  lower 
corrugation. 

481.  Pin  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.0315  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0175  m.  Low 
knob.  Top  of  head  slightly  concave.  Edge  of 
head  grooved.  Lower  corrugation  with  band, 
with  trace  of  groove.  Grooves  all  shallow.  Pin 
and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

482.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Condi¬ 
tion  poor.  Length,  0.032  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0165  m.  Rim  of  head  raised.  Grooved  ring 
beneath  head  and  at  either  side  of  each  corruga¬ 
tion.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

483.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0435  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0165  m.  Low  knob.  Lower 
corrugation  plain.  Grooved  ring  at  either  side 
of  both  corrugations.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No. 
417. 

484.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0225  m.  Knob 
flat.  Top  of  head  slightly  concave.  Edge  of 
head  has  two  grooves.  Between  head  and  cor¬ 
rugation  three  rings.  Each  corrugation  has  two 
raised  rings.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417. 

485.  Point  damaged.  Head  half  gone.  Length, 
0.0915m.  Diameter  of  head, 0.0185  m.  Rounded 
undercut  knob.  Each  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band.  Filing  showed  color  medium 
light. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


223 


Group  xv.  Three  rings  of  unequal  size 
beneath  head.  Single  ring  at  each 
side  of  corrugations.  Grooved  band 
on  main  corrugation  and  sometimes  on 
lower  one. 

486.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.036  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0205  in. 
Low  undercut  knob.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 
First  two  rings  beneath  head  larger  than  third. 
Lower  corrugation  plain.  Pin  and  head  as  in 
No.  417. 

487.  End  gone.  Length,  0.108  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0219  m.  Low  undercut  knob.  Rim 
of  head  raised.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Lower 
corrugation  plain.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No.  417.] 

488.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.175  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0295  m.  Slight  raised  rim. 
Rather  high  round  knob.  Raised  grooved  bands 
on  both  corrugations.  Whole  pin  probably  one 
piece. 

Group  xvi.  Double  groove  about  main 
corrugation. 

489.  Point  and  part  of  neck  gone.  Length, 
0.023  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.022  m.  Low 
undercut  knob.  Rim  of  head  raised.  Edge  of 
head  grooved.  Single  ring  beneath  head  and  at 
either  side  of  main  corrugation.  Head  and  pin 
as  in  No.  417. 

490.  End  gone.  Length,  0.075  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m.  Round  undercut  knob.  Rim 
of  head  raised.  Edge  of  head  has  raised  band, 
with  fine  threading.  Main  corrugation  has 
raised,  double-grooved  band.  Lower  corruga¬ 
tion  has  raised  grooved  band.  Beneath  head 
thick,  broad  ring  with  vertical  threading.  Single 
ring,  with  threading  on  each  side  of  each  corru¬ 
gation.  Grooves  shallow.  Pin  and  head  as 
in  No.  417.  Cf.  Group  viii. 

Form  2.  More  advanced.  Elongated 
jacket.  Head  large  or  medium  size, 

AND  USUALLY  THICK. 

Class  a.  Two  plain  corrugations  with 
single  ring  at  either  side  of  each.  Two 
grooves  wider  head.  Represented  only 
by  No.  491. 

491.  Head  gone.  Length,  0.151  m.  Rec¬ 
tangular  knob  at  top  for  insertion  into  head. 
Groove  near  ring.  Whole  fragment  probably 
one  piece,  though  possibly  pin  inserted. 

1  Olympia,  No.  485,  is  quite  similar,  except  that  it  has 
double  ring  at  each  side  of  main  corrugation. 

2  Cf.  archaic  Greek  pin  with  three  plain  knobs,  of 


Class  ft-  Two  large  rather  thin  corruga¬ 
tions ,  with  clearly  defined,  ring  at  either 
side  tending  to  he  completely  separated, 
from  corrugations.  Mingle  similar  ring 
under  head. 

492.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.018  m. 
Low  slightly  undercut  knob.  Edge  of  head  lias 
two  grooves.  Rim  of  head  raised.  Rings  and 
corrugations  plain.  Pin  and  head  as  in  No. 
417. 

493.  F  rom  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.0725  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0275  in. 
Knob  rather  high  and  undercut.  Edge  of  head 
has  two  grooves;  rim  raised.  Two  rings  be¬ 
neath  lower  corrugation.  Lowest  ring  and  ring 
above  each  corrugation  and  band  between 
grooves  on  edge  of  head  have  fine  oblique  thread¬ 
ing.  Pin  seems  to  be  inserted  in  jacket,  which 
seems  of  one  piece  with  head,  but  this  not  cer¬ 
tain.  Possibly  from  same  factory  as  No.  492. 

494.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0385  in.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.031  in.  Rather  high  undercut  knob. 
Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves  ;  rim  raised.  Top 
of  head  decorated  with  two  bands  of  curved 
meander  pattern,  separated  by  band  of  circles. 
Rings  and  band  between  grooves  on  edge  of 
head  obliquely  threaded.  Head  and  jacket  seem 
one  piece.  Pin  probably  of  iron. 

Class  y.  Two  or  more  large  plain  corruga¬ 
tions  of  nearly  equal  size,  with  single  ring 
on  either  side ? 

Group  i.  No  special  ring  beneath  head, 
there  being  only  one  between  corruga¬ 
tion  and  head. 

495.  Fragment  of  top.  Length,  0.024  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.034  m.  High  undercut 
knob  with  three  grooves.  Edge  of  head  has 
raised  band  ;  rim  raised.  Filing  showed  stem 
to  be  of  separate  piece  from  jacket. 

Group  ii.  Single  small  ring  beneath  head. 

496.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.048  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.044  m.  Rim  of  head  raised :  edge 
grooved.  Two  rings  between  corrugations.  Pin 
of  bronze,  probably  inserted.  Head  and  knob 
with  first  ring  probably  separate  piece  from 
jacket.3 

497.  F  rom  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.101  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m.  Knob 

which  middle  one  is  largest,  from  Megara  Hyblaea,  pub¬ 
lished  by  Orsi  in  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  S09. 

3  Somewhat  similar  are  two  pins  in  museum  at  Florence 
(Vitrine  V),  from  Borgo  S.  Sepolcro,  1S88. 


224 


THE  BRONZES 


undercut.  Kim  of  head  raised ;  edge  has  three 
grooves.  Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

Group  iii.  Two  rings  under  head,  upper 
one  being  the  larger.  Cf.  Form  1, 
Class  y,  Group  viii. 

498.  From  cutting  above  Old  Temple  toward 
tents.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0285  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.027  m.  High  undercut  knob. 
Rim  of  head  raised  ;  edge  has  two  grooves.  The 
two  rings  above  corrugations  have  fine  threading. 
Probably  lower  corrugation  and  its  rings  were 
strung  on  stem. 

499.  End  gone.  Length,  0.135  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.037  m.  Knob  undercut.  Rim  of 
head  raised  and  beveled  inside.  Edge  has  three 
grooves.  All  small  rings  have  vertical  threading. 
Pin  is  inserted.  Jacket  thin.  Head  and  jacket 
probably  all  one  piece,  though  perhaps  jacket 
separates  from  head  beneath  large  top  ring.1 

Class  8.  Two  plain  corrugations  with  ring 
above  top  of  one  and  between  them.  Next 
to  head ,  plain  neck.  Beneath  corruga¬ 
tions ,  sloping  surface ,  tipper  end  of  which 
rises  abruptly.  Below  this  slope ,  one  or 
more  rings. 

500.  Pin  gone,  bottom  of  jacket  injured. 
Length,  0.026  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0165  m. 
Grooves  on  edge  cut  unevenly,  so  one  does  not 
go  all  round.  Lower  corrugation  slopes  off  on 
lower  side.  Pin  was  of  iron.  Head  and  jacket 
probably  one  piece. 

501.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.028  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m.  In  edge  of  head,  two  grooves. 
Raised  rim.  Long  neck.  Sloping  surface  short, 
followed  by  ring.  Pin  of  iron.  Head  and 
jacket  probably  one  piece. 

502.  1  ’in  gone.  Length,  0.037  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0215  m.  In  edge  of  head,  two  grooves. 
Raised  rim.  Ring  below  sloping  surface  followed 
by  straight  surface,  with  ring  in  middle  and  lie- 
low.  Pin  of  iron.  Head  and  jacket  one  piece. 

503.  1  >in  gone.  Length,  0.039  in.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0215  m.  In  edge  of  head,  two  grooves. 
Raised  rim.  At  base  of  sloping  surface,  ring, 
followed  by  low  convex  surface,  ending  in  small 
ring.  Pin  of  iron.  Head  and  jacket  probably 
one  piece. 

Addendum.  The  following  number  may  per¬ 
haps  be  placed  here. 

504.  F  rom  cutting  above  Upper  Temple  to¬ 
ward  tents.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0205  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m.  One  corrugation 

1  Pin  confused  in  photogr; 


with  three  rings  above,  the  middle  one  being- 
largest,  and  three  below,  the  lowest  being  largest. 
Top  of  head  slightly  concave.  Three  grooves  on 
edge.  Band  between  two  upper  grooves  has 
vertical  thread.  Same  on  all  rings  except  bot¬ 
tom  one.  Pin  of  iron.  Probably  head  and  jacket 
one  piece. 

Class  e.  Similar  to  S,  but  with  closely  en¬ 
graved  lines  on  one  or  more  corrugations 
and  rings. 

505.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.034  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.02  m.  Knob  conical,  undercut.  Edge 
of  head  with  three  grooves.  Band  between  two 
upper  has  fine  horizontal  and  oblique  nicking. 
Raised  rim.  Neck  straight.  Round  centre  of 
main  corrugation  raised  nicked  band.  Rings  be¬ 
tween  corrugations  nicked.  Sloping  surface  con¬ 
vex.  At  bottom,  two  rings.  Head  and  jacket 
probably  one  piece.  Pin  of  iron. 

506.  Head  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.036  m. 
Two  large  corrugations,  each  with  raised  nicked 
band.  Between  and  above  corrugations  single 
nicked  ring.  Sloping  surface  has  nicked  ring 
at  bottom,  and  nicking  at  upper  edge.  Jacket 
probably  one  piece.  Pin  of  iron.  Filing  showed 
medium  color. 

507.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.049  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0255  m.  Conical  undercut  knob. 
Edge  of  head  has  three  grooves.  Upper  band 
nicked.  Raised  rim.  Band  in  corrugations  and 
rings  above  same  nicked.  Sloping  surface  has 
nicked  upper  edge  and  nicked  ring,  below  which 
two  other  rings.  Head  and  jacket  probably  one 
piece.  Probable  traces  of  iron  pin. 

Class  C  Similar  to  Class  8,  but  with  cor¬ 
rugations  ornamented.  Upper  one  by 
heavy  oblique  grooves ,  arranged  in  groups 
of  three.  Lower  one  by  antithetic  semi¬ 
circles. 

508.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.048  m.  Diameter 
of  thread,  0.029  m.  Knob  conical,  undercut. 
Surface  of  top  convex.  Raised  rim.  Band 
round  edge  nicked.  Iron  pin.  Head  and  jacket 
probably  one  piece. 

Class  r].  Similar  to  Class  £,  but  with  deep 
perpendicular  lines  in  corrugations ,  and 
with  one  or  more  rings  under  head. 
Group  i.  One  ring  under  and  probably 
attached  to  head. 

Plate  LXXXII. 

509.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.042  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0255  m.  Round  undercut  knob. 

,ph  with  head  of  No.  531. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


225 


Edge  has  three  rings.  Raised  rim.  Within 
each  of  grooves  on  corrugations  are  three  finer 
grooves,  sometimes  four.  Pin  probably  of  iron. 
Group  ii.  Two  rings  under  head,  of  which 
upper  is  larger.  Probably  not  attached. 

510.  End  gone.  Length,  0.073  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.037  m.  Knob  made  of  two  su¬ 
perposed  cones  with  cylindrical  cap.  Upper 
cone  has  grooves  radiating  from  cap.  Each 
groove  surrounded  by  line.  Lower  part  of  knob 
has  fine  lines.  Top  of  head  slightly  concave. 
Raised  rim  on  lower  side  of  head  also.  Edge 
has  band  round  centre,  from  which  run  toward 
each  rim  grooved  ornament.  Below  second 
ring,  short  neck,  followed  by  line  of  cleavage, 
showing  jacket  separable  at  this  point.  Corru¬ 
gations  as  in  No.  509.  Sloping  surface  slightly 
concave.  Ornamented  with  pattern  similar  to 
knob.  Pin  of  iron. 

511.  Pin  and  head  gone.  Length,  0.0465  m. 
Similar  to  jacket  of  No.  510  below  division. 
Pin  probably  of  bronze. 

Class  0.  Two  corrugations  with  vertical 
lines.  Above,  between  head  and  corru¬ 
gations,  two  small  rings.  Between  cor¬ 
rugations,  two  similar  rings.  Beneath, 
one  or  two  rings.  Rim  as  before.  Head 
grooved. 

Group  i.  Head  has  two  grooves. 

(a!.')  One  ring  beneath  corrugations. 

512.  From  south  slope.  Length,  circ.  0.155  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.023  in.  Knob  deeply  un¬ 
dercut.  Raised  rim.  On  main  corrugation, 
grooves  in  groups  of  three.  On  lower,  in  groups 
of  two. 

513.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.067  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m.  Grooves 
on  both  corrugations  in  groups  of  two. 

514.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0265  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0235  m.  Grooving  coarse.  Pin  was 
inserted. 

515.  Point  and  lower  part  of  jacket  gone. 
Length,  0.141  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.021  m. 
Grooving  coarse. 

516.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0965  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0217  m.  Lines 
on  corrugations  oblique  from  right  to  left. 
Lowest  ring  part  of  same  piece  with  pin.  Cor¬ 
rugations  appear  as  though  strung. 

517.  From  south  slope.  Pin  and  lower  part  of 
head  gone.  Length,  0.02  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0215  m.  Grooving  oblique  from  right  to  left. 


Filing  showed  medium  light  color,  and  no  trace 
of  composite  structure. 

518.  F  rorn  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
circ.  0.145  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m. 
Slight  groove  below  lowest  ring,  as  though  pin 
were  inserted  there. 

519.  Length,  0.143  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.021  m.  Grooves  oblique.  Lowest  ring  seems 
to  go  with  pin. 

520.  End  gone.  Length,  0.05  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0135  m.  Grooves  slightly  oblique. 
Lowest  ring  belongs  to  pin. 

521.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.155  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.022  m.  Unbroken. 

(65)  Two  rings  beneath  corrugations. 

522.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.1015  in.  Diameter  of  head,  0.023  m. 
Grooves  slightly  oblique.  Ring  below  lower 
corrugation  faintly  grooved. 

523.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.143  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.021  m.  Grooves 
oblique. 

Group  ii.  Head  has  three  grooves.  Rim 
raised  and  beveled. 

(a'.)  One  ring  beneath  lower  corruga¬ 
tion. 

524.  End  gone.  Length,  0.088  in.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0205  m.  Grooves  on  corrugations 
in  groups  of  three,  one  group  of  four  on  lower 
corrugation. 

525.  From  WestBuilding.  Endgone.  Length, 
0.08  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.018  m.  Lowest 
ring  seems  to  belong  to  pin. 

526.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.026  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.021  m.  Grooves  in  groups  of 
three,  one  group  of  two  on  upper  corrugation. 
Pin  seems  to  have  been  of  copper. 

527.  From  WestBuilding.  Endgone.  Length, 
0.0865  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.021  m.  Lower 
ring  seems  to  belong  to  pin. 

528.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.087  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.02  in. 

529.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.072  in.  Diameter  of  head,  0.022  m. 

530.  End  gone.  Length,  0.111  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.29.  Rings  have  fine  vertical  cuts. 

531.  Cf.  No.  499,  note.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.147  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.04  m.  Pin  has 
slight  groove  at  joining  with  lowest  ring  and 
seems  separate.1 

532.  Endgone.  Length,  0.075  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.017  m. 


1  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  481,  for  form  and  size. 


226 


THE  BRONZES 


533.  End  gone.  Length,  0.073  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m. 

534.  End  gone.  Length,  0.094  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.025  m. 

535.  End  gone.  Length,  0.044  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0185  m. 

536.  End  gone.  Length,  0.115  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0235  m.  Rings  have  oblique  thread¬ 
ing. 

537.  End  gone.  Length,  0.068  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0175  m.  Lowest  ring  seems  to  go 
with  pin. 

538.  End  gone.  Length,  0.11  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.016  m.  Lowest  ring  seems  to  go 
with  pin.  Grooves  on  lower  corrugations  closer 
than  on  upper. 

539.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.138 
m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.018  m.  Top  of  head 
slightly  concave. 

540.  Length,  0.059  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.018  m.  Lowest  ring  probably  goes  with 
pin. 

541.  End  gone.  Length,  0.095  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.02  m.  Lowest  ring  probably  goes 
with  pin. 

542.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0425  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0195  m. 

543.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0765  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.019  m. 

544.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0835  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0165  m.  Lowest  ring  probably  goes 
with  pin. 

545.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0705  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.017  m.  Top  ring  larger  than  usual 
and  shows  trace  of  groove. 

546.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0875  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m. 

547.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  gone. 
Knob  injured.  Length,  0.028  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.019  m.  Pin  probably  was  of  iron. 

548.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.15  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.021  m. 
Lowest  ring  probably  goes  with  pin. 

549.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Length,  0.0825  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0205  m.  Corrugations  rather  thick. 

550.  End  gone.  Length,  0.083  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.021  m. 

551.  F roin  back  of  South  Building.  End 
and  lower  part  of  jacket  gone,  also  part  of 
head.  Length,  0.0255  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0185  m. 


552.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.063  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.019  m. 

553.  Pin  corroded.  Length,  0.173  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.0205  m.  Rim  has  convex 
beveling.  Lowest  ring  probably  goes  with  pin, 
and  possibly  pin  inserted  into  lowest  corruga¬ 
tion. 

554.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0815  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.02  m.  Knob  undercut  and  resting  on 
a  raised  base.  Lowest  ring  seems  to  go  with 
pin. 

555.  From  West  Building.  Present  point 
not  original.  Length,  0.118  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.0175  m.  Only  one  ring  between  corru¬ 
gations. 

( b Two  rings  beneath  corrugation. 

Only  one  uncertain  example. 

556.  From  south  slope.  Pin  and  about  half 
of  head  gone.  Length,  0.03  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.022  m.  Filing  showed  color  medium 
light,  and  no  trace  of  composite  structure. 

Group  iii.  Head  has  four  grooves. 

557.  End  and  lower  part  of  jacket  gone. 
Length,  0.022  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.026  m. 

Addenda.  Pins  of  this  class  with  heads 
broken  off.  One  ring  beneath  lower  corrugation. 

Lower  corrugation  only  preserved. 

558.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.156  m.  Filing  showed  color  medium  light. 

559.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0825  m.  Ring 
beneath  corrugations  double  usual  width. 

560.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.1145  m. 

561.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0985  m. 

Both  corrugations  preserved.1 

562.  Point  gone.  Preserved  through  first 
ring  above  upper  corrugation.  Length,  0.05  m. 

563.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.086  m. 

564.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.083  m. 

565.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.111  m. 

566.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.085  m. 

567.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0975  m. 

Form  3.  Advanced.  Rather  short 

CROWDED  JACKET.  LARGE,  RELATIVELY 

THIN  HEAD. 

Class  a.  Two  plain  corrugations ;  upper 
with  ring  on  lower  sides  ;  lower  has  ring 
on  each  side.  Below ,  foot  with  slight 
concavity  in  middle. 

568.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0205  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.02  m.  Low  flat  rim,  groove  near 
edge  on  top.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Upper 
corrugation  the  largest.  Traces  of  iron  pin. 


With  the  following  cf.  Olympia,  No.  487,  which  is  not  said  to  be  headless. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


227 


Class  /3.  Two  plain,  broad,  slightly 
rounded  corrugations.  Between  head 
and  upper  corrugation,  three  rings  (or  a 
flat  corrugation  with  two  grooves').  Be¬ 
tween  corrugations,  two  rings  of  similar 
construction ,  and  two  similar  rings  be¬ 
neath  lower  corrugation.  In  highest 
group  of  rings ,  grooves  less  deep  than  in 
two  lower  groups. 

569.  F  rom  West  Building.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.038  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0325  m.  Edge 
of  head  has  two  grooves.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 
Jacket  probably  all  one  piece. 

Class  y.  Two  corrugations  with  flat  raised 
ring  about  centre  and  ring  ( attached )  at 
either  end.  Edge  of  head  recedes  down¬ 
ward  in  two  steps. 

570.  Length,  0.144  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0225  m.  Rim  raised  very  little.  First  step 
(next  head)  on  lower  side  head  higher  than 
second.  Both  are  notched  obliquely  on  edge. 
Neck  between  head  and  first  corrugation  thicker 
than  neck  between  the  corrugations.  Upper  cor¬ 
rugation  continued  beyond  its  lower  ring.  Edges 
of  rings  and  bands  on  corrugations  notched. 
Head  and  upper  corrugation  seem  one  piece. 
Possible  that  pin  passes  through  lower  corru¬ 
gation  into  upper  one  ;  also  possible  that  jacket 
is  of  one  piece. 

Class  8.  One  or  two  ornamental  corruga¬ 
tions.  Knob  conical. 

Group  i.  Upper  corrugation  has  raised 
ring  at  centre.  Ring  between  head  and 
corrugation.  Beneath  corrugation,  two 
rings.  Below,  small  plain  corrugation, 
followed  by  ring. 

571.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.024  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.025  m.  Raised  rim.  Lower  edge  of 
head  notched.  Upper  three  rings  and  band  on 
corrugations  notched.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

Group  ii.  Upper  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  ring  and  ring  at  either  side. 
Lower  corrugation  has  raised  ring  and 
ring  at  either  side.  Beneath,  a  broad 
and  a  narrow  ring.  Probably  all  from 
the  same  factory. 

572.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.038  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.036  m.  Raised  rim.  Lower  edge  of 
head  notched.  Lower  corrugation  much  smaller 
than  upper.  Bands  on  corrugations  and  all  rings 
except  top  one  notched.  Pin  probably  was  of 
iron.  Head  and  jacket  probably  one  piece. 

573.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.033  m.  Diameter 


of  head,  0.031  m.  Raised  rim.  Lower  edge  of 
head  notched.  Jacket  similar  to  that  of  No.  572, 
but  lower  corrugation  larger.  Pin  probably  of 
iron. 

574.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.035  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0335  m.  Inside  beveled  rim  of  head, 
a  notched  band.  Top  of  head  slightly  convex. 
Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves.  Jacket  similar 
to  that  of  No.  573.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

575.  From  cutting  upon  hill  toward  tents 
above  Old  Temple.  Length,  0.034  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.036  m.  Rim  and  band  on 
head  similar  to  No.  574.  Edge  has  two  grooves 
with  band  between  notched.  Jacket  similar  to 
that  of  No.  574.  All  rings  notched.  Pin 
probably  of  iron. 

Form  4.  Pins  of  various  stages  of  devel¬ 
opment,  USUALLY  WITH  SHORT  CROWDED 
JACKET  AND  THICK  HEAD. 

Class  a.  With  one,  two,  or  three  plain  cor¬ 
rugations.  Beneath  these  usually  one  or 
more  rings. 

Group  i.  Simple  style,  with  two  plain  cor¬ 
rugations.  With  or  without  ring  or 
rings  beneath.  , 

576.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0525  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.009  m.  Knob  on  head  looks 
like  projecting  stem,  but  under  side  of  head 
looks  like  one  piece  with  neck.  Corrugations 
and  pin  probably  one  piece. 

577.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0765  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Round  edge  on  top 
row  of  dot  in  circles.  Edge  grooved.  Ring 
grooved.  Head  seems  of  one  piece  with  pin. 
Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

The  two  following  fragments  probably  belong 
here. 

578.  Head  gone.  Length,  0.041  m. 

579.  Head  and  end  gone.  Length,  0.057  m. 
Two  small  rings  between  corrugation. 

Group  ii.  One  corrugation.  Beneath,  two 
or  more  rings.  Head  usually  only 
slightly  larger  than  corrugation  and 
rings. 

(a'.)  Rather  crowded. 

580.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.067  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0065  m.  Edge  of  head  has 
two  grooves.  Filing  showed  medium  color. 
Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

581.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.031  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0085  in.  Traces 
of  four  grooves  on  edge  of  head. 

582.  End  gone.  Length,  0.038  m.  Diam- 


228 


THE  BRONZES 


eter  of  head,  0.009  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves. 

(o'.)  Less  crowded. 

583.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0275  in.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.06  m. 

584.  End  gone.  Length,  0.062  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0095  m,  Rim  slightly  raised.  On 
top  marks  that  look  like  letters,  but  probably 
not.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves.  Whole  pin 
probably  one  piece. 

585.  Length,  0.0987  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.011  m.  Low  raised  rim  beveled  inside.  Edge 
of  head  lias  one  groove.  Corrugation  ring  has 
two  grooves. 

586.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.127  in.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Edge  of  head  has  five 
grooves.  Corrugation  ring  has  three  grooves. 
Head  and  jacket  taper  downward.  Possibly 
head  and  beads  are  strung. 

Group  iii.  One  plain  corrugation,  be¬ 
neath  which  one  or  more  rings.  Head 
broader,  proportionally,  than  in  Group 
ii. 

587.  Length,  0.096  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.008  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves.  Two 
rings  below  corrugation. 

588.  Tip  gone.  Length,  0.062  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0094  m.  Slightly  raised  rim.  Edge 
of  head  has  two  grooves.  Beneath  corruga¬ 
tion,  three  rings,  the  lowest  being  raised  end  of 
pin. 

589.  Bent.  Length,  0.097  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.0085  m.  Head  has  four  grooves.  Below 
corrugation,  grooved  ring  and  two  plain  rings. 
Whole  pin  probably  solid. 

Group  iv.  Similar  to  Group  iii.,  but  with 
two  corrugations,  usually  with  ring  or 
rings  beneath. 

(a'.)  Without  rings.  Corrugation 
plain. 

590.  Length,  0.085  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.007  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves. 
Space  between  head  and  upper  corrugation  nar¬ 
row.  Lower  corrugation  smaller  than  upper. 
Perhaps  belongs  to  Group  iii. 

591.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0225  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.012  in.  Edge  of  head  has 
two  grooves.  Corrugations  look  separable. 

592.  Present  end  not  original.  Length, 
0.044  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0115  m.  Edge 
of  head  lias  two  grooves.  Stem  of  jacket  larger 
than  pin  at  top. 


(5'.)  With  one  ring. 

593.  End  gone.  Length,  0.02  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0075  m.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove 
(perhaps  two).  Ring  about  half  as  large  as 
lower  corrugation.  Stem  of  jacket  larger  than 
pin.1 

594.  Length,  0.059  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0055  m.  Edge  of  head  has  three  grooves, 
Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

595.  End  gone.  Length,  0.022  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.009  m.  Edge  of  head  has  at  least 
two  grooves.  Lower  corrugation  smaller  than 
upper.  Stem  of  jacket  larger  than  pin. 

596.  End  gone.  Length,  0.058  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Edge  of  head  has  three 
(perhaps  four)  grooves.  Lower  corrugation  has 
two  grooves  and  band  between  of  rectangles. 
Jacket  and  stem  taper  downward  from  head. 

(ch)  With  two  rings  (really  perhaps  a 
grooved  corrugation). 

597.  End  gone.  Length,  0.059  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.011  m.  Grooving  on  edge  of  head 
doubtful.  Beneath  lower  corrugation  grooved 
ring,  of  which  lower  part  forms  end  of  pin. 
Jacket  tapers  downward  and  has  stem  larger 
than  top  of  pin.  Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

598.  End  gone.  Length,  0.069  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves. 

599.  From  West  Building.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0123  m.  Edge 
has  two  grooves.  Stem  of  jacket  larger  than 
head  of  pin  and  tapers. 

600.  Head  of  pin.  Length,  0.0135  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Two  grooves  in  edge. 
Under  side  of  head  convex.  Traces  of  iron  pin. 

601.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.018  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0145  m.  Two  grooves  in 
edge.  Pin  of  bronze.  Stem  of  jacket  larger 
than  pin. 

602.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.071  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0145  m.  Top  of  head  slightly 
concave ;  rim  raised.  Edge  of  head  tapers 
downward,  and  has  two  grooves.  Stem  of  jacket 
larger  than  pin.  Head  and  jacket  taper  con- 
cavely. 

603.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0205  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.02  m.  Top  of  head  concave.  Knob 
on  low  base  and  outside  it  band  of  small  circles. 
Edge  of  head  tapers,  and  has  two  grooves. 
Jacket  tapers  (slightly  concave).  Pin  of  iron. 

604.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0155  m.  Diameter 


Cf.  the  somewhat  similar  bronze  pin  from  Villanova  (iron  age),  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  91,  fig.  5. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


229 


of  head,  0.019  m.  Around  knob,  band  of  spiral 
maeander.  Top  of  head  concave.  Edge  of  head 
tapers  concavely  and  has  two  grooves.  Lower 
edge  finely  notched.  Lowest  ring  notched  on 
upper  edge.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

605.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  gone. 
Length,  0.0185  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m. 
Around  bottom  of  knob,  band  of  circles.  Top  of 
head  concave,  with  slight  rise  in  centre.  Edge 
of  head  tapers  downward,  and  has  two  grooves. 
Head  and  jacket  taper  concavely.  Remains  of 
iron  pin.  Probably  from  same  factory  as  No. 
606. 

606.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0215  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0188  m.  Knob  rests  on  base,  on  which 
band  of  circles.  Edge  of  head  tapers  down¬ 
ward,  and  has  two  grooves.  Head  and  jacket 
taper  concavely.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

607.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.022  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0185  m.  Top  of  head  concave,  with 
rise  in  centre.  Edge  of  head  stepped.  Remains 
of  iron  pin. 

608.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.024  in.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  in.  Top  of  head  concave.  In 
edge,  two  grooves.  Band  between  them  notched. 
Corrugations  have  oblique  grooves.  Head  and 
jacket  probably  one  piece. 

In  the  following  number  the  second  corruga¬ 
tion  and  the  grooved  ring  have  changed  places. 

609.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0155  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.012  m.  Top  of  head  slightly  concave. 
In  edge,  two  grooves.  Jacket  tapers  irregularly. 
Remains  of  bronze  pin.  Color  medium. 

(^'.)  With  raised  band  between  the 
two  rings. 

610.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.016  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0105  m.  Knob  nearly  cylindrical  with 
groove  across  top.  Top  of  head  concave  ;  edge 
has  three  grooves  and  perhaps  four.  Head  and 
jacket  taper.  Stem  of  jacket  tapers.  Color 
medium. 

611.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.0335  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0122  m.  Rim  of  head 
raised.  In  edge,  two  grooves.  Band  between 
them  nicked.  Lower  ring  nicked. 

Group  v.  Three  corrugations  and  grooved 
ring.  Corrugations  plain. 

Plate  LXXXIII. 

612.  F  rombackof  South  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.064  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m. 
Edge  of  head  one  groove.  Taper  downward 
from  middle  corrugation. 

613.  Pi  n  gone.  Length,  0.027  m.  Diameter, 


of  head,  0.0205  m.  Top  of  head  concave,  with 
slight  rise  in  centre.  Edge  of  head  stepped,  as 
in  No.  607.  Corrugations  decrease  in  size  down¬ 
ward.  Remains  of  iron  pin.  Probably  from 
same  factory  as  No.  607. 

Addenda. 

614.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0165  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.016  m.  Top  of  head  concave,  with 
raised  rim.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove. 
Middle  corrugation  thickest.  Edges  of  all  cor¬ 
rugations  notched.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

615.  From  back  of  South  Building;.  Pin  gone. 
Length,  0.016  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.019  m. 
Top  slightly  concave.  Edge  of  head  tapers  down¬ 
ward,  and  has  two  grooves.  Pin  of  iron. 

Class  /3.  One  or  more  broad  corrugations 
with  rings. 

Group  i.  Simple.  One  broad  plain  cor¬ 
rugation,  with  one  or  two  rings  (or 
grooved  ring-corrugation)  at  either 
side.  Some  of  the  heads  thin. 

(«'.)  Upper  ring  single. 

616.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0555  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head  (corroded),  0.055  m.  One  ring 
above  corrugation,  grooved  ring  below.  Groove 
at  top  of  pin  where  it  joins  grooved  ring. 

(5'.)  Both  rings  double. 

617.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin 
bent.  Length,  0.0885  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.007  m.  No  knob.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 

618.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.0165  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Band  of  dotted 
circles  on  top  of  head  at  edge. 

619.  End  gone.  Length,  0.041  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0115  m.  Faint  groove  in  edge. 

620.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.066  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0105  m.  Stem  of  jacket  larger 
than  pin. 

621.  End  gone.  Length,  0.053  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0105  m.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 
Jacket  tapers  downward  from  upper  ring. 

Group  ii.  Kindred  miscellaneous  forms. 

622.  Point  blunted.  Length,  0.09  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.01  m.  Rim  of  head  raised: 
edge  grooved  and  lower  edge  notched.  Two 
plain  corrugations,  of  which  the  upper  is  the 
larger.  It  has  notched  ring  on  either  side. 
Small  ring  beneath  lower  corrugation. 

623.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0785  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0145  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves.  One  large  spherical  corrugation,  above 
which  heavy  ring.  Below,  two  groups  of  rings, 
the  upper  of  three,  the  lower  of  two.  Stem  of 


230 


THE  BRONZES 


jacket  larger  than  pin.  Whole  pin  seems  to  be 
of  one  piece. 

624.  End  gone.  Length,  0.045  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.018  m.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove. 
Under  side  of  head  has  flat,  slightly  elevated 
surface.  Two  corrugations  ;  upper,  the  larger, 
with  raised  grooved  ring.  King  on  either  side 
of  each  corrugation. 

Group  iii.  Two  corrugations,  of  which  one 
or  both  is  thick.  Usually  ornamented 
with  raised  bands,  which  may  be 
grooved.  Rings  above,  below,  and 
between. 

(a1.)  Both  corrugations  ornamented 
with  raised  band.  Above  upper  and 
beneath  lower  corrugation,  and  also 
between  corrugations,  a  single  ring. 

625.  From  south  slope.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.0255  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0175  m.  Knob 
conical.  Top  of  head  deeply  concave,  with  centre 
raised  above  rim.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Lower 
edge  notched,  as  also  bands  on  corrugations  and 
lowest  ring.  Remains  of  iron  pin.  Head  and 
jacket  seem  one  piece. 

626.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0275  in.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0215  m.  Knob  cylindrical.  Edge 
of  head  has  two  grooves,  with  band  between 
notched  vertically.  All  bands  and  rings 
notched.  Remains  of  bronze  pin.  Head  looks 
welded  to  jacket. 

(5'.)  Two  plain  corrugations,  with  sin¬ 
gle  ring  above  and  below  each. 

627.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0865  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.009  in.  Top  of  head  con¬ 
cave.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves,  with  band 

between  notched.  Possible  traces  of  notching' 

© 

on  rings. 

(V.)  Upper  corrugation  has  raised 
band.  Otherwise  same  as  above. 

628.  End  gone.  Length,  0.046  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0127  m.  Top  of  head  slightly 
concave.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove  and 
tapers  downward. 

629.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.094  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Rim  of  head  slightly 
raised  and  edge  lias  two  grooves.  Lowest  ring 
forms  top  of  pin. 

630.  From  West  Building.  End  gone.  Head 
damaged.  Length,  0.059  m.  Diameter  of  head 
0.011  m.  Upper  corrugation  about  twice  the 
size  of  lower  and  has  low  raised  band. 

631.  End  gone.  Length,  0.05  m.  Diameter 

1  Very  similar, 


of  head,  0.014  m.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove 
and  tapers  downward  ;  rim  beveled.  Lower  rim 
of  head  notched,  as  also  band  on  corrugation, 
and  rings. 

632.  Length,  0.128  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0115  m.  Head,  corrugations,  and  rings  same 
as  in  No.  631. 

633.  Pin  gone.  Head  damaged.  Length, 
0.0225  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0175  m.  Top 
of  head  depressed.  Knob  on  base.  Head,  cor¬ 
rugations,  and  rings  probably  same  as  in  No.  631. 
Remains  of  iron  pin. 

{d'.')  Similar.  Upper  corrugation  has 
raised  grooved  band,  lower  has  plain 
band. 

634.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.069  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0145  m.  Edge 
of  head  has  two  grooves.  Band  between  has 
fine  notching.  Stem  much  larger  than  jacket.1 

(e'.)  Similar.  Both  corrugations  have 
raised  grooved  band. 

635.  Pin  gone.  Head  much  corroded.  Length, 
0.03  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0215  m.  Rim  of 
head  raised  and  top  concave.  Edge  of  head  has 
two  grooves.  Uncertain  whether  pin  of  bronze 
or  iron. 

636.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.042  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0255  m.  Top  of  head  has  two  con¬ 
cave  circular  surfaces.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves.  Beneath  lower  ring  of  lower  corruga¬ 
tion,  another  ring  and  small  corrugation.  Re¬ 
mains  of  iron  pin. 

The  following  may  belong  with  either  (cZ')  or 
(«')• 

637.  Pin  and  lower  part  of  jacket  gone. 
Length,  0.021  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.025  m. 
Edge  of  head  has  three  grooves ;  lower  band 
notched.  Ring  on  either  side  of  corrugation. 
Bands  on  corrugation  notched. 

638.  From  West  Building.  Pin  and  lower 
part  of  jacket  gone.  Length,  0.002  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0265  m.  Edge  of  top  tapers  and 
has  two  grooves  with  notched  band.  Band 
on  corrugation  notched.  Filing  showed  color 
medium. 

(f.')  Two  plain  corrugations,  with  ring 
at  either  end  of  each  and  another 
ring  just  under  head. 

639.  End  gone.  Head  corroded.  Length, 
0.0425  m.  Edge  of  head  has  one  groove. 

640.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Head  corroded. 
Length,  0.0235  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0145  m. 

Olympia,  No.  484. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


231 


Filing  showed  color  medium.  Pin  probably  all 
one  piece. 

641.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.0285  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Edge  of  head  has 
three  grooves. 

(g1.)  Similar.  Upper  corrugation  has 
raised  grooved  band.  Lower  has 
plain  raised  band. 

642.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.035  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m.  Edge  of  head  has 
two  grooves. 

643.  F  rom  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0635  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0215  m.  Rim 
raised.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves  with 
notched  band.  All  rings  and  bands  notched. 
Pin  was  inserted. 

( h '.)  Similar.  Both  corrugations  have 
raised  grooved  bands. 

644.  End  gone.  Length,  0.082  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0155  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves  with  band  perhaps  notched. 

The  following,  No.  645,  possesses  an  elemen¬ 
tary  form  of  the  head-ring,  and  may  be  placed 
under  either  ( g ')  or  (h'). 

645.  Pin  and  lower  part  of  jacket  gone. 
Length,  0.025  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.026  m. 
Rim  raised ;  edge  of  head  has  two  grooves  with 
notched  band.  Filing  showed  color  medium. 

(Y.)  Similar.  Upper  corrugation  has 
raised  double  groove  ;  lower  corruga¬ 
tion  has  raised  single  groove. 

646.  End  gone.  Length,  0.088  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0215  m.  Knob  on  notched  base.  Edge 
of  head  has  two  grooves  and  notched  band. 

Class  y.  One  rather  large  corrugation. 
Above ,  a  single  ring  or  ring -corrugation, 
which  may  be  grooved.  Beneath,  two  or 
more  rings  or  ring -corrugations. 

Group  i.  Single  ring  between  corruga¬ 
tion  and  head. 

(a'.)  Single  grooved  ring  beneath  cor¬ 
rugation.  Edge  of  head  grooved. 
Corrugation  plain. 

647.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.056  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0105  m.  Edge 
grooved. 

648.  End  gone.  Length,  0.045  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0117  m.  Row  of  dotted  circles  on  top 
of  head.  Edge  grooved. 

( V. )  Corrugation  with  raised  notched 
band.  Beneath,  small  plain  corruga¬ 
tion  with  heavy  ring  at  each  side. 

649.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  gone. 


Length,  0.028  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.021  m. 
Top  of  head  concave,  and  lower  rim  probably 
notched.  Under  side  of  head  stepped.  Upper 
and  lowest  ring  have  notches  on  both  edges. 
Remains  of  iron  pin. 

(V.)  Corrugation  plain ;  beneath,  three 
rings,  the  middle  being  thickest 
and  grooved. 

650.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.158  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.015  m.  Top  of 
head  concave.  Edge  of  head  tapers  downward 
concavely  and  has  four  grooves.  Rest  of  jacket 
tapers  convexly.  Traces  of  notching  on  the  three 
single  rings. 

Group  ii.  With  double  or  grooved  ring 

between  corrugation  and  head. 

The  following,  Nos.  651,  652,  have  only  one 
ring  beneath  corrugation,  but  the  general  ap¬ 
pearance  and  style  resemble  the  others.  Corru¬ 
gation  plain. 

651.  End  and  most  of  head  gene.  Length, 
0.0335  m.  Small  knob  resembling  end  of  stem. 
Filing  showed  color  medium. 

652.  End  gone.  Length,  0.032  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.0095  m.  Edge  of  head  grooved.  Stem 
about  same  size  as  pin.  Probably  all  one  piece. 

The  following,  No.  653,  has  beneath  corru¬ 
gation  a  grooved  ring  above  rectangular  block. 

653.  From  south  slope.  End  and  part  of 
head.  Length,  0.052  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0095  m.  Stem  about  same  size  as  pin.  Rec¬ 
tangular  block  has  grooved  collar. 

(ah')  Simple.  Plain  corrugation  with 
grooved  ring  above  and  below. 

654.  End  gone.  Point  not  original.  Length, 
0.049  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0095  m.  Edge 
of  head  grooved.  Stem  of  jacket  about  same 
size  as  pin.  Whole  pin  probably  one  piece. 

655.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.064  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0115  m. 

656.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0475  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m. 

657.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0705  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0108  m.  Edge  of  head  grooved, 
and  on  top  ring  of  dotted  circles. 

( b ’.)  Similar,  but  more  advanced,  and 
with  single  ring  added  underneath. 

658.  End  gone.  Length,  0.061  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves.  Jacket  tapers  downward.  Stem  of 
jacket  larger  than  pin. 

659.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.022  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0135  m.  Edge  of  head 


232 


THE  BRONZES 


grooved.  Jacket  similar  to  that  of  No.  658. 
Stem  of  jacket  slightly  larger  than  pin.  Filing 
showed  color  medium. 

(o'.)  Similar  to  last,  but  with  two  rings 
underneath.  Second  ring  small  and 
grooved. 

660.  End  gone.  Point  not  original.  Length, 
0.059  m,  Diameter  of  head,  0.0155  m.  Edge 
of  head  has  two  grooves.  Jacket  tapers  down¬ 
ward  convexly.  Stem  of  jacket  larger  than  pin. 
Pin  probably  one  piece. 

(d1.)  Beneath  corrugation,  smaller  one 
with  plain  ring  on  either  side.  (Cf. 
No.  649.)  Uppermost  ring  grooved 
as  before. 

661.  End  gone.  Length,  0.059  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0165  m.  Top  of  head  slightly  con¬ 
cave.  Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves.  First 
three  members  of  jacket  have  nearly  same  di¬ 
ameter  ;  last  two  taper.  On  lower  side  of  top 
ring,  and  on  first  ring  beneath  main  corrugation, 
and  on  bottom  ring,  traces  of  notching.  Pin 
seems  inserted  into  lowest  ring.  Probably  from 
same  factory  as  No.  662. 

662.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.024  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0165  m.  Edge  of  head  has  two 
grooves,  with  notched  band  between.  Jacket 
similar  to  that  of  No.  661. 

Class  S.  Head  assimilated  to  jacket,  which 
( including  head')  co?isists  of  tzvo  or  three 
members  placed  close  together ,  and  tapers 
downward  slightly. 

Group  i.  Two  members  in  jacket.  Up¬ 
per  thin  and  plain.  Lower  thicker  and 
with  two  grooves. 

663.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.0805  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Stem 
projects  through  top. 

Group  ii.  Three  members  tapering  slight¬ 
ly  downward.  Upper  and  lower  ones 
grooved. 

(a'.)  Middle  member  plain,  top  plain. 

664.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.0425  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.01  m.  Edge  of 
head  has  three  grooves. 

(7/.)  All  three  members  grooved. 

Knob  on  top. 

665.  F  rom  south  slope.  Most  of  pin  gone. 

1  For  more  elaborate  rosette,  cf.  Orsi,  ‘  Necropolis  del 
Fusco,’  Not,,  degli  Scavi,  1895,  p.  169.  Orsi  sees  (note  2) 
reminiscence  of  Mycenaean  style.  Tomb  early  archaic. 
Cf.  rosettes  on  bone  objects  from  the  Dictaean  cave, 
British  School  Annual,  VI.  p.  113,  fig.  49  (Hogarth),  and 


Length,  0.018  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0105  m. 
Edge  of  head  has  two  grooves.  Second  and 
third  members  also  two  each. 

(V.)  Middle  member  plain.  Eyelet 
on  top. 

666.  From  West  Building.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.114  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.009  m.  Height 
of  eyelet,  0.0025  m.  Head  has  four  grooves. 
Lowest  member  two.  Pin  probably  separate 
from  jacket. 

Unclassified  addenda  to  Type  f. 

667.  From  south  slope.  Head  and  corruga¬ 
tions  preserved.  Length,  0.0215  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.022  m.  In  centre  of  top  of  head,  rec¬ 
tangular  opening  as  though  punched  through 
from  below.  Stem  projects.  On  top  surface 
of  head,  rosette.  Rim  raised.  Close  to  rim, 
very  fine  zigzag.  Stem  and  corrugation  are  of 
iron.1 

668.  From  south  slope.  End  and  head  gone. 
Length,  0.118  m.  Cf.  Nos.  460  and  485.  In 
top,  hole,  looking  as  if  upper  part  of  jacket  had 
been  fitted  to  it. 

669.  Most  of  pin  gone,  and  perhaps  a  head 
also.  Length,  0.0295  m.  Stem  projects  through 
top.  Lowest  ring  has  traces  of  notching.  Jacket 
seems  to  be  of  one  piece. 

Discards  of 'Type  f:  sixty -five,  of  which  two  from  back 
of  South  Building,  and  one  from  south  slope. 

Type  g.  Headless.  Jacket  of  two  corruga¬ 
tions,  one  or  both  of  which  are  orna¬ 
mented,  and  have  on  either  side  a  ring.2 

On  top,  an  eyelet. 

Form  1.  Ornamentation  encircles  cor¬ 
rugations  HORIZONTALLY. 

Class  a.  Upper  corrugation  has  raised 
band. 

Group  i.  Lower  corrugation  plain. 

(a1.)  All  rings  and  bands  plain. 

670.  Eyelet  broken.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.051  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation, 
0.013  m.  (Cf.  No.  699.) 

671.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.0235  m. 
Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.012  m. 

672.  Point  probably  gone.  Length,  0.1055  m. 
Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.012  m. 

( b1. )  All  rings  have  fine  notching. 

673.  Length,  0.144  m.  Diameter  of  upper 

the  gold  rosette  from  a  tholos  tomb  at  Praesos,  ibid. 
VIII.  p.  243  (Bosanquet). 

2  With  this  type  may  be  compared  Olympia,  No.  488, 
which  is  different  in  style  (has  vertical  grooves  and  coni¬ 
cal  apex),  and  is  said  by  Furtwangler  to  be  of  later  date. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


233 


corrugation,  0.015  m.  Stem  of  jacket  larger 
than  pin. 

674.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.1275  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.017  m.  Pin 
possibly  inserted. 

Group  ii.  Both  corrugations  have  raised 
grooved  band. 

675.  End  gone.  Eyelet  broken.  Length, 
0.076  in.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.012 
m.  Stem  of  jacket  larger  than  pin,  which  is  pos¬ 
sibly  inserted. 

676.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0625  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.0105  m.  Stem 
of  jacket  larger  than  pin,  which  is  possibly  in¬ 
serted. 

677.  Length,  0.123  m.  Diameter  of  upper 
corrugation,  0.013  m.  Stem  about  same  size  as 
top  of  pin. 

Class  (3.  Upper  corrugation  has  raised 

double  (or  grooved')  band. 

Group  i.  Lower  corrugation  plain. 

678.  End  gone.  Length,  0.037  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.012  m.  Stem  between 
corrugations  smaller  than  top  of  pin. 

679.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Length,  0.081  m.  Diameter  of  upper  cor¬ 
rugation,  0.0115  m. 

Group  ii.  Lower  corrugation  has  raised 
band.  Bands  and  rings  notched  in 
almost  every  case. 

680.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0675  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.0125  m.  Stem  same 
size  as  pin,  which  looks  inserted. 

681.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0395  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.0123  m.  Stem  same 
size  as  pin,  which  is  perhaps  inserted. 

682.  From  south  slope.  Point  gone.  Length, 
0.117  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation, 
0.012  m. 

683.  Point  probably  not  original.  Length, 
0.095  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.012 
m.  Stem  larger  than  pin.  Top  of  head  has 
grooves  from  centre  to  rim. 

684.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.0385  m. 
Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.013  m.  Same 
grooves  on  top  as  in  No.  683. 

685.  End  gone.  Length,  0.081  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.013  m.  Head  as  in 
No.  683. 

686.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.098  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.0125 
m.  Head  as  in  No.  683.  Pin  perhaps  inserted. 

687.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.047  m. 


Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.0135  m.  Dead 
as  in  No.  683. 

688.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.057  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.0165 
m.  Stem  larger  than  pin.  Upper  part  of  pin 
round.  Below,  rudely  diamond-shaped. 

689.  End  gone.  Length,  0.072  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.016  in.  Head  as  in 
No.  683.  Stem  lai-ger  than  pin. 

The  following  three  have  or  had  pins  of  iron. 

690.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.0195  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.013  m.  Top  as  in 
No.  683.  Stem  larger  than  pin. 

691.  From  south  slope.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.022  m.  Diameter  of  top  corrugation,  0.015  m. 
Top  as  in  No.  683.  Stem  larger  than  pin. 

692.  Length,  0.023  m.  Diameter  of  toji  corru¬ 
gation,  0.0155  m.  Head  similar  to  that  of  No. 
683,  but  grooves  fewer.  On  under  side  of  lower 
corrugation,  low  flat  ring. 

The  following  number  has  two  rings  above 
upper  corrugation. 

693.  End  gone.  Length,  0.099  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  top  corrugation,  0.0115.  Lower  corruga¬ 
tion  somewhat  larger.  Head  as  in  No.  683. 
Stem  larger  than  pin. 

Class  y.  Upper  corrugation  has  raised  band 

with  double  grooves. 

Group  i.  Lower  corrugation  plain. 

694.  End  gone.  Length,  0.064  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.011  m. 

695.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0645  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  upper  corrugation,  0.012  m.  On  upper 
and  lower  halves  of  corrugation  leaf  ornament. 
Pin  perhaps  inserted. 

Group  ii.  Lower  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band. 

696.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Length,  0.0815  m.  Diameter  of  upper 
corrugation,  0.0115  m.  Head  as  in  No.  683. 
Stem  larger  than  pin. 

Group  iii.  Lower  corrugation  has  double 
grooved  band.  Double  ring  beneath 
lower  corrugation. 

697.  Present  point  probably  not  original. 
Length,  0.092  m.  Diameter  of  upper  corruga¬ 
tion,  0.012  m.  On  both  halves  of  upper  corruga¬ 
tion,  leaf  ornament  as  in  No.  695.  All  rings 
notched. 

Form  2.  Ornamentation  of  corrugations 

VERTICAL. 

698.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.134  m.  Diameter  of  upper  cor- 


234 


THE  BRONZES 


rugation,  0.014  m.  Both  corrugations  have 
light  double  vertical  grooves,  and  on  upper  side 
of  top  corrugation  circles  between  grooves. 

Addenda  to  Type  g.  In  the  following  the  eye¬ 
lets,  if  such  existed,  have  been  lost.  This  fact, 
and  their  peculiar  form,  renders  their  classifica¬ 
tion  uncertain,  although  they  probably  belong  to 
this  type. 

699.  From  back  of  South  Building.  End 
gone.  Length,  0.056  m.  Diameter  of  upper 
corrugation,  0.011  m.  Rings  small.  Upper  cor¬ 
rugation  plain.1 

Discards  of  Type  g:  seven,  of  which  one  from  south 
slope. 

Type  h.  Iron  pins  with  round  rectangular 

and  polygonal  bronze  heads. 

Form  1.  Pin  inserted  directly  into  head 

WITHOUT  ANY  NECK. 

700.  Pin  mostly  gone.  Length,  0.024  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.019  m.  Possibly  not  a  pin, 
but  iron  rod  with  knobs. 

The  following  numbers  are  of  more  uncertain 
classification. 

701.  From  south  slope.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.0135  m.  Diameter,  0.014  m.  Pierced  by  rec¬ 
tangular  hole,  in  which  are  remains  of  iron  pin 
or  rod. 

702.  F  'rom  south  slope.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.0135  m.  Diameter,  0.0135  m. 

Form  2.  Pin  inserted  into  projection  on 

LOWER  SIDE  OF  HEAD. 

Pin  gone  in  all  examples  of  Classes  a,  ft,  y,  S. 

Class  a.  Round  -plain  heads ,  mostly  with 
ornament  at  top. 

703.  Length,  0.0125  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.01  m.  Length  of  neck,  0.004  m.  Top  of  head 
broken  as  though  ornament  had  been  lost.  Neck 
lias  two  grooves.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

704.  F  rom  south  slope.  Ornament  on  head 
injured.  Length,  0.019  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0125  m.  Ornament  consists  of  four  petals 
about  a  low  stem.2  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

705.  F  rom  south  slope.  Ornament  injured. 
Length,  0.021  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0115  m. 
Filing  showed  color  medium. 

Class  ft.  Similar  to  Class  a,  hut  with  poly - 
gonal  heads. 

Group  i.  Hexagonal. 

706.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Orna¬ 
ment  injured.  Length,  0.019  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.015  m.  Lower  neck  lias  three  rings,  of 

1  Perhaps  No.  670  should  be  put  here. 

2  Professor  Norton  regards  these  heads  with  flower 


which  central  one  is  notched.  Remains  of  iron 
pin. 

Group  ii.  Pentagonal. 

707.  Ornament  injured.  Length,  0.018  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Filing  showed  color 
medium. 

708.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.022  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m.  Ornament  of  five 
petals  about  a  stem.  Lower  neck  has  four  rings, 
of  which  second  from  top  is  notched.  Sides  of 
polygon  separated  by  segments  of  original  cir¬ 
cumference. 

Class  y.  Similar ,  hut  with  rectangular 
heads. 

709.  Length,  0.017  m.  Ornament  injured. 
Has  five  petals. 

710.  Length,  0.018  m.  Ornament  of  five 
petals  injured.  Ring  beneath  notched.  Neck 
has  three  rings. 

711.  Length,  0.022  m.  Flower  of  four  petals. 
Heavy  ring  with  notching  beneath.  Neck  has 
three  rings.  Traces  of  iron  pin. 

712.  Length,  0.0225  m.  Flower  injured ;  of 
six  petals.  Ring  beneath  notched.  Neck  has 
three  rings. 

In  the  two  following  numbers  the  flower  is 
modified. 

713.  Ornament  not  divided  (the  present  fis¬ 
sures  due  to  corrosion).  Length,  0.0205  in. 
Neck  has  three  rings.  Traces  of  iron  pin. 

714.  Length,  0.0175  m.  Ornament  injured. 
Neck  has  three  rings.  Remains  of  iron  pin. 

Class  S.  Round  and  conical  heads  with 
sides  ornamented.  Top  with  or  without 
ornaments. 

Group  i.  With  fluted  sides. 

715.  Length,  0.02  m.  Diameter,  0.0155  m. 
Originally  probably  had  ornament.  Sides  di¬ 
vided  by  five  grooves.  Neck  has  three  rings. 
Pin  probably  of  iron. 

716.  Originally  probably  had  ornament.  Sides 
divided  by  seven  grooves.  Neck  has  large  corru¬ 
gation,  with  ring  on  either  side.  Corrugation 
has  eight  grooves.  Traces  of  iron  pin. 

In  the  following  number  the  grooving  is  con¬ 
tinuous  through  head  and  neck,  which  is  not 
sharply  marked  from  head. 

717.  Top  injured.  Length,  0.014  m.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.011  m.  In  top  round  hole,  in  which  ap¬ 
pears  short  stub  as  of  stem.  Head  divided  into 
five  main  segments.  Of  these  two  in  the  lower 

ornament  at  top  as  imitations  of  pomegranates,  and  refers 
to  Pausanias,  II.  xvii.  4. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


235 


part  and  one  in  the  upper  are  subdivided  each 
into  two  smaller  segments. 

Group  ii.  With  engraved  sides. 

(a'.)  Rounded. 

718.  Length,  0.0155  m.  Diameter,  0.0085  m. 
Head  divided  into  three  parts  by  zigzags  from 
top  to  bottom.  Neck  has  three  rings,  of  which 
the  upper  two  are  notched,  and  below  these  two 
others,  of  which  the  upper  one  is  notched. 

( b '.)  Conical. 

719.  Length,  0.0245  m.  Diameter,  0.012  m. 
Head  divided  into  four  segments.  On  these, 
on  lower  half,  run  dotted  lines  meeting  at 
acute  angle  just  above  middle.  Dotted  circle  at 
base  of  each  segment.  Neck  has  three  rings ; 
centre  one  notched.  Filing  showed  medium 
color. 

Type  i.  Head  separate  and  has  form  of 
animal  (lion). 

Plate  LXXXIV. 

720.  From  West  Building.  Pin  gone.  Length, 
0.0425  m.  Below  lion’s  head  are  corrugations 
separated  from  it  by  deep  grooves,  in  the  bottom 
of  which  low  ring.  Forehead  of  lion  full,  with 
heavy  furrow  down  centre.  Eye  sockets  round, 
with  prominent  brows.  Nostrils  marked.  Muzzle 
marked  with  grooves.1  Lower  part  of  pin  head 
has  five  corrugations,  tapering  concavely,  and 
below  these  a  rectangular  block. 

Type  j.  Ring  headed. 

721.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.11G5  m. 
Outer  diameter  of  ring,  0.015  m.  Bar  of  ring 
diamond-shaped  in  section.  Pin  broad  and  flat 
at  junction  with  ring.2 

Type  k.  Head  consists  of  disk,  with  or 
without  prolongation  above,  and,  at  some 
distance  beneath  it,  one  or  two  balls,  or 
beads.3 

Form  1.  No  prolongation  of  stem  above 
disk. 

Group  i.  Upper  part  of  shaft  round. 

722.  Length,  0.299  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0195  in.  Length  of  neck,  0.044  m.  Much 
copper  in  pin,  shown  by  color  and  flexibility. 

1  For  classification  see  III.  5,  Type  b  (p.  203,  above). 

2  Similar  (but  for  swelling  of  shaft),  Montelius,  Civ. 
Prim.  It.  pi.  15,  No.  12,  from  Terramare  of  Campeg- 
gine  of  Reggio  nell’  Emilia.  Age  of  Bronze.  Cf.  also 
Olympia,  No.  492,  which  differs  in  having  end  of  ring 
bound  about  shaft. 

8  Pins  of  this  type  numerous  at  Tegea.  Cf.  Milchhofer, 
Athen.  Mitth.  V.  p.  G7.  Milchhofer  regards  them  as 
“  Heftnadeln  oder  Werkzeuge  fur  Handarbeit.”  He  seems 
to  consider  these  and  the  spits  (according  to  him  spindles) 


Group  ii.  Upper  part  of  shaft  rectangu¬ 
lar. 

723.  End  gone.  Length,  0.138  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  circ.  0.011  m.  Length  of  neck, 
0.034  m.  Ball  oblong. 

724.  End  gone.  Length,  0.185  m.  Length 
of  neck,  0.036  m.  Head  concave  in  centre.  Ring 
at  either  end  of  ball  nearly  rectangular. 

Discard  of  Group  ii.  :  one  fragment. 

Form  2.  Shaft  has  short  extension 

ABOVE  DISK.4 

Class  a.  One  ball. 

Group  i.  Entire  shaft  round. 

Extension  above  disk  short,  and  so  far 
as  preserved  consisting  of  single  sec¬ 
tion. 

725.  End  broken.  Length,  0.078  m.  Ex¬ 
tension,  0.005  m.  Neck,  0.015  m.  Extension 
rather  thick.  Neck  smaller  than  body.  Ball 
nearly  round,  with  ring  at  either  side. 

726.  Present  point  probably  not  original. 
Length,  0.112  m.  Extension,  0.007  m.  Neck, 
0.016  m.  Extension  rather  flat.  Neck  smaller 
than  shaft.  Ball  elongated. 

727.  Condition  poor.  Shaft  and  extension 
both  broken.  Length,  0.0525  in.  Neck,  0.015  m. 
Neck  slightly  thicker  than  shaft.  Ball  nearly 
round,  with  ring  at  either  side. 

Group  ii.  Neck  round.  Upper  part  of 
shaft  beneath  ball  rectangular. 

(«()  Thick  extension,  of  one  section, 
rounded  at  the  top,  and  resting  on 
low  base. 

728.  Condition  poor.  Shaft  mostly  gone. 
Length,  0.054  m.  Extension,  0.0075  m.  Neck, 
0.019  m.  Ball  oblate,  with  ring  at  either  side.5 

(b1.)  Extension  which  rests  on  base, 
with  flat  cap  on  top  which  overhangs 
the  tapered  upper  portion  of  the  ex¬ 
tension.  Rectangular  part  of  shaft 
usually  ornamented  with  engraved 
zigzag  and  separated  from  round 
part  by  one  or  more  grooves. 

729.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 

as  essentially  the  same  class  of  object.  — A  pin  of  this  type 
is  in  the  museum  at  Eleusis  and  a  bundle  of  them  in  Nat. 
Mus.,  Athens,  No.  10081.  Example  of  Forms  1  and  2 
are  in  the  museum  at  Sparta. 

4  The  example  from  Boeotia  now  in  Berlin  (Boehlau, 
Jahrb.  III.  p.  3G3  g)  differs  in  details  from  Argos  speci¬ 
mens. 

5  Cf.  Athen.  Mitth.  V.  pi.  iv.  (lower  right-hand  cor¬ 
ner),  from  Tegea  (Milchhofer). 


236 


THE  BRONZES 


circ.  0.205  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck, 
0.019  m.  Ball  oblate,  with  ring  at  each  side. 
Shaft  beneath,  rectangle,  then  two  shallow 
grooves,  then  rounded.  Traces  of  zigzag  on 
rectangular  part  of  shaft. 

730.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.108  m.  Extension,  0.007  m.  Neck,  0.024  m. 
Ball  round,  with  rings.  Details  as  in  No.  729. 

731.  Length,  0.316  m.  Extension,  0.0155  m. 
Neck,  0.024  m.  Ball  with  ring  at  either  side. 
Zigzag  on  rectangular  part. 

Group  iii.  Transition  at  neck,  which  is 
generally  rectangular  in  form,  but  with 
rounded  corners.  Extension  like 
Group  ii.,  (5'). 

732.  Length,  0.227  m.  Extension,  0.0065  m. 
Neck,  0.019  m.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangle. 
Ball  slightly  elongated.  Material  largely  cop¬ 
per. 

733.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.237  m. 
Extension,  0.007  m.  Neck,  0.019  m.  Possible 
traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangle.  Material  mainly 
copper. 

734.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.209  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.0235  m. 
Sides  of  rectangle  have  zigzag. 

735.  Length,  0.0233  m.  Extension,  0.0065 
m.  Neck,  0.0235  m.  Neck  octagonal.  Ball 
round.  Probably  traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangle. 

Group  iv.  Rectangular  neck,  usually  with 
corners  somewhat  rounded. 

(«'.)  Extension  has  rounded  top  with¬ 
out  cap. 

736.  Length,  0.131  m.  Extension,  0.004  m. 
Neck,  0.013  m.  Ball  oblate,  with  ring  at  either 
end. 

737.  Condition  poor.  Pin  gone.  Disk  dam¬ 
aged.  Length,  0.085  m.  Extension,  0.0075  m. 
Neck,  0.022  m.  Ball  with  ring  at  either  end. 

The  following,  Nos.  738-741,  have  ornamen¬ 
tation  on  both  neck  and  rectangle. 

738.  Length,  0.139  m.  Extension,  0.0045  m. 
Neck,  0.023  in.  Two  sides  of  neck  have  zigzag. 
Traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangle.  Good  deal  of 
copper  in  pin. 

739.  Point  injured.  Length,  0.228  m.  Ex¬ 
tension,  0.006  m.  Neck,  0.033  m.  Zigzag  on 
two  sides,  and  also  on  three  sides  of  rectangle. 
Pin  mainly  of  copper. 

The  two  following,  Nos.  740,  741,  are  less 
certainly  to  be  put  here,  on  account  of  poor  con¬ 
dition  of  extensions. 

740.  J’oor  condition.  Length,  0.175  m.  Ex¬ 


tension,  0.0078  m.  Neck,  0.023  m. ;  has  on  two 
sides  traces  of  zigzag.  On  all  sides  of  rectangle 
traces  of  zigzag.  Pin  mainly  of  copper. 

741.  Most  of  pin  and  disk  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.092  m.  Extension,  0.008  m. 
Neck,  0.034  m.  Has  on  all  sides  zigzag,  as  also 
rectangle.  Pin  mainly  of  copper. 

( b '.)  Extension  has  cap  and  usually  a 
base. 

(1'.)  Single  plain  cap. 

(a7.)  Neck  plain.  Rectangular 
part  of  body  ornamented. 

742.  End  gone.  Length,  0.0234  m.  Exten¬ 
sion,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.0245  m.  Traces  of  zig¬ 
zag  on  rectangle.  Pin  of  copper. 

743.  End  and  most  of  disk  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.186  m.  Extension,  0.002  m. 
Neck,  0.0165  m.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangle. 

744.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.057  m.  Ex¬ 
tension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.021  m.  Zigzag  on 
rectangle. 

745.  From  south  slope.  End  gone.  Length, 
0.144  m.  Extension,  0.006  m.  On  rectangle, 
traces  of  lines  close  to  edges,  with  zigzag  between. 
Probably  largely  of  copper. 

746.  Bent  into  coil.  Extension,  0.008  m. 
Neck,  0.014  m.  Rectangle  has  two  grooves  at 
end  and  on  one  side  three.  Sides  have  frame 
of  two  lines,  one  close  to  each  edge,  with  zigzag 
between. 

747.  End  gone.  Length,  0.138  m.  Exten¬ 
sion,  0.0085  m.  Neck,  0.0275  m.  Rectangle 
has  two  grooves  at  end  and  traces  on  two  sides 
of  zigzag. 

(/37.)  Neck  and  rectangle  orna¬ 
mented. 

(i'.)  Extension  without  base. 

748.  End  and  most  of  disk  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.125  m.  Extension,  0.0055  m. 
Neck,  0.024  m.  Has  on  two  sides  traces  of 
zigzag.  Rectangle  terminates  with  two  grooves ; 
on  sides  traces  of  zigzag. 

749.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.1825  m.  Extension,  0.0075  m.  Neck,  0.022  m., 
witli  traces  of  zigzag  on  all  sides.  Rectangle 
with  grooves  at  end  and  traces  of  zigzag. 

(ii7.)  Extension  has  no  base, 
but  has  a  double  link. 

750.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.099  m.  Extension,  0.009  m.  Neck,  0.02  m. 
Rectangle  has  probably  two  grooves  at  end. 
Traces  of  zigzag  on  two  sides  of  neck  and  rec¬ 
tangle. 


PINS  :  STRAIGHT 


237 


750  a.  From  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.045  m.  Extension,  0.0085  m.  Neck, 
0.019  m.  Sides  taper  slightly  toward  top. 
Traces  of  zigzag  on  three  sides  of  neck,  also  on 
three  sides  of  rectangle. 

(iii'.)  Extension  has  base,  link, 
and  cap. 

751.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.133  m.  Extension,  0.006  m.  Neck,  0.0235  m., 
with  sides  tapering  toward  top.  Probably  double 
groove  at  end  of  rectangle,  sides  of  which  taper 
downward.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  neck  and  rec¬ 
tangle.  Pin  mostly  of  copper. 

752.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.187  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.022  m., 
with  sides  increasing  toward  either  end,  and  zig¬ 
zag  on  all  four.  Rectangle  has  two  grooves  at 
end,  and  zigzag  on  sides. 

753.  Most  of  shaft  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.083  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck, 
0.032  m.,  with  zigzag  on  sides  and  line  along 
edge ;  and  on  one  side  part  way  down  centre. 
Sides  of  rectangle  taper  downward.  Traces  of 
zigzag. 

754.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.169  m.  Extension,  0.0075  in.  Neck,  0.028 
m.,  with  traces  of  zigzag  on  three  sides.  Rec¬ 
tangle  has  two  grooves  at  end,  and  lines  around 
edges  of  sides,  inclosing  zigzag. 

755.  From  above  last  part  of  Stoa,  under 
Cyclopean  wall,  1893.  Point  injured.  Length, 
0.26  m.  Extension,  0.01  m.  Neck,  0.0265  m., 
with  sides  tapering  toward  top.  Probably  traces 
of  zigzag  on  one  side.  Rectangle  has  groove  at 
end,  and  zigzag  on  all  sides.  Material  mainly 
copper. 

756.  End  gone.  Length,  0.209  m.  Exten¬ 
sion,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.003  in.,  tapering  slightly 
upward,  with  zigzag  on  sides,  and  traces  of  fram¬ 
ing  line  along  edges.  Rectangle  has  three 
grooves  at  end  and  zigzags,  with  framing  line  as 
on  neck.  Material  mainly  copper. 

757.  Point  dull.  Length,  0.2635  m.  Ex¬ 
tension,  0.0085  m.  Neck,  0.0275  m.,  with  zigzag 
on  sides,  and  traces  of  framing  line.  At  end  of 
rectangle,  two  grooves.  Sides  of  rectangle  taper 
downward  and  have  zigzag  and  traces  of  fram¬ 
ing  line.  Material  largely  copper. 

758.  From  West  Building.  End  gone. 
Length,  0.142  m.  Extension,  0.028  m.  Neck, 
0.017  m.,  with  sides  tapering  toward  top,  and 
traces  of  zigzag.  Rectangle  with  sides  tapering 
downward,  and  traces  of  zigzag. 


759.  End  gone.  Length,  0.157  m.  Exten¬ 
sion,  0.0075  m.  Neck,  0.022  m. ;  tapers  slightly 
upward ;  traces  of  zigzag.  Rectangle  tapers 
downward  ;  traces  of  zigzag. 

760.  Point  injured.  Length,  0.192  m.  Ex¬ 
tension,  0.009  m.  Neck,  0.0195  m.  ;  tapers 
slightly  toward  top.  Traces  of  zigzag.  Rec¬ 
tangle  tapers  downward ;  has  traces  of  zigzag. 
Material  largely  copper. 

761.  Point  injured.  Length,  0.212  m.  Ex¬ 
tension,  0.0065  in.  Neck,  0.0315  m.,  with  traces 
of  zigzag.  Rectangle  tapers  downward,  with 
traces  of  zigzag.  Material  largely  copper. 

762.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.233  m.  Extension,  0.01  m.  Neck,  0.031  m., 
tajiering  toward  centre  from  both  ends,  and  with 
traces  of  zigzag.  Rectangle  has  groove  at  end, 
and  zigzags. 

763.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.235  m. 
Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.022  m.,  tapering 
from  top  for  short  distance.  Zigzag  on  all  sides. 
Rectangle  has  two  grooves  at  end  and  zigzag  on 
all  sides. 

764.  From  south  slope.  Most  of  shaft  gone. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.067  m.  Extension, 
0.0085  m.  Neck,  0.0215  m.  Tapers  upward. 
Zigzag  on  sides,  also  on  sides  of  rectangle. 

765.  Length,  0.319  m.  Extension,  0.0105 
m.  Neck,  0.035  m.,  tapering  from  ends  toward 
centre,  with  zigzag  on  sides.  Same  ornament 
on  sides  of  rectangle.  Material  largely  cop¬ 
per. 

766.  Point  injured.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.262  m.  Extension,  0.01  m.  Neck,  0.026  m., 
tapers  from  ends  to  centre,  with  zigzag  on  sides. 
Rectangle  has  two  grooves  at  end  and  zigzag  on 
sides.  Material  largely  copper. 

767.  End  gone.  Length,  0.2  m.  Extension, 
0.0095  m.  Neck,  0.0315  m.,  tapering  from 
bottom  up,  and  with  zigzag  on  sides.  Rectangle 
has  two  grooves  at  end,  and  zigzag  on  sides. 
Material  largely  copper. 

768.  End  gone.  Length,  0.169  m.  Exten¬ 
sion,  0.0095  m.  Neck,  0.033  m.,  tapers  upward 
from  base.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  two  sides.  Rec¬ 
tangle  has  zigzag.  Material  largely  copper. 

769.  End  coiled,  but  pin  complete.  Exten¬ 
sion,  0.01  m.  Neck,  0.0365  m.,  tapering  from 
ends  to  centre.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  sides,  also 
on  rectangle.  Material  as  above. 

770.  Length,  0.342  m.  Extension,  0.0175  m. 
Neck,  0.034  m.,  with  zigzags.  Zigzags  also  on 
rectangle. 


238 


THE  BRONZES 


771.  Pin  mainly  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.098  m.  Extension,  0.011  m.  Neck, 
0.035  in.,  tapers  from  ends  to  centre,  with  traces 
of  zigzag.  Rectangle  tapers  downward,  traces 
of  zigzag. 

772.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.265  m.  Extension,  0.0125  m.  Neck,  0.039  m., 
tapers  from  top  toward  centre,  with  traces  of 
zigzag.  Rectangle  tapers  downward,  with  traces 
of  zigzag.  Material  largely  copper. 

773.  End  gone.  Length,  0.205  m.  Exten¬ 
sion,  0.01  m.  Neck,  0.033  m.,  tapers  from  ends 
toward  centre.  Rectangle  tapers  downward. 
Both  neck  and  rectangle  with  zigzags.  Material 
largely  copper. 

774.  End  coiled,  like  No.  746.  Extension, 
0.012  m.  Neck,  0.03  m.,  with  zigzags,  as  also 
rectangle,  which  tapers  downward.  Material 
largely  copper. 

The  following  number  has  double  ring  on 
each  side  of  ball. 

775.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.302  m.  Extension,  0.0065  in.  Neck,  0.027  m. 
The  rings  farthest  from  ball,  on  each  side,  form 
ends  of  neck  and  rectangle,  which  tapers  down¬ 
ward.  Zigzags  on  neck  and  rectangle.  Two 
grooves  at  end  of  rectangle. 

(iv').  Extension  has  base  and 
cap. 

776.  Most  of  shaft  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.054  m.  Extension,  0.007  m.  Neck, 
0.0305  in.,  tapers  from  ends  to  centre.  On  neck 
and  rectangle,  traces  of  zigzags.  Material  mostly 
copper. 

777.  Most  of  pin  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.085  m.  Extension,  0.0085  m.  Neck, 
0.033  in.,  tapers  from  ends  toward  centre.  Traces 
of  zigzag,  as  also  on  rectangle,  which  tapers 
downward.  Material  mostly  copper. 

Undeaned  addenda  to  (l'). 

778.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.12  in.  Extension  has  base,  two  links,  and  cap. 
Length  of  extension,  0.011  m.  Neck,  0.029  m., 
tapers  toward  top.  Rectangle  tapers  down¬ 
ward  . 

779.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.137  in.  Extension,  0.0182  m.,  has  base,  three 
links,  and  cap.  Neck,  0.025  m.  Rectangle 
tapers  downward. 

780.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.177  in.  Extension,  0.016  in.,  consists  of  base, 
two  or  three  links,  and  cap.  Neck,  0.038  m., 
with  centre  smaller  than  ends. 


(2'.)  Double  cap,  also  base,  link 
(or  links). 

Both  neck  and  rectangle  orna¬ 
mented. 

781.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.217  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.0235  in. 
Cap  double  or  grooved.  Rectangle  has  traces 
of  zigzag. 

782.  Length,  0.133  m.  Extension,  0.0075  m. 
Neck,  0.023  m.,  tapers  from  bottom  upward. 
Rectangle  tapers  downward,  with  groove  at  lower 
end.  Neck  and  rectangle  have  zigzags.  Material 
largely  copper. 

783.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.159  m.  Extension,  0.0095  m.  Neck,  0.029  m. 
Rectangle  tapers  downward,  has  two  grooves  at 
lower  end.  Neck  and  rectangle  have  zigzag 
within  frame.  Material  largely  copper. 

The  following  three  numbers  probably  belong 
here,  though  they  could  possibly  go  with  fol¬ 
lowing  Class  /3. 

784.  From  south  slope.  Most  of  shaft  gone. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.052  m.  Extension, 
0.0075  m.  Neck,  0.024  m.  Zigzag  (traces)  on 
neck  and  rectangle  (broken). 

785.  Broken  at  neck.  Condition  had.  Length, 
0.036  m.  Extension,  0.008  m.  Neck,  0.026  m. 
Traces  of  zigzag. 

786.  From  West  Building.  Broken  at  lower 
end  of  hall.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.061  m. 
Extension,  0.013  ro.  Neck,  0.035  m.  Exten¬ 
sion  has  double  ring  between  base  and  link. 
Two  rings  above  the  ball,  of  which  upper  is  end 
of  neck.  Traces  of  zigzags. 

Undeaned  addendum  to  (2').  Doubtful. 

787.  Point  gone.  Condition  poor.  Exten¬ 
sion,  0.0175  m.,  consists  of  base,  four  small  cor¬ 
rugations,  and  cap.  Neck,  0.035  m.  Rectangle 
tapers  down. 

(3'.)  Triple  cap. 

788.  Undeaned.  Broken.  Condition  had. 
Length,  0.09  m.  Extension,  0.0088  m.  Neck, 
0.021  m.  Double  ring  on  each  side  of  ball. 

Class  f3-  Two  balls. 

Group  i.  Neck  ami  section  between 
halls  round.  Beneath  lower  ball  rec¬ 
tangle. 

Extension  with  base,  link,  and  cap. 

789.  Point  probably  not  original.  Length, 
0.289  m.  Extension,  0.008  ni.  Upper  neck 
round,  with  length,  0.023  m.  Lower  neck  has 
six  unequal  sides,  0.011  m.  Ring  at  either  side 
of  each  hall.  Grooved  at  lower  end  of  rec- 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


239 


tangle.  Traces  of  engraved  lines  on  sides  of 
rectangle. 

Group  ii.  Both  necks  rectangular.  Be¬ 
neath  lower  ball,  rectangle. 

Extension  with  base,  link,  and  cap. 

790.  End  gone.  Length,  0.22  m.  Exten¬ 
sion,  0.0075  m.  Upper  neck,  length,  0.0235  m. 
Tapers  for  short  distance  from  bottom.  Lower 
neck,  0.0145  m.  Ring  on  each  side  of  balls. 
Rectangle  below  lower  ball  tapers.  Traces  of 
zigzag  on  one  side  of  upper  neck,  and  of  frame 
and  zigzag  on  lower  neck.  Material  chiefly 
copper. 

791.  Pin  mainly  gone.  Conditionpoor.  Length, 
0.11  m.  Extension  has  link  also  above  ring ; 
length,  0.012  m.  Upper  neck,  length,  0.034  m. 
Lower  neck,  0.012  m.  Rectangle  tapers  down¬ 
ward.  No  trace  of  ornament  left  on  necks ; 
trace  of  zigzag  on  rectangle. 

Addenda  to  Type  k  (Nos.  792-807). 

i.  The  following  cleaned  fragments  are  inter¬ 
esting  chiefly  because  the  provenience  of 
many  is  known. 

(a'.)  Disk  preserved. 

792.  From  south  slope.  Extension,  disk,  and 
neck.  Length,  0.04  m.  Length  of  extension, 
0.0065  m.  No  certain  traces  of  ornament. 

793.  Broken  at  bottom  of  ball.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Length  of  extension,  0.0065  m.  Length 
of  neck,  0.023  m.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  neck. 

794.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Broken 
at  neck.  Length,  0.024  m.  Length  of  exten¬ 
sion,  0.0115  m. 

795.  From  West  Building.  Broken  at  neck. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.026  m.  Length  of 
extension,  0.0105  m. 

(&'.)  One  ball  with  piece  at  each  side.  — 
While  a  doubt  is  possible  whether  these 
pieces  belong  here  rather  than  under 
spits ,  they  are,  mainly,  quite  certainly 
pins,  because  of  the  relative  smallness  of 
the  necks  as  compared  with  the  rectangle. 

796.  Fragment  of  neck,  ball,  and  rectangle. 
Length,  0.086  m.  Elongated  ball.  Rectangle 
has  groove  at  lower  end,  and  zigzag  on  sides. 
Material  largely  copper. 

797.  Fragment  as  No.  796.  Length,  0.074  m. 
Oblong  ball  with  ring  at  each  side.  Rectangle 
tapers  down,  and  has  traces  of  zigzag  on  all  sides. 

798.  From  south  slope.  Fragment  as  No.  796. 
Length,  0.088  m.  Ball  elongated.  Rectangle 
tapers  down,  and  has  traces  of  zigzag.  Material 
largely  copper. 


799.  Fragment  as  No.  796.  Length,  0.104  m. 
Ball  has  ring  at  each  side.  Rectangle  tapers 
for  short  distance  down.  Zigzag  on  rectangle; 
probably  also  on  neck. 

800.  From  first  chamber  at  east  end  of  ter¬ 
race  below  Cyclopean  wall,  1893.  Fragment 
as  No.  796.  Condition  bad.  Length,  0.043  m. 
Ball  has  ring  at  either  side.  Rectangle  has  three 
grooves  at  end.  No  trace  of  ornament  remains. 

801.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment  as  No.  796.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.061  m.  Ring  above  ball.  Probable  traces  of 
zigzag  on  neck. 

802.  From  south  slope.  Fragment  as  No. 
796.  Length,  0.054  m.  Ball  elongated  with 
ring  at  either  end.  Two  grooves  at  lower  end 
of  rectangle.  Traces  of  zigzag  within  frame  on 
neck  and  rectangle. 

803.  Fragment  as  No.  796.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  circ.  0.185  m.  Slightly  oblate  ball 
with  ring  at  either  side.  Rectangle  ended  by 
groove  and  tapers  slightly  downward.  No  cei'- 
tain  traces  of  ornamentation  on  neck.  Traces 
of  frame  on  l'ectangle.  Material  largely  copper. 

ii.  The  following  uncleaned  pieces  probably 
belong  under  Form  2,  Class  a,  Group  iv. 

804.  Extension,  disk,  and  piece  of  neck. 
Condition  poox\  Length,  0.035  m.  Extension 
has  three  grooves  near  bottom,  with  coarse  screw¬ 
threading  above.  Length  of  neck,  0.016  m. 
Owing  to  small  size,  pi-obably  had  one  ball. 

805.  Extension,  disk,  and  piece  of  neck.  Con¬ 
dition  poor.  Extension  has  horizontal  threading 
at  bottom,  and  coarse  screw-threading  above. 
Length,  0.017  m.  Length  of  neck,  0.016  m. 
Sides  of  neck  taper  for  a  little  way  from  top, 
and  then  enlarge.  Owing  to  small  size,  prob¬ 
ably  had  one  ball. 

806.  Extension,  disk,  and  part  of  neck.  Con¬ 
dition  poor.  Length,  0.0435  m.  Neck,  0.028  m. ; 
probably  had  one  ball.  Extension  consists  of 
base,  31  corrugations  (lowest  runs  only  half¬ 
way  round),  and  cap.  Length,  0.0175  m. 

807.  End  gone.  Disk  injured.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.168  m.  Extension  consists  of 
base,  three  links,  and  cap.  Between  links  a 
single  ring  (two  rings  in  all).  Length,  0.017  m. 
Length  of  neck,  0.0285  m.  Ball  with  ring  at 
either  side.  Rectangle  tapers  slightly  down¬ 
ward. 

Discards  of  Type  k  :  cleaned  pieces  and  fragments, 
fifteen,  of  which  three  from  south  slope;  uncleaned  pieces 
and  fragments,  one  hundred  and  sixty-two. 


240 


THE  BRONZES 


B.  SAFETY-PINS. 

DIVISION  I.  SIMPLE  HEAD.1 

Type  a.  High  bow.  Short  foot  (simple 
hook). 

808.  Uncleaned.  Foot  and  end  of  pin  gone. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.078  m.  Height, 
0.062  in.  Consists  of  single  piece  of  heavy 
bronze  wire.  Pin  tapers  gradually.  Twists  in 
wire  accidental.  Originally  probably  end  of 
spit,  but  use  as  safety-pin  indicated  by  shape. 
Somewhat  doubtful  owing  to  shortness  of  pin. 

809.  Uncleaned.  Pin  broken.  Condition  poor. 
Wire  slightly  thicker  at  head  and  foot  than  else¬ 
where.  Never  had  coil.  Distance  between  legs 
(outside),  0.035  m. 

Type  b.  Medium  high  bow.  Long  pin. 
Somewhat  doubtful. 

810.  End  of  pin  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Most  of  hook  gone.  Length,  0.057  in.  Height, 
0.0189  in.  Pin  projects  beyond  foot.  Of  single 
piece  of  wire.  Probable  use  as  fibula  shown  by 
shape  of  bow. 

DIVISION  II.  SPIRAL  HEAD. 

Type  c.  Flat  bow.  Plain.2 

811.  Uncleaned.  Fragment  of  bow  and  coil. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0833  m.  Wire  in 
head  much  smaller  than  in  bow. 

Somewhat  doubtful  whether  the  following 
number  belongs  here. 

812.  Uncleaned.  End  of  bow  and  part  of  coil 
gone.  Length,  0.0605  m.  Bow  rectangular 
near  coil.  Wire  of  coil  smaller  than  bar. 

Type  d.  Flat  bow  of  sheet  bronze  to  which 
some  object  was  formerly  attached.3 

Form  1.  With  hook  at  foot. 

813.  Complete  except  for  the  loss  of  orna¬ 
ment.  Length,  0.052  in.  Height,  0.0101  m. 

1  An  analogy  to  this  form  of  head  may  be  seen  in  cer¬ 
tain  bronze  fibulae  from  Bologna  (Benacci  II.)  of  liorned 
snake  type,  in  which  bead  is  represented  only  by  a  swell¬ 
ing  or  knob.  These,  however,  stand  at  the  end  of  a  de¬ 
velopment,  not  at  the  beginning.  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It. 
pi.  79,  figs.  Id,  15,  1G.  Similar  with  disk  instead  of  ring, 
ibid.  pi.  83,  figs.  20,  21  (Arnoaldi).  A  closer  parallel  is 
offered  by  a  pin  of  fibula  bent  to  form  safety-pin  from 
Sikel  village  near  Matera  in  Apulia,  published  by  Patroni, 
Mon.  Ant.  Line.  VIII.  col.  497, 507,  fig.  107.  Other  fibulae 
without  coil,  partly  of  secondary  use,  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  of 
Bronzes,  Nos.  1944  f.,  1935. 

2  Cf.  fibulae  from  Mycenae,  chamber  tombs,  ’Ecp-nfi.  ’A px- 
1888,  col.  1G7,  pi.  9,  Nos.  1,2  (Tsountas). 

n  With  Type  d,  cf.  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  8,  Nos. 
5  7,  from  late  dwelling  of  Peschiera.  These,  however, 


Near  end  of  flat  piece,  two  rivets,  projecting 
above  slightly,  but  flattened  to  under  surface. 
Material  largely  copper.4 

Form  2.  With  disk  at  foot. 

814.  Coil  broken.  Disk  injured.  Length, 
0.0695.  Rivets  as  in  No.  813.  Disk  seems  to 
have  been  leaf-shaped  and  convex. 

Type  e.  Flat  bow,  consisting  of  broadband. 

815.  Coil  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.071  m.  Material  largely  copper. 

816.  Band,  with  foot  and  coil  mainly  gone. 
Length,  0.025  m.  Probably  a  simpler  form  of 
pins  of  following  type.5 

Type  f.  Flat  bow,  which  consists  of  two 
connected  spirals. 

817.  Condition  bad.  From  south  slope,  below 
Second  Temple,  1893.  Broken.  Pin  gone. 
Length,  0.075  m. 

Plate  LXXXV. 

818.  From  cutting  above  Upper  Temple,  to¬ 
ward  tents,  1893.  Part  of  pin  now  gone. 
Length,  0.1245  m.  Entire  pin  made  of  single 
piece  of  wire,  which  is  diamond-shaped  except 
hook  and  bar.  These  latter  are  round.  Mate¬ 
rial  largely  copper.6 

Plate  LXXXIV. 

819.  Only  coil  of  foot  preserved.  Length, 
0.0235  m. 

820.  From  West  Building.  Foot  only  pre¬ 
served.  Wire  is  diamond-shaped.  Length, 
0.029  m. 

821.  From  West  Building.  Only  a  fragment 
preserved.  Wire  diamond-shaped. 

822.  From  northwest  corner  of  Old  Temple, 
1893.  Only  a  fragment  preserved. 

It  is  uncertain  whether  the  following  numbers 
belong  here. 

823.  From  West  Building.  Condition  poor. 
Wire  diamond-shaped.7 

have  no  attached  ornament,  and  are  otherwise  somewhat 
different.  Flat  bow,  Olympia,  pi.  xxi.  No.  343. 

4  Very  like  fibula  from  Lusi,  Jahresh.  IV.  p.  52,  No.  76 
(Reichel  and  Wilhelm).  Cf.  fibula  from  Suessula,  ibid. 
VI.  p.  113,  fig.  58  (Hadaczek). 

6  Perhaps  Nos.  815  and  816  are  to  be  regarded  as 
ornamental  strips  of  sheet  bronze,  e.  g.  diadems.  Cf. 
Olympia,  Nos.  313  and  315  ff. 

6  Cf.  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  21,  No.  283,  from 
southern  Italy.  Exactly  similar  in  shape,  but  to  judge 
from  drawing,  made  of  rounded  wire.  Cf.  also  Olympia, 
No.  359,  and  Boehlau,  Jahrb.  III.  p.  363  b,  from  Boeotia. 
Double-coiled  spiral  fibula,  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  No.  8196. 

7  Cf.  coils  from  Sikel  village  in  Apulia.  Mon.  Ant. 
Line.  VIII.  col.  471  (Patroni). 


SAFETY-PINS 


241 


Plate  LXXXV. 

824.  Broken  at  both  ends.  Length,  0.125  rn. 
Wire  diamond-shaped.  Color  medium. 

825.  Fragment.  Not  certain  that  it  is  piece 
of  a  fibula.  Condition  poor.  Small  coil  of  wire, 
oval  in  section. 

Type  g.  Plain  rounded  high  bow.  Foot  a 
narrow  hook. 

Form  1.  Transitional  modification  of 

STRAIGHT  BOW. 

826.  F  rom  south  slope.  Foot  and  point  gone. 
Length,  0.04G  m.  Entire  pin  of  one  bit  of 
round  wire  of  nearly  uniform  size. 

Form  2.  High  bow. 

827.  End  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.079  m. 
Height,  0.0535  m.  Of  one  bit  of  metal.  Bow 
oval  and  uniform  in  size. 

Form  3.  Low  bow. 

Class  a.  Bow  of  uniform  size. 

828.  Fragment.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.0615  m.  Height,  0.0365  m.  Of  one  bit  of 
metal.  Bow  of  wire  slightly  oval  in  section. 
Foot  forms  triangular  blade. 

829.  From  West  Building.  Fragment. 
Length,  0.375  m.  Height,  0.0215  m.  One  bit 
of  metal.  Wire  of  uniform  size. 

830.  Still  flexible.  Length,  0.038  m.  Height, 
0.017  m.  Bow  uniform  in  size  and  of  wire 
slightly  oval  in  section.  Wire  of  pin  larger 
than  in  spiral.  Hook  low  and  open.1 

Class  /3.  Slight  swelling  in  arch  of  ho  w. 

831.  Fragment.  Length,  0.054  m.  Has 
hook  on  left2  side.  Swelling  in  bow  to  left  of 
centre.  Color  dark.3 

Type  h.  High  bow.  Long  foot  coming  to 
a  point. 

Form  1.  Bounded  wire. 

Class  a.  Uniformly  thick  wire. 

The  following  is  of  transitional  type,  the  foot 
being  as  yet  only  partially  developed. 

832.  Uncleaned.  Most  of  foot  and  pin  gone. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0625  m.  Height, 
0.025  m.  Form  of  foot  uncertain. 

Class  (3.  Bow  thickens  toward  centre. 

833.  Foot  gone.  Length,  0.081  m.  Height, 

1  Cf.  fibula  from  Lusi,  published  by  Reichel  and  Wil¬ 
helm,  Jahresh.  IY.  p.  52,  No.  75. 

2  Left  as  one  holds  fibula  with  head  toward  one. 

3  Cf.  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  5,  No.  41,  from 
Chiusi,  and  pi.  50,  No.  2,  from  Este  (period  I.).  The 
latter  has  ring  passing  through  head. 

4  Cf.  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  8,  No.  85  (Villa- 
nova). 

6  Cf.  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  8,  No.  84  (Villanova). 


0.0315  m.  Single  piece  of  metal.  Hook  on 
left  side.  Bar  oval  in  section,  the  broad  sur¬ 
faces  being  on  sides  near  foot,  but  on  top  and 
bottom  near  head.4 

Form  2.  Rectangular  wire. 

834.  Found  west  of  Second  Temple.  Length, 
0.0665  m.  Height,  0.0215  m.  Foot  a  long  thin 
blade  with  left  side  bent  up  to  form  hook. 
Color  medium  dark.5 

835.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0865  m.  Hook  on  left  side. 

Type  i.  High  bow.  Rectangular  blade  at 
foot  forming  one  piece  with  bar.  Bar 
rounded. 

Form  1.  Bar  of  uniform  size. 

836.  Head  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.066  m. 
Height,  0.039  in.  Bar  oval,  with  broad  surface 
at  side.  Hook  on  right  side. 

Form  2.  Bar  thicker  at  middle.  Bow 
somewhat  lowered. 

837.  Fragment.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.07.  Bar  as  that  of  No.  836. 

Addenda.  It  is  uncertain  to  which  of  the 
Types  g,  h,  i,  the  following  belong. 

838.  Fragment.  From  south  slopfe.  Shape 
of  bow  indicates  it  is  a  fibula.  Length,  0.054  m. 

839.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0475  m.  Wire 
slightly  oval. 

840.  Fragment  of  coil  and  bow.  Length, 
0.031  in. 

841.  Fragment  shown  by  shape  to  be  fibula. 
Length,  0.0665  m. 

842.  Fragment.  Length,  0.061  m.  Oval  wire. 

843.  Fragment.  Length,  0.06  m.  Centre  of 
bow  broad  and  thick.  Three  grooves  on  either 
side  of  centre. 

Type  j.  High  bow.  Rope  wire.6 

844.  Head  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.07  in. 
Height,  0.05  m.  Grooves  in  wire  broad  and 
shallow.7 

845.  Most  of  pin  and  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.047  m.  Bow  has  four  screw-threadings.  Wire 
flattens  where  it  passes  into  coil.  Head  on 
right  side.  Bow  of  uniform  size. 

846.  Uncleaned.  Pin  and  foot  gone.  Length, 

6  Cf.  the  very  similar  Italian  type,  Montelius,  Civ. 
Prim.  It.  pi.  5,  No.  40  (Bismantova). 

7  Cf.  twisted  bronze  wire  used  in  straight  fibula  from 
Mycenae  (outside  shaft-graves),  No.  2563.  'Etp-q/x.  ’A px- 
1888,  pi.  9,  No.  1  (Tsountas).  Similar  pins  from  Lusi, 
Jahresh.  IV.  p.  52,  Nos.  78,  79  (Reicliel  and  Wilhelm), 
and  from  Kavousi,  from  tomb  of  first  part  of  the  iron  age, 
Am.  Jour,  of  Arch.  Second  Series,  Y.  p.  136  (Harriet  A. 
Boyd). 


242 


THE  BRONZES 


0.071  m.  Height,  0.0275  m.  Bow  of  uniform 
size,  with  four  threadings.  Head  on  right  side. 
Type  k.  High  bow  with  one  or  more  loops. 

Form  1.  One  loop. 

Class  a.  Plain  round  bar } 

847.  Uncleaned.  Pin  complete.  Length, 
0.058  m.  Height,  0.032  m.  Of  single  piece 
of  round  wire,  which  flattens  at  foot  and  tapers 
at  point.  Hook  low. 

Class  /3.  Par  partially  rectangular. 

Group  i.  Rectangular  swelling  near  foot, 
or  head,  or  both. 

848.  Uncleaned.  Head  and  foot  gone.  Con¬ 
dition  poor.  Length,  0.0585  m.  Height,  0.0325 
m.  Loop  in  bar  near  head ;  between  loop  and 
foot,  liar  swells. 

849.  Uncleaned.  Head  gone,  foot  injured. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0595  m.  Height, 
0.043  m.  Bar  round,  with  loop  slightly  for¬ 
ward  of  centre,  swelling  near  head.  Another 
swelling  between  loop  and  hook. 

Group  ii.  Bow  in  part  rectangular  and 
in  part  round,  with  screw-threadings. 

850.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0475  m.  Height,  0.031  m.  Bar  with 
four  threads.  On  shorter  side  of  loop,  bar  rec¬ 
tangular.  Not  certain  this  is  fibula,  but  proba¬ 
ble  from  shape. 

Group  iii.  Wire  rectangular  in  loop  ;  ■else¬ 
where  round.  Only  example  uncertain. 
Plate  LXXXVI. 

851.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.031  m.  Height,  0.061  m.  Nearly 
uniform  rounded  wire,  becoming  rectangular  at 
0.017  m.  from  top.  Head  large  and  rudely 
coiled ;  owing  to  bend  of  wire  at  rectangular 
part,  uncertain  that  pin  belongs  in  this  type. 
Possibly  it  compares  with  the  others  as  the  head 
in  Division  I.  with  that  of  the  other  Divisions. 

Form  2.  Double  loop. 

852.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Condition  jioor. 
Length,  0.0665  in.  Rounded  wire  with  slight 
swelling  just  back  of  loops,  perhaps  due  to  ox¬ 
idation.  Upper  loop  largest. 

Type  1.  More  advanced  Sharp  inward 

bend  from  angle  of  bow.  Bar  has  three 

1  With  this  form  in  general,  cf.  the  essentially  different 
Italian  style.  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  16,  No.  219; 
also  ibid.  pi.  72,  No.  17,  from  Bologna  (S.  Francesco). 
'I’lie  example  Olympia,  No.  .353,  is  more  like  the  Italian. 

2  Cf.  Montelius,  ibid.  pi.  17,  No.  242  (S.  Francesco, 

Bologna).  Curve  of  pin  probably  different.  Somewhat 

similar,  Olympia,  No.  35C,  with  two  pairs  of  horns. 


reinforcements  on  each  side,  opposite 
each  other,  one  pair  at  each  of  the  outer 
curves  and  one  at  the  inner  angle. 

853.  Foot,  pin,  and  part  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.06  m.  Bar  consists  of  two  arches,  the  angle 
of  connection  being  nearly  right  angle.  Ori¬ 
ginally  probably  two  full  rings  in  coil.  Coil  and 
bar  probably  one  piece.  After  forward  rein¬ 
forcement,  the  broader  side  of  bow  becomes  the 
narrower,  and  vice  versa ,  indicating  commence¬ 
ment  of  foot. 

Type  m.  Similar,  but  one  of  reinforcements 
has  form  of  dumb-bell. 

854.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0435  m.  Two 
arches  connected  by  heavy  inverted  arch.  At 
top  of  left  arch  dumb-bell.  Bar  between  here 
and  coil,  oval  in  section.  The  right  or  foot  end 
seems  to  have  a  groove  on  top.  Resembles  ser¬ 
pent's  head,  but  probably  accidental.1 2 

Type  n.  Single  arch,  having  form  of  in¬ 
verted  boat.  Geometric  ornamentation. 
Form  1.  Solid. 

855.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Head, 
pin,  and  part  of  foot  gone.  Length,  0.0245  m. 
The  metal  oval-sliaped,  broad  side  being  up. 
Sides  have  cleft  between,  which  leads  one  to 
suspect  that  pin  may  not  be  solid.  Top  of  pin 
engraved  with  fine  and  rather  faint  diagonal 
lines  arranged  in  three  fields,  centre  and  ends. 

Form  2.  Hollow. 

856.  Head  and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.025  m. 
Opening  in  under  side  roughly  triangular.  Top 
engraved  with  diagonal  lines  running  from  cen¬ 
tre  rib,  starting  on  each  side  of  middle  of  bow, 
which  is  left  plain.3 

857.  Head  and  foot  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0335  m.  Commencement  of  tail  lead¬ 
ing  to  coil  is  preserved.  Engraved  with  lines 
running  from  centi’al  rib  to  sides. 

Type  o.  Sail  or  saucer  pattern.4 

858.  From  east  of  Temple,  1894.  Fragment. 
Length,  0.077  m.  Bow  of  three  nearly  round, 
shallow  connected  saucers,  having  their  longer 
axis  in  line  with  axis  of  bow.  Very  slightly 
raised  narrow  band  runs  along  the  longer  axis. 
Commencement  of  blade  of  foot. 

3  Cf.  Olympia,  pi.  xxi.  No.  350. 

4  Large  engraved  example  of  this  type,  Olympia,  No. 
364.  Another  in  Berlin  from  Boeotia,  Jabrb.  III.  p.  362 
(Boehlau),  with  engraved  plate.  Another,  ibid.  p.  363 
(c),  without  pinching  of  bow,  i.  e.  navicella. 


SAFETY-PINS 


243 


The  following  numbers  are  fragments  of  pins 
of  this  type,  and  of  types  more  or  less  similar 
as  regards  the  general  shape  of  the  bow. 

859.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0365  m. 
Bar  flat  and  diamond-shaped.  Tapers  down¬ 
ward.  Part  of  coil  preserved. 

860.  Uncleaned.  Fragment.  Length,  0.047  in. 
Bar  diamond-shaped  in  section.  At  upper  end, 
knob  attached  to  stem  by  short  thick  neck. 

861.  Part  of  upright,  with  short  piece  of 
bow.  Length,  0.052  m.  Five  low  raised  rings 
at  bend. 

862.  Upright,  commencement  of  coil,  and  be¬ 
ginning  of  bow.  Length,  0.0G55  m.  Upper  side 
has  fine  engraving. 

863.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0815  m.  Diamond¬ 
shaped  in  section,  tapering  downward. 

864.  Fragment.  Upright,  with  beginning  of 
head  and  bow.  Length,  0.094  m.  Diamond¬ 
shaped  in  section,  and  tapers  downward.  Outer 
side  of  upright  engraved  in  geometric  style,  with 
zigzags  and  diamond-patterns  in  fields.  Neck 
between  upright  and  bow.  Commencement  of 
bow  engraved  with  straight  and  zigzag  lines 
running  lengthwise. 

865.  From  West  Building.  Fragment,  as  No. 
864.  Length,  0.122  m.  Diamond-shaped  up¬ 
right,  tapering  downward.  Between  upright  and 
bow,  neck,  similar  to  but  smaller  than  that  of 
No.  864.  Bow  engraved  similarly  to  that  of 
No.  864,  as  is  also  outer  side  of  upright. 

866.  F  ragment.  Piece  of  upright  and  bow 
(probably).  Length,  0.043  m.  Upright  round. 
Upper  portion  of  bar  rectangular.  Bow  flat  and 
flaring. 

867.  Fragment.  Part  of  bow  and  foot.  Length, 
0.055  m.  Bow  engraved  on  upper  side.  Neck 
similar  to  that  of  Nos.  864  and  865.  Blade  en¬ 
graved  on  both  sides  with  geometric  patterns, 
inclosed  in  fields. 

868.  End  of  bow  and  most  of  foot  preserved. 
Length,  0.069  m.  Middle  portion  of  upper  side 
of  bow  ornamented  with  straight  lines.  Edge 
seems  to  have  had  similar  engraving.  Neck 
with  usual  form.  Blade  of  foot  attached  nearly 
at  right  angles.  Both  sides  engraved  with  geo¬ 
metric  designs  inclosing  a  principal  field,  in 
which,  on  one  side,  head  and  neck  of  horse,  on 
the  other,  probable  traces  of  head.1 

1  Cf.  Olympia,  Nos.  302,  302  a,  with  engraved  geome¬ 
tric  designs.  Jahrb.  III.  p.  250  (Furtwangler),  and  pp. 
301  ff.  (Boeblau),  'E<prin.  ’A px-  1892,  pi.  xi.  No.  1  a  (Wol- 
ters). 


Type  p.  Ball  and  hook.  Hook  flat. 

Form  1.  One  ball.2 

Class  a.  Upright  round  throughout. 

869.  Pin  and  hook  gone.  Length,  0.052  m. 
Height,  0.033  m.  Ball  slightly  oblong.  Upright 
joined  to  ball  by  ring  and  groove.  Upright  has 
four  grooves  in  middle  and  others  next  head. 
Wire  flat  in  coil.  Possible  that  this  pin  belongs 
under  the  following  Type  q. 

870.  This  probably  belongs  here,  though  not 
certain,  as  end  of  upright  is  gone.  Length, 
0.042  m.  No  neck  between  ball  and  upright, 
which  has  fine  grooving.  Foot  attached  to  ball 
directly,  and  at  end  has  three  grooves. 

Class  ft.  Upper  part  of  upright  round , 
lower  part  rectangular  or  diamond- 
shaped. 

Group  i.  Bound  part  plain,  faintly  grooved 
or  jointed. 

871.  Pin,  part  of  foot  and  coil  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.055  m.  Small  ring  on  either 
side  of  ball.  Coil  and  upright  of  one  piece.  A 
rivet-headed  iron  nail  passes  through  coil,  but  is 
broken  on  each  side. 

872.  F  ragment.  End  of  foot  and  of  upright 
gone.  Length,  0.0715  m.  Upright  tapers  down¬ 
ward,  and  has  four  slight  grooves  0.003  m.  from 
ball.  On  shoulder  four  more,  and  four  more  at 
end  of  foot. 

873.  Fragment.  Pin,  coil,  and  part  of  foot 
gone.  Length,  0.086  m.  Height,  0.051  m.  On 
right  side  of  ball  a  round  opening,  with  central 
part  sunk  much  more  deeply  than  outer  part ; 
also  edge  of  central  hole  narrower  than  diameter 
of  hole  itself.  Depth  of  hole,  0.0075  m.  Proba¬ 
bly  served  for  insertion  of  ornament.  Upright 
plain,  except  for  raised  narrow  ring  near  shoul¬ 
der.  Similar  ring  on  other  side  of  ball.3 

Group  ii.  Round  part  of  bow  corrugated. 

874.  Fragment.  Pin,  coil,  and  most  of  foot 
gone.  Length,  0.0365  m.  Oblong  rounded 
swelling,  with  sides  meeting  in  obtuse  angle. 
On  bow,  at  each  side  of  swelling,  eight  small 
corrugations. 

875.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment  as  No.  874.  Length,  0.0685  m.  On  head 
side  of  bow  twelve  corrugations,  that  nearest  ball 
being  high  and  narrow  and  serving  as  collar  :  the 
rest  diminish  irregularly  downward.  Small  col- 

2  Cf.  fibulae  from  Thera,  Alh.  Mittli.  XXVIII.  p.  232 
(Pfuhl). 

3  Very  similar  to  Olympia,  No.  3G8,  which  has  ball  with 
disk  at  either  side. 


244 


THE  BRONZES 


lar  at  beginning  of  rectangle,  while  at  lower  end 
the  rectangular  portion  curves  and  flattens  to 
form  coil.  On  foot  side  of  bow,  four  corrugations, 
of  which  outer  two  are  thinner  and  serve  as  collar 
next  to  ball  and  flat  part  of  foot. 

Addendum  to  Form  1.  It  is  not  certain  to 
which  class  of  the  above  the  following  belongs, 
owing  to  its  poor  condition. 

876.  From  south  slope.  Fragment.  Ball, 
short  piece  of  foot,  and  bar  on  head  side  pre¬ 
served.  Length,  0.02G  m. 

Form  2.  Three  balls. 

877.  From  West  Building.  Fragment  of  bow. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.0565  in.  Oblate 
ball  with  much  smaller  ball  on  either  side.  Two 
small  rings  between  balls.  On  head  side  of  bar 
four  rings,  above  which  the  upright  has  diamond¬ 
shaped  section,  and  tapers  down.  The  upper 
(outer)  surface  is  worked  flat.  Near  coil  is  a 
rivet.  Probably  coil  was  separate  piece.  Foot 
is  connected  with  balls  by  neck  and  rings.  — 
It  is  quite  possible  that  this  pin  belongs  under 
the  following  Type  q.1 

878.  Fragment  of  bow.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.046  m.  Balls  oblate,  with  ring  between 
them.  Upright  has  small  ring  next  to  ball  and 
eight  corrugations  beyond,  —  whether  there  were 
more  originally  is  uncertain.  Corrugations  taper 
down  in  diameter,  but  thickness  remains  constant 
except  of  lowest,  which  is  thinner.  Flat  part  of 
foot  begins  at  ball.  —  Possible  that  this  pin  be¬ 
longs  under  the  following  Type  q. 

Type  q.  Ball  and  blade,  which  is  a  develop¬ 
ment  of  the  flat  hook  of  the  preceding 

Type. 

879.  F  rom  cutting  above  Upper  Temple  toward 
tents,  1893.  Nearly  perfect,  though  corroded. 
Length,  0.087  m.  Height,  0.052  m.  Hook  on  left 
side.  Ball  oblate.  Upper  side  of  bar  above  ball 
lias  five  ridges  and  is  of  oval  form.  Coil  of  two 
twists,  and  on  bar,  at  beginning  of  coil,  five  faint 
gropves.  Between  ball  and  blade,  eight  ridges  on 
upper  side  of  bar.  Hook  formed  by  roll  of  lower 
edge  of  blade.  Height  of  blade  on  inner  edge, 
0.043  in.,  outer  edge,  0.0495  m.  Width,  0.04  m.2 
Type  r.  Three-sided  solid  body  with  hook. 

Hook  flat. 

880.  F  rom  southwest  of  Second  Temple  near 
wall.  Coil,  pin,  and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.052  m. 

1  Simpler  hut  similar  is  Olympia,  No.  307. 

2  Other  fibulae  of  this  shape  from  temple  of  Athena 

Cranaea  near  Elateia.  B.  C.  H.  XI F.  pp.  57  ff.  (P.  Paris). 

*  Cf.  Brit.  Mas.  Cat.  of  Bronzes,  No.  150. 


Body  solid,  with  upper  sides  convex  and  lower 
side  concave.  From  middle  of  top  projects  small 
broken  knob.  Raised  ring  at  each  end  of  body, 
that  on  head  side  having  oblique  threading. 
Body  projects  beyond  head-ring  and  has  end 
worked  down  to  form  beginning  of  coil.  Foot 
consists  of  round  block  and  thin,  flat  commence¬ 
ment  of  hook.  —  Fact  that  coil  seems  to  begin  so 
close  to  body  renders  it  unlikely  that  the  hook 
had  developed  into  the  large  blade  of  the  follow¬ 
ing  type. 

Type  s.  Three-sided  solid  body  with  blade. 

Plate  LXXXVII. 

881.  Coil,  pin,  and  hook  gone.  Body  probably 
solid,  with  lines  of  top  and  bottom  nearly  straight. 
From  centre  body  tapers  toward  either  end. 
Tapper  surface  of  sides  concave,  lower  surface 
slightly  convex.  On  plain  oval  standard  on 
centre  of  top  stands  a  conventionalized  bird.3 
The  upright,  rectangular  in  section,  with  outer 
sides  concave  and  inner  sides  convex.  Three 
grooves  on  outer  sides  at  top.  Below,  three  simi¬ 
lar  grooves,  below  which  the  metal  is  worked  thin, 
and  in  the  thin  part  small  hole  with  trace  of  a 
second.  Uncertain  how  long  this  thin  part  was, 
but  to  it  the  head  and  pin  were  riveted.  The  rec¬ 
tangular  blade  joins  body  directly,  the  join  being 
marked  by  a  ring  ;  height,  0.048  m.,  width,  0.028 
m.  At  outer  top  corner,  an  elliptical  standard  of 
two  rings  and  a  bead  on  which  stands  a  bird. 
Type  t.  High  bow,  corrugated,  tapering  to¬ 
ward  head  and  feet. 

882.  Head,  pin,  and  most  of  foot  gone. 
Length,  0.057  m.  Height,  0.039  m.  Corruga¬ 
tions  about  same  size  except  at  centre,  which  has 
one  wider  with  two  narrower  on  each  side.  In 
head  end  of  bow,  hole  for  insertion  of  wire  coil.4 
Type  u.  High  bow  ornamented  with  corru¬ 
gation  bands  and  rings.  Inserted  heads. 

Form  1.  Round  corrugations  and  rings 

UNDECORATED. 

Class  a.  Corrugations  and  rings  in  three 
groups ,  one  at  centre  and  one  at  either 
end  of  hoio. 

Group  i.  Wide  top  of  foot.  At  head 
and  centre,  groups  of  two  corrugations 
and  three  rings,  at  foot  three  corruga¬ 
tions  with  ring  above. 

883.  From  east  of  Temple,  1894.  Length, 

4  Differs  somewhat  from  fibulae  of  sanguisuga  type,  e.  g. 
Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  pi.  75,  Nos.  1,  2.  (Bologna, 
Benacci  I.)  Cf.  Mycenae,  outside  tombs,  No.  1349,  with 
ribbed  high  bow. 


SAFETY-PINS 


245 


0.07  m.  Height,  0.049  in.  Wire  of  head  flat¬ 
tened  slightly  in  coil.  Groove  along  each 
shoulder  of  bow,  and  two  lower  rings  at  head 
grooved.  In  back  of  hook,  two  vertical  grooves. 
Right  side  of  pin  less  carefully  finished  than  left. 

Group  ii.  Masses  at  centre  and  head  have 
two  corrugations  with  ring  at  either 
side  ;  at  foot,  one  corrugation  with  ring 
at  each  side.  Foot  broad. 

884.  Head  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.0575  m. 
Height,  0.032  m.  All  corrugations  have  oblique 
threading,  and  all  rings  grooved.  Traces  of 
iron  rust  in  hole  in  head.  Lower  edge  of  foot 
uninjured  in  central  part.  Outer  edges  broken 
about  rivet-holes,  between  which  is  a  rivet,  prob¬ 
ably  for  the  attachment  of  hook. 

Group  iii.  Bands  with  rings  at  either  side. 
Foot  about  same  width  as  bar. 

885.  Half  of  pin  gone.  Length,  0.043  in. 
Height,  0.037  m.  The  raised  bands  divided  into 
broader  central  one,  with  two  outer  narrower 
ones ;  at  foot,  three  outer  ones  below.  Back  of 
foot  ornamented  with  line  on  each  side  conver¬ 
ging  toward  bottom.  Hook  on  right.  For  band 
between  grooves,  cf.  No.  569. 

Group  iv.  Each  ornament  consists  of 
raised  corrugation-band  with  grooved 
ring  at  either  side.  Top  of  foot  wide. 

886.  Head  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.034  m. 
Height,  0.0265  m.  Projecting  top  of  foot  turns 
down  at  ends.  Grooves  in  rings  of  head  and 
foot  heavier  than  in  centre.  Two  vertical 
grooves  on  back  of  foot.  Ornament  at  centre  of 
bow  and  at  head  not  carefully  finished ;  on  left 
side  some  of  engraved  lines  not  carried  through. 

887.  From  below  Upper  Temple,  east  of  Cham¬ 
bers,  1894.  Pin  gone.  Rings  at  sides  of  cen¬ 
tre  corrugation  have  three  grooves ;  those  at 
foot  and  head  only  two.  The  left  side  of  all 
not  carefully  finished.  Foot  has  wide  top,  and 
two  vertical  lines  on  back  near  edge.  Hook 
was  on  left.  (For  band  and  rings  cf.  Nos.  569 
and  666.) 

888.  Length,  0.0511  m.  Height,  0.0415  m. 
Completely  preserved  but  corroded.  Central 
band  at  top  has  fine  cross-grooving,  and  rings 
at  side  two  grooves  each.  Similar  at  head  and 
foot.  Pin  inserted  into  hole  in  head,  but  hole 
is  too  big,  so  pin  is  wedged  in ;  or  else  end  of 
pin  is  bent  back  so  as  to  form  wedge.  Coil  has 
two  twists.  Hook,  which  is  on  right,  has  exten¬ 
sion  at  top  and  two  vertical  grooves  at  back. 
Pin  seems  less  carefully  finished  on  right. 


Group  v.  Ornaments  consist  of  central 
band,  with  heavy  ring  at  either  side. 
Rings  higher  than  band.  Bow  be¬ 
tween  ornaments  has  fine  threading. 

889.  Fragment.  Length,  0.028  in.  Thread¬ 
ing  seems  to  be  confined  to  left  side,  which  indi¬ 
cates  that  hook  was  on  right. 

Class  ft-  Main  ornaments  as  in  Class  a, 
but  with  one  or  more  rinejs  or  subsidiary 
corrugations ,  or  both. ,  between  central  and 
end  ornaments. 

Group  i.  Secondary  ornaments  consist 
of  single  ring  at  each  side  of  central 
ornament,  which  consists  of  two  or 
more  ring-corrugations  side  by  side 
witli  ring  outside  of  each.  End  orna¬ 
ments  have  also  ring  between  the  cor¬ 
rugations. 

890.  F  rom  south  slope,  1894.  Length, 
0.043  m.  Height,  0.0355  m.  Ornamentation 
less  careful  on  right  side,  where  is  also  hook, 
which  has  usual  grooving. 

Group  ii.  Secondary  ornament  like  that 
of  Group  i.,  but  main  ornament  like 
that  of  Class  a,  Group  iv. 

891.  Most  of  foot  and  end  of  pin  gone. 
Length,  0.036  in.  Height,  0.0285  m.  Central 
ornament  consists  of  broad  ring-corrugation,  with 
double  grooved  ring  at  each  side.  Ornaments  at 
head  and  foot  similar.  Right  side  less  carefully 
finished  than  left.  Foot  had  extension  at  top, 
and  two  grooves  at  back. 

Group  iii.  Principal  ornament  similar  to 
that  in  Group  ii.  Secondary  orna¬ 
ment  consists  of  two  rings  side  by  side, 
on  either  shoulder  of  bow. 

892.  Coil  and  pin  gone.  Corroded.  Length, 
0.046  m.  Height,  0.0305  m.  Hook  on  right 
side,  which  was  not  carefully  finished.  Foot 
probably  had  extension,  but  at  present  it  pro¬ 
jects  only  very  slightly.  Back  of  foot  has  usual 
grooves. 

Group  iv.  Secondary  ornament  consists 
of  narrow  rounded  corrugation  with 
rings  attached  at  either  side.  Main 
ornaments  consist  of  bunches  of  rings 
(single  or  grooved). 

893.  Coil,  pin.  and  part  of  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.0435  m.  Height,  0.0325  m.  Central  orna¬ 
ment  is  of  single  ring,  with  grooved  ring  on  each 
side.  (Cf.  No.  657.)  Ornament  at  head  is  of 
three  grooved  rings ;  at  foot  similar,  but  lower 
ring  single.  Unfinished  oil  left  side.  Head  and 

O  O 


246 


THE  BEONZES 


foot  somewhat  flat.  Pin  was  iron.  Foot  has 
extension,  and  had  grooves  on  back.1 * 

Group  v.  Between  central  ornament  and 
bottom  ornaments  on  each  side,  a 
group  of  three  rings,  between  which 
and  principal  ornament  at  either  side 
is  a  single  ring.  Principal  ornaments 
of  type  of  Class  a,  Group  iv. 

894.  Coil  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.048  m. 
Height,  0.0355  in.  Central  ornament  of  corru¬ 
gation  with  grooved  ring  on  each  side.  At  head 
and  foot,  similar  ornament.  Secondary  ornament 
similar,  but  rings  not  grooved.  Left  side  not 
carefully  finished.  Pin  was  probably  iron.  Foot 
has  wide,  thin  extension,  and  grooves  at  back. 

Form  2.  In  midst  of  corrugations  at  head 

AND  FOOT  IS  LARGE  RECTANGULAR  BLOCK, 

TENDING  TO  GIVE  LOWER  END  FLAT  APPEAR¬ 
ANCE.  Corrugations  and  rings  at  head 

AND  FOOT  SOMEWHAT  FLATTENED. 

Class  a.  Centre  of  bow  plain? 

895.  Coil,  pin,  and  most  of  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.0605  m.  Height,  0.05  m.  Eings  at  head  and 
foot  grooved.  Trace  of  bronze  pin  in  head.  Two 
small  holes  on  right  side  of  block  at  head,  of  un¬ 
certain  purpose.  Foot  has  slight  extension  and 
usual  grooves.  Hook  was  on  right. 

Class  (3.  Centre  of  bow  ornamented. 

896.  Coil  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.062  m. 
Height,  0.055  m.  At  centre,  two  corrugations 
between  three  rings.  At  head,  rectangular  block, 
above  which  two  rings,  corrugation  and  ring  of 
decreasing  diameter ;  below  block,  two  rings, 
corrugation  and  rounded  surface  with  engraved 

o  o 

radial  lines.  On  right  side,  hole  connecting  with 
the  hole  for  insertion  of  pin.  Cf.  No.  895.  Sim¬ 
ilar  ornament  at  foot,  which  is  of  usual  shape. 
Hook  on  right,  and  this  side  less  carefully  fin¬ 
ished  than  left.3 

Form  3.  Ornaments  of  bow  have  form 

OF  SOLID  BLOCKS  SLIGHTLY  GROOVED  TO 

REPRESENT  CORRUGATIONS  AND  RINGS. 

Class  a.  Blocks  round. 

897.  Coil,  pin,  and  part  of  foot  gone.  From 
West  Building.  Length,  0.07  m.  Height, 
0.0375  m.  Blocks  at  centre  and  ends  all  en¬ 
graved  with  central  band,  with  ring  at  each  side 
and  at  ends.  Space  between  the  rings  filled  by 

1  Cf.  the  somewhat  similar  pin,  Olympia,  No.  371. 

-  Cf.  G.  and  A.  Kdrte,  from  Gordion,  Jahrb.  Ergdn- 
zungsh.  V.  p.  78,  figs.  06,  07. 

3  Form  of  how  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Olympia, 


four  dotted  rings.  In  bottom  of  head,  remains 
of  bronze  pin.  The  extension  piece  seems  to  be 
inserted  in  bottom  of  foot. 

898.  Fragment  of  foot  ornamented  with  two 
rings  at  edges  and  five  dotted  bands  between. 
All  grooves  shallow. 

Class  (3.  Blocks  rectangular  and  flat. 

899.  Coil  and  pin  gone.  Length,  0.055  m. 
Height,  0.038  m.  Hook  on  right.  The  blocks 
have  on  left  side  three  dotted  bands,  separated 
by  two  broad  bands,  and  at  outer  edges  two  nar¬ 
row  bands,  which  alone  are  carried  round  other 
side  of  block.  At  foot,  which  is  wider  below 
than  above,  the  lower  outer  ring  coincides  with 
extension  piece.  Stub  of  wire  of  pin  visible  at 
head. 

Class  y.  Blocks  of  similar  shape  to  those 
of  Class  (3,  but  bow ,  which  sags  at  cen¬ 
tre,  perhaps  had  more  than  three. 

900.  Fragment  of  foot  and  bow.  Length, 
0.0335  in.  Height,  0.043  m.  Hook  on  left. 
Bow  bends  down  at  centre,  and  it  seems  as 
though  there  had  been  a  second  block  there. 
Left  side  and  both  narrow  sides  of  blocks  have 
fine  irregular  criss-cross.  Eight  side  of  top 
block  has  three  perpendicular  and  two  horizontal 
lines  ;  on  lower  block,  five  horizontal  lines.  No 
extension  on  foot,  which  is  wider  below  than 
above. 

Type  v.  High  flat  bow.  Inserted  pin  (un¬ 
certain  whether  always  so  or  not).4 

901.  Head  injured,  pin  gone.  From  first 
chamber  at  east  end  below  Cyclopean  wall,  1893. 
Length,  0.065  ni.  Height,  0.058  m.  Hook  on 
right.  Edges  of  bow  rounded.  At  foot  and 
head  bow  is  wider  and  thicker,  thus  imitating 
the  ornaments  of  preceding  types.  These  wider 
parts  are  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  ring,  repre¬ 
sented  on  the  left  by  deep  notches  at  the  ends 
and  by  grooves  along  the  left  side,  while  on  the 
right  the  upper  and  lower  parts  each  have  groove 
down  centre.  Each  of  these  grooves  has  three 
holes  ;  in  one  (upper  inside  of  head  end)  re¬ 
mains  of  bronze  rivet.  At  head  is  projection. 
At  foot,  narrow  extension  on  inside.  Two  grooves 
on  back  of  hook,  and  hole  near  top. 

The  following  objects  are  somewhat  uncertain, 
but  probably  are  a  simpler  form  of  same  type. 

No.  370,  which  appears,  however,  to  have  had  a  double 
spiral.  See  Furtwangler,  s.  n. 

4  Several  fibulae  of  this  type  from  necropolis  of  Gordion 
(tumuli  III.,  IV.).  G.  and  A.  lvorte,  Jahrb.  Ergdnzmgsli. 
V.  pp.  78,  102. 


SAFETY-PINS 


247 


902.  Fragment  of  bow.  Length,  0.047  m. 
Thin  bronze  plates  attached  by  rivets  to  one  side 
of  foot.  Bow  perforated  with  holes  about  0.01  m. 
apart ;  mostly  filled  up.  On  lower  part  of  foot, 
extension  with  hole  at  either  end.  Perhaps  this 
and  No.  901  had  bar  attached  at  base  and  head 
by  rivets,  and  running  across.  Of.  No.  905. 

903.  Fragment  of  bow.  Length,  0.05  m.  No 
holes.  Perhaps  not  fibula,  but  ring. 

904.  Fragment  of  bow.  Length,  0.0385  m. 
Three  holes ;  in  one  at  end,  rivet.  Trace  of 
fourth  hole  in  right  end. 

DIVISION  III.  PIVOT  HEAD. 

Type  w.  High  bow  with  three  corrugation 
ornaments.  Pin  plays  on  rivet,  pass¬ 
ing  through  head  from  side  to  side. 
Across  bottom,  transverse  bar. 

905.  F  rom  West  Building.  Length,  0.043  m. 
Height,  0.039  m.  Hook  on  right.  At  top, 
head,  and  foot,  corrugation,  with  ring  each  side  ; 
rings  at  head  and  foot  grooved.  (For  lower 
ornaments  cf.  No.  658.)  Cross-bar  looks  as  if  of 
same  piece  with  head  and  foot.  Pin  was  attached 
to  right  side.1 11 

Type  x.  Rather  low  bow  with  three  or 
four  corrugations,  each  with  ring  at 
either  side. 

Form  1.  Pin  inserted  into  slit  in  head 

AND  FASTENED  BY  RIVET. 

Class  a.  Th  ree  corrugations. 

Group  i.  Central  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band.  Other  corrugations  have 
raised  band. 

Plate  LXXXVIII. 

906.  Pin  and  hook  gone.  Length,  0.043  in. 
Height,  0.024  m.  (For  combination  of  corru¬ 
gations  cf.  Nos.  634  and  682.  The  corrugations 
are  also  themselves  of  similar  form.) 

Group  ii.  All  three  corrugations  have 
grooved  bands. 

907.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  and 
hook  gone.  Length,  0.0325  m.  Height,  0.0205 
m.  Hook  probably  on  left  at  head,  socket  for 
pin  is  an  eyelet  attached  to  end  of  bow.  Hole 
filled  with  iron,  consisting  of  rivet  and  probably 
small  piece  of  pin. 

908.  Pin  gone,  head  injured.  Length,  0.0455 

1  Similar  cross-bar,  Olympia,  No.  376.  In  No.  377  bar 
is  connected  with  centre  of  bow  by  perpendicular  bar. 
Front  of  Olympia  specimens  ornamented  with  knobs.  For 
a  closer  parallel  cf.  fibula  from  Ind,  Athen.  Mitth.  XII.  p. 

11  (Studniczka). 


m.  Height,  0.0205  m.  Hook  on  right.  At 
foot  is  added  shaft  (of  same  piece  with  bow), 
consisting  of  heavy  and  light  ring,  into  which  is 
insei'ted  the  hook.  On  front  of  hook,  three  slight, 
straight,  perpendicular  grooves.  On  both  sides 
of  grooved  band  on  corrugations,  row  of  dotted 
circles.  For  corrugations  cf.  Nos.  635  ff.  For 
somewhat  similar  ornamentation  of  corrugation, 
No.  695. 

In  the  following  number  rings  and  raised  bands 
have  fine  oblique  notching. 

909.  Pin  and  part  of  head  and  foot  gone. 
Poor  condition.  Length,  0.0365  m.  Height, 
0.0225  m.  Bronze  rivet  remains.  At  foot,  a 
broad  and  narrow  ring,  the  latter  grooved. 

Class  (3.  Four  corrugations ,  all  of  which 
have  raised  grooved  hands. 

910.  Length,  0.063  m.  Height,  0.035  m. 
Hook  on  right.  Between  middle  corrugations 
low  raised  convex  band,  with  ring  at  either  side. 
Band  has  cross-grooves  in  groups  of  two.  Foot 
flat  and  long,  perhaps  inserted,  but  probably 
not.  Rivet  bronze. 

Form  2.  Pin  attached  to  short  round 

SHAFT,  PROJECTING  DOWN  FROM  HEAD 

end  of  bow.  Motion  of  pin  is  thus 

LATERAL. 

Class  a.  Three  corrugations. 

Group  i.  Central  corrugation  has  raised 
grooved  band.  Side  corrugations  have 
raised  band. 

911.  Pin  and  hook  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.034  m.  Height,  0.017  m.  At  head, 
second  narrow  ring,  slightly  smaller  in  diameter, 
beneath  lower  side  ring  ;  and  beneath  this,  round 
shaft,  to  which  is  attached  small  piece  of  iron 
pin. 

The  following  two  numbers  have  oblique  notch¬ 
ing  on  some  or  all  rings. 

912.  Pin  and  hook  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.037  m.  Height,  0.024  m.  Hook  was 
on  right.  Head  same  as  that  of  No.  911.  Pin 
was  of  iron.2 

913.  Pin  and  most  of  foot  gone.  Length. 
0.036  m. 

Group  ii.  All  corrugations  with  raised 
grooved  bands. 

914.  Pin  and  most  of  foot  gone.  Condition 

2  Olympia,  No.  372,  has  bow  of  same  shape  and  orna¬ 
ment,  and  appears  to  agree  with  this  form  in  manner  of 
attachment  of  pin.  Regarding  this  method  of  attach¬ 
ment,  Furtwangler  makes  no  statement. 


248 


THE  BRONZES 


poor.  Length,  0.037  m.  Height,  0.021  m. 
Traces  of  notching  on  upper  band  of  foot  cor¬ 
rugation.  Remains  of  iron  pin.  Foot  was 
inserted. 

915.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  and 
part  of  foot  gone.  Length,  0.041  m.  Height, 
0.0235  m.  Remains  of  oblique  notching  on  all 
rings  and  bands.  Knob  for  pin  attached  directly 
beneath  lower  side  ring. 

Class  f3.  Four  corrugations. 

916.  Pin  and  part  of  foot  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.042  m.  Traces  of  notching 
on  lower  ring  of  foot  corrugation.  Possible 
traces  on  bands  of  all  corrugations.  At  foot, 
rectangular  hook-sliaft  inserted  directly  into 
bottom  of  ornament. 

917.  Fragment.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.045  m.  Traces  of  oblique  notching  on  lower 
side  ring  and  band  of  head  corrugation.  Beneath 
lower  ring  of  head  corrugation,  round  exten¬ 
sion  followed  by  knob  for  pin. 

918.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.048  m.  Height, 
0.025  m.  Hook  on  right.  Traces  of  oblique 
notching  on  all  bands  and  rings.  Hook-shaft 
inserted  directly  into  lower  ring  of  corrugation. 
Type  y.  Ring  safety-pins.  Head  and  foot 

inserted.  Attachment  of  pin,  so  far  as  pre¬ 
served,  as  in  Form  2  of  Type  x. 

Form  1.  Rounded  bar. 

Class  a.  Bar  slightly  elliptical  in  section. 

919.  Pin,  foot,  and  head  gone.  Length  (i.  e. 
outside  diameter  of  ring  in  axis  of  pin),  0.0245  m. 
Height,  0.023  m. 

920.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.026  m.  Height, 
0.0255  m.  Hook  probably  on  left  side.  Rivets1 
of  head  and  foot  show  on  upper  side. 

921.  Pin  and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.0285  m. 
Height,  0.028  m. 

922.  From  West  Building.  Pin  and  hook 
gone.  Length,  0.032  m.  Height,  0.031  m. 
Head  and  foot  rivets  inserted,  but  do  not  show 
on  top.  Above  hook,  rectangular  shaft.  Hook 
was  on  left. 

923.  Fragment.  Length,  0.024  m.  Hook 
probably  on  left. 

924.  From  south  slope.  Pin  and  head  and 
foot  gone.  Length,  0.034  m.  Height,  same. 
In  one  rivet-hole,  remains  of  iron  shaft. 

925.  From  beneath  Cyclopean  wall  above 
Stoa,  1893.  Pin  and  most  of  head  gone.  Length, 
0.035  m.  Height,  same.  Pin  was  of  bronze. 

926.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin 

1  To  be  understood  here,  and  in  the  following 


gone.  Length,  0.0385  m.  Height,  same.  Rivets 
show  on  top.  Head  formed  of  rectangle  with 
knob.  Upper  part  of  foot  rectangular,  hollowed 
to  form  hook.  On  outside  of  hook,  three  grooves. 
Hook  on  left. 

927.  Pin  and  part  of  head  and  foot  gone. 
Length,  0.042  m.  Height,  same.  Rivets  show 
on  top. 

928.  F  rom  West  Building.  Pin  and  head 
gone.  Length,  0.046  m.  Height,  0.045  m. 
Foot  rivet  shows  on  top.  Hole  for  head  rivet 
pierced  through.  Under  side  of  foot  rectangular. 
Hook  on  left. 

Class  ft-  Elliptical  bar.  (Forms  transition 
to  following  forms.') 

929.  Pin  and  part  of  head  and  foot  gone. 
Length,  0.029  m.  Height,  0.0285  in.  Head  and 
foot  rivets  show  on  top. 

930.  Pin,  head,  and  foot  gone.  Length  and 
height,  0.035  m.  Bit  of  iron  in  one  rivet-hole. 

Form  2.  Upper  side  of  bar  rounded, 

LOWER  SIDE  FLAT. 

931.  Pin,  head,  and  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.0315  m.  Height,  0.031  m.  Bits  of  iron  in 
rivet-holes. 

932.  Photograph  shows  under  side.  Pin,  head, 
and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.034  m.  Height, 
0.0335  m. 

Form  3.  Upper  and  lower  sides  of  bap. 

flat.  Other  two  sides  rounded. 

Class  a.  Sides  rounded  as  though  part  of 
circle. 

933.  Pin,  head,  and  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.024  m.  Height,  0.0235  m.  Ring  flattened  at 
holes  on  top  and  bottom. 

Class  /j-  Sides  consist  of  more  or  less  angu¬ 
lar  combinations  of  surf  aces. 

934.  Complete  and  in  working  condition. 
Length,  0.031  m.  Height,  same.  Outer  side 
of  ring  convex,  terminating  in  rounded  obtuse 
angle  at  centre.  Two  grooves  along  rim.  In¬ 
ner  side  consists  of  two  convex  surfaces  meeting 
at  obtuse  angle  slightly  below  centre.  Rivets 
show  on  top.  Rectangle  of  head  has  three 
grooves.  Rectangle  of  foot  has  two  grooves. 
Hook  on  left  side. 

Form  4.  Bar  rectangular. 

Class  a.  Bar  th  in.  Edges  plain. 

935.  Pin  gone.  Length,  0.026  m.  Height, 
same.  Top  of  ring  has  engraved  circles.  Rivets 
appear  on  top.  Fragment  of  foot  (?)  left. 

936.  Fragment.  Height,  0.031  m.  Has 

fibulae  of  this  type,  of  the  tops  of  the  shafts. 


SAFETY-PINS 


249 


row  of  dotted  circles  near  each  edge  of  top. 
Rivet  of  foot  shows  on  top.  Hook  on  left.  Upper 
part  of  foot  round,  and  hook  formed  by  cutting 
away  on  left  side. 

937.  From  east  end  of  Stoa  (III).  Pin,  head, 
and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.031  in.  Height, 
0.035  m.  On  top,  three  concentric  circles  of 
dots. 

938.  Pin  and  foot  gone.  Length,  0.031  m. 
Height  0.032  m.  Ornamented  with  two  bands  of 
circles.  Ilead-sliaft  has  slightly  rounded  top. 

939.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Pin  and 
part  of  hook  gone.  Length,  0.032  m.  Height, 
0.0315  m.  Top  covered  with  irregular  punch- 
marks.  Rivets  show  on  top.  Hook  on  left  side. 

940.  Pin  and  head  gone.  Length,  0.0435  m. 
Height,  same.  Top  has  row  of  circles.  Rivet  of 
foot  shows  on  top.  Upper  part  of  foot  below  is 
rectangular. 

Class  (3.  Bar  usually  thicker ,  and  with 
grooved  outer  edge. 

941.  From  south  slope.  Most  of  pin  and 
part  of  hook  gone.  Length,  0.029  m.  Height, 
0.0285  m.  Uncertain  traces  of  ornament  on 
top.  Heavy  groove  on  rim.  Length  of  head, 
0.0044  m.  Piece  of  pin  adheres  to  stub.  Upper 
part  of  foot  rectangular.  Hook  on  left  side. 

942.  Pin  and  head  gone.  Length,  0.0285  m. 
Height,  0.028  m.  Rivets  show  on  top.  Foot 
formed  of  rectangle.  Top  of  ring  covered  with 
punch-marks  in  three  irregular  circles. 

943.  Pin,  head,  and  foot  gone.  Length, 
0.0295  m.  Height,  0.029  m.  On  top,  three 
irregular  circles  of  punch-marks.  Rivets  show 
on  top. 

944.  From  south  slope.  Pin,  head,  and  foot 
gone.  Length,  0.0464  m.  Height,  0.0469  m. 
Upper  side  has  horseshoe  ornament.  Rim  has 
three  grooves.  Rivet-lioles  pierced  through  ;  in 
one,  fragment  of  bronze.  In  other,  fragment  of 
iron. 

Addendum  to  Form  4.  Uncertain  to  which 
class  following  fragment  belongs,  but  probably 
to  Class  a. 

945.  From  south  slope.  Foot  and  fragment  of 
ring.  Length,  0.017  m.  Outer  edge  covered 
with  fine  irregular  grooves.  On  inside  same, 
probably  due  to  corrosion.  Hook  on  right  side. 

Type  z.  Bow  has  form  of  lion. 

946.  From  behind  South  Building,  1894.  Pin 

1  For  style  cf.  Olympia,  No.  9G6.  According  to  Furt- 
wiitigler,  the  two  ends  have  apotropaic  sense.  The  Olym¬ 
pia  specimen  has  two  rolls  under  fore  feet,  but  hook  under 


and  hook  gone.  Length,  0.068  m.  Height, 
0.043  in.  Lion  represented  lying  down  with 
fore  feet  stretched  out  and  head  up.  Mouth 
open.  Line  of  back  rises  from  withers  to  hips. 
No  engraving  used  to  indicate  muscles  of  body, 
but  modeling  broad  and  careful.  Four  claws 
on  each  fore  foot;  three  on  hind  feet.  Hips 
spread  far  from  body.  Muscles  of  the  hind 
fore  legs  indicated  by  two  grooves.  Tail  pro¬ 
jects  well  out  from  body  turning  over  back,  to 
which  it  is  joined,  in  S  shape,  and  ending  in 
bearded  snake’s  head.  Groove  along  top  of 
snake’s  head.  Eyes  indicated  by  ridge.  Beard 
of  snake  broken  ;  originally  bent  forward,  fol¬ 
lowing  curve  of  tail.  Mane  represented  broadly, 
the  metal  rising  sharply  from  behind  eyes  in 
oval  round  face.  Faint  engraved  line  round 
edge  of  ears.  Forehead  full  over  eyes.  Nos¬ 
trils  slight,  with  raised  line  between  reaching  to 
mouth.  From  this  raised  line  branch  others  to 
sides.  Eyes  oblong,  with  upper  lids  plainly 
marked.  Teeth  represented  by  ridge.  Tongue 
marked.  Bottom  of  animal  in  two  planes,  run¬ 
ning  from  fore  feet  and  tail  toward  centre  of 
body.  Body  is  hollow,  but  head,  limbs,  and  tail 
solid.  Head  of  fibula  consists  of  two  roll-like 
blocks  beneath  front  paws ;  they  are  connected 
by  round  shaft  passing  from  end  to  end.  Each 
roll  has  five  slight  grooves.  Centre  of  shaft  sur¬ 
rounded  by  remains  of  iron  pin.  Foot  of  fibula 
just,  forward  of  root  of  tail.1  For  style,  see 
under  III.  5,  a  (p.  203,  above). 

Addenda  to  Fibulae.  The  following  were  dis¬ 
carded  :  Type  x,  Group  i.,  Class  a,  three  of  un¬ 
certain  form.  Of  Group  ii.,  one  from  south 
slope.  Form  1,  Class  a,  one.  Form  2,  Class 
a.  Group  i.,  one.  Probably  of  Class  (3,  one.  Type 
y,  Form  4,  Class  a,  one.  All  the  above  were 
mere  fragments.  Also  four  broken  pieces  of 
the  pins  (including  one  from  south  slope),  and 
six  unclassified  fragments. 

C.  PSEUDO-SAFETY-PINS. 

Probably  to  be  regarded  as  decorative  straight 
pins  with  ring  heads.  Cf.  Nos.  2081  ff.  Not 
classed  as  buckles,  because  for  such  use  No. 
947  is  ineffective,  and  No.  948  difficult. 

947.  Pin  very  loose  on  ring.  Diameter  of 
ring,  0.029  m.  Length  of  pin,  0.031  m.  Ring 
made  of  piece  of  elliptical  wire,  of  which  ends 

hind  feet  is  double.  It  is  more  likely  a  fibula  than  an 
attached  figure  with  something  hung  to  the  hooks,  as 
Furtwangler  takes  it. 


250 


THE  BRONZES 


overlap  and  each  after  a  single  twist  turns  twice 
around  the  other.  Rough  threading  on  wire 
put  on  before  the  ends  were  twisted.1 

948.  From  West  Building.  Diameter  of  ring, 
0.02  m.  Length  of  pin,  0.037  m.  Head  flat, 
encircling  ring  once.  Ring  of  elliptical  wire. 
Pin  plays  over  whole  circumference  of  ring.2 

2.  NEEDLE. 

949.  Not  cleaned  because  patinated.  From 
northeast  coimer  near  Cyclopean  wall,  1893. 
Length,  0.1565  m.  Flattens  at  top  for  eyelet, 
but  elsewhere  nearly  round. 

3.  RINGS. 

A.  FINGER-RINGS. 

Type  a.  Plain  convex  bar. 

Form  1.  Rounded  convexity. 

Class  a.  Closed. 

950.  From  West  Building.  Bar  woni  on  one 
side.  Diameter  (outside),  0.0205  m.  x  0.0196  m. 
Height,  0.003  m. 

951.  Diameter  (outside),  0.0245  m.  x  0.023  m. 
Height,  0.0088  m.3 

Class  (3.  Open. 

952.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 

0.022  m.  Height,  0.0064  m. 

953.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  x  0.021  m.  Height, 
0.0067  m. 

954.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  x 
0.0225  m.  Height,  0.0057  m. 

Form  2.  Angular  convexity. 

Examples  open  or  fragmentary. 

955.  From  south  slope.  Fragment.  Diame- 
tei*,  0.022  m.  Height,  0.004  m. 

956.  F  rom  West  Building.  Diameter, 

0.0225  m.  x  0.0215  m.  Height,  0.0048  m. 

957.  F  rom  West  Building.  Diameter, 

0.0257  m.  x  0.025  m.  Height,  0.0065  m.4 
Type  b.  Band  rings. 

Form  1.  Band  iias  on  outside  raised 

MOULDING  AT  TOP  AND  BOTTOM. 

958.  Fragment.  Height,  0.0073  m. 

959.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Height, 
0.0055  m. 

1  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  1140.  More  buckle-shaped,  Ces- 
nola,  Salaminia  (Italian  ed.),  p.  00,  No.  79. 

2  Cf.  Ridgeway,  Early  Age  of  Greece,  I.  p.  591,  fig.  150. 

3  Plain  closed  gold  ring  from  Mycenae,  fourth  grave, 
No.  ‘299.  Heavy  bronze  rings  with  convex  outside,  in¬ 
side  uncertain,  still  with  hones  in  them  from  Salamis 


Form  2.  Band  ornamented  outside  with 

PARALLEL  HORIZONTAL  GROOVES. 

960.  From  West  Building.  Diameter,  0.02  m. 
Height,  0.006  m.  One  edge  thinner  than  other. 
Band  has  three  shallow  grooves. 

961.  Condition  poor.  Open.  Diameter,  0.0205 
m.  x  0.018  m.  Height,  0.0072  m.  Five  grooves 
on  outside.  Ridges  formed  by  grooves  have 
zigzag. 

Form  3.  Outside  of  band  grooved  and 

THREADED.  EDGE  GROOVED. 

Plate  LXXXIX. 

962.  F  rom  West  Building.  Fragment.  Length, 
0.0185  m.  Height,  0.0025  m.  Single  groove 
round  each  edge.  Outside  of  bar  has  two  fine 
grooves,  with  band  between  plain,  but  outer 
bands  have  slight  oblique  notching. 

963.  F  rom  West  Building.  Fragment.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.0199  m.  Height,  0.00265  m.  Orna¬ 
ment  same  as  that  of  No.  962. 

Form  4.  Band  inscribed  on  either  side  or 

ENGRAVED  ORNAMENT. 

964.  Ring  broken.  Oxidized  and  considera¬ 
bly  corroded.  Bent.  Diameter,  0.0205  m.  x 
0.0184  m.  Height,  0.0035-0.0038  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0006-0.0009  m.  Ornament :  small  arc 
of  circle  ending  with  little  circle  at  each  end. 
Between  ornament  and  beginning  of  inscription 
at  right,  space  of  0.003  m.,  much  corroded.  At 
left,  between  ornament  and  last  trace  of  letter, 
space  of  0.002  m. 

For  inscription,  see  Appendix  (p.  332). 

Type  c.  Rings  with  solid  seal. 

Form  1.  Plain  rectangular  seal. 

965.  F  rom  Northwest  Building.  Ring  cracked 
apart,  opposite  seal.  Diameter,  0.0235  x  0.023  m. 
Length  of  seal,  0.012  m.  Bar  oval,  with  inner 
side  narrow  and  sides  partially  flattened.  Seal 
seems  to  be  plain.  Crack  in  ring  may  be  inten¬ 
tional  as  surfaces  are  smooth. 

Form  2.  Oval  seals,  with  intaglio  orna¬ 
ment. 

966.  From  below  Cyclopean  wall  above  Stoa 
(III).  Diameter,  0.0222  m.  x  0.022  in.  Bar 
oval,  with  inner  side  the  broader.  Seal  thinner 
in  centre.  Length  of  seal,  0.0215  m.  Width  of 
seal,  0.0108  m.  On  seal  is  figure  of  lion  seated 

(Mycenaean  period),  Athens  Mus.  Nos.  3585,  3586,  3591. 
Small  plain  bronze  rings  from  Lion  tomb  at  Cliaeronea, 
Athens  Mus.,  No.  9793.  Cf.  Zannoni,  Scavi  della  Certosa, 
p.  67,  pi.  xv.  No.  30  (silver),  still  inclosing  bone. 

4  The  above  rings  were  assigned  to  this  type  and  put 
with  finger-rings,  because  of  plain  smooth  finish  inside. 


RINGS,  BRACELETS 


251 


to  left.  Beneath  lion,  a  groove  slanting  upward 
to  right.  Tail  curled  hack  and  up.  Mane  in¬ 
dicated  by  vertical  wavy  grooves.  Ear  indicated. 
Eye  uncertain.  Jaw  clearly  marked.  Figure 
shows  Oriental  influence.  Above  head  three 
slight  indentations,  perhaps  merely  meant  to 
bound  field,  perhaps  the  petals  of  a  flower.1 

967.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  x  0.02  in.  Bar  oval ; 
inside  the  narrower.  Length  of  seal,  0.012  m. 
Width,  0.009  m.  Groove  and  line  of  dots  about 
edge.  Design  :  shallow  cup  with  projecting  rim. 
Over  this  three  trilobate  figures. 

Form  3.  High  circular  seal,  with  intag¬ 
lio  ORNAMENT. 

968.  F  rom  West  Building.  Diameter,  0.02  m. 
x  0.025  m.  Bar  of  ring  decreases  in  size  down¬ 
ward  ;  is  slightly  oval,  with  broad  inside.  Orna¬ 
mented  with  groups  of  three  grooves.  Seal  a 
low  truncated  cone.  Slight  distance  above  bot¬ 
tom,  a  groove  which  seems  to  have  contained 
band  of  whitish  metal,  probably  electrum.  De¬ 
sign  uncertain  ;  perhaps  rosette  or  beetle. 

Type  d.  Rings  with  swivel  seals. 

Form  1.  Seal  of  ivory. 

969.  From  southeast  slope,  1894.  When 
found,  fragment  of  ivory  seal  was  attached.  Bar 
round,  with  wire  coil  at  each  side  of  seal.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.031  m.  Bar  oval  in  section,  with  narrow 
side  to  finger. 

Form  2.  Seal  of  bronze. 

970.  F  rom  back  of  South  Building  near  re¬ 
taining  wall,  1894.  Diameter, 0.025  m.  x  0.027  in. 
Bar  slightly  elliptical,  with  narrow  edge  inside. 
Ends  near  seal  have  fine  wire  coil,  of  nine  or  ten 
turns.  Seal  a  short  cylinder.  Diameter,  0.0122  m. 
Under  side  plain  and  slightly  convex.  Edge  di¬ 
vided  by  two  heavy  grooves.  Each  band  outside 
of  these  has  fine  groove.  Design  :  groove  next 
to  edge,  within  which  a  fly  in  intaglio ;  work 
careful.  Both  pairs  of  wings  have  fine  oblique 
grooving  from  top  down  and  outward.  Traces 
of  antennae.  Legs  shown. 

Addendum  to  Type  d. 

970  a.  Fragment  which  had  swivel  seal  of 
unknown  substance.  Wire  coils  at  each  side  of 
seal.  Diameter,  0.0225  m. 

1  Cf.  lion  with  flower  in  mouth  on  gold  breastplate,  from 
Regulini-Galassi  tomb  at  Cervetri.  Museo  Gregoriano, 
A  I  pi.  28  (=  Grifi,  Monumenti  di  Cere  Antica,  pi.  1). 

2  Cf.  bracelet  from  Amorgos  (pre-Mycenaean),  ’Ecp-iyu.. 
’Apx-  1898,  col.  155,  pi.  8,  No.  2  (Tsountas). 

a  At  Mycenae,  outside  of  tombs,  plain  round,  appar¬ 
ently  solid  gold  rings  ;  bar  slightly  elliptical  ;  Nos.  975- 


Plate  CXXXVII. 

970  b.  Fragment  of  similar  ring.  Diameter, 
0.035  m. 

B.  BRACELETS. 

Plate  LXXXIX. 

Type  a.  Plain  coil. 

971.  Ends  broken.  Much  corroded.  Outside 
diameter,  0.064  m.  Plain  bar,  slightly  elliptical. 
Type  b.  Ornamented  coil. 

972.  One  end  injured.  Much  corroded.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.08  m.  Bar  has  fine,  close,  uneven  screw¬ 
threading.  On  uninjured  end  is  roll,  followed 
by  five  small  corrugations  or  rings.  Probably 
other  end  was  treated  in  same  way. 

Type  c.  Plain  bar  open,  with  ends  slightly 
ornamented. 

972  a.  F  rom  back  of  South  Building;.  Diam- 
eter,  0.042  m.  Ends  have  slight  ridge  at  tip  ex¬ 
cept  on  inside.  Bar  becomes  slightly  smaller  as 
it  approaches  ends.  Bar  somewhat  like  that  in  C, 
Type  a,  Form  2  (pp.  253  ff.).  On  outer  edges 
of  each  end  two  dents  probably  for  eyes  of  ser¬ 
pent’s  head.  Perhaps  bracelet  of  statuette. 
Plate  CXXXVII. 

972  b.  Diameter,  0.036  m.  Bar  grows 
smaller  toward  ends,  which  terminate  in  thin 
flat  disks  at  nearly  right  angles  with  ring.  Ends 
0.0125  m.  apart.2 
Plate  LXXXIX. 

Type  d.  Hooked  wire,  with  hollow  hemi¬ 
spherical  beads. 

973.  Diameter,  0.065  m.  Plain  wire,  tapering 
at  ends  to  form  hook.  On  wire,  strung  through 
small  holes,  two  beads.  Although  of  same  size, 
no  sign  that  they  were  ever  joined.  The  beads 
made  of  strip  of  metal,  having  ends  joined  to¬ 
gether. 

974.  Diameter,  0.0075  m.  Wire  plain,  taper¬ 
ing  at  hooks.  Beads  similar  to  those  of  No.  973. 
Their  arrangement  has  been  disturbed.  Weld¬ 
ing  of  edges  of  bead  almost  imperceptible. 

C.  RINGS,  MAINLY  DECORATIVE,  OF  VARIOUS 
FORMS  AND  SIZES. 

Type  a.  Plain  rounded  bar,  usually  ellip¬ 
tical  in  section.3 

977,  979  ;  994  of  silver  ;  978,  of  gold,  has  inside  flattened. 
For  examples  of  decorative  use  cf.  British  Museum,  Ex¬ 
cavations  in  Cyprus,  p.  102,  No.  30,  pi.  xiv.,  fibula  with 
rings  on  bow  from  Amathus.  So  frequently  in  Iron  Age 
graves  in  Italy.  Open  rings,  sometimes  linked  together, 
e.g.  in  Brit.  Mus.,  Gold  Room,  Case  T,  from  tomb  in  one 
of  the  Greek  islands,  —  five  open  plain  gold  rings  linked 


252 


THE  BRONZES 


Form  1.  Inside  and  outside  of  bar 

TREATED  ALIKE. 

Group  i.  Outside  diameter,  0.02  m.  to 
0.025  m. 

975.  Diameter,  0.0227  m.  x  0.022  m.  Width 
of  bar,  0.018  m.  Bar  horizontal  ellipse  ap¬ 
proaching  to  rectangle. 

The  following  have  bar  of  same  shape  unless 
otherwise  stated. 

976.  From  hack  of  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0207  m.  Width,  0.0013  m.-0.002  m. 

977.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0024  m. 

978.  Diameter,  0.0237  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

979.  Diameter,  0.0247  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

980.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 
Bar  nearly  round. 

981.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

982.  Diameter,  0.0223  m.  Width,  0.0028  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

983.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

984.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.025  m. 
Width,  0.0028  m.-0.0034  m.  Bar  as  that  of  No. 
980. 

985.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

986.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0038  m. 

987.  Diameter,  0.0244  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 
-0.0038  m. 

988.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 
-0.0038  m. 

989.  Diameter,  0.0248  m.  Width,  0.0045  m. 
Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.  to 

0.03  m. 

(a'.)  Closed. 

990.  Diameter,  0.0254  m.  Width,  0.0017 
m. -0.0025  m. 

991.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

992.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

993.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

994.  Diameter,  0.0257  m.  Width,  0.0026  m. 
-0.0029  m.  Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

995.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

996.  Diameter,  0.0253  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

997.  Diameter,  0.0258  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

998.  Diameter,  0.0255  in.  Width,  0.0031  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

together  ;  ends  of  rings  smaller  than  centre.  Similar 
group  of  rings  from  Encomi.  Cf.  Excavations  in  Cyprus, 
pi.  ix.  Nos.  288-295.  Possibility  that  some  of  the  open 
rings  with  har  tapering  toward  ends  may  he  earrings  ;  cf- 
Myres  and  Ohnefalsch-lliehter,  Cyprus  Museum  Cat.  p. 


999.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1000.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0033  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

1001.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0025  m- 
0.0035  m. 

1002.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0252  m. 
Width,  0.0028  m.-0.0035  m. 

1003.  Diameter,  0.0286  m.  Width,  0.0036  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

1004.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.025  m. 
Width,  0.0036.  Bar  as  that  of  No.  980. 

1005.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.003  m.- 
0.0036  m.  Bar  as  that  of  980. 

1006.  Diameter,  0.0257  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 
-0.0037  m.  Bar  as  that  of  No.  980, 

1007.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0034  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  980. 

1008.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0033  m. 

1009.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0025  m- 
0.0043  m. 

1010.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 
-0.0043  m. 

1011.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0257  m.  Width,  0.0025  m.-0.0043  m. 

1012.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0035  in. 

Plate  XC. 

1013.  Diameter,  0.0287  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1014.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0275  m.  Width,  0.0049  m. 

1015.  Diameter,  0.0292  m.  Width,  0.0065  m 
(6'.)  Open. 

1016.  Diameter,  0.0275  m.  Width,  0.0023  m 
Ends  fit  closely. 

Group  iii.  Outside  diameter,  0.03  m.- 
0.035. 

1017.  Diameter,  0.034  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1018.  Diameter,  0.0315.  Width,  0.0026  m. 

1019.  Diameter,  0.0325  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 
Bar  as  that  of  980. 

1020.  Diameter,  0.03  m.  Width,  0.005  m.- 
0.0062  m. 

Group  iv.  Outside  diameter,  0.035  m- 
0.04  m. 

(«'.)  Closed. 

1021.  Diameter,  0.0354  in.  Width,  0.004  m. 

123  ;  Orsi,  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  863,  sepoltura  clxvi. 
from  Megara  Hyblaea,  and  IX.  coll.  74,  75,  fig.  27,  from 
Pantalica.  Open  ring  with  crossed  ends  from  Sikel  vil¬ 
lage  near  Matera,  Apulia,  published  by  Patroni,  Mon.  Ant. 
Line.  VIII.  coll.  497,  507,  fig.  108,  as  finger-ring. 


DECORATIVE  RINGS 


253 


1022.  Diameter,  0.0394  m.  Width,  0.0039 
m.-0.005  m. 

(7/.)  Open. 

1023.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Width,  0.0037  m. 
Bar  round. 

1024.  Diameter,  0.0385  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 
Opening  looks  accidental. 

Group  v.  Outside  diameter,  0.04  in.,  or 
more. 

(a'.)  Closed. 

1025.  Diameter,  0.0444  m.  Width,  0.0034  m. 

1026.  From  hack  of  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.049  m.  Width,  0.0058  m.-0.00G9  m. 

1027.  Diameter,  0.0505  m.  Width,  0.0055 
m.-0.00G9  m. 

(5'.)  Open. 

1028.  Diameter,  0.043  m.  Width,  0.0055  m. 
Opening  looks  accidental. 

Addenda  to  Form  1.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
the  openiugs  in  the  following  are  intentional  or 
accidental. 

1029.  Diameter,  0.0215  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 
Bar  round.  Edges  of  opening  rough ;  hence 
probably  accidental. 

1030.  Diameter,  0.0216  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 
Edges  of  opening  fairly  smooth.  Bar  round. 

1030  a.  Diameter,  0.0213  m.  Width,  0.009  m. 
Form  2.  Inside  surface  less  rounded 

THAN  OUTSIDE.  DIVISION  BETWEEN  SUR¬ 
FACES  NOT  DISTINCTLY  INDICATED. 

Group  i.  Outside  diameter  less  than 
0.02  m.  Unless  otherwise  stated,  all 
the  following  to  No.  1099  have  nearly 
round  bar. 

1031.  Diameter,  0.0165  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1032.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.017  m. 
Width,  0.0038  m. 

1033.  Diameter,  0.0193  m.  Width,  0.0009  m. 
Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.02  m.- 

0.025  m. 

1034.  Diameter,  0.021  m.  Width,  0.0013  m. 
(Condition  so  poor  as  to  make  classification  un¬ 
certain.) 

1035.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 

1036.  Diameter,  0.0232  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1037.  Diameter,  0.0239  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 

1038.  Diameter,  0.0231  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1039.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1040.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.  Width,  0.0015 
in.-0.0028  m.  Bar  higher  than  wide  in  some 
places. 

1041.  Diameter,  0.0216  m.  Width,  0.0017 
m.-0.0028  m. 


1042.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1043.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1044.  Diameter,  0.0238  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1045.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 

1046.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.  Width,  0.0024 
m.-0.0034  m. 

1047.  Diameter,  0.0248  m.  Width,  0.0024 
in.-0.0034  m. 

1048.  From  behind  South  Building.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.0237  m.  Width,  0.0025  m.-0.0035  m. 

1049.  Diameter,  0.0222  m.  Width,  0.0023 
rn.-0.0035  m.  Poor  condition  renders  classi¬ 
fication  uncertain;  perhaps  this  specimen  belongs 
under  Form  4. 

1050.  Diameter,  0.0227  m.  Width,  0.0015 
ni.-0.0037  m.  (Difference  due  to  oxidation.) 
Perhaps  belongs  under  Form  4. 

1051.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0027  m.-0.004  m. 

1052.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.003  in.-0.004  m. 

1053.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.0243  m.  Width,  0.0027  m.-0.004  m. 

1054.  Diameter,  0.0205  m.  Width,  0.0032  m. 

Group  iii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 

0.003  in. 

1055.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1056.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1057.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.025  in.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1058.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1059.  Diameter,  0.025  in.  Width,  0.0028  m. 

1060.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0028  m. 

1061.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0024  m.- 
0.0035  m.  (Difference  due  to  oxidation.) 

1062.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.002  m.- 
0.0035  m. 

1063.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 

1064.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0028  m.- 
0.0038  m. 

1065.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0024  m.- 
0.0038  m. 

1066.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0027 
in.-0.0038  m. 

1067.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0028 
in.-0.0038  m.  About  one  half  of  ring  larger 
than  the  other.  Perhaps  finger-ring. 

1068.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1069.  Diameter,  0.0258  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1070.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0028  m.-0.0038  in. 


254 


THE  BRONZES 


1071.  Diameter,  0.0257  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 
Bar  slightly  elliptical. 

1072.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1078.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0255  m. 

Width,  0.003  in.-0.0042  m. 

1074.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.026  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1075.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0034  m.- 
0.0045  m. 

1076.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0035 
ni.-0.0049  m. 

1077.  Diameter,  0.0285  m.  Width,  0.005  m. 

1078.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0285.  Width,  0.0055  m. 

1079.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.  Width,  0.0045 
m.-0.0065  m. 

Group  iv.  Outside  diameter,  0.03  m.- 
0.035  m. 

1080.  Diameter,  0.03  m.  Width,  0.0034  m. 

1081.  Diameter,  0.032  m.  Width,  0.0036  m. 

1082.  Diameter,  0.0323  m.  Width,  0.0045  m. 

1083.  Diameter,  0.032  m.  Width,  0.0045  m. 

1084.  Diameter,  0.034  m.  Width,  0.0045  m. 

1085.  Diameter,  0.031  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 

1086.  From  West  Building’.  Diameter, 
0.03  m.  Width,  0.0043  m.-0.0058  m. 

1087.  Diameter,  0.0335  m.  Width,  0.0043 
m.-0.006  m.  Bar  elliptical. 

1088.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0335  m.  Width,  0.0045  rn.-0.006  m. 

1089.  Diameter,  0.032  m.  Width,  0.008  m. 

Group  v.  Outside  diameter,  0.035  m.- 

0.04  m. 

1090.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Width,  0.0045  m. 

1091.  Diameter,  0.0365  m.  Width,  0.004  m.- 
0.0055  m. 

1092.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.034  m.  Width,  0.005  ni.-0.006  in. 

1093.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Width,  0.0055 
m.— 0.0065  in. 

1094.  Diameter,  0.0385  in.  Width,  0.005  m.- 
0.0068  m. 

1095.  Diameter,  0.0385  m.  Width,  0.0075  m. 

Group  vi.  Diameter,  0.04+  m. 

1096.  F  rom  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.041  in.  Width,  0.008  in.1 

Addenda,  to  Form  2.  The  openings  in  the 
following  are  partially  due  to  accident,  whether 
they  were  originally  intended  to  be  open  or  not. 

Group  ii.  1097.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width, 
0.003  in.  One  end  smooth,  other  end  rough. 


Group  iii.  1098.  Diameter,  0.0253  m.  Width, 
0.0034  m.  Both  ends  corroded. 

Group  iv.  1099.  From  behind  South  Build¬ 
ing.  Diameter,  0.031  m.  Width,  0.0045  m.- 
0.006  m.  Both  ends  corroded. 

Form  3.  Inside  surface  less  rounded 

THAN  OUTSIDE.  On  TOP  AND  BOTTOM 
FLAT  PLANE  CONNECTING  INSIDE  AND 
OUTSIDE. 

Class  a.  Inside  surface  rounded  slightly 
in  continuous  curve. 

Group  i.  Outside  diameter,  0.02  m.- 
0.025  m. 

1100.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0249  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 
0.03  m. 

1101.  Diameter,  0.025  ni.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1102.  Diameter,  0.0257  m.  Width, 0.0025  m.- 
0.004  m. 

1103.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1104.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0049  m. 
Group  iii.  Outside  diameter,  0.03  m.- 

0.035  m. 

1105.  Diameter,  0.03  m.  Width,  0.006  ni. 
Class  (3.  Inner  convexity  consists  of  two 

surfaces  which  meet  in  rounded  obtuse 
angle. 

Group  i.  Outside  diameter,  0.02  m.- 
0.025  m. 

(cd.)  Closed. 

1106.  Diameter,  0.02  m.  Width,  0.001  m. 
(Half  of  one  side  is  of  Form  4.) 

1107.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 

1108.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1109.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 

0.0237  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1110.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 

0.024  m.  Width,  0.0024  m. 

1111.  Diameter,  0.0227  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1112.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 

0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0025  in. 

1113.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0027  m.- 
0.004  m. 

(6'.)  Open. 

1114.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 
Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 

0.03  m. 

1115.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0025  ni. 
Addenda  to  Form  3.  In  the  following  the 

width  of  the  original  opening  is  uncertain. 


For  example  of  such  rings  used  as  handles,  see  Orsi,  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  801. 


DECORATIVE  RINGS 


255 


Class  a.  Group  i. 

1116.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0023  m.- 
0.0037  m.  Ends  corroded. 

Group  iii.  1117.  From  behind  South  Building. 
Diameter,  0.03  m.  Width,  0.0031  m.-0.0057  m. 
(Oxidized.) 

Form  4.  Similar  to  Form  3  except  that 

INSIDE  AND  OUTSIDE  SURFACES  MEET  ON 
TOP  AND  BOTTOM  1  EDGE  OF  RING. 

Class  a.  Inner  convexity  rounded  in  con¬ 
tinuous  curve. 

Group  i.  Outside  diameter,  0.015  m.- 
0.02  m. 

1118.  Diameter,  0.0176  m.  Width,  0.013  m. 

1119.  Diameter,  0.018  m.  Width,  0.001  m.- 
0.003  m. 

Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.02  m.- 
0.025  m. 

(a'.)  Closed. 

1120.  Diameter,  0.02  m.  Width,  0.0014  m. 
This  and  1121  and  1122  are  perhaps  finger- 
rings. 

1121.  Diameter,  0.0234  m.  Width,  0.001  m. 

1122.  Diameter,  0.021  m.  Width,  0.0014  m. 

1123.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1124.  Diameter,  0.0227  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 

1125.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0227  m.  Width,  0.0014  m. 

1126.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.  Width,  0.0013  m. 

1127.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1128.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0017  m. 

1129.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.022  m.  Width,  0.0017  m. 

1130.  Diameter,  0.0229  m.  Width,  0.0016  m. 

1131.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1132.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0016  in. 

1133.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0015  in. 

1134.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1135.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0224  m. 
Width,  0.0017  in. 

1136.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1137.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.  Width,  0.0015  in. 

1138.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.  Width,  0.0017  m. 

1139.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1140.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1141.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0014  m.- 
0.0027  m. 

1142.  From  West  Building.  Diameter,  0.021m. 
Width,  0.0018  m. 

1143.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0019  m. 

1  The  rings  have  neither  ‘  top  ’  nor  ‘  bottom,’  but  these 


1144.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 

1145.  Diameter,  0.0236  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1146.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0223  in.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1147.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1148.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1149.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1150.  Diameter,  0.0222  m.  Width,  0.0015 
in.-0.003  m. 

1151.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.028  m. 
Width,  0.0015  in.-0.003  m. 

1152.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0205  in.  Width,  0.0013  m. 

1153.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0019  m. 

1154.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0026  m. 

1155.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1156.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0017  m. 

1157.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1158.  Diameter,  0.0206  in.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1159.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0017  m. 

1160.  Diameter,  0.0232  in.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1161.  Diameter,  0.0215  m.  Width,  0.002  m.- 
0.0033  in. 

1162.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0024  m. 

1163.  Diameter,  0.0245  in.  Width,  0.0027  m. 

1164.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.002  in. - 
0.0035  m. 

1165.  Diameter,  0.0227  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1166.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.0244  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. -0.0035  m. 

1167.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0225  m. 
Width,  0.0023  m.-0.0036  m. 

1168.  Diameter,  0.0224  m.  Width,  0.002  m.- 
0.0037  m. 

1169.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.002  m.- 
0.0038  m. 

1170.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0025 
m.-0.004  in. 

1171.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0027 
ni.-0.004  m. 

1172.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.002  m. 

(5'.)  Open. 

1173.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 
Ends  close  together  ;  opening  diagonal  and  prob¬ 
ably  intentional. 

1174.  Diameter,  0.023  in.  Width,  0.0018  m. 
Opening  probably  accidental. 

Group  iii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 
0.03  m. 

1175.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

words  are  perhaps  more  intelligible  than  ‘  plane  of  the 
diameter  ’  or  a  similar  expression. 


256 


THE  BRONZES 


1176.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1177.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1178.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1179.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0255  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1180.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0032  m. 

1181.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0015  m.- 
0.004  m.  (Corroded  and  oxidized.) 

1182.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0026  m. 
Width,  0.0022  m. 

1183.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0033  m. 

1184.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 

1185.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0265  m. 
Width,  0.0037  m. 

1186.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 

0.0285  m.  Width,  0.0045  m. 

1187.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 

0.028  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 

Group  iv.  Outside  diameter,  0.03  m.- 
0.035  m. 

1188.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 

0.0325  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1189.  Diameter,  0.032  m.  Width,  0.0049  m. 

1190.  South  slope.  Diameter,  0.034  m. 

Width,  0.0065  m.-0.009  m. 

Group  v.  Outside  diameter,  0.035  m.- 
0.04  m. 

1191.  Diameter,  0.036  m.  Width,  0.0053  m. 

Class  f3.  Inner  convexity  consists  of  two 
surfaces  which  meet  in  a  rounded  obtuse 
angle. 

Group  i.  Outside  diameter,  0.02  m.- 
0.025  m. 

( a '.)  Closed. 

1192.  Diameter,  0.0208  m.  Width,  0.0011  m. 

1193.  Diameter,  0.0217  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1194.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0017  m. 

1195.  Diameter,  0.023  in.  Width,  0.0017  m. 

1196.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 

1197.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 

1198.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.02  m.  Width,  0.0018  m. 

1199.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.0019  m. 

1200.  Diameter,  0.0215  m.  Width,  0.0019  m. 

1201.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0019  m. 

1202.  Diameter,  0.0217  m.  Width,  0.0019  m. 

1203.  Diameter,  0.0209  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1204.  Diameter,  0.0204  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1205.  Diameter,  0.0218  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1206.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1207.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1208.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 


1209.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0021  m. 

1210.  Diameter,  0.023  in.  Width,  0.0021  m. 

1211.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1212.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1213.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1214.  Diameter,  0.0225  in.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1215.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1216.  Diameter,  0.0224  m.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1217.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0022m. 

1218.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1219.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0249  in.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1220.  Diameter,  0.0232  m.  Width,  0.0022  m. 

1221.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1222.  Diameter,  0.0205  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1223.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1224.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0228  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1225.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1226.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.023  m. 
Width,  0.0025  m. 

1227.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1228.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0217  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1229.  Diameter,  0.023  in.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1230.  Diameter,  0.0217  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1231.  Diameter,  0.0213  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1232.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1233.  Diameter,  0.0215  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1234.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1235.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1236.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1237.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 

1238.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 

1239.  Diameter,  0.0248  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 

1240.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 

1241.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.  Width,  0.0028  m. 

1242.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.024  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 

1243.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 

1244.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 

1245.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 

1246.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.003  m. 

1247.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1248.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1249.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.021  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1250.  Diameter,  0.021  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1251.  Diameter,  0.0233  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1252.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1253.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1254.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 


DECORATIVE  RINGS 


257 


1255.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.003  in. 

1256.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.  Width,  0.003  in. 

1257.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1258.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0234  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1259.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0032  m. 
1260  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0032  in. 

1261.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0032  m. 

1262.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1263.  Diameter,  0.0242  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1264.  Diameter,  0.022  x  0.03  m.  Width, 
0.0035  m. 

1265.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1266.  Diameter,  0.0249  m.  Width,  0.0036  m. 

1267.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0232  m. 
Width,  0.0036  m. 

1268.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.  Width,  0.0036  m. 

1269.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0243  m. 
Width,  0.0036  m. 

1270.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.  Width,  0.0036  m. 

1271.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.0039  m. 

1272.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0039  m. 

1273.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1274.  Diameter,  0.0223  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1275.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1276.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0243  m.  Width,  0.004  ill. 

1277.  Diameter,  0.0249  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1278.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1279.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1280.  Diameter,  0.0245  in.  Width,  0.0042  m. 

1281.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0248  m. 
Width,  0.0049. 

(5'.)  Open,  but  opening  in  all  cases 
probably  accidental. 

1282.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0017  m. 

1283.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1284.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1285.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1286.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.022  m. 
Width,  0.0026  m. 

1287.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.004  m. 

1288.  From  behind  South  Build  ing.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1289.  Diameter,  0.0214  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 
Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 

0.03  m. 

(a'.')  Closed. 

1290.  Diameter,  0.0254  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 

1291.  Diameter,  0.0258  m.  Width,  0.0025  m. 


1292.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0026  m. 

1293.  Diameter,  0.025  in.  Width,  0.0026  m. 

1294.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.025  in.  Width,  0.0026  m. 

1295.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 

1296.  Diameter,  0.0282  m.  Width.  0.0028  m. 

1297.  Diameter,  0.0257  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 

1298.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1299.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0283  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1300.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0033  m. 

1301.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0034  m. 

1302.  Diameter,  0.0255  in.  Width,  0.0034  in. 

1303.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0034  m. 

1304.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0263  m.  Width,  0.0034  m. 

1305.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0034  m. 

1306.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0034  m. 

1307.  Diameter,  0.0258  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1308.  Diameter,  0.0278  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1309.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1310.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1311.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0263  m. 
Width,  0.0035  m. 

1312.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0255  in. 
Width,  0.0035  m. 

1313.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1314.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1315.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0036  in. 

1316.  Diameter,  0.0275  in.  Width,  0.0037  m. 

1317.  Diameter,  0.0263  m.  Width,  0.0038  m. 

1318.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1319.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.026  m. 
Width,  0.004  in. 

1320.  Diameter,  0.026  in.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1321.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.025  m. 
Width,  0.004  m. 

1322.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.004  in. 

1323.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0043  m. 

1324.  Diameter,  0.0258  m.  Width,  0.0043  m. 

1325.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0253  m.  Width,  0.0043. 

1326.  Diameter,  0.0264  m.  Width,  0.0043  m. 

1327.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 

1328.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 

1329.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.026  m. 
Width,  0.0044  m. 

1330.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width.  0.0044  m. 

1331.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0044  in. 

1332.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 

1333.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.026  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 

1334.  Diameter,  0.0253  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 


258 


THE  BRONZES 


1335.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.026  m. 
Width,  0.0044  m. 

1336.  Diameter,  0.0275  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 

1337.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.  Width,  0.0049  m. 

1338.  Diameter,  0.0299  m.  Width,  0.0049  m. 

1339.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0285  m.  Width,  0.005  m. 

1340.  Diameter,  0.0277  m.  Width,  0.0051  m. 

(6'.)  Open  ;  hut  probably  owing  to  ac¬ 
cident. 

1341.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0014  m. 

1342.  Diameter,  0.0252  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1343.  Diameter,  0.0264  m.  Width,  0.0046  m. 

1344.  Diameter,  0.0278  m.  Width,  0.0055  m. 

Addenda  to  Form  4,  Class  (3.  In  the  follow¬ 
ing  original  width  of  break  is  uncertain. 

1345.  Diameter,  0.0188  m.  Width,  0.0013  m. 

Group  i. 

1346.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1347.  Diameter,  0.0228  m.  Width,  0.0015  m. 

1348.  Diameter,  0.023  in.  Width,  0.0019  m. 

1349.  Diameter,  0.0223  m.  Width,  0.0023  m. 

1350.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1351.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0021  m. 

1352.  Diameter,  0.023  in.  Width,  0.0024  m. 

In  following  numbers,  bent  examples,  the  ends 

overlap. 

1353.  Diameter,  0.02  m.  Width,  0.0019  m. 

1354.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 

Group  ii. 

1355.  Diameter,  0.0278  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 

1356.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.006  m. 

Form  5.  Transitional,  similar  to  Form  4, 

BUT  INSIDE  AND  OUTSIDE  ARE  FORMED  EACH 
OF  THREE  FLAT  PLANE  SURFACES,  THAT  IS, 
A  CENTRAL  BAND  WITH  A  SLOPING  BEVEL 
AT  EITHER  SIDE. 

1357.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.029  m.  Width,  0.0043  m. 

Discards  of  Type  a: 

Form  1,  Group  i.:  one,  complete,  from  West  Building; 
and  three  fragments,  of  which  one  from  south  slope. 

Form  2,  Group  ii.:  three  fragments,  of  which  one  from 
south  slope.  Group  iii. :  two  complete  and  two  fragments. 
Group  iv. :  one  fragment. 

Form  .'5,  Class  «,  Group  i.:  one  fragment  from  south 
slope.  Class  0 :  one  complete. 

Form  4,  Class  a.  Group  ii.:  eleven  fragments,  of  which 
one  from  West  Building,  one  from  south  slope,  one  from 
east  end  of  Second  Temple.  Group  iii.:  one  complete  and 
one  fragment.  Class  0,  Group  i.:  three  complete  and 
thirteen  fragments,  of  which  one  from  West  Building, 
one  from  south  slope,  and  two  from  behind  South  Build¬ 
ing.  Group  ii.:  four  fragments. 


Also  fourteen  complete,  and  forty-three  incomplete 
pieces,  unclassified. 

Type  b.  Large  rings,  of  forms  analogous 
to  those  of  Type  a. 

Form  1.  Combination  of  two  rings,  one 

LARGER  AND  OPEN,  SIMILAR  TO  Type  a, 

Form  1 ;  the  other  being  smaller 

AND  ALSO  CLOSED,  SIMILAR  TO  Type  a, 

Form  2. 

1358.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  larger  ring,  0.0435  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 
Opening  diagonal  and  probably  original.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  smaller  ring,  0.032  m.  Width  of  the 
same,  0.0042  m. 

Form  2.  Single  rings.  Somewhat  similar 
to  Type  a,  Form  2. 

1359.  Much  worn.  Diameter,  0.059  m. 
Width,  0.0085  m. 

Form  3.  Somewhat  similar  to  Type  a, 
Form  3,  Class  a,  but  flatter. 

1360.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0563  in.  Width,  0.0032  in. 

1361.  Diameter,  0.0805  m.  Width,  0.0067  m. 
Surfaces  nearly  flat. 

Form  4.  Somewhat  similar  to  Type  a, 
Form  4,  Class  a. 

1362.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.0715  m.  Width, 
0.005  m.  On  one  side,  uncertain  traces  of 
oblique  lines. 

Type  c.  Outside  and  inside  convex,  con¬ 
sisting  of  two  flat,  or  nearly  flat,  surfaces 
meeting  at  an  angle.1 

Form  1.  Angles  of  upper  and  lcdver 
sides  plain.  Inner  convexity  less 

THAN  OUTER. 

Group  i.  Outside  diameter,  0.02  m.- 

0.025  m. 

1363.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 

0.0238  m.  Width,  0.0028  m. 

1364.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.003  in. 

1365.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1366.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0032  m. 

1367.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0037  m. 

1368.  Diameter,  0.0237  m.  Width,  0.0039  m. 

1369.  Diameter,  0.0223  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 
Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 

0.03  m. 

1370.  Diameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0029  m. 

1371.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0032  m. 

1372.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0274  m.  Width,  0.0039  m. 

1373.  Diameter,  0.0258  m.  Width,  0.0039  m. 


1  With  this  type,  cf.  specimen  from  Novilara,  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  V.  col.  140  (Brizio). 


DECORATIVE  RINGS 


259 


1374.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0049  m. 

1375.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0265  m.  Width,  0.0049  m. 

1376.  Diameter,  0.0297  m.  Width,  0.0064  m. 

1377.  Diameter,  0.029  m.  Width,  0.007  m. 

Group  iii.  Outside  diameter,  0.03  m.- 

0.035  m. 

1378.  Diameter,  0.031  m.  Width,  0.007  m. 
Group  iv.  Outside  diameter,  0.035  m.— 

0.04  m. 

1379.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.037  in. 
Width,  0.008  m. 

Group  v.  Outside  diameter  over  0.04  m. 

1380.  Diameter,  0.041  m.  Width,  0.008  m. 

Form  2.  Inner  surfaces  carried  past 

JUNCTION-POINT  WITH  OUTSIDE  SURFACES, 
THUS  MAKING  INSIDE  APPARENTLY  THICKER 
THAN  OUTSIDE  AND  OF  ABOUT  EQUAL  AND 
SOMETIMES  GREATER  WIDTH.1 

Group  i.  Outside  diameter,  0.02  m.- 

0.25  m. 

(«'.)  Closed. 

Plate  XCI. 

1381.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0024  m. 

1382.  Diameter,  0.021  m.  Width,  0.0026  m. 

1383.  Diameter,  0.0215  m.  Width,  0.0026  m. 

1384.  Diameter,  0.0205  m.  Width,  0.0026  m. 

1385.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0026  m. 

1386.  Diameter,  0.0227  m.  Width,  0.0026  m. 

1387.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 

1388.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0028  m. 

1389.  Diameter,  0.0248  m.  Width,  0.0028  m. 

1390.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0225  m. 
Width,  0.003  m. 

1391.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0027  m. 

1392.  Diameter,  0.0225  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1393.  Diameter,  0.0239  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 

1394.  Diameter,  0.0221  m.  Width,  0.003  m. 
Possible  traces  of  row  of  dots. 

1395.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0033  m. 

1396.  Diameter,  0.0233  m.  Width,  0.0033  m. 

1397.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0033  m. 

1398.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0033  m. 

1399.  Diameter,  0.024  in.  Width,  0.0034  m. 

1400.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0034  m. 

1401.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1402.  Diameter,  0.023  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1403.  Diameter,  0.0244  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1404.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0036  m. 

1405.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0036  m. 

1406.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0039  m. 


1407.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1408.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0245  in.  Width,  0.004  in. 

1409.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 

1410.  Diameter,  0.0243  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 

1411.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Width,  0.0045  m. 
The  following  numbers  are  ornamented. 

1412.  Diameter,  0.0227.  Width,  0.003  in. 
On  one  side  of  outer  convexity,  at  inner  and 
outer  edge,  row  of  short  oblique  lines  close  to¬ 
gether.  Traces  of  similar  lines  on  other  side. 

1413.  Diameter,  0.0234.  Width,  0.0033  m. 
Ornament  similar  to  that  of  No.  1412.  Many 
of  the  lines  have  arrowhead  form. 

1414.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 
Ornamentation  similar. 

1415.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.004  m. 
Ornamentation  similar. 

1416.  Diameter,  0.0249  m.  Width,  0.0043  m. 
Ornamentation  similar. 

1417.  F  rom  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Width,  0.0043  m.  Ornamentation  similar. 

(5'.)  Open. 

1418.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 
Break  probably  intentional.  Faint  traces  of 
same  decoration. 

Group  ii.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 
0.03  m. 

(a'.)  Closed. 

1419.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1420.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1421.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 

1422.  Diameter,  0.0256  m.  Width,  0.0036  m. 

1423.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0038  m. 

1424.  Diameter,  0.0257  m.  Width,  0.0038  in. 

1425.  Diameter,  0.0252  m.  Width,  0.0042  m. 

1426.  Diameter,  0.0259  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 

1427.  Diameter,  0.0254  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 

1428.  Diameter,  0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 

1429.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.025  m. 
Width,  0.0047  m. 

1430.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 

1431.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0264  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 

1432.  Diameter,  0.025  in.  Width,  0.0049  m. 

1433.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0258  m.  Width  0.0052  m. 

1434.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0258  m.  Width,  0.0053  m. 

1435.  Diameter,  0.028  m.  Width,  0.0055  m. 
The  following  are  ornamented. 


Cf.  Olympia,  No.  113. 


260 


THE  BRONZES 


1436.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0032  m. 
Both  sides  have  two  rows  of  fine  lines. 

1437.  Diameter,  0.0252  m.  Width,  0.0035  m. 
Both  sides  have  two  rows  of  fine  irregular 
hooked  lines.  Cf.  No.  1413. 

1438.  Diameter,  0.0251  m.  Width,  0.0039  in. 
On  one  side,  inner  hand  of  short  parallel  oblique 
lines.  On  other  side,  traces  of  same  on  both 
edges. 

1439.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0265  m. 
Width,  0.004  m.  One  side  has  outer  row  of 
lines  and  inner  row  of  dots  ;  on  other  side,  outer 
lines  visible,  but  dots  uncertain. 

1440.  Diameter,  0.0255  in.  Width,  0.004  m. 
One  side  similar  to  No.  1436. 

1441.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0254  m. 
Width,  0.004  m.  Both  sides  similar  to  No.  1436. 

1442.  Diameter,  0.025  in.  Width,  0  0043  m. 
Ornament  similar  to  that  of  No.  1436,  but  lines 
oblique. 

1443.  Diameter,  0.0253  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 
On  one  side,  groove  at  outer  edge  and  row  of  ob¬ 
lique  lines  at  inner  edge  with  zigzag  connecting 
the  two. 

1444.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0044  m. 
Ornament  similar  to  that  of  No.  1442. 

1445.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.  Width,  0.00245 
in.  Ornament  probably  similar  to  that  of  No. 
1442,  but  one  row  on  one  side  doubtful. 

1446.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.025  m.  Width,  0.0045  m.  Ornament  sim¬ 
ilar  to  that  of  No.  1436. 

1447.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0255  m.  Width,  0.0045  m.  Ornament  sim¬ 
ilar  to  that  of  No.  1442. 

1448.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0265  m. 
Width,  0.0047  m.  Ornament  similar  to  that  of 
No.  1436,  I  nit  lines  shorter. 

1449.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.027  m. 
Width,  0.0057  m.  On  both  sides,  row  of  short 
oblique  lines  at  inner  angle,  and  of  dots  just  out¬ 
side  centre. 

(&'.)  Open. 

1450.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.026  m.  Width,  0.005  m.  Edges  of  opening 
close.  Traces  of  ornament  like  preceding  num¬ 
bers. 

Form  3.  Edges  flattened,  sometimes  with 

CONVEXITY  LIKE  A  ROLL. 

(  'hi. ss  a.  Outer  convexity  similar  to  that  of 
'preceding  Form  2. 

Group  i.  Outside  diameter,  0.025  m.- 
0.03  m. 


(a'.)  Closed. 

1451.  Diameter,  0.026  m.  Width,  0.0045  m. 

1452.  Diameter,  0.0275  m.  Width,  0.0052  m. 
(5'.)  Open  (apparently). 

1453.  Diameter,  0.0276  m.  Width,  0.005  m. 
Opening  joined  at  bottom;  perhaps  due  to  oxida¬ 
tion. 

Group  ii.  Outside  diameter.  0.03  m.- 
0.035  m. 

1454.  Diameter,  0.032  m.  Width,  0.0051m. 
Groove  round  about  half  ring  on  outer  edge  of 
one  flange. 

Class  /3-  At  either  side  of  outer  angle  of 
outer  convexity ,  a  groove. 

1455.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.005  in. 
Traces  of  notching  on  band  between  grooves. 

Class  y.  Raised  hand  at  outer  angle  of 
outer  convexity  is  grooved. 

1456.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Width,  0.0085  in. 
Raised  band  low  and  slight. 

Addendum  to  Form  3. 

1457.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0047  m. 
Type  doubtful.  Ends  overlap.  Both  surfaces 
of  outer  convexity  have  band  of  arrowheads. 
Near  ends  are  grooves  encircling  bar,  two  on 
one  end,  three  and  a  half  on  other. 

Discards  of  Type  c: 

Form  1,  Group  i.:  two. 

Form  2,  Group  i.:  one  complete  and  twelve  broken, 
of  which  one  from  behind  South  Building  and  two  from 
south  slope.  Group  ii.:  three  complete  and  nine  broken, 
of  which  two  from  behind  South  Building. 

Form  3,  Class  a,  Group  i.:  two  nearly  complete. 

Combin  ations  of  Types  a  and  c. 

1458.  Ring  of  Type  a,  Form  4,  Class  /3, 
Group  ii.,  («')  oxidized  together  with  one  of 
Type  C,  Form  2,  Group  ii.,  («').  First:  diam¬ 
eter,  0.025  in.  Width,  0.0023  ill.  Second : 
diameter,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.0045  m.,  with  traces 
on  each  side  of  line  of  dots.  Oxidation  prevents 
certainty  as  to  original  condition. 

1459.  Ring  of  Type  a,  Form  4,  Class  a, 
Group  ii.,  (a')  joined  by  wire  to  one  of  Type  c, 
Form  2,  Group  i.,  (a').  First :  diameter,  0.022  m. 
Width,  0.0024  in.  Second  :  diameter,  0.0233  ni. 
Width,  0.0034  m.  Connecting  wire  round  and 
of  shape  like  No.  810. 

Type  d.  Bar  nearly  rectangular.  Plain 
open  rings. 

1460.  Diameter,  0.022  in.  Width,  0.0025  m. 
Ends  show  slight  taper  and  overlap. 

1461.  Diameter,  0.0304  m.  \Y  idtli,  0.003  m. 
Ends  taper  and  overlap. 


DECORATIVE  RINGS 


20 1 


Type  e.  Plain.  Bar  flat  on  under  side,  but 
rounded  on  top  and  sides. 

1462.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0225  in. 
Width,  0.0033  m.  Groove  on  bottom  near  inner 

edge. 

Type  f.  Plain,  slightly  elliptical  bar.  Ring 
open  and  end  coiled. 

1463.  One  end  broken.  Diameter,  0.020  m. 
Width,  0.0037  m. 

Type  g.  Threaded  elliptical  bar.  Open. 

1464.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0205  m.  Width,  0.0030  m.  Four  parallel 
threads. 

Type  h.  Band  rings  (plain)  of  nearly  uni¬ 
form  thickness;  inside  flat  or  very  slightly 
convex ;  outside  slightly  convex. 

1465.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1466.  Diameter,  0.0275  m.  Width,  0.0008  m. 
Type  i.  Plain  solid  band  rings  with  inside 

flat,  outside  convex,  and  thin  edges.1 
Form  1.  Outer  surface  does  not  have 

POINT  OF  GREATEST  CONVEXITY  PROMI¬ 
NENT. 

(«'.)  Closed. 

1467.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter  (inside),  0.019  m.  Height,  0.0105  m. 

1468.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0193  m.  Height, 
0.0114  m.  On  inside,  thin  metal  band  runs 
around  with  ends  overlapping. 

(&'.)  Open. 

1469.  Diameter  (inside),  0.019  m.  Height, 
0.0123  in. 

Form  2.  Point  of  greatest  convexity 

PROMINENT. 

1470.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0185  m.  Height, 
0.0099  m. 

1471.  From  south  slope.  Diameter  (inside), 
0.0194  m.  Height,  0.01  m. 

1472.  Diameter  (inside),  0.018  in.  Height, 
0.0113  m. 

1473.  Diameter  (inside),  0.018  m.  Height, 
0.012  m. 

1474.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0195  m.  Height, 
0.0125  m. 

1475.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0205  m.  •  Height, 
0.0128  m. 

1476.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0205  in.  Height, 
0.013  m. 

1477.  From  West  Building.  Diameter  (in¬ 
side),  0.017  m.  Height,  0.014  in. 

1  With  this  type  cf.  Olympia ,  Nos.  434-436,  especially 
last,  which  is  common  there,  according  to  Furtwangler. 


1478.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0185  m.  Height. 
0.0145  m. 

1479.  Diameter  (inside),  0.022  m.  Height, 
0.017  m. 

1480.  F  roin  West  Building.  Diameter  (in¬ 
side),  0.02  m.  Height,  0.02  in. 

Discard s  :  Form  1,  one  fragment. 

Type  j  Similar  to  preceding,  but  edges  are 
broader  and  protrude  over  inside,  which 
thus  becomes  concave.  One  example 
ornamented.2 

1481.  Diameter  (outside),  0.025  m.  Height, 
0.0055  m. 

1482  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.028  m.  Height,  0.0155  m.  Ornamented 
with  engraved  line  around  centre  and  irregular 

C?  O 

zigzag  at  each  side.3 

Type  k  Similar  to  type  i.  Exterior  con¬ 
vex,  though  portions  between  either  edge 
and  line  of  greatest  convexity  are  con¬ 
cave. 

(«'.)  Closed. 

1483.  Diameter  (inside),  0.019  m.  Height, 
0.0154  m. 

1484.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0198  m.  Height, 
0.0155  m. 

1485.  Diameter  (inside),  0.02  m.  Height, 
0.0155  m.  On  inside,  a  Hat  spiral  band  going 
nearly  twice  around  middle.  Width,  0.0035  m. 
Probably  not  attached. 

1486.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0192  m.  Height, 
0.0115  m. 

1487.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0195  m.  Height, 
0.0228  m.4 

1488.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0219  m.  Height, 
0.023  m. 

1489.  Diameter  (inside),  0.02  m.  Height, 
0.029  m. 

(&'.)  Open. 

1490.  Diameter  (inside),  0.019  m.  Diameter 
(outside),  0.0225  m.  Height,  0.008  m. 

1491.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter  (inside),  0.0197  m.  Height,  0.0109  m. 

1492.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter  (inside),  0.019  m.  Height,  0.013  in. 

1493.  From  south  slope.  Diameter  (inside), 
0.019  m.  Height,  0.0165  m. 

1494.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0198  m.  Height, 
0.02  m.  Opening  straight  with  beveled  edges. 

1495.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0195  m.  Height, 

2  Cf.  gold  ring'  in  museum  at  Eleusis  with  outside  plain 
and  convex  and  inside  concave. 

5  Drawing  somewhat  inaccurate.  4  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  435. 


262 


THE  BRONZES 


0.0108  in.  Opening  straight,  with  beveled  edges. 
Fine  engraved  line  close  to  outer  edges,  and  close 
to  centre  on  each  side.  Between  each  two  lines, 
zigzag.  Zigzag  made  of  minute  arrowheads. 

Discards  of  Type  k :  one  open,  one  closed,  one  frag¬ 
ment. 

Type  1.  Central  convexity  sharply  marked. 
Closed. 

Form  1.  Rather  thin  and  somewhat  sim¬ 
ilar  to  Type  k. 

1496.  From  south  slope.  Diameter  (inside), 
0.0214  m.  Height,  0.0235  m. 

Form  2.  Sharply  defined  narrow  con¬ 
vexity,  FROM  WHICH  THE  ENDS  TAPER  OFF 
SLIGHTLY. 

1497.  F  rom  West  Building.  Diameter  (in¬ 
side),  0.017  m.  Height,  0.0215  m. 

Type  m.  Similar  to  Type  1,  but  ends  termi¬ 
nate  in  rim.  Closed. 

1498.  Fi  ■oni  West  Building.  Diameter  (in¬ 
side),  0.021  m.  Height,  0.0425  m.  Each  end 
has  zigzag  between  centre  and  rim.  Line  of 
zigzag  is  itself  a  fine  zigzag. 

Type  n.  Rings  of  sheet  bronze,  sometimes 
rather  thick,  with  form  of  plain,  straight 
bands,  with  or  without  engraved  or 
punched  ornamentation. 

(«'.)  Closed  and  unornamented. 

1499.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0184  m.  Height, 
0.0125  m. 

1500.  Inside  diameter,  0.019  m.  Height, 
0.026  m. 

1501.  Inside  diameter,  0.015  in.  Height, 

0.028  m. 

The  above  appear  to  be  ferrules. 

(//.)  Open  and  ornamented. 

1502.  Diameter  (inside),  0.016  m.  Height, 
0.063  m.  Zigzag  on  outside,  from  end  to  end, 
like  that  of  No.  1498. 

1503.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0215  m.  Height, 
0.0091  in.  Zigzag  on  outside. 

1504.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0167  m.  Height, 
0.0098  m.  Around  centre,  double  band  of  short 
lines. 

1505.  Bent  flat.  Diameter,  as  bent,  0.0198 
m.  Height,  0.012  m.  About  centre,  zigzag, 
from  which  diverge  similar  zigzags,  running  to 
edges  at  angle.1 

1506.  I  ■‘art  of  one  end  gone.  Diameter  (in¬ 
side),  0.025  m.  Height,  0.0172  in.  Zigzag  or¬ 
namentation. 

1507.  Bent  flat.  Diameter,  as  bent,  0.017  m. 

1  Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  403. 


Height,  0.027  m.  Ornamented  with  rows  of 
round  punch-marks  struck  from  inside.  Ring- 
coiled  about  one  and  a  half  times. 

1508.  Preservation  poor.  Bent  flat.  Diam¬ 
eter,  as  bent,  0.026  m.  Height,  0.0363  m. 
Ring  coiled.  Ornamented  with  three  rows  of 
elliptical  marks  punched  from  inside.  Part  hid¬ 
den  by  coiling  not  decorated. 

Discarded :  four. 

Type  o.  Open  ring  of  rather  thick  sheet 
bronze  (  band-ring),  with  end  or  ends  ter¬ 
minating  in  coil  of  wire 

1509.  One  end  broken.  Diameter,  0.017  m. 
Width,  0.0009  m.  Height,  0.0072  m.2 

Type  p.  Rings  of  sheet  bronze,  with  sides 
straight  or  nearly  so,  but  with  a  raised 
band  about  centre,  as  though  in  imitation 
of  the  heavy  rings  of  types  k  and  1,  from 
which  types  they  are,  however,  distin¬ 
guished  by  showing  the  concavity  on  the 
inside.  Open. 

Form  1.  Central  raised  zone  not  distin¬ 
guished  FROM  FIELD  EXCEPT  BY  ELEVA¬ 
TION. 

1510.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0217  m.  Height, 
0.0098  m. 

1511.  Fragment.  Length,  0.04  m. 

1512.  Diameter  (inside),  0.021  m.  Height, 
0.011  m.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  each  end. 

1513.  Diameter  (inside),  0.02  m.  Height, 
0.018  m.  Ends  flare  slightly.  Each  end  has 
zigzag  made  of  a  zigzag  line. 

1514.  Diameter  (inside),  0.018  m.  Height, 
0.0255  m.  Made  of  two  separate  pieces  of 
bronze,  one  inside  the  other,  each  forming  com¬ 
plete  ring.  Inner  ring  thicker  than  outer.  On 
both  ends  of  outer  ring,  traces  of  zigzag.  Sim¬ 
ilar  to  that  of  No.  1513. 

1515.  Fragment.  Length,  0.032  m.  Height, 
0.046  m.  Zi  gzag  as  before. 

1516.  From  south  slope.  Condition  poor.  Di¬ 
ameter  (inside),  0.0225  m.  Height,  0.0523  m. 
Traces  of  zigzag. 

1517.  Bent  flat.  Diameter  as  bent,  0.029  m. 
Height,  0.054  m.  Zigzag  on  ends,  as  in  No.  1513. 

1518.  Fi  •om  south  slope.  Fragment.  Diame¬ 
ter  (inside),  0.029  m.  Height,  0.059  m.  Zig¬ 
zag  as  in  No.  1513. 

Form  2.  Highest  part  of  raised  central 

ZONE  HAS  GROOVE  ON  EITHER  SIDE. 

1519.  Fragment.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0185 
in.  Height,  0.0085  m.  Zigzag  as  above. 

-  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  404. 


STRUCTURAL  RINGS 


263 


1519  a.  From  below  Cyclopean  wall,  1893. 
Fragment.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0175  m. 
Height,  0.0185  in.  Zigzag  as  above.  Possibly 
the  two  above  pieces  are  of  one  ring. 

1520.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0245  m.  Height, 
0.0145  m.  Usual  zigzag. 

1521.  From  south  slope.  Part  gone.  Bent 
open.  Height  of  half  of  original,  0.0095  m. 
Close  to  edge,  three  fine  engraved  lines.  Be¬ 
tween  them  and  centre,  usual  zigzag. 

1522.  Condition  poor.  Diameter  (inside), 
0.02  m.  Height,  0.0195  m.  Two  engraved  lines 
close  to  each  end,  and  zigzag  between  them  and 
centre. 

1523.  Bent.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0185  m. 
Height,  0.023  m.  Close  to  edge,  two  lines,  be¬ 
tween  which  and  centre,  usual  zigzag. 

1524.  Part  gone.  Diameter  (inside),  0.0218  m. 
Height  of  half  of  original,  0.013  m.  On  one 
side  of  central  raised  zone,  one  engraved  line  ; 
on  other  side,  two.  Close  to  outer  edge,  four 
fine  lines,  between  which  and  centre,  zigzag  of 
usual  sort.  Attached  to  inside  is  band,  about 
0.008  m.  in  width. 

Discards  of  Type  p : 

Form  1:  unornamented,  one;  ornamented,  two,  of 
which  one  from  south  slope,  and  one  fragment. 

Form  2:  ornamented,  two  fragments. 

D.  STRUCTURAL  RINGS  OF  VARIOUS  KINDS. 

Type  a. 

1525.  Broken.  Diameter  (outside),  0.055  m. 
Width,  0.0049  m.  Height,  0.0055  m.  Bar  plain. 
On  one  side  drilled  hole.  On  opposite  side  ex¬ 
crescence.  Can  hardly  be  any  sort  of  fibula. 

Type  b. 

1526.  Diameter,  0.049  m.  and  0.052  m. 
Width  of  bar,  0.009  m.  Height,  0.008  m.  Outer 
edge  forms  narrow  rim.  Top  side  slopes  in  some¬ 
what.  Bottom  flat. 

Type  c. 

1527.  From  West  Building.  Diameter  of 
top,  0.037  m.  Diameter  of  bottom,  0.047  m.  Top, 
bottom,  and  inside  about  flat.  Outside  slightly 
concave.  Above  bottom,  engraved  line. 

Type  d. 

1528.  Diameter,  0.032  m.  Height,  0.004  m. 
Outside  tapers  upward.  Top  slopes  down.  Un¬ 
der  side  flat,  but  sloping  up. 

Plate  XCII. 

1529.  F  rom  West  Building.  Diameter, 

1  Cf.  flat  disk  rings  of  diameter  0.02  m.  to  0.1  m.,  with 
holes  slightly  larger  than  one  third  diameter.  Mus.  Kir- 
cheriano,  Prov.  di  Cosenza,  Commune  di  Spezzano  Albanese, 


0.0423  m.  Inside  diameter,  0.0225  m.  Height, 
0.005  m.  Outer  side  beveled  toward  top  and 
bottom.  Upper  bevel  concave.  Under  side  flat, 
but  inner  edge  (leveled. 

1529  a.  Diameter,  0.0868  m.  Diameter  (in¬ 
side),  0.05  m.  Height,  0.0105  m.  Upper  outer 
surface  slopes  down  and  out,  with  slight  convex¬ 
ity.  Upper  inner  surface  slopes  in  with  concav¬ 
ity.  Under  surface  flat.  Upper  outer  surface 
has  two  heavy  grooves  near  top,  and  two  lighter 
ones  near  bottom. 

Type  e. 

1530.  Nearly  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.0465  m. 
Height,  0.006  m.  Same  general  shape  as  No. 
1529,  but  outer  edge  corrugated  with  angular 
teeth. 

1531.  Diameter,  0.05  m.  Height,  0.0105  m. 
Same  shape.  Top  concave,  slants  in.  Bottom 
flat.  Outer  edge  corrugated. 

1532.  Fi  •om  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.04  m.  Diameter  (inside),  0.009  m.  Out¬ 
side  slants  up  and  lias  uneven,  broad,  low  corru¬ 
gations.  Top  slants  inward,  at  first  sharply, 
then  gradually.  Bottom  flat.  Near  edge  a  groove, 
on  either  side  of  which  are  semicircles  adjoining 
one  another. 

Type  f. 

1533.  Diameter,  0.041  m.  Diameter  (in¬ 
side),  0.013  m.  Height,  0.001  m.  and  less. 
Plate  CXXXVII. 

1533  a.  1533  b.  1533  c.  Similar  to  No. 

1533.1 

Plate  XCII. 

Type  g. 

1534.  Diameter,  0.0475  m.  Diameter  (in¬ 
side),  0.022  m.  (Height  inside),  0.006  m.  (out¬ 
side),  0.001  m.  No  distinction  of  upper  and 
under  sides.  Both  slightly  convex. 

Type  h. 

1535.  Half  gone.  Diameter,  0.028  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  (inside),  0.018  m.  Height,  0.002  m.  Top 
slopes  to  outer  edge,  which  has  blunt  pointed 
teeth. 

Type  i. 

1536.  Diameter,  0.057  m.  Diameter  (inside). 
0.035  m.  Height,  0.0065  m.  Upper  side  of  two 
surfaces ;  both  concave,  and  sloping  downward. 
Under  side  convex. 

Type  j. 

1537.  Condition  poor.  Diameter.  0.025  m. 

Neerop.  di  Torre  del  Mordillo,  Tomba  I.  Bull,  di  Palet. 
It.  XIV.  (1888),  p.  139.  Notiz.  degli  Scavi,  1888,  pp. 
240  ff. 


264 


THE  BRONZES 


Diameter  (inside),  0.009  m.  Height,  0.0075  m. 
Upper  surface  slopes  down  and  out.  Neck  rises 
around  hole. 

1538.  Diameter,  0.042  m.  Diameter  (inside), 
0.0115  in.  Height,  0.008  m.  Around  hole, 
neck.  Upper  surface  slopes  down  and  out  con- 
vexly.  Under  side  slopes  up  and  into  neck. 

1539.  Diameter,  0.0645  m.  Diameter  (in¬ 
side),  0.028  m.  Height,  0.01  m.  Neck  tapers 
down.  Top  of  neck  flat.  Upper  surface  convex. 
Inner  surface  slants  upward  and  inward  convexly. 
Type  k. 

1540.  Ed  ges  look  broken.  Diameter, 
0.042  m.  Outside  of  top  and  sides  smooth ; 
inside  rough.  Looks  like  cap  for  end  of  bar. 

E.  PIECES  OF  WIRE  TWISTED  INTO  FORM 
OF  RINGS.  OPEN. 

Type  a.  Rounded  wire  bar. 

1541.  Diameter,  0.185  m.  Width,  0.0008  m. 

1542.  Diameter,  0.02  m.  Width,  0.0009  m. 

1543.  Diameter,  0.0245  m.  Width,  0.0012  m. 

1544.  Diameter,  0.0267  in.  Width,  0.002  m. 

1545.  Much  bent.  From  south  slope.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.027  m.  Width,  0.0024  m. 

Discards  of  Type  a  :  nine. 

Type  b.  Bar  irregularly  rectangular. 

1546.  Diameter,  0.088  m.  Diameter  (inside), 
0.067  m.  Width,  of  bar,  circ.  0.004  m.  Bar 
mostly  rectangular,  but  projecting  end  twisted 
and  flattened.  Object  uncertain,  but  the  elabo¬ 
rate  knot  can  hardly  be  unintentional. 

4.  BEADS. 

Type  a. 

1547.  Length,  0.04  m.  Diameter,  0.0165  m. 
Slightly  concave  from  centre  to  ends.1 

Type  b.2 

1548.  Length,  0.051  m.  Diameter,  0.02  m. 
Concave  from  centre  to  ends. 

1549.  Length,  0.061  m.  Diameter,  0.0325  m. 
Concave  ends. 

1550.  I  n  part  destroyed.  Length  (estimated), 
0.066  in.  Diameter,  0.0355  m.  Concave  ends. 

Type  c. 

1551.  From  near  wall  behind  west  end  of 
Stoa.  Length,  0.0245  m.  Diameter,  0.022  m.3 

1  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  TV-!.  Similar  specimen  from  Megara 
I lyblaea,  Man.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  890  (Orsi). 

2  With  this  type  cf.  Olympia,  No.  444.  For  possible 
use  of  these  beads,  as  well  as  of  Nos.  1551,  1552,  cf. 
Olympia,  Nos.  814  b  and  814  d. 

8  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  440.  Similar  one  from  Megara 
Ilyblaea,  Alan.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  888  (Orsi). 


Type  d. 

1552.  Length,  0.017  m.  Diameter,  0.0225  m. 
Hole  rectangular.  One  end  slightly  smaller  than 
other  and  across  it  a  groove.  Convex  from 
centre  to  ends.4 

5.  PENDANTS. 

I.  Ring-form. 

1553.  Uncertain  whether  complete.  Plain 
rounded  wire  coiled  once  with  ends  hanging  down 
straight.  Length,  0.022  m.  Diameter  of  coil. 
0.016  m.  One  end  (and  probably  other)  swells 
into  small  knob. 

1554.  E  lorn  east  of  Second  Temple.  Ilorse- 
shoe-shaped  wire,  with  ends  bent  outward  and 
on  each  a  disk.  Height,  0.0265  m. 

1555.  From  south  slope.  Three  rings  at¬ 
tached  in  triangular  form.  Diameters,  0.017  m. ; 
0.0185  m.  ;  0.0185  in.  On  one  side  engraved 
line  between  rings.5 

II.  With  hole  for  suspension. 

1556.  From  south  slope.  Bell-shaped  object. 
Height,  0.0195  m.  Four  lines  round  bottom 
and  three  above  middle. 

1557  Height,  0.0385  m.  Base  square, 
0.017  m.  Lower  part  sides  concave,  pyramidal. 
At  top,  eyelet,  and  between  this  and  base,  a  disk. 
Bottom  has  incuse  cross.  Might  serve  as  seal.11 

1558.  Height,  0.0365  m.  Round  base  with 
bar  rising  from  centre.  Bar  consists  of  two  con¬ 
cave  surfaces  meeting  in  projecting  angle.  At 
top  of  upper  surface  a  grooved  ring,  above  which 
an  eyelet.  Rounded  gable  top  with  two  grooves. 
Height  of  disk,  0.0077  in.  It  is  hollow  with 
bars  across,  dividing  it  into  six  compartments. 
Possibly  a  seal. 

1559.  Hoop  of  bronze  with  lump  of  lead  at¬ 
tached.  Height,  0.033  m. 

6.  MIRRORS  AND  MIRROR-HANDLES. 

I.  Mirrors  with  handles  of  same  piece. 
Handles  have  hole  punched  for  suspension. 
Type  a.  Entirely  plain.  Thin. 

1560.  Length,  0.042  m.  (handle,  0.018  in.). 
Diameter  of  disk,  0.0265  m.  Probably  not  a  real 
mirror,  but  an  imitation  for  votive  purposes. 

4  Olympia,  No.  441,  is  similar  in  shape  but  has  round 
bole. 

6  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  462.  Also  Mus.  Kirclieriano,  56988 
(Provincia  di  Mantova),  Commune  di  Casalromano, 
Necrop.  di  Fontanella.  It  is  somewhat  larger. 

6  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  480,  which  is  more  squat.  Also 
specimen  from  Tegea,  Athen.  Alitth.  V.  p.  67,  pi.  iv.  c. 


MIRRORS  AND  MIRROR-HANDLES 


265 


1561.  From  behind  South  Building.  Condi¬ 
tion  poor.  Length,  0.14  m.  (handle,  0.065  m.). 
Diameter  of  disk,  0.075  m.  Made  of  two  very 
thin  sheets,  of  which  outer  surfaces  are  exactly 
alike,  stuck  together. 

Plate  XCIII. 

1562.  Fragment.  Length  of  handle,  0.06  m. 
Of  one  piece  of  metal. 

Type  b.  Projections  (or  ears)  at  either 
side  of  upper  end  of  handle. 

Class  a.  Plain. 

1563.  Most  of  disk  gone.  Length,  0.184  m. 
(handle,  0.092  m.).  Edges  of  handle  slightly 
concave. 

1564.  Disk  much  injured.  Length,  0.31  m. 
(handle,  0.143  m.).  Disk  slightly  concave-con¬ 
vex. 

Class  fi.  Handle  engraved. 

Plate  XCIV. 

1565.  Edge  of  disk  bent  over.  Piece  of  han¬ 
dle  end  gone.  Length,  0.235  m.  (handle, 
0.105  m.).  Rosette  engraved  about  suspension 
hole,  and  at  upper  end  of  handle,  a  form  of  pal- 
mette.  Disk  slightly  convex  on  ornamented 
side. 

Plate  XCV. 

1566.  Much  corroded  surface.  Length,  0.23m. 
(handle,  0.0985  m.).  Thickness  of  disk,  0.0008 
in.-0.0017  m.  Disk  slightly  convex.  Rosette 
engraved  round  suspension  hole,  and  above  this, 
forming  base  to  main  design,  three  lines  with 
oblique  lines  from  centre  line  to  outer  ones.  At 
top  of  handle  the  projections  have  irregular 
spiral.  Between  these  run  two  lines  with  ir¬ 
regular  criss-cross  between  them.  Between  this 
band  and  the  lower  one,  bearded  ithyphalic  satyr 
to  right  (head  to  left)  with  cylix  held  over  head 
in  raised  left  hand.  Feet  have  form  of  horse’s 
hoof.1 

Type  c.  Thin  and  plain  except  for  border 
of  dots  in  repousse  about  disk  and 
handle.  Most  are  small  and  not  for 
actual  use.  Rim  bent  back  slightly, 
outside  dots  giving  appearance  of 
convexity.2 
Plate  XCIII. 

1567.  Length,  0.03  m.  (handle,  0.0125  m.). 

1568.  Length,  0.028  m.  Handle  broken. 

1569.  From  cutting  above  Old  Temple  toward 
tents.  Handle  broken.  Length,  0.0285  m. 

1  First  noticed  by  Dr.  Bulle.  Drawing  not  quite  correct. 

2  Cf.  mirrors  from  Cotilon  (Bassae),  ’e cprjfx.  ’Apx-  1903, 
coll.  175  f.,  fig.  9  (Kuruniotis). 


1570.  F  rom  south  slope.  Edges  broken. 
Length,  0.034  m.  Bending  of  rim  uncer¬ 
tain. 

1571.  F  rom  cutting  above  Old  Temple  toward 
tents.  Edges  and  handle  broken.  Length, 
0.04  m.  (handle,  0.013  m.).  Diameter  of  disk, 
0.0262  m. 

Plate  XCIV. 

1572.  Length,  0.044  m.  (handle,  0.0165  in.). 
Diameter  of  disk,  0.027  m.  Near  centre  of  disk, 
dot. 

1573.  End  of  handle  gone.  Length,  0.0374  m. 
(handle,  0.011  m.).  Diameter  of  disk,  0.0273  m. 

1574.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  disk,  0.0277  m. 

1575.  Handle  broken.  Length,  0.0404  m. 
Diameter  of  disk,  0.0335  in.  In  centre  of  disk, 
punch-mark. 

Plate  XCV. 

1576.  Disk  and  handle  broken.  Diameter  of 
disk,  0.0344  m. 

1577.  F  rom  West  Building.  Injured.  Length. 
0.059  m.  (handle,  0.023  m.).  Diameter  of  disk, 
0.0375  m. 

Plate  XCIII. 

1578.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0765  m. 

1579.  Much  broken.  Diameter  of  disk  (re¬ 
stored),  0.079  m.  Edges  of  handles  concave. 

Discarded:  two  fragments  of  Type  c. 

Addenda  to  Division  I.  Handles. 

(A.)  With  ears.  Plain. 

1580.  Length,  0.0895  m. 

(&'.)  With  ears.  Ornamented. 

Plate  XCVI. 

1581.  Broken  in  two  pieces.  Surface  much  cor¬ 
roded.  Length,  0.134  m.  Thickness,  0.0003  m.- 
0.0008  m.  At  top  of  central  field,  band  with 
engraved  braid  of  four  coils.  Within  coils,  a 
dotted  circle,  and  dots  between  the  two  circles, 
others  outside.  At  top  of  upper  field,  between 
ears  zigzag  between  lines.  Lower  end  of  handle 
has  rosette  round  three  sides  of  suspension  hole 
and  zigzag  beneath  it,  with  dots  opposite  the 
openings.  Above  rosette,  a  zigzag  between  lines, 
and  over  the  latter,  row  of  dots  surmounted  by 
straight  line.  In  main  field  of  handle,  a  bearded 
draped  figure  to  left.8  Wears  talaric  chiton  and 
himation,  the  latter  covered  with  scale  pattern. 
Lower  part  of  tunic  has  four  rows  of  pleats. 
Left  arm  raised.  Diadem  on  head.  On  either 
side  of  figure  inscription  :  see  Appendix ,  p.  332. 

3  For  drawing  cf.  skirt  of  Artemis  in  Olympia,  Xo.  696, 
and  corselet,  ibid.  pi.  lix. 


266 


THE  BRONZES 


(cr.)  Plain  handles  of  uncertain  type. 
(Form  of  top  uncertain.) 

Plate  XCIII. 

1582.  F  rom  south  slope.  Length,  0.106  m. 

1583.  Length,  0.069  m. 

1584.  Length,  0.162  m. 

The  following  seems  to  be  ornamented. 

Plate  XCVIII. 

1585.  Length,  0.0975  m.  Central  surface 
raised.  Edges  prominent.  Possible  traces  down 
centre  of  braid-pattern. 

II.  Mirrors  with  attached  handles.1 
Handles  only. 

1586.  Length,  0.095  m.  Closeness  of  heads 
of  rivet  to  handle  show  that  disk  was  very 
thin. 

1587.  Lower  end  gone.  Upper  end  damaged. 
Remaining  portion  broken  into  seven  pieces. 
Length,  0.19  m.  Made  of  sheet  of  bronze  rolled 
over  at  edges.  Repousse  band  down  centre. 
Along  edges  and  centre  band  runs  a  simple 
twist  pattern  made  of  double  lines.  Foot  of 
handle  has  criss-cross  of  fine  lines  at  top  and 
traces  of  other  decoration  below.  Rivet  in 
centre  and  at  left  side. 

III.  Mirror  without  handle  —  disk  mir¬ 
ror. 

Plates  XCVI.  -  XCVIII. 

1588.  Di  ameter,  0.1305  m.  About  edge  of 
front,  raised  beaded  rim.  Surface  rises  gradu¬ 
ally  to  centre.  Inside  rim,  horseshoe  or  leaf 
pattern,  with  double  lines.  Within  this,  en¬ 
graved  line,  followed  by  double  braid  pattern, 
the  basis  of  which  is  formed  by  a  zigzag  of 
curved  line,  with  a  dotted  circle  at  every  angle. 
Within  this  two  engraved  lines.  In  centre  of 
each  side,  a  minute  depression,  probably  due  to 
compasses  of  draughtsman.  Back  concave  and 
has  six  engraved  double  concentric  circles.  Edge 
of  back  plain. 

Addenda  to  mirrors  ( handles ). 

Plate  XCVIII. 

1589.  Ui  icertain  object.  Bottom  broken. 
Length,  0.066  m.  Hole  punched  in  lower  part. 

1589  a.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.026  m. 
Object  uncertain.  Disk  on  slightly  lower  level 
than  handle  on  side  from  which  dots  are  struck, 
the  depression  coming  between  the  rows  of 
dots. 

1  Cf.  ’E <prifjL.  ’A px-  1903,  col.  173,  fig.  8, 


7.  OBJECTS  IN  SHEET  BRONZE. 

A.  DIADEMS,  ETC. 

Of  the  following  fragments  the  majority  are 
probably  from  diadems ;  some  are  perhaps  from 
girdles,  others  are  uncertain. 

a.  Fragments  with  ornaments  of  punched  dots 
(repousse). 

Plate  XCIX. 

1590.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.09  m.  Along 
edges  two  rows  of  dots  ;  another  row  down  centre 
of  smaller  end. 

1591.  F  rom  behind  South  Building.  One  end 
gone.  Length  (about),  0.027  m.  Dots  at  ir¬ 
regular  intervals  along  edge  and  near  centre. 

1592.  From  behind  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment.  Length,  0.0235  m.  Six  rows  of  dots 
parallel  to  edge. 

1593.  Fragment,  perhaps  from  centre  of  dia¬ 
dem,  or  girdle.  Length,  0.059  m.  Single 
curved  row  of  dots  along  centre.  Possibly  not 
of  diadem,  but  of  sheet  metal  for  covering. 

The  following  bits  are  of  uncertain  use. 

1594.  From  behind  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment  of  hook  end  of  diadem-like  ornament. 
Length,  0.0135  m.  Dots  along  each  side  coming 
together  at  hook.  One  side  convex.  Hook  made 
by  bending  over  of  end  of  sheet  of  metal,  and 
perhaps  accidental. 

1595.  Fragment.  Diadem  shaped.  Length, 
0.043  m.  Line  of  holes  along  edges. 

Plate  CXXXVII. 

1596.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.062  m.  Three 
rows  of  dots,  of  which  two  are  continued  round 
broad  end  and  two  dots  on  ridge  in  centre. 
Plate  XCIX. 

1596  a.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.036  m.  Rows 
of  dots  along  edges  and  down  centre. 

b.  Fragments  with  engraved  ornamentation 
and  simple  semi-corrugated  ends. 

1597.  Fragment ;  one  end  gone.  Length, 
0.137  m.  Corrugations  only  go  about  two  thirds 
round  end.  Along  edges  of  flat  part  (or  blade), 
on  one  side  seems  to  be  zigzag;  other  side  plain. 

1598.  Similar  to  No.  1597.  Length,  0.1455  in. 
Under  side  of  end  flat  as  in  No.  1597.  Front 
of  blade  has  double  zigzag  along  edges. 

c.  Blade  engraved.  End  has  form  of  pin-head. 

1599.  Ends  probably  broken.  Length,  0.1 75 in. 
No.  2,  from  Cotilon  (Kuruniotis). 


DISKS 


20  7 


Rings  and  corrugations  of  end  run  all  the  way 
round.  On  one  side  a  double  zigzag  on  blade ; 
double  groove  along  edges  and  perpendicular 
zigzag  lines  running  across  blade  from  opposite 
angles  of  main  zigzags.  Other  side  plain.1 

B.  DISKS. 

DIVISION  I.  WITH  HOLE  IN  CENTRE.2 

Type  a.  Round. 

Form  1.  Plain. 

Diameter,  0.02  m.— 0.025  m.  Hole  round. 

1600.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.021  m. 
Hole,  0.0027  m. 

1601.  Diameter,  0.021  in.  Hole  rectangular, 
0.0022  m. 

1602.  Diameter,  0.0218  m.  Hole,  0.0018  m. 

1603.  Diameter,  0.022  in.  Hole,  0.003  m. 

1604.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  Ilole,  0.0015  m. 

1605.  Diameter,  0.0234  m.  Hole,  0.0013  m. 

1606.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Hole,  0.002  in. 
The  following  numbers  are  somewhat  thicker 

and  look  like  washers. 

1607.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.021  m.  Thickness  (circ.),  0.001  m. 

1608.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.234  m.  Thickness  (circ.),  0.0009  m. 
Concave-convex. 

Discard :  one  broken. 

Diameter,  0.025  m.-0.03  m. 

1609.  Diameter,  0.025  m.  Hole,  0.0022  m. 

1610.  Diameter,  0.0253  m.  Hole,  0.0018  m. 

1611.  Diameter,  0.0265  m.  Hole  rectangu¬ 
lar. 

1612.  Diameter,  0.0267  m.  Hole,  0.001  m. 

1613.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.027  m.  Hole,  0.0018  m. 

1614.  Diameter,  0.0276  m.  Hole,  0.003  m. 

1615.  Diameter,  0.0284  m.  Hole,  0.002  m. 

1616.  Diameter,  0.0284  m.  Hole,  0.0028  m. 

1617.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.0292  m.  Hole,  0.0015  m. 

1618.  Diameter,  0.0292  m.  Hole,  0.0018  m. 

Discards  :  two  unbroken  and  twenty  broken  (of  which 
two  from  behind  South  Building). 

Diameter,  0.03  m.-0.035  m. 

1619.  Diameter,  0.03  m.  —  Rectangular 
punched  hole,  0.002  m.  x  0.0015  m. 

1620.  Diameter,  0.0304  in.  Hole,  0.0018  m. 

1621.  Diameter,  0.0305  m.  Square  hole, 
0.0015  m. 

1  Rings  and  corrugations  nearly  identical  with  ends  of 
spiral  armlet  from  Boeotia,  now  in  Berlin  ( Jahrb .  III.  p. 
363,  i). 

2  For  plain  disks  with  hole  in  centre  on  edge  of  quiver, 


1622.  Diameter,  0.0312  m.  Hole,  0.001  m. 

1623.  Diameter,  0.0318  m.  Hole  square, 
0.0017  m. 

1624.  Diameter,  0.0319  m.  Hole,  0.019  m. 

1625.  Diameter,  0.0325  m.  Hole,  0.0015  m. 

1626.  Diameter,  0.0328  m.  Hole,  0.0012  m. 

1627.  Diameter,  0.033  in.  Hole,  0.0016  m. 

1628.  Diameter,  0.0331  m.  Hole,  0.0038  m. 

1629.  Diameter,  0.0333  in.  Hole  rectangu¬ 
lar,  0.0015  m. 

1630.  Diameter,  0.0339  in.  Hole,  0.0015  in. 

1631.  Diameter,  0.034  m.  Hole,  0.0026  m. 

1632.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.034  m.  Hole  rectangular,  0.0025  m.  x 
0.0055  m. 

Discards :  seven  complete,  six  (two  from  South  Build¬ 
ing)  nearly  complete,  and  ten  fragments  (one  fragment 
behind  South  Building,  and  one  from  south  slope). 

Diameter,  0.035  m.-0.04  m. 

1633.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Hole,  0.002  m. 

1634.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Hole,  0.001  m. 

1635.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Hole  0.0019  m. 

1636.  Diameter,  0.036  m.  Hole,  0.0025  m. 

1637.  Diameter,  0.036  m.  Hole,  0.0025  m.  x 
0.004  m. 

1638.  Diameter,  0.0365  m.  Hole,  0.0019  m. 

1639.  Diameter,  0.0365  m.  Hole,  0.0015  m. 

1640.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0365  m.  Rectangular  hole,  0.0019  m.  x 
0.002  m. 

1641.  Diameter,  0.0368  m.  Hole,  0.0014  m. 

1642.  Diameter,  0.0385  m.  Nearly  rectangu¬ 
lar  hole,  0.0015  m. 

1643.  Diameter,  0.039  m.  Nearly  rectangu¬ 
lar.  Length,  0.0016  m.  x  0.0023  m. 

1644.  Diameter,  0.039  m.  Hole,  0.0017  m. 

Discards  :  three  complete  and  fourteen  fragments. 

Diameter,  0.04  m. -0.045  m. 

1645.  Diameter,  0.04  m.  Hole,  0.0015  x 
0.0024  in. 

1646.  Diameter,  0.04  m.  Hole,  0.0023  in. 

1647.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.041  m.  Hole,  0.0015  m. 

Discarded :  two  fragments. 

Diameter,  0.045  m. -0.05  m. 

1648.  Diameter,  0.0485  m.  Hole,  0.0024  m. 

Diameter,  0.05  m.-0.112  m. 

1649.  Diameter,  0.051  m.  Hole,  0.0015  + 
0.001  m.  Second  hole  near  edge.  Diameter, 
0.0037  m.  x  0.0035  m. 

Olympia,  No.  717.  For  possible  use  for  disks  with  edge, 
see  necklaces  on  archaic  terra-cotta  figurines  from  Terra- 
veccliia,  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  VII.  coll.  239-241  (Orsi). 


268 


THE  BRONZES 


1650.  Diameter,  0.0525  m.  Rectangular  hole, 
0.003  m. 

1651.  E  rom  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.054  m. 
Hole,  0.004  m. 

1652.  Diameter,  0.056  m.  Hole,  0.002  m. 

1653.  Diameter,  0.0605  m. 

1654.  From  northeast  corner  of  First  Temple. 
Diameter,  0.0625  m. 

1655.  F  rom  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.063  m.  Flole,  0.004  m.  x  0.0055  m. 

1656.  Diameter,  0.072  m.  Hole,  0.003  m. 

1657.  Diameter,  0.091  m.  Hole,  0.0055  m. 

1658.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.112  m.  Hole,  0.0075  m. 

Not  cpiite  certain  that  the  two  following  be¬ 
long  here. 

1659.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.0525  m. 

Hole,  0.005  m. 

1660.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.067  m.  Hole, 
0.0055  in.  Besides  centre  hole,  several  rectan¬ 
gular  ones. 

Discarded :  seven  fragments,  of  which  one  from  hack 
of  South  Building. 

Form  2.  Ornamented. 

Class  a.  Single  circle  of  punched  dots , 

usually  near  edge. 

1661.  Diameter,  0.0134  m.  Hole,  0.0014  m. 
Concave-convex. 

Diameter,  0.02  m. -0.025  m. 

1662.  Diameter,  0.024  m.  Hole,  0.0005  m. 

Diameter,  0.025  m.-0.03  m. 

1663.  Diameter,  0.025  m. 

1664.  Diameter,  0.0267  m.  Hole,  0.0015  m. 

1665.  Diameter,  0.0294  m. 

1666.  Diameter,  0.0282  m.  Hole,  0.0022  m. 

Discarded:  three. 

Diameter,  0.03  m.— 0.035  m. 

1667.  Diameter,  0.0315  m.  Hole,  0.0014  m. 

1668.  Di  ameter,  0.0305  m.  Two  holes  to¬ 
gether  in  centre. 

1669.  Diameter,  0.033  m.  Hole,  0.0011  m. 

1670.  Diameter,  0.034  m.  Hole,  0.0024  m. 

Discarded :  four. 

Diameter,  0.035  m.-0.04  m. 

1671.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Hole,  0.0012  m. 

1672.  Diameter,  0.035  m. 

1673.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.0355  m.  Hole,  0.0017  in. 

1674.  Diameter,  0.0355  m.  Hole,  0.0017  m. 

1675.  Diameter,  0.0365  m. 

Discarded :  four. 

I  )i ameter,  0.04  m.— 0.05  m. 

1676.  Diameter,  0.0425  m.  Hole,  0.0018  m. 


Discarded :  three. 

Diameter,  0.045  m.-0.05  m. 

1677.  Diameter,  0.0475  m. 

1678.  Diameter,  0.0495  m.  Hole,  0.003  m. 
x  0.0035  m. 

Diameter,  0.05  m. 

Plate  C. 

1679.  Diameter,  0.0605  m.  Hole,  0.0028  m. 

1680.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.0725  m. 

Discarded :  two  fragments. 

Class  [3 ■  Double  circle  of  punched  dots. 
Diameter,  0.03  m. -0.035  m. 

1681.  F  rom  behind  South  Building.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.0345  m.  Hole,  0.0015  m.  x  0.0016  m. 

1682.  Diameter,  0.035  m.  Hole,  0.0012  m. 
Diameter,  0.04  m. -0.005  in. 

1683.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.041  m.  Hole, 
0.0017  m.  x  0.003  in. 

1684.  Diameter,  0.049  m. 

Discarded :  two  from  behind  South  Building. 

Class  y ■  Three  or  more  rows  of  punched 
dots. 

1685.  Diameter,  0.0385  m.  Rectangular  hole, 
0.0013  m.  x  0.002  m. 

1685  a.  (Plate  CXXXVII.).  Diameter, 
0.0455  m. 

1686.  Diameter,  0.092  ni. 

1687.  Diameter,  0.1035  m. 

1688.  Diameter,  0.105  m.  Hole,  0.0055  m. 

1689.  Diameter,  0.081  m.  Hole,  0.0045  m. 

1690.  Fragment.  Diameter  (approximate), 
0.092  in. 

Class  8.  Rectangle  of  punched  dotted 
circles. 

1691.  Diameter,  0.0384  m.  Slightly  concave- 
convex.  Hole,  0.0027  m.  x  0.0028  m. 

Class  Cross  and  circle  of  punched  dots. 

1692.  Diameter,  0.036  m.  Hole,  0.0007  m. 
Class  L  Rosettes  of  dots  with  or  without 

circles  of  dots. 

Group  i.  Without  circle. 

1693.  Diameter,  0.0405  m.  Hole,  0.002  m. 
Group  ii.  With  circles. 

1694.  Diameter,  0.0394  m.  Hole,  0.002  m. 

1695.  Diameter,  0.049  m.  Hole,  0.0021  m. 

1696.  Diameter,  0.111  in.  Rectangular  hole, 
0.0065  m.  x  0.007  m. 

Class  rj.  Engraved  rosettes  with  or  loitli- 
out  engraved  circles. 

Group  i.  Without  circles. 

1697.  Diameter,  0.0235  m.  Rectangular  hole, 
0.0024  m.  x  0.0028  m.  Slightly  concave-convex. 

1698.  Diameter,  0.028  m.  Hole,  0.001  m. 


DISKS,  BINDING  STRIPS 


269 


Group  ii.  With  engraved  circles. 

1699.  Diameter,  0.0822  m.  Hole,  0.0034  rn. 

Type  b.  Elliptical. 

1700.  Diameter,  0.03  m.  x  0.024  m.  Hole, 
0.0017  m.  About  edge,  row  of  dots. 

Type  c.  Rectangular,  with  rounded  corners. 

Class  a.  Single  circle  of  punched  dots. 

1701.  Diameter,  0.022  m.  x  0.0315  m. 

Discarded :  one  fragment. 

Class  ft-  Double  circle  of  punched  dots. 

1702.  From  behind  South  Building.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.034  m.  x  0.024  m.  Hole,  0.0014  m. 

Type  d.  Triangular,  with  rounded  corners. 

1703.  Length, 0.0033  m.  x  0.025m.  x  0.0265  m. 
About  edge,  row  of  punched  dots. 

DIVISION  II.  WITHOUT  HOLE  IN  CENTRE.1 

Type  a.  Plain  centre  and  edges. 

Form  1.  Unornamented.  (There  are  no 
certain  examples  of  this  form.) 

1704.  From  south  slope.  Much  broken.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.037  m. 

1705.  Diameter,  0.054  m.  Perhaps  mirror 
disk. 

1706.  Diameter,  0.076  m.  Perhaps  mirror 
disk. 

Plate  Cl. 

1707.  Oval,  of  uncertain  character.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.10  m.  x  0.077  m. 

Form  2.  Ornamented. 

Class  a.  With  one  circle  of  punched  dots. 
Group  i.  Plain  centre. 

1708.  Broken  fragment.  Diameter,  0.0335  m. 

Discarded:  one  fragment  (mirror  disk  ?),  from  south 
slope. 

Group  ii.  Dot  in  centre. 

(«'.)  Struck  from  same  side  as  circle. 

1709.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.03  m. 

(6'.)  Struck  from  opposite  side  to  cir¬ 
cle. 

1710.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.0322  m. 

1711.  Broken  fragment.  Diameter,  0.052  m. 
Class  ft.  With  two  rings  of  dots ,  each 

ring  being  double. 

1712.  Diameter,  0.08  m. 

Type  b.  With  edge  turned  over. 

Form  1.  Plain. 

1713.  Diameter,  0.065  m.2 

1  For  use,  note  sarcophagus  of  Crepereia  Tryphaena 
(Mus.  Cap.,  Rome;  found,  1889),  containing  plain  bronze 
disk  about  four  inches  in  diameter.  Bulletl.  Commiss. 
Com.  1889,  pp.  175,  496. 

-  Cf.  large  and  small  plain  gold  disks  from  Myce- 


Form  2.  Divided  into  concentric  zones, 

OF  WHICH  THE  CONVEX  SIDE  IS  ON  SAME 
SIDE  WITH  ROLL. 

Class  a.  With  plain  centre. 

1714.  Diameter,  0.118  m. 

Class  ft.  With  two  dots  in  centre. 

1715.  Diameter,  0.079  m. 

Type  c.  Stamped  rosette  with  hollow  boss 
at  centre  and  rings  of  dots  outside. 

1716.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.011  m. 

1716  a.  Fragment. 

1716  b.  Fragment.  From  behind  Soutli  Build- 

O 

ing. 

Type  d.  Transitional. 

1717.  Diameter,  0.075  m.  In  centre,  boss. 
Near  edge,  hole,  0.002  m.  in  diameter.  Concav¬ 
ity  probably  not  original.  Next  to  boss,  rays 
followed  by  ring  of  dots.  Outside  ring  of  dots, 
a  ring  of  arrow  points. 

Discarded :  thirty-three,  unclassified,  among  which  one 
from  south  slope  and  three  from  behind  South  Building. 

Type  e.  Rectangular.  Unornamented. 

1718.  F  Tom  behind  South  Building.  Length, 
0.028  m.  x  0.033  in.  Corners  rounded. 

Plate  CXXXVII. 

1718  a.  Fragment. 

1718  b.  Fi  •agment.  Bent.  Radius  about  0.07 
m.  Rosette  of  punched  dots  at  centre,  outside 
of  which  broad  zigzag,  the  line  of  which  is  itself 
a  narrow  zigzag.  Beyond,  two  rows  of  dots,  and 
a  narrower  zigzag.  On  edge,  single  row  of  dots. 

C.  BINDING  STRIPS. 

Type  a.  Plain.  Most  have  one  original  end 
left,  and  rivets. 

Plate  CI. 

1719.  Length,  0.0423  m.  Width,  0.0048  m. 

1720.  Length,  0.042  m.  Width,  0.0053  m. 
Seems  complete. 

1721.  Length,  0.1175  m.  Width,  0.0065  m. 

1722.  F  rom  West  Building.  Length,  0.285  m. 
Width,  0.0085  m.3 

1723.  From  behind  South  Building.  Length, 
0.033  m.  Width,  0.008  m. 

1724.  Length,  0.0534  m.  Width,  0.01  m. 

1725.  Length,  0.105  in.  Width,  0.01  m. 

1726.  Length,  0.128  m.  Width,  0.011  m. 

1727.  Length,  0.129  m.  Width,  0.014  m. 

nae  (fifth  tomb,  No.  691),  with  overlapping  edges  as  if 
covers. 

3  Cf.  Olympia,  No.  1226,  and  iron  scrap  from  Tolen- 
tino,  Annali,  1881,  p.  217,  tav.  d’  agg.  Q  No  1,  called 
rim  of  shield. 


270 


THE  BRONZES 


1728.  Length,  0.1435  m.  Width,  0.0075  m. 

Discarded :  eighteen,  of  which  one  was  from  behind 
South  Building. 

Type  b.  With  one  or  more  disks  attached 
by  rivets. 

1729.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.044  m. 
Width,  0.0075  m.  Fragment  of  disk  at  each  end. 

1730.  From  south  slope.  Ends  broken.  Bit 
of  one  disk.  Length,  0.075.  Width,  0.0078  m. 

1731.  Broken  disk  at  each  end.  Length, 
0.109.  Width,  0.009  m. 

1732.  Broken  disk  at  one  end.  Length, 
0.135  m.  Width,  0.011  m. 

1733.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.073  m. 
Width,  0.0118  in. 

1734.  Both  ends  and  disks  broken.  Length, 
0.105  m.  Width,  0.012  m. 

Discarded  ■  four,  of  which  one  was  from  West  Building. 
Addendum.  Disk  ornamented  with  rosette. 

1735.  Fragment.  Length,  0.089  m.  Width, 
0.0105  m. 

Type  c.  With  rectangular  plates  attached 
by  one  or  more  rivets. 

1736.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.084  m.  Width, 
0.008  m. 

1737.  Broken  across  middle.  Length, 
0.211  m.  Width,  0.013  in. 

1738.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.103  m. 
Width,  0.017  in. 

1739.  Fragments.  Length,  0.146  m.  Width, 
0.02  m. 

Addenda.  Uncertain  to  which  type  the  fol¬ 
lowing  number  belongs. 

1740.  F  rom  behind  South  Building.  Length, 
0.076  m.  Width,  0.0083  m. 

As  the  following  have  no  disk  plate  nor  holes, 
it  is  not  certain  they  belong  here. 

1741.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.032  m. 
Width,  0.008  in.  On  one  side,  fine  double  zig¬ 
zag  lengthwise  above  centre. 

1741  a.  Object  uncertain.  Length,  0.066  m. 
Width,  0.012  m.  Two  small  depressions  at  one 
end . 

Discarded :  nineteen  others  of  the  foregoing  types. 

The  following  pieces,  while  presenting  analo¬ 
gies  of  form,  are  of  uncertain  classification  and 
use. 

1742.  Both  ends  seem  complete.  Length, 
0.058  m.  Width,  0.0065. 

Plate  OIL 

1743.  Both  ends  broken.  Length,  0.10  m. 
Width,  0.0045  in.  One  edge  beveled. 

1  Cf.  Olympl 


1744.  Length,  0.143  m.  Width.  0.007  m. 
One  edge  beveled. 

1745.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.09  in. 
Width,  0.0085  m.  One  edge  beveled,  and  nar¬ 
row  raised  band  along  other  edge  on  one  side. 

1746.  One  end  complete,  other  perhaps  so. 
Length,  0.0562  m.  Width,  0.0117  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0015  ni.-0.0028  in.  All  edges  slightly 
beveled.  At  one  end  a  B.  See  Appendix. 
Type  d.  Large  plain. 

1747.  Seems  complete.  Bent  in  middle. 
Length,  0.47  m.  Width,  0.0575  m.  Six  holes 
punched  through,  in  one  of  which  (at  end  of 
band)  are  remains  of  iron  rivet. 

D.  ORNAMENTED  BANDS. 

Type  a. 

1748.  Part  of  one  end  preserved.  Length, 
0.0683  m.  Width,  0.018  m.  On  one  side,  dots 
in  double  circle  connected  by  tangents.  Groove 
along  edges. 

Type  b. 

1749.  Uncleaned  because  patinated.  Found 
north  of  West  Building  near  surface.  Ends 
gone.  Length,  0.04  m.  Width,  0.008  m.  Di¬ 
vided  into  three  fields  by  two  engraved  lines. 
The  larger  middle  field  has  circles  connected 
by  tangents,  the  two  outer  fields  have  semicircles 
opening  outward. 

Type  c. 

1750.  Ends  broken.  Length,  0.121  m.  Width 
(centre),  0.0154  m.  Ends  slightly  wider.  One 
side  has  rounded  band  along  centre,  with  zigzags 
of  double  line  on  each  side. 

Type  d. 

1751.  From  behind  South  Building.  Ends 
gone.  Length,  0.12  m.  Width,  0.054  m. 
Ornament  of  rosettes  and  dots. 

E.  COATINGS. 

Type  a.  Rectangular.  Flat  surface. 

Form  1.  Row  of  punched  dots  along  each 
side. 

1752.  From  West  Building.  Ends  broken. 
Length,  0.032  m.  Width,  0.011  m.1 

Discarded  •  seven  fragments,  of  which  one  from  south 
slope. 

Form  2.  Three  rows  of  dots. 

Class  a.  How  along  each  edge  and  one 
down  centre. 

1753.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.0335 
Width,  0.016  m. 
i,  No.  303. 


m. 


COATINGS 


271 


1754.  Length,  0.078  in. 

1755.  One  end  gone. 
Width,  0.037  m. 

1756.  Length,  0.000  m. 

1757.  Length,  0.074  in. 

1758.  One  end  gone. 
Width.  0.044  m. 

1759.  One  end  gone. 


Width,  0.035  m. 
Length,  0.0407  in. 

Width,  0.0425  m. 
Width,  0.044  m. 
Length,  0.041  m. 

Length,  0.074  in. 


Width,  0.0405  m. 

1760.  Much  bent.  Length,  0.058  in.  Width, 
0.055  m. 


Discarded :  two,  of  which  one  was  from  behind  South 
Building. 

Class  (3-  /Same  as  preceding ,  but  with  dots 
across  each  end. 

1761.  Bent.  Length, 0.027  m.  Width, 0.034  m. 

1762.  Bent  and  one  end  gone.  Length, 
0.040  m.  Width,  0.035  m. 

1763.  Bent.  Length,  0.084  in.  Width,  0.046  m. 

1764.  Length,  0.078  in.  Width,  0.049  m. 

1765.  Length,  0.094  in.  Width,  0.048  m. 

Discarded:  seven  others,  of  which  the  condition  was 
such  that  it  is  uncertain  whether  they  are  of  Class  a  or  /3. 
One  came  from  south  slope. 


Form  3.  Four  rows  op  dots. 

Class  a.  llows  parallel. 

1766.  Length,  0.052  m.  Width,  0.0425  m. 

Discarded :  two. 


Class  [3.  Same  as  preceding,  but  with  dots 
across  ends. 

1767.  Length,  0.057  m.  Width,  0.0435  in. 
Form  4.  Five  rows  of  dots. 

Class  a.  lioivs  parallel. 

1768.  End  gone.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.049  in.  Width,  0.0042  m. 

Class  /3.  Same  as  Class  a,  but  with  dots 
across  ends. 

Group  i.  Single  row  at  end. 

1769.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.022  in. 
Width,  0.0415  in. 

Group  ii.  Double  row  at  end. 

1770.  Length,  0.023  in.  Width,  0.033  m. 

Discarded  :  one  of  doubtful  character. 

Form  5.  Six  rows  of  dots. 

1771.  F  roni  behind  South  Building.  Both 
ends  gone.  Length,  0.047  m.  Width,  0.0485  m. 

1772.  One  end  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.095  in.  Width,  0.045  ill. 

Form  6.  Similar  to  preceding  Forms,  but 

WITH  ONE  OR  MORE  ROWS  OF  DOTS  DOU¬ 


BLED. 

1773.  Fragment.  Length,  0.035  m.  Width, 
0.019  in.  Double  row  along  one  edge. 


Plate  CITI. 

1774.  Fragment.  Length,  0.063  m.  Width, 
0.038  m.  Four  rows  ;  outer  row  double. 

1775.  Fragment.  Length,  0.038  in.  Width, 
0.00  in.  Three  double  rows. 

Form  7.  Miscellaneous. 

1776.  Fragment.  Length,  0.048  m.  Width, 
0.033  m.  Cross  rows  of  dots. 

1777.  Fragment.  Length,  0.085  m.  Width, 
0.040  in.  Rows  at  angle  to  one  another. 

1778.  End  gone.  Length,  0.09  in.  Width, 
0.052  m.  Cross  rows  with  zigzags  in  each 
panel. 

Form  8.  Punched  dots  and  engraving. 

1779.  End  gone.  Length,  0.049  m.  Width, 
0.03  m.  Three  rows  of  dots  with  zigzags  be¬ 
tween. 

1780.  Fragment.  Length,  0.057  m.  Width, 
0.047  m.  Two  rows  of  dots  and  two  zig¬ 
zags. 

1781.  End  gone.  Length,  0.045  m.  Width, 
0.0355  m.  Dots  and  zigzags. 

1782.  Length,  0.009  m.  Width,  0.046  m. 
Dots  and  semicircles. 

Discarded  of  Type  a:  thirty-seven  fragments,  of  which 
five  were  from  behind  South  Building,  one  from  south 
slope,  and  four  from  West  Building. 

Type  b.  Rectangular.  In  centre  on  long 
axis,  a  raised  convex  band.  All  except 
two  have  zigzags ;  of  these  one  (No. 
1783)  may  have  had;  the  other  is  No. 
1792,  in  which  the  zigzag  is  apparent 
rather  than  real. 

1783.  From  behind  South  Building-.  Frag- 

©  © 

ment.  Length,  0.052  m.  Width,  0.032  m. 

1784.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.062  m. 

Width,  0.024  m. 

1785.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.062  m. 
Width,  0.03  m. 

1786.  Fragment.  From  behind  South  Build¬ 
ing.  Length,  0.063  m.  Width,  0.035  m. 

1787.  Length,  0.081  m.  Width,  0.036  m. 

1788.  Length,  0.09  m.  Width.  0.041  m. 

1789.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.040  m. 

Width,  0.042  m. 

1790.  Length,  0.09  m.  Width,  0.045  m. 

1791.  Fragment.  Length,  0.05  m.  Width, 
0.058  m. 

1792.  Length,  0.066  m.  Width,  0.075  m. 
Plate  CIV. 

1793.  Length,  0.013  m.  Width,  0.104  m. 

Discarded :  nine  others  of  Type  b,  of  which  three  were 
from  behind  South  Building. 


272 


THE  BRONZES 


Type  c.  Rectangular.  Punched  and 
stamped  ornaments. 

Form  1.  Incuse. 

1794  (on  Plate  CIIL).  From  south  slope. 
Size,  0.044  in.  x  0.0445  m.  Made  of  two  sheets 
of  bronze  folded  at  edges.  Ornament :  round 
depression  in  centre ;  this  and  corners  have 
hollows  and  rings  arranged  geometrically. 

1795.  Length,  0.0475  m.  Width,  0.0325  m. 
Along  edges,  dots.  In  centre,  depression  with 
irregular  knob  in  centre,  on  which  knob  are 
repousse  dots.  At  each  end,  similar  figure.  Holes 
in  corners  with  bronze  nail  in  one. 

Form  2.  Repousse. 

1796.  Length,  0.0465  m.  Width,  0.024  m. 
Nail  holes  at  corners.  Dots  on  edges.  Down 
centre  a  long  heavy  oval,  each  end  forked.  Large 
raised  dots  on  each  side  of  oval. 

F.  RIMS. 

(Of  various  uncertain  objects.) 

1797.  Fragment.  Length,  0.175  m.  Width, 
0.075  m.  Edge  turned  over. 

1797  a.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0715  m.  Width, 
0.007  m. 

1797  b.  Fragment.  Length,  0.103  m.  Width, 
0.0255  m. 

1797  c.  Fragment.  Length,  0.034  m.  Width, 
0.0175  m. 

Discarded :  two  fragments,  of  which  one  was  from 
behind  South  Building. 

1798.  Length,  0.117  m.  Width,  0.06  m. 
Rivets  in  rim.  Outside  of  fragment  convex. 

1799.  Length,  0.194  m.  Width,  0.072  m. 
1799  a.  Length,  0.068  m.  Width,  0.061  m. 

Possibly  piece  of  preceding. 

1800.  From  behind  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment.  Length,  0.092  m.  Width,  0.048  m.  Dots 
in  relief  on  upper  side. 

Discarded :  one  fragment. 

G.  PLATES  OF  BRONZE. 

(None  are  complete.) 

a.  Plain. 

Form  1.  Attached. 

1801.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.042  m.  Width, 
0.051  in.  Remains  of  rivet. 

Plate  CV. 

1802.  Length,  0.168  m.  Width,  0.165  m. 
Two  rivet-holes.  Color  indicates  much  copper. 

1802  a.  Length,  0.159  m.  Width,  0.106  m. 
Rivet-holes.  Color  indicates  much  copper. 


Plate  CIV. 

1803.  Length,  0.106  m.  Width,  0.0245  m. 
Rivet-holes  with  remains  of  rivets. 

1804.  From  behind  South  Building.  0.055  m. 
x  0.054  m. 

Discarded:  seven  fragments  (one  from  behind  South 
Building  and  one  from  West  Building). 

Form  2.  Unattached. 

1805.  Fragment.  Length,  0.084  m.  Width, 
0.063  m. 

1806.  Length,  0.158  m.  Width,  0.125  m. 

1807.  Length,  0.073  m.  Width,  0.03  m.  On 
right  side  of  smaller  end,  four  cuts  made  by 
edged  tool. 

1808.  Fragment.  Length,  0.063  m.  Width, 
0.056  m. 

1809.  Edges  broken.  Length,  0.0955  m. 
Width,  0.017  m. 

Plate  CV. 

1810.  From  behind  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment.  Length,  0.10  m.  Width,  0.03  m. 

1811.  Fragment.  Length,  0.13  m.  Width, 
0.104  m. 

1812.  Fragment.  Length,  0.114  m.  Width, 
0.075  m.  Bent  at  edges. 

1813.  Width,  0.152  m.  Height,  0.091  m. 

1814.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0375  m.  Width 
of  sides,  0.026  m.  and  0.03  m. 

1815.  Fragment.  Length,  0.042  m. 

1816.  Fragment.  Length,  0.065  m.  Width, 
0.037  m.  The  resemblance  of  this  as  well  as  of 
No.  1817  and  No.  1818  to  primitive  idols  (cf. 
'Efoifi.  ’A px-  1898,  pi.  ii.  No.  2)  is  probably  quite 
accidental. 

1817.  Fragment.  Length,  0.056  m.  Width, 
0.0125  m. 

1818.  Fragment.  Length,  0.045  m.  Width. 
0.042  m. 

1818  a.  Fragment.  Length,  0.069  m.  Width, 
0.055  m. 

Discarded :  eight  fragments. 

b.  Ornamented. 

1.  Attached. 

1819.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.055  m. 
Width,  0.052  m.  Rivet-holes  and  dots.  Nearly 
square,  with  straight  edges. 

1820.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.142  m. 
Width,  0.07  in.  Grooves  round  edges,  and  rivet- 
lioles. 

2.  Unattached.1 

1821.  From  behind  South  Building.  Length, 
0.049  m.  Width,  0.039  m.  Small  knob. 


1  That  is,  at  present.  They  may  have  been  attached  when  complete. 


PLATES 


273 


1822.  Length,  0.095  m.  Width,  0.065  m. 
Small  knob  in  one  corner. 

1822  a.  Length,  0.034  m.  Width,  0.026  in. 
Engraved  with  half-circles. 

1822  b.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.035  in. 
Width,  0.035  in.  Fine  cross  hatchings. 

1822  c.  Length,  0.05  m.  Width,  0.0235  in. 
Three  punched  holes  and  zigzag. 

c.  Plated  with  gold. 

1823.  F  fom  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.089  in.  Width,  0.075  in.1 

d.  Inscribed. 

Plates  CVI.,  CVII. 

1824.  Fragment.  From  West  Building. 
Height,  0.0266  m.  Width  (top),  0.022  m.  Thick¬ 
ness  too  slight  for  accurate  measurement.  Two 
rows  of  punched  letters.  Irregular  in  size. 
Space  between  lines,  0.0015  m.— 0.003  in.,  but 
between  lower  line  and  bottom  edge,  0.0065  m.- 
0.008  m. ;  hence  it  is  possible  these  are  the  last 
two  lines  of  the  inscription.  See  below,  No. 
1825,  and  Appendix,  p.  332. 

Plates  CVI.,  CVII. 

1825.  Left  edge  seems  to  be  original.  Possi¬ 
ble  that  upper  edge  is  also.  Corroded.  Height, 
0.0225  m.  Width,  0.0175  m.  Resembles  No. 
1824.  F  rom  style  of  letters  (especially  the 
sigma),  reading  from  left  to  right  would  be  ex¬ 
pected,  though  they  can  be  read  from  right  to 
left.  It  would  be  possible  to  place  this  fragment 
loosely  to  right  of  No.  1824,  thus  making  it  lower 

right  corner  of  list  of  proper  names  ^  JAQ  05 

in  which  case  one  must  assume  the  lower  edge  to 
recede  from  the  letters  so  as  to  be  0.0045  m. 
from  $  and  0.008  m.  from  A.  The  alignment 
also  is  awkward.  Use  of  §  in  retrograde  period 
is  against  such  reading,  though  the  general  char¬ 
acter  of  the  letters,  etc.,  is  the  same. 

Plates  CVI.,  CVII. 

1826.2  Edges  at  top  and  bottom  smooth,  and 
for  the  most  part  slightly  beveled.  Considerable 
portions  gone  from  ends.  Something  depends  on 
interpretation  of  ■  T  in  first  line.  If  it  represents 
a  paragraph,  one  must  assume  that  the  inscrip¬ 
tion  was  written  on  several  sheets,  one  above  the 
other,  and  that  one  piece  is  one  of  these  sections. 
Condition  of  bronze  poor.  Corrosion  continued 
after  being  cleaned.  Besides  the  main  piece  («) 

1  In  Museum  at  Eleusis  is  a  piece  of  bronze  plated  with 
gold,  on  which  is  engraved  a  horse  of  geometric  style. 

2  Found  near  terrace  wall  west  of  Second  Temple  about 

four  feet  below  the  surface,  April,  1895.  Rogers,  Am. 


there  are  several  fragments,  i.  e.  (b)  at  the  left 
of  the  fourth  and  fifth  lines,  (e,  d,  e )  at  the  right 
of  the  sixth  line.  Letters  punched  rather  deep 
considering  thinness  of  plate. 

Fragment  a.  Height,  0.136  m.  Width  (top), 
0.1485  m.  Thickness,  0.0003  m.-0.0005  m. 

Line  1.  (right  to  left) . ovyah  ::  veda  ■  r  :: 

ara/x0ap|§|  Letter  on  right  probably  a  </>,  as  tail 
is  shorter  (0.0025  m.)than  that  of  the  p’s  (0.0038 
in. -0.005  m.).  At  left  end  of  line  slight  trace 
of  bevel. 

Line  2  (left  to  right) . hecrw^eoi  ::  rasapas 

::  ras  •  .  . 

Lille  3  (right  to  left)  ....  pta7reSaT  i:  (Taieypa- 
(t<it  ::  cray  Beyond  the  y  a  trace  of  an  oblique 
stroke,  probably  of  M.  To  the  left  of  the  p. 
traces  of  letter,  probably  A. 

Line  4  (left  to  right).  (  ...  Ka  ...  )  ava tov  :: 
lie  aAAo  ti  Ka<?or  ::  h  The  Ka  are  on  Fragment  b. 
Edge  at  left  of  first  a  of  main  piece  is  slightly 
concave,  but  preserves  no  trace  of  oevel  owing 
to  corrosion. 

Line  5  (riglltto  left),  ol  ••  etelcrtqic  .  ei:  ortorye 
.  .  7 r  .  .  .  To  left  of  the  -n-  traces  of  letter  or  let¬ 
ters.  Of  the  possible  combinations  M  (oTLoi'xlcnr)  t 

1 1  (oTiorye£<.7re),  TlforcorycrtTrc)  Ol-  l(orcory€lt7,  e) 

seem  the  most  likely.  To  left  of  second  e  are 
traces  of  upper  and  side  stroke  of  1  ;  it  cannot 
be  B  owing  to  e  preceding.3  Last  straight  stroke 
on  left  is  of  a  T,  Y,  or  ?,  more  probably  the  last. 
To  left  of  this  on  Fragment  b  is  part  of  o,  the 
remainder  of  the  outline  being  on  left  edge  of 
the  main  fragment.  Fragments  a  and  b  join  at 
this  lower  edge  of  the  o.  At  the  left,  right  bevel 
of  an  upright  hasta. 

Line  6  (left  to  right).  os  ::  7 rpo  po  os  ::  efrrp 
Between  the  first  two  p’s,  probable  traces  of  a  tt  ; 
and  between  the  following  two  o’s  no  certain  traces 
of  a  letter.  Fragments  c,  d ,  e  join  the  right  end 
of  line.  Letters  are  uncertain.  Word  may  be 
c^pINAI  or  e^7rp MAI,  according  to  which  end  of 
Fragment  c  is  considered  to  come  at  top.  Frag¬ 
ment  e  is  a  small  bit  giving  the  upper  end  of 
right  hasta  of  the  a. 

Line  7  (right  to  left) . sioli  ::  srnoy  ou- 

paSep.  Between  the  o  and  y  no  certain  traces 
of  letter.  At  the  left  end  of  line,  bevel  of  left 
hasta  is  continued  only  about  halfway  down,  but 
as  the  bevel  is  perpendicular,  and  the  line  of 

Jour,  of  Arch.  1901,  pp.  159,  162.  For  commeutary  see 
Appendix ,  p.  332. 

3  But  see  Appendix 


274 


THE  BRONZES 


cleavage  is  continuous,  the  letter  is  probably 
san. 

Line  8  (left  to  right).  5  apyeias  ::  kcu  hoiFoie. 
At  right  of  line  no  certain  traces  of  letter. 

Line  9  (right  to  left) . fjLoSo-n-a  : :  s eXiduor 

•i  o  .  .  .  .  Edge  at  left  end  of  line  beveled. 

Line  10  (left  to  right) . yas  ::  apyeias  ya 

::  Karax  (a.  Traces  of  last  a. 

Line  11  (right  to  left).  .  .  .  hsario7r  ii  orcmo- 
Fi'oi/y  .... 

Plates  CVI.,  CVII. 

1827.  No  original  edges.  Height,  0.041  m. 
Width,  0.004  m.  Letters  show  through  on 
back. 

H.  CUT  ORNAMENTS. 

Plate  CV. 

1828.  Broken  at  larger  end  and  perhaps  at 
smaller.  Length,  0.051  m.  Width  (in  centre), 
0.0295  m.  Trace  of  hole  in  edge  of  broader 
end. 

1829.  Length,  0.046  m.  Width,  0.0453  111. 
Small  hole  in  centre. 

1830.  From  south  slope,  1894.  Six-pointed 
star  witli  loop  between  points.  In  alternate 
points  rivets  which  formerly  held  bronze  plate. 
Diameter,  0.048  m. 

1831.  Three  strips  of  bronze  ;  one  attached 
at  right  angles  to  ends  of  others.  Length  of 
cross-bar,  0.084  m.  Length  of  other  strips, 
0.10  111.  and  0.086  m.  (broken).  Cross-bar  plain, 
other  bits  have  dots  on  edges.  Small  hole  in 
centre  of  cross-bar. 

1832.  Fragment,  doubtful  whether  of  this 
class.  Two  small  bits  fastened  together.  Length, 
0.03  in.  Width  of  longer  strip,  0.01  111. 

Plate  CVIII. 

1832  a.  Fragment.  Remains  of  nail  and 
punched  holes  and  dots. 

I.  FIGURES. 

a.  Cut.1 

1833.  From  behind  South  Building.  Length, 
0.065  m.  This  object  is  perhaps  a  claw  torn  off 
a  piece  of  drapery.2 

1834.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.05  111. 
Along  bit  of  original  edge,  row  of  dots.  Head 
and  neck  of  a  bird. 

1835.  Bit  of  original  edge  on  two  sides. 
Length,  0.038  111.  Probably  bit  of  bird’s  wing 
or  of  snake.  With  this  and  No.  1836,  cf.  Olym¬ 
pia, ,  Nos.  720,  721. 

1836.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0485  111.  Orna- 

O  <5  1 

1  For  cut  figures  from  Acropolis,  see  Bather,  J .  II.  S. 
XIII.  p.  241. 


mented  with  straight  lines  and  scale  pattern. 
Perhaps  bit  of  bird. 

1837.  From  behind  South  Building.  Two 
fragments  that  fit  together.  Combined  length, 
0.094  m.  Decoration  of  punched  double  circles, 
rectangles,  and  drops.  Probably  represents  a 
dolphin. 

b.  Repousse. 

1838.  From  south  slope.  Three  fragments  of 
a  left  eyebrow,  eyeball,  lower  lid,  and  low  horn 
(height,  0.007  in.),  which  was  between  the 
eyes.  Length,  0.036  m.  Possibly  from  head  of 
griffin.  (Cf.  Olympia ,  Nos.  714,  715,  715  a, 
and  691.) 

J.  UNCERTAIN  OBJECTS. 

1839.  Shorter  straight  edge  broken.  Length, 
0.028  m.  Width,  0.042  m.  Rivet  at  one  corner 
fastening  small  piece  to  larger.  Decorated  with 
punched  dots. 

1840.  Fragment.  Length,  0.049  m.  Width, 
0.034  m. 

1841.  One  edge  broken.  Length,  0.027  m. 
Width,  0.021  m.  Rows  of  dots  and  two  small 
holes  in  centre. 

1842.  Length,  0.064  m.  Width,  0.048  m. 
Seems  complete. 

1843.  From  behind  South  Building.  Condi¬ 
tion  poor.  Two  plates  with  toothed  edges  fas¬ 
tened  together  by  rivets  along  edges.  Lower 
plate,  0.1025  m.  x  0.064  m.  Upper  plate,  0.106 
m.  x  0.063  m. 

1844.  Convex  piece.  Diameter,  0.028  m. 
With  three  engraved  lines  about  edge.  In  centre, 
small  knob  of  iron  pierced  by  hole. 

1845.  Edge  broken.  Length,  0.094  m. 
Folded  over  with  foot  attached  to  fold. 

1846.  Ends  broken.  Length,  0.097  m.  Two 
engraved  lines  on  upright  surface. 

Discarded  :  fifty-nine  small  fragments  of  sheet  bronze, 
of  which  one  from  West  Building  and  one  from  behind 
South  Building. 

8.  LEAVES. 

1847.  Ends  broken.  Length,  0.0715  m. 
Width,  0.044  m.  Axis  of  leaf  concave-convex. 
Decorated  on  both  sides  with  lines  and  zigzag. 
Perhaps  was  cast  and  then  hammered. 

1848.  Complete,  but  bent.  Length,  0.113  m. 
Decorated  on  both  sides  with  lines  and  zig¬ 
zag. 

2  Professor  Norton  considers  it  to  be  the  tail  of  a 
cock. 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


275 


9.  LEATHER  GEAR. 

1849.  E  rom  behind  South  Building.  Three 
links  each  made  by  twisting  bronze  wire.  Total 
length,  0.373  rn.  Largest  link,  length,  0.145  m. 
Wire  of  first  link  round  except  at  one  end.  In 
second  link  wire  less  regular,  about  half  being 


rectangular,  and  having  near  centre  two  swell¬ 
ings,  and  toward  one  end  engraved  diagonal 
lines.  Third  link  of  two  strands,  one  being  rec¬ 
tangular.  Color  indicates  much  copper.  Made 
by  hammering  probably.  Object  is  imitation 
of  bit  of  leather  gear,  probably  of  harness.  (Cf. 
somewhat  similar  piece,  Olympia,  pi.  v.  No.  37.) 


V.  VESSELS 


1.  VASES  AND  CAULDRONS. 

A.  WITHOUT  SHOULDER. 

a.  Plates. 

1.  No  depression.  One  or  two  handles. 
a.  One  handle. 

1850.  From  above  Upper  Temple  toward  tents. 
Handle  gone.  Diameter,  0.059  m.  Thickness, 
0.0005  m.  Edge  with  two  rows  of  small  dots 
close  together. 

fi.  Two  handles. 

1851.  F  rom  south  slope.  Handles  broken. 
Returning  ends  (ears)  preserved.  Diameter, 
0.0595  m.  In  centre,  boss  surrounded  by  circle  of 
small  dots.  Outside  these,  star  pattern  punched 
likewise  from  bottom.  Around  outer  edge,  two 
rows  of  dots,  of  which  inner  concave.  Two  rows 
of  dots  also  around  handles,  of  which  the  inner 
is  concave.  At  left  of  upper  handle,  part  of 
row  of  concave  dots  between  inner  circle  and 
star. 

2.  Depressed.  Handles  small.  Rim  wide. 
Similar  to  preceding  Form  (with  this 
Form  in  general  cf.  Olympia ,  No.  884  b. 
The  type  seems  to  be  rare  at  Olympia. 
Cf.  also  small  bronze  patera  from  Tiryns, 
Tiryns,  p.  170). 

a.  Unornamented  except  on  rim  near  han¬ 
dle  or  on  handle.  Dot  in  centre. 

Group  i.  Convex  dots  on  either  side  of 
handle  arranged  horizontally. 

1852.  From  south  slope.  Handles  gone.  Rim 
injured.  Diameter,  0.118  m.  Width  of  rim, 
0.01  m.  Near  one  handle,  four  convex  dots  in 
two  groups. 

Discarded :  one  from  south  slope. 

Group  ii.  Three  convex  dots  in  triangle 
on  either  side  of  handle. 

1853.  Handles  gone.  Rim  injured.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0567  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.007  m.  Handles 
had  pointed  ears.  In  centre  of  plate,  convex  dot. 
Plate  CIX. 

1854.  Condition  poor.  Part  of  one  handle 


left.  Diameter,  0.06  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.0075  m. 
Ears  of  handles  roughly  pointed.  Dots  on  rim 
as  in  No.  1853.  Single  row  of  dots  on  handle. 
Dot  in  centre  of  plate. 

Discarded :  one  fragment  similar  to  No.  1854. 

1 3 .  One  row  of  dots  round,  outer  edge  of 
bottom  struck  from  top. 

Group  i.  Dots  at  handle  same  as  in  a, 
Group  ii.  Convex  dot  in  centre. 

1855.  Condition  poor.  Handles  and  rim 
mainly  destroyed.  Diameter,  0.0445  m. 

1856.  Fragment.  Diameter,  0.046  m.  Dots 
as  in  No.  1855. 

Discards:  two  fragments  with  handles. 

Group  ii.  One  or  more  rows  of  convex 
dots  on  outer  edge  of  rim. 

1857.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment  of  rim  and  handle.  Length,  0.039  rii. 
Opposite  base  of  handle,  inner  row  of  dots. 

1858.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Con¬ 
dition  poor,  about  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.098  m. 

1859.  Fragment  of  rim  and  handle.  Diame¬ 
ter,  circ.  0.085  m.  Row  of  dots  on  handle  and 
ear,  and  five  dots  opposite  handle  and  ear  in 
groups  of  three  and  two. 

y.  Around  outer  edge  of  bottom,  ring  of 
short  straight  lines  running  toward, 
centre ,  struck  from  top. 

Group  i.  Around  outer  edge  of  rim 
and  on  handle,  single  row  of  convex 
dots. 

1860.  F  rom  south  slope.  One  handle  gone. 
Diameter,  0.088  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.007  m.  In 
centre,  rather  large  dot.  Lines  around  edge  ap¬ 
proximately  parallel. 

Discards  :  small  fragment  with  lines  arranged  in  groups 
of  three.  The  groups  about  0.0035  m.  apart. 

Group  ii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  with 
double  row  of  convex  dots  about  han¬ 
dle  and  rim. 

1861.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.052  m. 
Width  of  rim,  0.0085  m.  Dots  rather  oblong 
and  so  close  as  to  have  effect  of  row  of  lines. 


276 


THE  BRONZES 


Direction  of  lines  on  bottom  irregular.  In  cen¬ 
tre,  large  dot. 

Group  iii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  with 
triangle  of  three  dots  opposite  each 
end  of  handle  and  inside  dot-ring  of 
rim.  Double  ring  of  dots  around  rim. 

1862.  From  south  slope.  Handles  broken. 
Diameter,  0.0725  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.0085  m. 
Across  ends  of  handle,  double  row.  Dots  of  tri¬ 
angle  are  larger  and  probably  struck  after  the 
other  rows  of  dots,  as  is  shown  by  the  smaller 
dots  appearing  on  the  surface  of  the  larger 
ones.  In  centre,  slight  depression,  perhaps  acci¬ 
dental. 

1863.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.068  m. 
Triangles  of  dots  same  as  in  No.  1862.  In 
centre,  large  dot.  Lines  about  bottom  irregu¬ 
lar. 

8.  Similar  to  y,  but  with  ring  of  dots  out¬ 
side  the  lines  on  bottom.  These  dots 
struck  from  top. 

1864.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.07  m. 
Width  of  rim,  0.008  m.  Lines  on  bottom  gen¬ 
erally  point  toward  centre. 

e.  Similar  to  Class  y,  but  with  lines  cres¬ 
cent-shaped  and  parallel. 

1865.  Fragment.  Condition  poor.  Row  of 
small  convex  dots  near  outer  edge  of  rim. 

£.  Around  outer  edge  of  bottom ,  row  of  dots , 
inside  of  which  zigzag  of  straight  lines , 
both  dots  and  zigzag  being  struck  from 
upper  side. 

Group  i.  Row  of  convex  dots  about  han¬ 
dle  and  on  ears.  Triangle  of  three 
convex  dots  opposite  ends  of  han¬ 
dles. 

1866.  Illustration  shows  under  side.  Condi¬ 
tion  poor.  Diameter,  0.055  m.  Width  of  rim, 
0.007  m.  Dots  on  handle,  ears,  and  rim  slightly 
larger  than  those  round  edge  of  base.  Still 
larger  convex  dot  in  centre. 

Discarded:  one. 

Group  ii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  with 

row  of  convex  dots  around  outer  edgfe 

© 

of  rim.  Dots  sometimes  absent  from 
ears. 

1867.  From  above  Upper  Temple  toward 
tents.  One  handle  mostly  gone.  Diameter, 
0.055  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.0055  m.  Dots  ab¬ 
sent  from  one  ear.  Convex  dot  in  centre. 

1868.  Illustration  shows  under  side.  From 

1  'I'li is  decoration  is  similar  to  that  found  on  fragment 
of  pottery  from  Melos  (early  Mycenaean),  but  there  be- 


south  slope.  One  handle  gone.  Diameter, 
0.093  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.01  m.  Dots  only  on 
one  ear.  In  centre,  low  boss,  in  centre  of  which 
dot.  This  dot  struck  from  upper  side. 

Group  iii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  rim 
has  on  inner  edge  ring  of  crescents 
(open  side  outward),  struck  from  un¬ 
der  side. 

1869.  From  south  slope.  One  handle,  one 
ear  of  other  handle,  and  parts  of  rim  and  bot¬ 
tom  gone.  Diameter,  0.04  m.  Width  of  rim, 
0.005  m.  In  centre  of  bottom,  convex  dot. 

?/.  Around  outer  edge  of  bottom ,  ring  of 
truncated  ellipses  opening  outward. 
These  ellipses  struck  from  upper  side. 
Dots  on  liaudle,  ears,  and  around  rim. 
On  rim  opposite  handles  and  inside 
ring  of  dots,  three  dots  in  triangle  as 
before  (  Class  £,  Group  i.).  All  these 
dots  struck  from  under  side. 

1870.  From  south  slope.  Rim  and  bottom 
damaged.  Diameter,  0.074  in.  Width  of  rim, 
0.0085  m.  In  centre  of  bottom,  small  convex 
dot.  Punch  employed  for  striking  ellipses  had 
broad  edge  (width,  0.0009  m.)  with  sharp  cor¬ 
ners. 

6.  Around  outer  edge  of  bottom ,  ring  of 
dots ,  inside  of  which,  ring  of  semicircles 
or  truncated  ellipses  opening  outward. 
These  dots  and  semicircles  (or  ellipses ) 
struck  from  upper  side. 

Group  i.  Semicircles.  On  handle  and 
portion  of  rim  opposite,  dots  together 
with  triangles  of  three  dots.  All  these 
dots  struck  from  under  side. 

1871.  One  handle  gone.  Rim  damaged. 
Diameter,  0.046  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.0045  m. 
In  handle,  hole  punched  from  above.  In  bottom, 
convex  dot. 

1872.  One  handle  gone.  Rim  and  bottom 
damaged.  Diameter,  0.063  m.  Width  of  rim, 
0.0085  m.  In  centre,  hole  (diameter,  0.003  m.) 
punched  from  beneath.  Dots  in  triangles  larger 
than  those  on  handle  and  bottom. 

Group  ii.  Truncated  ellipses.1 

(ah)  Dots  on  handle  and  ears.  Tri¬ 
angle  of  dots  on  rim  opposite  ends 
of  handles.  All  these  dots  struck 
from  under  side. 

1873.  Less  than  half  preserved.  Width  of 
rim,  0.0065  in. 

longing  to  a  rosette.  Edgar,  in  Excavations  at  Phylakopi, 
p.  122,  pi.  xx.  No.  12. 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


277 


(/V.)  Dots  on  handles  and  part  of  rim 
that  is  opposite.  Besides,  triangles 
of  three  dots  opposite  ends  of  han¬ 
dles.  All  these  dots  struck  from 
beneath. 

1874.  One  handle,  one  ear,  and  part  of  bot¬ 
tom  gone.  Diameter,  0.057  m.  Width  of  rim, 
0.004  m.  In  centre  of  bottom,  dot. 

(V.)  Row  of  small  dots  on  handles  and 
outer  edge  of  rim.  Inside  this  row, 
opposite  ends  of  handles,  triangles 
of  three  dots.  Dots  on  ears.  All 
these  dots  struck  from  under  side. 

1875.  One  ear  and  part  of  one  handle  gone. 
Diameter  of  disk,  0.112  m.  Extreme  diameter, 
0.142  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.0105  m.  In  centre 
of  bottom,  row  of  six  oblong  dots.  At  side  of 
interspace  between  the  two  central  dots,  two 
small  dots  close  together.  All  these  dots  struck 
from  beneath.  Punch  did  not  carry  outer  line 
of  ellipses  as  far  toward  open  ends  as  it  did  the 
inner  line,  thus  making  figures  look  from  upper 
side  as  though  struck  with  two  separate  instru¬ 
ments. 

3.  Depressed.  Narrow  rim.  No  handle. 

1876.  Plate  shows  under  side.  From  south 
slope.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.067  m. 
Width  of  rim,  0.003  m.  On  rim,  ring  of  small 
dots  struck  from  under  side.  Also  hole  in  rim 
(diameter,  0.002  m.),  punched  from  beneath. 

4.  Depressed.  Wide  rim.  No  handle. 
Inscribed. 

Plate  CX. 

1877.  (Photograph  and  copy  of  inscription.) 
Rim  abraded.  Much  corroded  and  oxidized. 
Diameter,  0.109  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.01  in. 
Thickness  of  bottom,  perhaps  about  0.001  m. 
Rim  thinner.  On  under  side  of  rim,  stroke  made 
with  hollow  punch  (diameter,  0.002  m.),  which 
shows  on  upper  side  as  dot  (lower  right  side  of 
photograph).  In  opposite  side  of  rim,  hole  (now 
broken  out)  struck  with  hollow  punch  from  un¬ 
der  side  (diameter,  0.0024  m.). 

For  inscription,  see  Appendix. 

5.  Depressed.  No  rim.  No  handles.  In¬ 
scribed. 

Plates  CX.  (bottom  and  copy  of  inscription) 

and  CXI.  (top). 

1878.  F  rom  south  slope.  Edge  considerably 
damaged.  Corroded  and  much  oxidized.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  top,  0.0685  m.  ;  of  bottom,  0.06  m. 
Height,  0.007  m.  Thickness,  0.0018  m.  On 
outside,  near  bottom,  narrow  band  with  grooves 


at  either  side.  Also  groove  0.001  in.  from  top 
for  part  of  circumference.  Space  between 
upper  and  first  lower  grooves  occupied  by  in¬ 
scription.  (See  Appendix.)  On  bottom  of 
plate  near  centre,  mark  or  scratch  (y).  Bottom 
slightly  convex  on  upper  side  and  concave  be¬ 
neath.  Forms  sharply  defined  angle  with  sides, 
b.  Platters  (Fragments  of  outer  edge  only). 

1.  Flat,  i.  e.,  edge  not  turned  up. 

a.  Plain. 

Plate  CIX. 

1879.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.11  m. 
Width,  0.08  m.  Thickness,  0.0006  in.  and  less. 
Near  outer  edge,  broad  low  roll.  Similar  but 
wider  rise  near  inner  edge.  Inside  this,  possible 
trace  of  end  of  petal  of  rosette. 

ft.  Ornamented  with  punched  dots. 

Plate  CXI. 

1880.  Convex  edge  seems  to  be  original.  Con¬ 
dition  poor.  Length,  0.135  m.  Width,  0.042  m. 
Fragment  does  not  seem  to  have  had  other  dots 
than  those  which  appear  in  photograph.  Origi¬ 
nal  design  not  clear.  Color  reddish.  Flexible. 

Not  certain  that  following  number  belongs 
here. 

Plate  CIX.  (shows  reverse). 

1881.  From  back  of  South  Building.  No 
original  edge  preserved.  Length,  0.026  m. 
Width,  0.02  m.  Ornamented  with  large  and 
small  dots  struck  from  upper  side. 

y.  Inscribed  with  letters  of  dots  struck  from 
above. 

Plate  CXI. 

1882.  Two  fragments,  a  and  b.  Fragment  a 
from  back  of  South  Building.  Outer  edge  pre¬ 
served.  Condition  poor.  Length  of  a.  0.017  m. ; 
width,  0.0315  m.  Length  of  5,  0.067  m. ; 
width,  0.031  m.  Thickness  of  both,  0.0002  m. 
Flat.  Photographed  and  drawn  from  concave 
side  of  dots.  On  same  side,  series  of  light  strokes 
of  hollow  punch  (see  drawing),  perhaps  anterior 
to  dots.  They  seem  to  be  merely  ornamental, 
but  the  design  is  not  clear.  For  reading  of  dots, 
see  Appendix. 

Plate  CXI. 

1883.  Fra  gments  a,  b ,  c.  Fragment  b  omitted 
from  drawings  because  reversed.  Junction  of 
b  and  c  in  photograph  not  certain.  Fragment  b 
broken  from  a  after  cleaning.  Outer  edge  only 
preserved.  Condition  poor.  Length  of  «, 
0.081  m.;  width,  0.047  m.  Length  of  b.  0.018  m.; 
width,  0.005  m.  Length  of  c,  0.138  m.  :  width, 
0.041  m.  Flat  except  for  low  convex  ridge  at 


278 


THE  BRONZES 


inner  edge  of  a,  which  formed  boundary  between 
centre  and  border  of  platter. 

Inscription  in  dotted  letters  punched  from 
above,  the  base  of  the  letters  being  toward  the 
outside  of  the  plate.  Besides  the  dots  of  the 
inscription,  which  are  heavily  punched,  there  are 
fainter  dots  and  circles  (i.  e.  light  strokes  of 
hollow  punch)  with  which  they  seem  to  have  no 
relation.  For  these  dots,  see  drawing  on  Plate  ; 
and  for  inscription,  see  Appendix.  Flexible. 
Color  reddish. 

2.  Outer  edge  turned  up,  forming  a  side 

OR  RIM. 

a.  Ornamented  with  dots  punched  from 
above. 

Plate  CXII. 

1884.  Outer  edge  preserved.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.171  m.  Width,  0.0595  m.  Original 
diameter,  about  0.435  m.  Height  of  rim, 
0.006  m.  Two  connected  semicircles  of  dots. 
At  left,  three  large  and  six  small  dots  in  irregular 
oblique  line.  Color  reddish.  Flexible. 

/3.  Inscribed  with  letters  of  dots  punched 
from  above. 

Plate  CXI. 

1885.  F  l'om  back  of  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment  of  edge  with  a  piece  of  centre.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.11  m.  Width,  0.107  m.  Height 
of  rim,  0.005  in.  In  edge,  letter  T.  Height, 
0.215  m.  Between  edge  and  centre,  low  roll, 
beginning  at  top  of  letter.  Width,  0.012  m. 
Color  reddish.  Flexible. 

Plate  CXII. 

1886.  Fragment  of  edge  broken  off  at  begin¬ 
ning  of  roll  which  separated  edge  from  centre. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.135  m.  Width, 
0.047  m.  Height  of  rim,  0.0025  in.  Original 
diameter,  about  0.45  m.  Inscription  in  rather 
large  dots,  many  of  which  are  roughly  triangular. 
See  Appendix.  Color  reddish.  Flexible. 

Addenda.  It  is  uncertain  to  which  form  the 
following  belong. 

Plate  CXI. 

1887.  Broken  on  all  sides.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.047  m.  Width,  0.0353  m.  At  one 
end,  letter  of  heart-shaped  dots  punched  from 
above.  See  Appendix. 

Plate  CXI. 

1888.  Two  fragments,  a  and  b ,  which  seem 
to  belong  together.  Condition  poor.  —  Frag¬ 
ment  a.  Broken  on  all  sides.  Length,  0.017  in. 
Width,  0.032  in.  Five  large  dots  forming  arc 
of  a  circle  perhaps  from  an  0  or  a  A.  —  Frag¬ 


ment  5.  Broken  on  all  sides.  Size,  0.0365  m.  x 
0.018  in.  Two  lines,  one  of  two,  the  other  of 
three  dots,  converging  toward  each  other.  Per¬ 
haps  a  K  or  an  A.  The  order  of  these  frag¬ 
ments  is  arbitrary. 

Plate  CXII. 

1889.  Two  fragments  (a  and  6)  which  from 
style  of  letters  and  texture  of  bronze  seem  to 
come  from  same  object.  Arrangement  arbitrary, 
being  based  on  possibility  that  right  end  of  a 
joins  lower  left  corner  of  5,  and  that  they  thus 
form  the  projecting  corner  of  a  piece  of  coating. 
In  this  case  the  bottoms  of  the  letters  were 
toward  the  top  of  the  object.  Lower  edge  of 
Fragment  a  seems  to  be  original,  that  of  b  may 
be.  Condition  poor.  Length  of  Fragment  a , 
0.06  m.;  width,  0.041  in.  Length  of  Fragment  b, 
0.079  m.;  width,  0.038  m.  —  Inscription  in  dots 
punched  from  above.  See  Appendix.  On  same 
side  circles  or  rings  struck  with  hollow  punch 
independent  of  inscriptions,  and  perhaps  earlier, 
c.  Saucers. 

Form  1.  Perforated  centre.  Akin  to 

SIMILAR  FORM  OF  DISK.  PLAIN. 

1890.  Two  cracks  in  edge  due  to  flattening. 
Diameter,  0.028  m.  Near  centre,  hole  struck 
with  solid  punch  from  under  side.  Diameter, 
0.002  m.  Bottom  rises  very  slightly,  perhaps 
accidentally. 

1891.  Diameter,  0.0325  m.  Near  centre,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0015  m.)  probably  struck  from 
under  side  with  hollow  punch.  About  it  bottom 
l'ises  very  slightly  in  irregular  circle  about 
0.012  m.  in  diameter,  perhaps  owing  to  blow 
from  punch. 

Form  2.  Without  perforation  or  boss. 

Plain. 

Cf.  shallow  bronze  saucer  from  Mycenae,  out¬ 
side  shaft-graves,  Mus.  No.  2343,  and  Schlie- 
mann,  Tiryns ,  pi.  xxvii.  b  (terra-cotta).  For  use 
cf.  sarcophagus  of  Crepereia  Trypliaena,  found, 
1889,  in  Rome  (Prati  di  Gastello),  now  in  Mus. 
dei  Conservatori,  containing  small  saucer  of  sim¬ 
ilar  form.  Bullett.  Commiss.  Com.,  1889,  pp. 
175,  496. 

Group  i.  Outline,  continuous  flat  curve. 
Sides,  scarcely  distinguishable  in 
smaller  specimens,  gradually  increase 
in  prominence.  No  rim. 

1892.  About  one  fourth  gone.  Diameter, 
0.034  m.  Height,  0.007  m.  Holes  all  seem 
due  to  corrosion. 

1893.  (Shows  bottom.)  Condition  poor.  Di- 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


279 


ameter,  0.048  m.  Height,  about  0.011  m.  Near 
top,  hole  (diameter,  0.0022  m.)  cut  with  hollow 
punch. 

1894.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.049  m.  Height,  0.01  in.  Near  top,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0017  m.)  cut  with  hollow  punch. 

1895.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.075  m. 
Height,  0.013  m. 

1896.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.08  m. 
Height,  circ.  0.013  m.  Holes  all  due  to  corro¬ 
sion. 

1897.  Fragment,  section  through  centre.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.084  m.  Height,  0.0135  m. 

1898.  (Shows  top.)  Half  gone.  Diameter, 
0.105  m.  Height,  0.02  m. 

Discarded :  three. 

Not  certain  whether  the  following  had  hole  in 
bottom,  as  centre  is  not  preserved. 

1899.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.027  m. 
Height,  0.005  m.  Near  top,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0025  m.)  struck  from  inside  with  hollow 
punch. 

Group  ii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  with 
sides  more  clearly  marked  and  rims 
somewhat  thicker. 

1900.  Top.  From  West  Building.  Half 
gone.  Diameter,  0.084  m.  Height,  0.02  m. 

1901.  (Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South  Build¬ 
ing.  Less  than  half  preserved.  Diameter,  0.0975 
m.  Height,  0.023  m.  Bottom  very  thin,  but  sides 
thicken  to  0.0018  m.  On  outside  near  top,  three 
fine  encircling  lines  close  together.  Between  low¬ 
est  and  middle  lines  a  fourth  line  runs  part  way 
round.  [On  Plate  wrongly  numbered  1981.] 

Group  iii.  Rounded  cup-like  bottom. 
Rim  but  slightly  emphasized. 

1902.  Nearly  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.0235  m. 
Height,  0.008  m. 

1903.  Shows  top.  From  back  of  South  Build¬ 
ing.  About  one  third  gone.  Diameter,  0.0386  m. 
Height,  0.014  m.  Near  centre,  hole  punched 
roughly  from  above  with  solid  rectangular  punch. 
Size,  0.003  m.  x  0.005  m. 

Group  iv.  Nearly  flat  bottom,  from  which 
sides  are  plainly  differentiated,  but 
by  rounded  angle.  Rims  not  empha¬ 
sized. 

1904.  Shows  top.  From  south  slope.  About 
one  third  gone.  Diameter,  0.079  m.  Height, 
0.019  m. 

Group  v.  Similar,  but  with  rim  more 
emphasized. 

1905.  Shows  top.  From  back  of  South 


Building.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.0595  m. 
x  0.054  m.  Height,  0.01  m. 

Group  vi.  Similar  to  Group  v.,  but 
heavier,  without  emphasis  of  rim,  and 
with  a  more  rounded  curve  between 
side  and  bottom. 

Plate  CXIII. 

1906.  Shows  top.  From  back  of  Soutli 
Building.  Nearly  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.053  m. 
Height,  0.0075  m. 

Group  vii.  Similar  in  shape  to  Group  i., 
but  with  side  bent  back  at  top  to  form 
rim. 

1907.  (Shows  top.)  Fragment,  broken  in  two 
parts  (a  and  5).  Height,  0.013  m.  Roll  at  top 
about  0.0015  m.  in  width. 

Form  3.  With  boss.  Shape  similar  to 
Form  2,  Group  i. 

Class  a.  Plain. 

Group  i.  Small  round  hole  near  edge. 

1908.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.023  m.  x 
0.0257  m.  Height,  0.0038  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0017  m.)  cut  with  hollow  punch. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.006  m. 

1909.  From  south  slope.  Diameter,  0.0314  m. 
Height,  0.003  m.  Near  top,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  m.  x  0.0028  m.)  struck  with  hollow  punch 
from  inside.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.007  m. 

1910.  Diameter,  0.032  m.  Height,  0.002  m. 
Near  edge  of  top,  hole  (diameter,  0.002  m.)  as 
in  No.  1909.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0075  m. 

1911.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Con¬ 
dition  poor.  Diameter,  0.0355  m.  Near  edge, 
hole  (diameter,  0.0015  m.).  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.008  m. 

1912.  From  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Diameter,  0.039  m.  Height,  0.0038  m.  Near 
edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0013  m.)  as  in  No.  1909. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.008  m. 

1913.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.04  m. 
Height,  0.0043  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0018  m.)  as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0047  m. 

1914.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.041  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0019  m.)  as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.01  m. 

1915.  One  fifth  gone.  Diameter.  0.0455  in. 
Height,  0.0045  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  in.)  as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0065  m. 

1916.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.054  m. 
Height,  0.0056  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 


280 


THE  BBONZES 


0.0017  m.)  cut  with  hollow  punch.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.009  m. 

1917.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.064  m. 
Height,  0.0175  m.  Near  top,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  m.)  as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0105  m. 

1918.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.65  in.  x 
0.07  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0018  m.) 
as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.013  m. 

1919.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.085  m. 
Height,  0.015  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  m.)  uncertain  whether  cut  or  corroded. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.015  m. 

1920.  Diameter,  0.09  in.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0015  m.)  as  in  No.  1909.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.014  m. 

1921.  (Top.)  Half  gone.  Diameter,  0.123  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.002  m.)  as  in  No. 
1909.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.037  m. 

Discarded  :  three. 

Group  ii.  No  hole. 

1922.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.0375  m.  x  0.043  m.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0045  m. 

1923.  (Shows  top.)  From  south  slope. 
Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.073  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.012  m. 

The  following  number  may  be  of  either  i.  or  ii. 

1924.  Half  gone.  Diameter,  0.010+  m. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.026  m. 

Discarded :  four,  of  which  one  from  south  slope. 

Class  /?.  Ornamented  with  dots ,  or  lines ,  or 
lines  and  dots  in  various  patterns. 

All  the  completed  rims  have  small  round  per¬ 
foration.  Incomplete  specimens  without  perfo¬ 
ration  are  arranged  with  them.  In  the  same 
way  are  included  a  few  fragments  which  do  not 
contain  portions  of  centre,  inasmuch  as  all  the 
complete  examples  with  similar  ornamentation 
have  boss. 

Group  i.  Bow  of  dots  about  boss. 

1924  a.  (Shows  top.)  About  one  fourth 
gone.  Much  oxidized.  Diameter,  0.0285  in. 
Height,  0.003  in.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.005  m. 
Near  edge,  dot. 

Group  ii.  Dines  from  boss  to  edge. 

The  examples  under  this  Group  are  nearly  flat 
and  resemble  disks. 

(«'.)  Lines  struck  from  upper  side. 

1925.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.035  m. 
Height,  0.0034  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0085  m. 
Near  edge,  nearly  rectangular  hole  (0.0015  m. 
square)  struck  from  inside. 


(65)  Lines  struck  from  under  side. 

1926.  (Shows  bottom.)  About  one  third 
gone.  Diameter,  0.056  m.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0165  in. 

Group  iii.  Similar  to  Group  ii.,  (5'),  but 
with  row  of  small  dots  about  edge 
struck  from  inside,  and  similar  row 
about  outer  edge  of  top  of  boss  struck 
from  beneath. 

1927.  (Shows  bottom.)  Fragment.  Badius 
about  0.03  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.019  m. 

Group  iv.  Bottom  lias  straight  lines  radi¬ 
ating  from,  but  not  entering  boss,  struck 
from  inside. 

1928.  (Shows  top.)  About  one  fourth  gone. 
Diameter,  0.026  m.  Height,  0.0021  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  boss,  0.0073  in. 

1929.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.029  m. 
Height,  0.0035  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0065  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter  0.0017  m.)  struck 
from  inside  with  hollow  punch. 

1930.  Diameter,  0.0345  in.  Height,  0.0048 
m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.008  m.  Near  edge, 
hole  (diameter,  0.0013)  struck  from  inside. 

1931.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.035  m. 
Height,  0.0045  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0073  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0013)  as  in  No. 
1929. 

Group  v.  Similar  to  Group  iv.,  but  with 
one  or  more  rings  of  dots  punched 
from  above  encircling  the  rays. 

(V.)  One  ring  at  end  of  rays. 

1932.  Nearly  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.0283  m. 
Height,  0.003  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.007  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0018  m.)  as  in  No. 
1929. 

1933.  (Shows  top.)  From  south  slope.  Condi¬ 
tion  poor.  Diameter,  0.039  in.  Height,  0.0035  m. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.0075  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.002  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

(&'.)  Two  rings  at  end  of  rays. 

1934.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.045  m.x 
0.05  m.  Height,  0.0073  m.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.0075  m. 

1935.  (Shows  bottom.)  From  south  slope. 
Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.051  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.0115  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0018  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

(c'.)  Similar  to  (5'),  but  with  a  second 
double  ring  just  inside  edge. 

1936.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.081  m. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.0205  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0014  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


281 


Group  vi.  From  boss  extend  fine  parallel 
curved  lines  close  together,  struck  from 
above.  Beyond  lines  but  close  to  them, 
ring  of  dots  struck  from  beneath.  Out¬ 
side  this  ring  and  close  to  it,  straight 
rays  struck  from  above.  Beyond  rays, 
ring  of  small  dots  struck  from  above. 

1937.  (Shows  top.)  Nearly  half  gone.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.0G45  m.  Height,  0.0085  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  boss,  0.0135  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0023  m.)  struck  from  inside. 

Group  vii.  Near  boss,  one  or  two  rings 
of  small  dots,  followed  by  star  pattern 
consisting  of  zigzag  of  straight  lines, 
(a'.)  Ornaments  struck  from  above. 

1938.  (Shows  top.)  Diameter,  0.024  m. 
Height,  0.003  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.007  in. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0019  m.)  as  in  No. 
1929.  Single  ring  of  dots. 

1939.  (Shows  bottom.)  Edge  damaged.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.0523  m.  Height,  0.00G  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.009  m.  Outside  first  ring  of  dots,  a 
second  of  small  faint  dots. 

(5b)  Ornaments  struck  from  beneath. 

1940.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.125  m. 
About  boss,  ring  of  dots  so  placed  that  usu¬ 
ally  the  inner  angle  of  zigzag  starts  from  a 
dot. 

Group  viii.  Rays  about  boss,  followed  by 
one  or  two  rings  of  dots.  Beyond  dots, 
zigzag  or  star  pattern.  Dots  and  zig¬ 
zag  may  be  repeated.  All  dots  and 
lines  struck  from  upper  side. 

(ab)  Between  rays  and  zigzag  a  single 
row  of  dots. 

1941.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.069  m.  Height,  0.0065  m.  Diameter  of 
boss,  0.0135  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.0013  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Discarded :  one. 

(5b)  Between  rays  and  zigzag,  double 
row  of  dots. 

1942.  From  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.012  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.0015  in.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

1943.  Diameter,  0.084  m.  Diameter  of  boss, 

0.022  m. 

1944.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.099  m.  x  0.075  m. 

1945.  (Shows  top.)  From  south  slope.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.091  ni.  x  0.106  m.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.019  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0025  m.) 
as  in  1929. 


(cb)  Similar  to  (5'),  but  with  an  added 
double  row  of  dots  and  a  zigzag. 

1946.  (Shows  bottom.)  From  West  Build¬ 
ing.  Fragment.  Height,  0.014  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.0245  m. 

Group  ix.  Next  to  boss,  circle  of  short 
rays.  Remainder  of  space  between 
these  and  edge  occupied  by  two  rings 
of  large  dots  inclosing  zigzag.  All 
dots  and  lines  struck  from  above. 
1947  From  back  of  South  Building.  Condi¬ 
tion  poor.  Diameter,  0.064  m.  Height,  0.006  m. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.007  m.  Though  somewhat 
flattened,  probably  better  placed  here  than 
among  the  disks. 

Group  x.  Boss  followed  by  rosette. 
Ornaments  struck  from  above. 

(«b)  No  dots. 

1948.  (Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.033  m. 
Height,  0.0034  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0057  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0018  m.)  as  in  No. 

1729. 

1949.  About  one  fifth  gone.  Diameter, 
0.039  in.  Height,  0.0027  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.002  in.)  cut  with  hollow  punch. 

(5b)  Ends  of  rays  connected  by  semi¬ 
circles  of  fine  dots  struck  from  above, 
forming  rosette. 

1950.  (Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.075  in. 
Height,  0.0077  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.017  m. 
Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0015  m.)  as  in 

No.  1929. 

Group  xi.  Similar  to  Group  x.,  but  with 
large  dots  struck  from  above,  one  in 
end  of  each  leaf  of  rosette. 

(<7.b)  Corresponds  to  Group  x.  (5'). 
Plate  CXIV. 

1951.  (Shows  top.)  About  one  third  gone. 
Diameter,  0.0433  m.  Height,  0.0051  m.  Dia¬ 
meter  of  boss,  0.0075  in.  Near,  edge,  hole  (di¬ 
ameter,  0.001  m.)  struck  from  upper  side. 

(5b)  Corresponds  to  Group  x.  (a'), 
with  addition  of  ring  of  connected 
crescents  opening  outward,  between 
rosette  and  edge. 

1952.  Small  segment  extendimr  from  edo-e 
not  quite  to  boss.  Diameter  of  dots,  0.0055  m. 
and  0.006  m. 

Group  xii.  Combinations  of  rosette  with 
other  forms.  All  ornament  struck 
from  above. 


282 


THE  BRONZES 


(ah)  Rays,  double  ring  of  dots,  and 
leaf  pattern. 

1953.  (Shows  bottom.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.08  m. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.0175  m.  Many  rays  slightly 
curved.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.001  m.) 
as  in  No.  1929.  This  piece  has  been  so  flattened 
that  it  could  be  taken  for  a  disk. 

(5r.)  Rays,  single  ring  of  dots,  and  leaf 
pattern  of  double  lines. 

1954.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.043  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0084  m. 
Leaves  not  connected  with  each  other,  but 
stamped  or  engraved  separately.  Near  edge, 
hole  (diameter,  0.0015  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

(c'.)  Outer  part  has  zigzag,  single  row 
of  dots,  and  leaf  pattern  with  dot  in 
end  of  leaves,  all  reckoned  from  in¬ 
side  toward  edge.  Ends  of  leaves 
double,  i.  e.  plain  and  dotted  lines. 
Uncertain  whether  there  were  rays. 

1955.  (Shows  top.)  Fragments  a  and  b. 
Fragment  a ,  length,  0.088  m. ;  width,  0.027  m. ; 
height,  0.0063  m.  Fragment  b,  length,  0.04  m. ; 
width,  0.021  m.  Dots  and  leaf  pattern  only 
preserved.  Both  fragments  probably  from  same 
object. 

Group  xiii.  Rays,  dots,  and  semicircles. 
Semicircles  open  inward.  Ornaments 
struck  from  above. 

1956.  (Shows  top.)  About  one  fourth  gone. 
Diameter,  0.103  m.  Height,  0.014  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.024  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.004  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Group  xiv.  Similar  to  Group  xiii.,  but 
with  row  of  dots  and  a  zigzag  added 
outside.  Dots  on  boss.  All  decora¬ 
tions  from  above. 

1957.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.067  m.  Height,  0.0107  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.0166  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  in.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Group  xv.  Triple  ring  of  zigzag  form¬ 
ing  diamond  pattern  followed  by  leaf 
pattern.  Decoration  struck  from 
above. 

1958.  (Shows  top.)  About  half  gone,  and 
much  flattened.  Diameter,  0.091  in.  Near  edge, 
hole  (diameter,  0.001  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Group  xvi.  Leaf  pattern,  straight  lines 
and  dots  in  successive  zones  reckoned 
from  boss.  Followed  by  row  of  petals 
with  open  end  outward.  Between 


lower  rounded  ends  of  petals  a  dot. 
All  decoration  struck  or  engraved  from 
under  side. 

1959.  Segment  from  boss  to  edge.  Leaf  pat¬ 
tern  has  closed  end  outward.  Double  lines  used 
in  common  on  sides.  Probably  ends  were  double. 
Related  to  following  Form  4. 

Addendum  to  Form  3. 

1960.  Small  fragment  containing  portion  of 
side  and  bottom,  but  no  original  edge.  Row  of 
curved  parallel  lines  close  together,  followed  by 
double  row  of  dots. 

Form  4.  Similar  to  Form  3,  but  with 
crimped  edge.  Ornamented. 

Group  i.  Rays  about  boss.  Struck  from 
above. 

1961.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.039  in.  Height,  0.0085  m.  Diameter  of 
boss,  0.008  m.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter, 
0.002  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Discarded.  :  one. 

Group  ii.  Similar  to  Group  i.,  but  with 
one  or  two  rows  of  dots  outside  rays. 
Struck  from  above. 

( a1.' )  One  row  of  dots. 

1962.  From  above  Upper  Temple  toward 
tents.  Nearly  half  gone.  Diameter,  0.037  m. 
Height,  0.0115  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.009  m. 

1963.  (Shows  top.)  Fragment.  Flattened. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.008  m. 

Discarded  :  two. 

(5'.)  Two  rows  of  dots. 

1964.  Half  gone.  Diameter,  0.038  m.  Height, 
0.0088  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0075  m. 

1965.  (Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Broken  in  two  pieces  and  defective. 
Diameter,  0.05  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0085 
in.  Near  edge  (of  smaller  fragment),  hole 
(diameter,  0.0015  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Group  iii.  Similar  to  Group  ii.,  but  with 
outer  part  of  bottom  divided  into  seg¬ 
ments  by  straight  lines.  All  lines  and 
dots  struck  from  above. 

1966.  (Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Diameter,  0.034  in.  Height,  0.004  m. 
Diameter  of  boss,  0.0068  m.  Near  edge,  hole 
(diameter,  0.001  m.)  as  in  No.  1929. 

Group  iv.  Similar  to  Group  iii.,  but  with 
ring  of  zigzag  outside  ring  of  dots  and 
lines  from  points  of  zigzag  to  edge  of 
bottom.  All  lines  and  dots  struck  from 
above. 

1967.  Defective  and  in  poor  condition.  Di- 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


283 


ameter,  0.086  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.023  m. 
Lines  to  edge  of  bottom  from  alternate  points 
of  zigzag  only. 

1968.  (Shows  top.)  About  one  fourth  gone. 
Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.06  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.007  m.  Outer  angles  of  zigzag  accen¬ 
tuated  by  dots.  Lines  to  edge  of  bottom  from 
each  angle  of  zigzag.  These  lines  do  not  stand 
in  relation  to  crimps  of  edge. 

Group  v.  Similar  to  Group  ii.  (a')’  but 
with  second  ring  of  rays,  the  outer  ends 
of  which  connect  with  the  angles  of  a 
zigzag,  thus  forming  a  sort  of  angular 
leaf  pattern.1  All  ornamentation  struck 
from  top. 

1969.  (Shows  bottom.)  About  one  fifth  gone. 
Flattened.  Diameter,  0.068  m.  Diameter  of 
boss,  0.0135  m.  Angles  of  zigzag  independent 
of  crimps,  though  sometimes  coincident  with 
them. 

Group  vi.  About  midway  between  boss 
and  edge  of  bottom,  ring  of  crescents 
opening  outward,  struck  from  above. 

1970.  (Shows  top.)  From  back  of  South 
Building.  Condition  poor.  Diameter,  0.054  m. 
Height,  0.0115  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0105  m. 

Group  vii.  After  leaf  pattern  or  rosette 
with  rounded  petals,  ring  of  adjoining- 
crescents,  opening  outward.  From  ends 
of  crescents  straight  lines  to  edge  of 
bottom,  generally  coinciding  with  inner 
convexity  of  crimps.  Decoration  of 
centre  not  preserved,  but  probably  ro¬ 
sette  came  directly  after  boss. 

1971.  Fragment.  Height,  0.007  m. 

Group  viii.  Boss  followed  successively  by 
one  ring  each  of  small  dots,  short  lines, 
and  connected  crescents  opening  out¬ 
ward.  From  joinings  of  crescents, 
straight  lines  extending  nearly  to  edge 
and  corresponding  to  inner  convexity 
of  crimps.  The  entire  surface  thus 
appears  to  be  divided  into  segments, 
although  only  the  crimps  are  plasti¬ 
cally  indicated.  All  lines  and  dots 
struck  from  above. 

1972.  (Shows  top.)  Condition  poor.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.075  m.  Height,  0.0195  m.  Diameter 
of  boss,  0.013  m.  Lines  struck  before  crimping 
of  edge.  Near  edge,  hole  (diameter,  0.0025  m.) 
as  in  No.  1929. 

1  Effect  of  lines  and  zigzag  similar  to  that  of  upper 
part  of  decoration  of  gold  cup  from  second  shaft-grave  at 


Group  ix.  Crimping  and  section  lines  as 
in  Group  viii.  Inside  lines,  small  zig¬ 
zag  followed  by  a  plain  line  and  a  ring 
of  small  dots.  Succeeding  decoration 
not  preserved. 

1973.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Small 
fragment.  One  crimp  and  one  line  preserved. 
Crimp  made  after  line. 

Discards :  Groups  i.— vii.,  two,  of  which  one  from  hack 
of  South  Building.  Group  viii.  or  ix.,one  from  same  place. 

Addendum.  The  following  fragment,  if  com¬ 
plete,  would  probably  be  best  regarded  as  of  a 
separate  form. 

1974.  From  back  of  South  Building. 

Discarded :  one,  uncertain  whether  of  Form  3  or  4. 

Form  5.  Boss.  More  advanced.  Sides, 

BOTTOM,  AND  RIM  DIFFERENTIATED.  DEC¬ 
ORATION  APPLIED  FROM  OUTSIDE. 

1975.  (Photograph  shows  bottom,  drawing 
shows  segment  of  side  and  bottom  as  a  single 
surface.)  Incomplete.  Condition  poor.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.132  m.  Height,  0.027  m.  Decoration. 
Two  rings  about  boss,  then  ring  of  double  cres¬ 
cents  forming  base  of  long  loops,  which  are  the 
main  ornament.  Beneath  rim,  two  fields  sepa¬ 
rated  by  heavy  lines.  Lower  field  filled  with 
hatched  diamond  pattern,  the  upper  with  raised 
dots  or  beads.  Just  beneath  lower  field,  a  simi¬ 
lar  line  of  beads  (omitted  in  drawing).  Traces 
of  boundary  line  beneath.  Sides  ornamented 
with  system  of  v’s  with  returning  ends,  each  v 
having  another  interlacing  with  it  on  each  side. 
Crescents  form  bottom  of  loops,  but  sometimes 
upper  line  connects  with  one  side  and  the  lower 
with  the  other,  sometimes  both  serve  as  bottom 
for  both  sides,  and  sometimes  lower  line  seems 
to  be  real  bottom  of  loop.  At  top  between  an¬ 
gles,  heavy  arrowheads  are  inserted,  thus  making 
continuous  zigzag. 

With  this  and  the  following  number  cf.  Olym¬ 
pia ,  No.  880. 

Plate  CXV. 

1976.  (Photograph  shows  bottom  ;  segment  as 
in  No.  1975.)  Incomplete.  Condition  poor.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.16  m.  Height,  0.0355  m.  Diameter  of 
boss,  0.034  m.  Decoration  like  that  of  No.  1975, 
but  clearer  and  better  preserved.  Zigzag  at  top 
of  loops  struck  separately  and  quite  freely.  Top 
of  zigzag  often  open  (drawing  inaccurate).  The 
lower  of  the  two  fields  near  top  filled  with  circles. 
Slight  traces  of  circles  in  upper  field  (omitted  in 

Mycenae  (  =  Schliemann,  v),  Scliliemann,  Mycenae,  p.  292, 
fig.  453. 


284 


THE  BRONZES 


drawing).  Heavy  lines  and  thin  material  of 
side  and  bottom  give  plastic  effect. 

Plate  CXIV. 

1977.  (Shows  top.)  From  above  Upper 
Temple  toward  tents.  Fragment.  Condition 
poor.  Decoration  similar  to  that  of  Nos.  1975  f. 

Discarded :  six  fragments,  of  which  one  from  back  of 
South  Building. 

Similar  to  preceding. 

1978.  About  two  thirds  of  rim  preserved. 
Broken  into  two  parts.  Diameter,  about  0.172  m. 
Tin  •ee  fields  at  top.  Upper  and  lower  fields  have 
circles,  the  middle  field  diamond  hatching. 

Discards  of  Type  c  :  thirty-two  fragments,  of  which 
twelve  are  from  back  of  South  Building,  two  from  south 
slope,  one  from  West  Building,  and  one  from  “  near  wall 
southeast  of  house.” 

Addendum.  The  following  object,  which  has 
an  edge  like  a  plate,  the  depth  of  a  saucer,  and 
a  convex  bottom  like  a  low  boss,  may  be  put 
here. 

1979.  (Shows  top.)  From  south  slope.  Frag¬ 
ment.  Condition  poor.  Radius,  about  0.034  m. 
Width  of  rim,  O.OOG  m.-0.0075  m.  Bottom 
ornamented  with  short  straight  lines  extending 
from  outer  edge  toward  centre  and  struck  from 
under  side. 

d.  Bowls. 

Form  1.  Top  like  that  of  saucers. 

Class  a.  Without  handles. 

Under  this  class  are  included  all  vases,  and 
fragments  of  rims,  which  do  not  have  traces  of 
handles  on  them,  the  evidence  of  the  complete 
examples  being,  in  a  majority  of  the  cases, 
against  the  assumption  that  there  were  handles 
on  the  missing  portions. 

Group  i.  Plain. 

Plate  CXV. 

1980.  Defective.  Diameter,  0.105  m.  Height, 
0.031  in.  Rests  on  slight  base  ring  (diameter, 
0.055  m.  ;  height,  0.0016  m.  ;  thickness, 
0.001  in.).  Bottom  slightly  convex  on  inside. 
No  boss.  Outer  edge  of  bottom  indicated  by 
fine  circle  on  inside.  Around  outside  near  top, 
a  single  line.  Could  be  regarded  as  a  saucer 
owing  to  slight  depth. 

1981.  About  two  thirds  of  rim  preserved,  with 
a  scrap  of  side  and  possibly  of  bottom.  Condi¬ 
tion  poor.  Present  diameter,  0.018  rn. 

1982.  F  rom  south  slope.  Rim  with  portion 
of  side  put  together  from  seven  fragments.  Rim 
lacks  0.025  m.  of  completeness.  Diameter, 
0.151  m.  x  0.145  m.  Near  top,  hole  (diameter, 


0.0025  m.).  Two  other  small  holes  diagonally 
beneath,  but  probably  not  original. 

Plate  CXVI. 

1983.  Bottom  and  part  of  sides  gone.  Diame¬ 
ter  as  now  bent,  0.215  m.  x  0.09  in. 

1984.  Circle  of  rim  nearly  complete.  Broken 
in  two  pieces  (a,  5). 

The  following  less  complete  rims  may  be  put 
here,  although  some  of  them  were  perhaps  sau¬ 
cers. 

Plate  CXV. 

1985.  (Fragments  «,  5.)  Two  other  frag¬ 
ments,  c,  d ,  which  do  not  fit  the  others,  but  from 
appearance  belong  to  same  rim.  Length  of  o,  b, 
0.108  m.;  of  c  +  d ,  0.044  m.  On  outside  of 
fragment  a  is  engraved  an  B.  For  copy  see 
Appendix. 

1986.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ments  a,  5,  and  c,  d.  Chord,  0.159  m. 

1987.  F  ragments  a-d.  Diameter,  about 
0.13  m. 

1988.  Fragments  a ,  b.  Chord,  0.137  m. 

Discarded :  eighteen  fragments  of  rims,  of  which  four 
from  back  of  South  Building,  three  from  south  slope,  and 
one  from  West  Building.  Possible  that  some  of  them  are 
from  saucers. 

The  following  fragment  may  be  included  here 
as  most  likely  coming  from  a  large  bowl. 

1989.  Fra  gnient  of  rim.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.045  m.  Bold  outside  bevel.  Possi¬ 
ble  traces  of  one  or  two  lines  just  below  bevel. 

Group  ii.  Ornamented. 

The  following  numbers  ( 1990-2000)  may 
possibly  be  from  saucers. 

1990.  (Drawing  of  left  end.)  Found  below 
wall  at  southeast  of  Second  Temple,  April  25, 
1893.  Rim  of  which  less  than  half  is  preserved. 
Condition  poor.  Chord,  0.153  m.  Cf.  No.  1975. 
Top  too  heavily  shaded  in  drawing. 

1991.  Fragment  of  rim.  Chord,  0.103  m. 
Plate  CXVI. 

1992.  (Drawing  of  portion.)  From  back  of 
South  Building.  Fragments  a  and  b.  Fragment 
«,  length,  0.094  m. ;  fragment  5,  length,  0.06  m. 

1993.  Fragment  of  rim.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.067  m.  Top  heavy,  with  bevel  on 
inside  and  two  rolls  on  outside. 

1994.  (Drawing  of  portion.)  Rim  of  which 
less  than  half  is  preserved.  Chord,  0.183  m. 
On  lip,  at  right  end,  inscription  with  bottoms  of 
letters  toward  inside.  See  Appendix ,  p.  337. 

1995.  From  south  slope.  Fragment  of  rim. 
Length,  0.043  m.  Circles  dotted. 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


285 


1996.  From  south  slope.  Fragment  of  rim. 
Length,  0.057  m.  Decoration  uncertain  owing 
to  bad  preservation.  Perhaps  only  one  field 
and  that  filled  with  circles  or  hatching  or  both. 

1997.  Fragments  a—f.  Fragment /‘from  south 
slope.  Original  diameter,  about  0.142  m. 
Traces  of  ornament  on  sides  like  that  of  pre¬ 
ceding  numbers,  but  no  certain  traces  of  bands 
at  top. 

1998.  Fragment  of  rim.  Length,  0.054  m. 
No  bevel  (that  which  looks  so  in  drawing  is 
oxidation.)  On  outside,  at  0.0017  m.  from 
top,  possible  traces  of  single  engraved  line. 

1999.  (Drawing  of  middle  part.)  From  back 
of  South  Building.  Fragment  of  rim.  Diame¬ 
ter  (nearly  complete),  0.0123  m.  Top  has 
bevel,  slight  on  inside  and  prominent  on  out¬ 
side. 

2000.  Fragment  of  rim.  Original  diameter, 
about  0.215  m.  Top  has  on  outside  moulded 
bevel  followed  by  heavy  grooves.  Beneath,  leaf 
pattern,  below  which  possible  trace  of  scale  pat¬ 
tern.  Farther  down,  single  line. 

Discarded :  six  fragments  similar  to  the  above. 

The  following  fragments  of  rims  are  more  cer¬ 
tainly  from  bowls. 

2001.  Original  diameter,  about  0.102  m.  At 
top,  bevel  inside  and  outside.  Three  bands  at 
top,  with  no  certain  trace  of  ornament  on  them. 

2002.  Fragments  a  and  b.  Length,  0.093  rn. 
Top  has  bevel  on  outside.  Beneath,  two  raised 
bands. 

Plate  CXVII. 

2003.  Length,  0.281  m.  Top  has  bevel  on 
outside.  Beneath,  leaf  pattern,  above  and  below 
which  bands. 

2004.  Length,  0.0565  m.  Top  has  heavy 
bevel  on  outside.  At  0.0015  m.,  0.0062  m., 
0.0082  m.,  and  0.0092  m.  from  bevel,  single  plain 
grooves. 

Discarded :  one  similar  to  No.  2004. 

2005.  Length,  0.189  m.  Original  diameter, 
probably  about  0.55  m.  Width  of  rim,  0.016  m. 
ornament  as  in  Plate.  Leaves  of  palmette  and 
central  leaves  of  lotus  terminate  in  a  series  of 
adjoining  double  circles  usually  open  on  sides 
toward  centre  of  field.  At  base  of  lotus  leaves, 
two  of  these  double  circles  put  together  with 
open  sides  facing  in  opposite  directions.  In  the 
small  portion  left  beneath  lowest  band,  semi¬ 
circles  (uncertain  how  nearly  complete  ori¬ 
ginally),  between  which  arrowhead  termination 
of  ornament. 


For  ornament  cf.  Holwerda,  Jahrb.  V.  p.  240. 
Cf.  also  Jahrb.  VI.  Anz.  p.  125,  No.  12  e. 
Addendum.  Fragment  of  side  of  inlaid  bowl. 

2006.  No  original  edge  preserved.  Inside 
pentagonal  space  (only  three  sides  preserved) 
depressed  to  about  half  the  thickness  of  the 
bowl,  probably  for  inlaying. 

Class  ft.  With,  handles. 

Group  i.  Plain. 

2007.  Found  back  of  South  Building  in  1894. 
Handles  and  bottom  gone.  Diameter,  0.088  m. 
On  one  side,  near  top,  two  holes  0.0325  in.  apart 
for  rivets  of  handle.  On  ojiposite  side  rivets  are 
preserved.  One  of  them  holds  small  fragment 
of  handle. 

2008.  Fragment  of  rim  of  large  bowl.  Length, 
0.105  m.  Projecting  top  with  bevel  beneath. 
Near  top,  holes  for  handle  (diameter,  0.008  m., 
distance  apart,  0.0365  m.). 

Group  ii.  Ornamented. 

2009.  Fra  gment  of  rim.  Length,  0.03  m. 
At  one  end  near  top,  small  hole  (broken  out). 
Decorated  with  three  narrow  double  bands. 

Form  2.  Contracted  top. 

Class  a.  Without  rim. 

2010.  F  'ragmen  t  of  top.  Original  diameter  at 
top,  about  0.085  m. 

2011.  From  south  slope.  Fragment  of  top. 
Original  diameter,  about  0.087  m. 

The  following  fragment  is  perhaps  from  a 
vessel  of  similar  shape. 

2012.  No  original  edge  preserved.  Length, 
0.04  m. 

Class  ft.  With  rims  projecting  on  outside. 

Classification  of  following  fragments  some- 

©  © 

what  uncertain,  owing  to  their  small  size. 

Group  i.  Plain. 

2013.  Length,  0.036  m. 

2014.  Fragments  a ,  b ,  c.  From  rim  of  large 
vessel.  Length,  0.013  m.  Top  formed  by  roll¬ 
ing  upper  edge  outward. 

Group  ii.  Ornamented. 

2015.  Length,  0.0355  m.  No  curve.  Top  as 
in  No.  2014.  Broad  zigzag. 

2016.  Length,  0.022  m.  Rim  solid.  Broad 
zigzag  with  four  grooves  beneath. 

Form  3.  Top  somewhat  contracted  and 

DIFFERENTIATED  FROM  BODY  AS  A  SORT 
OF  NECK. 

2017.  F  rom  back  of  South  Building.  Length. 
0.055  m.  Side  crimped  from  0.0175  m.  from 
top.  Just  above  crimps,  ring  of  connected  cres¬ 
cents. 


286 


THE  BRONZES 


2018.  (Fragments  a,  b,  and  h.)  Frag¬ 
ments  a-i.  Length  of  a  and  b,  0.075  m.  Seems 
to  have  bulged  sharply  outward  at  beginning  of 
crimps,  and  then  to  have  passed  to  bottom  by  a 
fairly  straight  slope. 

In  Bernardini  tomb  (Museo  Kircheriano),  four 
large  shallow  bowls  with  crimped  sides.  No  boss 
in  bottom. 

e.  Suspension  vase. 

2019.  Found  at  east  end  of  steps,  south  slope, 
April  24,  1893.  In  side  not  photographed,  hole 
corroded  through  (0.025  m.  x  0.016  m.).  Con¬ 
dition  poor.  Diameter,  0.0395  m.  Height, 
0.0525  m.  Thickness,  0.0008  m.  and  less. 
Rests  on  standard  0.0154  m.  in  height.  Lower 
part  of  standard  rounded.  Vase  cast  as  one 
piece. 

Possible  that  traces  of  wire  for  suspension  ex¬ 
isted  before  cleaning.  Similar  bronze  vase  from 
Aegina  in  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens. 

B.  WITH  SHOULDER  (UNCERTAIN  WHETHER 
ORIGINALLY  WITH  NECK). 

2020.  Top  broken  out  around  edges.  Small 
hole  in  bottom.  Condition  poor.  Diameter, 
0.043  m.  Height,  0.0295  m.  Diameter  of 
present  opening  at  top,  0.026  m.  Bottom  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  sides  (height,  0.0012  m. ;  di¬ 
ameter,  0.025  m.). 

2021.  Top  and  bottom  gone.  Condition  bad. 
Diameter,  0.059  m.  Height  as  preserved,  0.03  m. 
Side  showing  in  Plate,  probably  the  top. 

C.  WITH  SHOULDER  AND  NECK. 

a.  Pitcher. 

2022.  Bottom  broken  off,  and  centre  of  it 
missing.  Diameter,  0.041  m.  Height,  0.061. 
Diameterof  top,  0.0235  m.;  of  opening,  0.0115  m.; 
of  bottom,  0.0214  m.  Surface  of  top  slants 
slightly  toward  opening.  Handle  riveted  at  bot¬ 
tom  and  probably  at  top.  Upper  part  has  form 
of  serpent’s  head  with  jaw  resting  on  rim.  Eyes 
seem  to  have  been  indicated. 

For  shape  and  style  cf.  bronze  pitcher  from 
Mycenae  (outside  of  shaft-graves),  Mus.  No. 
2767. 

b.  Jars. 

Form  1.  Short.  Vertical  or  nearly  ver¬ 
tical  neck. 

Clans  a.  Plain. 

Arranged  with  reference  to  development  of 
rim. 

2023.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag¬ 


ments  of  top  (a,  5).  Length,  0.026  m.  Flares 
slightly  outward,  but  has  no  rim. 

2024.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ments  of  top  broken  in  two  pieces  (r/,  5). 
Length,  0.09  m.  Diameter  was  about  0.138  m. 
at  top.  Slight  flare,  but  no  rim.  At  right  end 
of  fragment  5,  near  top,  small  hole  now  broken 
out. 

2025.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment  of  top.  Length,  0.0815  m.  Thickens  and 
flares  at  top. 

2026.  Fragment  of  neck.  Length,  0.045  m. 
Rim  formed  by  outward  roll  of  top  (width, 
0.009  m.).  Height  of  neck,  0.009  m. 

2027.  F  rom  south  slope.  Fragment  of  top 
with  beginning  of  shoulder.  Length,  0.10  m. 
Original  diameter  at  top,  about  0.157  m.  Rim 
formed  as  in  No.  2026.  Width,  0.003  m. 

2028.  Fra  gments  a,  c,  and  f  are  from  back  of 
South  Building.  Several  fragments  of  top  ( a-f ). 
Diameter,  0.15  m.  Rim  flat  (width,  0.005  m.). 
Fragments  c  and  d  preserve  beginning  of  shoul¬ 
der. 

2029.  Fragments  of  top  (a,  5)  with  beginning 
of  shoulder.  Diameter  (nearly  complete), 
0.09  m.  Rim  flat.  Width,  0.006  m. 

Class  /I-  Ornamented.. 

Plate  CXV1II. 

2030.  Fragment  of  neck.  Length,  0.043  m. 
Top  flares.  Near  top  four  fine  parallel  encir¬ 
cling  lines.  Placed  here  because  of  similarity 
in  style  to  following  number. 

2031.  Fragments  of  neck  («-c,  not  certain 
that  b  and  c  join)  with  beginning  of  shoulder. 
Diameter,  0.089  m.  Flares  at  top  and  bottom. 
Width  of  rim,  0.004  m.  Beneath  rim,  four  lines 
as  in  No.  2030. 

2032.  (In  centre  beneath  plaster,  piece  in¬ 
serted  as  support  while  photographing.)  Frag¬ 
ments  of  neck,  a-d.  Flares  at  top  (width  of 
rim,  0.004  m.).  Beneath,  three  lines  as  in  No. 

2030. 

2033.  Fi  ■om  south  slope.  Two  fragments  of 
rim  with  handles  attached  and  beginning  of 
shoulder.  Diameter,  0.083  m.  Height  of  neck, 
0.0215  in.  Rim  flat  on  top  (width,  0.0045  m.). 
Passes  to  neck  by  slight  bevel,  at  base  of  which 
four  lines  as  in  No.  2030.  Handles  flat  and  plain 
on  inside.  On  outside,  raised  edges  and  centre, 
which  are  cut  down  near  rim.  From  point  of 
junction  with  rim  ends  flatten  and  curve  about 
neck.  Width  at  end,  0.039  m.  This  end  fas¬ 
tened  with  rivets,  of  which  heads  on  inside  are 


VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


287 


larger  than  those  on  outside,  probably  for  orna¬ 
ment.  Lower  end  of  handles  joined  vase,  but 
there  is  no  trace  of  any  fastening. 

2034.  One  handle  gone.  Surface  injured  by 
corrosion.  Diameter,  0.055  m.  Height,  0.079  m. 
Rim  flat  on  top  (width,  0.0033  m.).  Passes  to 
neck  by  plain  bevel,  beneath  which  two  lines  as 
in  No.  2030.  Bottom  concave  on  under  side. 
At  top  of  leaf  pattern  (left  side  in  Plate)  about 
body,  hole  (diameter,  0.0015  m.).  Handle  fas¬ 
tened  at  upper  end  by  two  rivets,  one  on  each 
side.  Shafts  of  corresponding  rivets  preserved 
in  opposite  side  of  neck.  Rivet-heads  not  orna¬ 
mental,  but  slightly  larger  and  more  prominent 
on  inside.  Lower  end  of  handle  not  riveted. 
Ends  in  palmette.  On  top  of  handle,  resting  on 
very  low  basis,  sphinx,  looking  toward  inside. 
Cast  solid  with  handle.  Height,  0.021  m.  Lower 
part  of  legs  solid  and  unornamented.  No  tail. 
Wings  double  and  alike  in  decoration.  Short, 
thick  neck.  Rather  heavy  face,  with  eyes  nearly 
circular,  full  rounded  chin,  and  small  mouth. 
Hair  represented  as  a  mass  distinguished  plas¬ 
tically  from  forehead  and  cheeks,  but  no  details 
are  given  except  a  single  line  near  front.  On 
left  side  of  neck  three  short  cross  lines,  which 
may  indicate  that  hair  came  down  side  of  neck ; 
on  the  right  side  it  is  carried  down  in  the 
modeling.1 

Form  2.  Upper  part  of  neck  flares  to¬ 
ward  TOP  AND  ABOUT  CORRESPONDS  IN 
LENGTH  TO  NECKS  OF  PRECEDING  FORM. 

2035.  Found  on  south  slope  stairs,  middle, 
April  24,  1895.  Handles  with  small  piece  of 
rim  attached.  Diameter  of  top,  0.086  m.  ;  of 
bottom  of  preserved  part,  0.066  m.  Heavy, 
solid  handles,  inside  plain.  On  outside,  raised 
edges  and  centre  which  are  separated  from  con¬ 
cave  fields  by  single  grooves.  On  sides  of  han¬ 
dles,  similar  groove  running  down  centre.  Upper 
side  cut  away  near  rim  as  in  No.  2033.  End  of 
handle  grips  rim  of  vase,  and  then  spreads  about 
neck  beneath  ledge.  Fastened  by  rivets  at  up¬ 
per  end.  Head  of  rivets  larger  on  inside.  Un¬ 
certain  how  lower  end  was  fastened.  No  signs 
of  attachment.  Shape  of  remainder  of  neck 
uncertain,  but  it  seems  to  have  widened  rapidly. 

Form  3.  Neck  closes  inward  from 

SHOULDER. 

2036.  From  south  slope.  Fragment  of  neck. 

1  For  general  design  cf.  Olympia,  No.  671,  ascribed  by 
Furtwangler  to  sixtli  century.  Its  form  is  simpler  and  less 
developed  than  that  of  Heraeuin  specimen.  Cf.  also  for 


Length,  0.08  in.  Width  of  rim,  0.009  m.  Flare 
at  bottom  probably  beginning  of  shoulder. 

Addenda  to  Vases,  (a'.)  The  following  frag¬ 
ment  is  perhaps  top  of  neck  of  rimless  jar. 

2037.  F  rom  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Bent.  Diameter,  0.082  m.  x  0.055  m.  About 
top,  narrow  leaf  pattern.  Leaves  indented. 
Groove  above,  below,  and  across  lower  end. 

(b'.)  The  following  pieces  have  bottom  or  bot¬ 
tom  and  sides  backed  by  lead. 

Without  shoulder  or  neck  (low  basin). 

2038.  Fragments  a-f.  Uncleaned.  Fragment 
a.  About  two  thirds  of  circle  of  bottom  and 
side.  Condition  poor.  Bent.  Diameter  at 
present  about  0.30  m.  About  side  and  edge  of 
bottom,  inserted  lead  strip.  Thickness,  0.01  m. 
to  0.04  m.  Lead  covered  inside  and  out  with 
sheet  bronze,  but  changed  in  shape  through  being 
melted.  No  indication  that  sides  rose  higher 
than  at  present.  On  under  side,  two  pieces 
belonging  to  bottom  attached  by  rivets.  Frag¬ 
ments  b-f  are  of  lead  except  for  small  pieces  of 
bronze  attached  to  5,  c,  and  d.  Fragments  c 
and  d  join.  Contour  of  edge  of  bottom  pre¬ 
served  by  c  and  e  (Plate  shows  under  side 
of  e).  It  was  depressed  and  surrounded  by  deep 
groove. 

With  shoulder  and  neck  (cauldron). 

Plate  CXIX. 

2039.  From  West  Building.  Besides  frag- 
ments  a-h,  which  show  in  Plate,  twelve  small 
bits  of  bronze.  All  except  a  and  b  may  belong 
either  to  this  number  or  to  No.  2038.  Fragment 
a.  Part  of  side  and  bottom.  Length,  0.36  m. 
All  bronze  except  for  piece  of  backing  about 
edge  of  bottom.  Bottom  attached  to  side  by 
rivets.  Was  possibly,  though  not  probably, 
double.  Side  piece  was  joined  to  its  continua¬ 
tion  at  one  end  by  rivets.  Fragment  b.  About 
half  of  rim  with  piece  of  side.  Diameter  of  rim, 
0.222  m.  Height  of  rim,  0.021  m.  Rim  double, 
witli  upper  edge  bent  outward.  Not  certain 
where  pieces  join,  but  probably  in  shoulder. 
Fragment  c.  Two  pieces  of  bronze  riveted  to¬ 
gether.  Fragments  d-h  have  rectangular  holes 
made  with  solid  punch.  Large  round  holes  in 
fragment  g  cut  with  hollow  punch  from  opposite 
side  to  that  from  which  rectangular  hole  was 
struck. 

(c5)  Unclassified  bottoms  (mainly  bosses). 

shape  small  clay  amphora  from  Mycenae  (outside  of  shaft- 
graves),  No.  1111. 


288 


THE  BRONZES 


2040.  Top  mostly  gone,  and  condition  poor. 
Boss.  Diameter,  0.048  m. 

2041.  Fragment  of  boss.  Diameter,  0.05  m. 

2042.  F  rom  soutli  slope.  Two  fragments 
which  do  not  belong  to  same  boss.  Right-hand 
fragment  discarded. 

2043.  Fi  'ora  south  slope.  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.038  m. 

2044.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.022  m. 

2045.  From  back  of  Soutli  Building.  Frag¬ 
ment  with  part  of  boss.  Dimensions,  0.057  m.  x 
0.049  m.  Beginning  of  boss  indicated  by  groove 
on  under  side.  Outside,  ring  of  small  dots. 
Inside  (1)  ring  of  short  straight  lines  pointing 
toward  centre,  (2)  ring  of  small  dots. 

2046.  (Shows  upper  side.)  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.03  m. 

2047.  (Shows  under  side.)  Diameter  of  boss, 
0.041  m.  Hole  in  ornament,  0.0065  in.  in  di¬ 
ameter,  filled  witli  iron. 

Discards  :  ten  bosses,  of  which  one  from  back  of  South 
Building  and  three  from  south  slope.  Unclassified  frag¬ 
ments  of  vases,  252,  of  which  115  from  back  of  South 
Building,  one  from  south  slope,  and  one  from  West  Build¬ 
ing. 

I).  HANDLES  OF  VASES  AND  CAULDRONS. 
DIVSION  I.  HORIZONTAL.  DIRECT  ATTACHMENT. 

Type  a.  Rounded  bar. 

Form  1.  Broad. 

Class  a.  Riveted. 

2048.  From  south  slope.  Width,  0.047  m. 
Projected,  0.03  m.  One  foot  has  part  of  bronze 
rivet,  the  other  has  rivet  and  small  piece  from 
side  of  vase  adhering. 

Class  ft.  Stuck. 

(a' .)  Plain. 

2049.  Width,  0.0393  m.  Projected,  0.0245  m. 
(/V.)  Ornamented. 

2050.  Width,  0.0397  m.  Projected,  0.0265  m. 
In  centre  of  bar,  bead  with  grooved  ring  at  either 
side.  At  each  end  of  bar  transition  to  foot  by 
ring. 

Form  2.  Narrower.  Stuck.  Unorna¬ 
mented. 

Group  i.  Rounded  feet. 

2051.  One  side  defective.  Projected,  0.041  m. 
from  vase. 

2052.  From  south  slope.  Width,  0.033  m. 
Projected,  0.087  m. 

Group  ii.  Long  feet. 

2053.  One  foot  about  half  gone.  Projected, 

0.0335  m. 

1  Identified  by  Miss 


Form  3.  Large.  Rounded  foot.  Hori¬ 
zontal  planes.  Feet  stuck. 

2054.  Part  of  one  leg  left.  Projected,  0.046  ni. 
Transition  ring  between  leg  and  foot.  Foot 
somewhat  concave.  Small  round  hole  near  cen¬ 
tre,  probably  a  flaw. 

Form  4.  Large.  Flower  at  centre  of 
bar.  Feet  stuck. 

2055.  Fragment  of  one  leg.  Projected,  about 
0.07  m.  Cast  in  one  piece. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  911,  for  complete  example 
of  this  handle. 

Type  b.  Flat  bar.  Projects  in  horizontal 
plane.  Feet  stuck. 

2056.  One  foot  gone.  Width,  0.103  m.  Pro¬ 
jected,  0.036  m.  Foot  concave  in  long  axis  as 
though  attached  to  rim.  Leaf  pattern.  Small 
circles  at  joinings  of  tops  of  leaves. 

Similar,  but  more  elaborate,  De  Ridder, 
Bronzes  de  V Acropole,  No.  210. 

Plate  CXX. 

2057.  Both  feet  broken  and  defective.  Pro¬ 
jected,  0.0505  m.  Feet  concave  in  long  axis.1 

Type  c.  Rectangular  bar  with  rounded 
corners.  Feet  probably  stuck. 

2058.  One  foot  gone,  the  other  damaged  and 
bent.  Width,  0.055  m.  Projected,  0.05  m. 

Type  d,  Rectangular  bar  with  broader  side 
upright. 

2059.  F  rom  back  of  South  Building.  Condi¬ 
tion  poor.  Width,  about  0.095  m.  Projected, 
about  0.03  m. 

2060.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.08  m.  Pro¬ 
jected,  0.061  m.  Feet  must  have  held  nearly 
rectangular  edge. 

Discarded:  one. 

Type  e.  Rounded  polygonal  and  triangular 
bar  with  legs  bent  upward.  Feet  stuck. 

With  this  type  cf.  handles  of  broken  bowls 
from  Mycenae,  e.  g.  Mus.  No.  2368. 

Form  1.  Triangular  bar. 

Under  side  somewhat  more  convex  than  the 
others,  and  usually  somewhat  wider. 

Class  a.  Legs  bent. 

2061.  (Shows  under  side.)  Width,  0.0955  m. 
Surface  of  feet  flattened  on  one  side  for  attach¬ 
ment. 

2062.  (Shows  under  side.)  Width,  0.0585  m. 
Foot  has  slightly  concave  surface  for  attachment. 

Class  ft.  Nearly  horizontal. 

2063.  Width,  0.065  m.  Surface  of  foot  has 
slit  lengthwise  for  attachment. 

M.  Louise  Nichols. 


HANDLES  OF  VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


289 


2064.  (Shows  upper  side.)  Width,  0.058  m. 
Oblong  shallow  holes  in  both  feet. 

2065.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Width, 
0.076  m.  Oblong  holes  in  feet. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  926  (no  holes  in  feet). 
Form  2.  Top  and  bottom  of  bar  almost 

FLAT,  SIDES  CONVEX  AND  WIDER.  AT¬ 
TACHED  TO  SURFACE  WITH  SHARP  SLANT. 

2066.  (Shows  upper  side.)  From  back  of 
South  Building.  Width,  0.06  m. 

Form  3.  Rounded  bar,  in  part  ellipti¬ 
cal.  Broader  side  in  horizontal  plane. 
Attached  to  surfaces  with  sharp 

SLANT. 

2067.  (Shows  upper  side.)  Width,  0.066  m. 
Knobs  at  side  undercut. 

2068.  Width,  0.075  m.  Conical,  undercut 
knobs. 

Type  f.  Bar  broad  and  flat. 

2069.  Small  fragment.  Length,  0.036  m. 
Thickness,  0.0018  m.  Back  flat,  bevels  only  on 
one  side.  Regarded  as  fragment  of  handle 
(rather  than  of  a  wheel)  after  analogy  of  follow¬ 
ing  number. 

2070.  Broken  at  both  ends.  Length,  0.091  m. 
Thickness,  0.002  m. 

Type  g.  Bar  has  returning  ends. 

2071.  (Drawing  of  half.)  From  south  slope. 
Width,  0.224  m.  Thickness,  about  0.0035  m. 
Holes  for  nostrils. 

Cf.  De  Ridder,  Bronzes  de  V Acropole,  No.  212. 
Addenda.  The  following  fragments  seem  to 
be  from  handles  of  shape  somewhat  similar  to 

No.  2071. 

2071  a.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.038  m. 
Two  small  holes  for  rivets.  Object  could  be 
attached  decorative  serpent’s  head. 

2071  b.  Length,  0.125  m.  Rivet  for  attach¬ 
ment,  0.004  m.  in  diameter.  Head  on  inside  of 
vessel,  diameter,  0.007  m.  Returning  end  or¬ 
namented  with  narrow  convex  surface  in  cut  at 
0.0185  m.  from  tip. 

Discarded:  two. 

DIVISION  II.  HORIZONTAL.  INDIRECT  ATTACH¬ 
MENT. 

Type  a.  Attachment  by  external  rivet. 

Form  1.  Foot  turns  outward. 

2072.  One  foot  gone.  Present  width,  0.03  m. 
Form  2.  Foot  turns  inward. 

2073.  One  foot  uncoiled,  twisted,  and  broken 
off.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.0535  m. 
Through  left  foot  passes  rivet  with  small  piece 


of  metal  attached  to  each  end.  Between  upper 
piece  and  bar,  another  slightly  thicker  piece. 
Type  b.  Attachment  by  eyelet. 

Form  1.  Bar  curves  outward  at  foot. 
Plate  CXXI. 

2074.  From  above  last  part  of  Stoa  under 
Cyclopean  wall.  Bar  broken  at  both  ends.  In 
each  case,  broken  out  hole  through  which  rivet 
passed  which  held  it  to  side  of  vase.  Length  of 
bar,  0.054  m.  Width  on  flat  side,  0.007  m. 
Right  eyelet  (in  Plate)  formed  by  meeting  of 
two  semicircular  prongs. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  664,  with  shorter  returning 
ends.  Similar  piece  with  different  purpose  from 
Argos  specimen  from  temple  of  Athena  Cranaea 
near  Elateia  ( B .  C.  II.  XII.  p.  55  [P.  Paris]). 

2075.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Both 
ends  broken.  Length,  0.0375  m. 

2076.  From  back  of  South  Building.  One 
leg  preserved.  Length,  0.064  m. 

2076  a.  One  end  gone.  Height,  0.022  m. 
Knob  at  end. 

2077.  Bar  for  attachment.  Cf.  No.  2074. 
Length,  0.051  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m.  Inner 
diameter  of  eyelets,  0.004  m.  and  0.0045  m. 
Right  rivet  projects  at  back  0.001  m.,  the  other 
less. 

Addenda  to  Form  1.  The  following  num¬ 
bers  are  perhaps  only  bent  pieces  of  wire. 

2078.  Length,  0.05  m. 

For  curve  of  end  cf.  Olympia ,  No.  864. 

2078  a.  From  back  of  South  Building. 
Height,  0.037  m.  Perhaps  better  regarded  as 
a  spit  end. 

2078  b.  Uncleaned.  One  end  gone.  Rec¬ 
tangular  bar  with  ordinary  angular  knob  in  cen¬ 
tre  of  bow.  Height,  0.037  m. 

Discards  of  Form  1  :  ten  (of  which  six  uncleaned). 

Form  2.  Bar  curves  inward  at  foot. 

2079.  F  rom  south  slope.  One  foot  gone. 
Width,  0.033  m.  Cf.  No.  2073. 

Addendum  to  Form  2.  It  is  not  certain  that 
the  following  number  is  a  handle. 

2080.  Bent.  Height,  0.054  m. 

Form  3.  Bar  a  simple  ring  (closed  or 
open). 

Class  a.  Eyelet  passes  through  object  and 
is  bent  back  on  inside.  (Perhaps  only 
ornamental  attached  rings,  but  formally 
best  put  here.) 

2081.  Condition  poor.  Diameter  of  ring, 
0.0132  m. 

2082.  Attached  piece  damaged,  but  perhaps 


290 


THE  BRONZES 


has  upper  edge  original.  Diameter  of  ring, 
0.0165  m.  Ends  of  eyelet  bent  back  flat  on  in¬ 
side  and  in  opposite  directions.  Attached  piece 
a  sort  of  ear,  which  was  itself  probably  attached 
to  side  of  vase. 

Cf.  ornaments  of  eyelet  and  ring  on  elliptical 
bronze  cist  in  Museo  Gregoriano,  No.  327,  Mus. 
Greg.  I.  pi.  87. 

2083.  Ring  and  part  of  eyelet.  Diameter, 
0.0225  m.  Ring  open  and  ends  meet  in  eyelet. 

2084.  From  back  of  South  Building.  One 
side  of  eyelet  strap  gone.  Diameter,  0.0264  m. 

2085.  Eyelet  gone,  but  ring  has  narrow  de¬ 
pression  where  it  passed.  Diameter,  0.035  m. 
Bar  somewhat  flat. 

2086.  Seems  to  be  complete,  although  only 
one  end  of  strap  passed  through  object.  Ring 
rather  flat  (section  would  be  pear-shaped).  Dia¬ 
meter,  0.0198  m. 

Discarded:  one. 

Class  ft.  Eyelet  welded  to  2)1  ate  which  ivas 
riveted  to  object. 

2087.  Diameter  of  ring,  0.046  m.  Thickness 
of  plate,  0.0015  m.-0.003  m.  Eyelet  cast  sepa¬ 
rately.  Diameter,  0.0165  m.  Above,  two  rivets. 
Type  c.  Feet  turn  in  and  pivot  in  ends  of 

attached  socket-piece. 

Not  all  cases  which  fall  formally  under  this 
type  are  true  pivots.  The  feet  often  meet  in  the 
socket-piece,  thus  agreeing  essentially  with 
Type  b.  It  seems  best  to  put  them  all  together, 
partly  because  of  the  formal  connection  and 
partly  because  it  is  difficult  in  many  cases  to 
ascertain  whether  there  is  a  true  pivot  or  not. 

Form  1.  Rounded  bow. 

Class  a.  Bar  tapers  to  end  of  feet  without 
indication  of  point  where  they  become 
pivots. 

Group  i.  High  bow.  Bow  plain. 

(a' ft)  Handles  from  which  socket-piece 
is  lost. 

2088.  Width,  0.0177  m.  Height,  0.0165  m. 

2089.  Width,  0.023  m.  Height,  0.014  m. 

2090.  Width,  0.0233  m.  Height,  0.017  m. 

2091.  Width,  0.024  m.  Height,  0.0227  m. 

2092.  Width,  0.026  m.  Height,  0.023  m. 

2093.  Width,  0.0266  m.  Height,  0.0225  m. 

2094.  Width,  0.0207  m.  Height,  0.021  m. 

2095.  Width,  0.027  m.  Height,  0.024  m. 

2096.  Width,  0.027  m.  Height,  0.025  m. 

2097.  Width,  0.0275  m.  Height,  0.0245  m. 

2098.  Width,  0.028  m.  Height,  0.0262  m. 

2099.  Width,  0.0284  m.  Height,  0.0255  m. 


2100.  From  south  slope.  Width,  0.0287  m. 
Height,  0.0215  m. 

2101.  Width,  0.0287  m.  Height,  0.024  m. 

2102.  Width,  0.029  m.  Height,  0.0245  m. 

2103.  From  West  Building.  Width,  0.029  m. 
Height,  0.026  m. 

2104.  Width,  0.0293  m.  Height,  0.0245  m. 

2105.  From  south  slope.  Width,  0.03  m. 
Height,  0.0253  m. 

2106.  Width,  0.032  m.  Height,  0.027  m. 

2107.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Width, 
0.0323  m.  Height,  0.03  m. 

2108.  Points  blunted.  Width,  0.0332  m. 
Height,  0.0245  m. 

2109.  From  West  Building.  One  point 
broken.  Width,  0.0357  m.  Height,  0.027  m. 

2110.  Points  blunted.  Width,  0.0365  m. 
Height,  0.027  m. 

2111.  F  rom  back  of  South  Building.  Points 
blunted.  Width,  0.0414  m.  Height,  0.0317  m. 

2112.  Points  broken.  Width,  0.0414  m. 
Height,  0.0368  m. 

2113.  From  south  slope.  Width,  0.0424  m. 
Height,  0.0337  m. 

2114.  Width,  0.051  m.  Height,  0.043  m. 

2115.  Points  damaged.  Width,  0.122  m. 
Height,  0.095  m. 

In  the  following  numbers  (2116-2118)  the 
opening  is  at  one  end  of  flat  side. 

2116.  Width,  0.021  m.  Height,  0.0215  m. 
Ends  overlap  slightly. 

2117.  Uncertain  whether  ends  are  broken. 
Width,  0.0233  m.  Height,  0.02  m. 

2118.  Both  ends  probably  broken.  Bent. 
Width,  0.0563  m.  Not  certainly  a  handle,  but 
shape  of  bow  hardly  accidental. 

Addenda.  It  is  not  certain  whether  the  follow¬ 
ing  numbers  (2119-2122)  ai’e  handles. 

2119.  Width,  0.0233  m.  Height,  0.0275  m. 
Bar  rectangular  at  end.  Ends  overlap  at  centre 
of  under  side. 

2120.  Width,  0.032  m.  Height,  0.0295  m. 
Ends  meet. 

2121.  Ends  broken.  Width,  0.025  m.  Height, 
0.022  m. 

2122.  Ends  broken.  Bent.  Width,  0.053  m. 
Height,  0.0355  m. 

Besides  the  above,  there  are  a  number  of  open 
rings  which  have  on  the  side  where  the  ends 
meet  a  flattened  or  pulled-out  appearance,  sug¬ 
gesting  a  possible  use  as  handles. 

2123.  Width,  0.019  m.  Height,  0.0215  m. 
Ends  overlap. 


HANDLES  OF  VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


291 


2124.  Points  injured.  Width,  0.0199  in. 
Height,  0.0185  m. 

2125.  Ends  damaged.  Width,  0.021  m. 
Height,  0.0235  m.  Section  of  bar  would  be  a 
flattened  ellipse. 

2126.  Width,  0.0217  in.  Height,  0.023  m. 

2127.  From  West  Building.  Width, 

0.0239  m.  Height,  0.0233  m. 

2128.  Width,  0.0247  m.  Height,  0.0237  m. 
Ends  overlap  slightly. 

2129.  Width,  0.0253  m.  Height,  0.0265  m. 
overlap. 

2130.  Ends  injured.  Width,  0.031  m. 

Height,  0.0335  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  twenty-seven,  of  which  two  from  back 
of  South  Building  and  one  from  south  slope. 

(5'.)  Handles  with  socket-piece  pre¬ 
served. 

(U.)  Socket-piece  plain. 

2131.  Socket-piece  partly  broken  out,  but  did 
not  meet  originally.  Width,  0.0205  m.  Height, 
0.0243  m.  Length  of  socket-piece,  0.0067  in. 

2132.  From  back  of  South  Building.  De¬ 
fective  and  in  poor  condition.  Width,  0.022  m. 
Height,  0.026  m.  Socket-piece  open.  Length, 
0.0075  m. 

2133.  From  West  Building.  Width,  0.032  m. 
Height,  0.0275  m.  Socket-piece  open.  Length, 
0.012  m.  Interior  filled  with  lead. 

2134.  Condition  poor.  0.0323  m.  Height, 
0.032  m.  Socket-piece  open.  Length,  0.0135  m. 

2135.  From  south  slope.  Width,  0.0407  m. 
Height,  0.033  m.  Socket-piece  open.  Length, 
0.016  m.  Interior  filled  with  lead.  Socket- 
piece  turns  still. 

(2'.)  Socket-piece  ornamented  with 
grooves. 

2136.  From  West  Building.  Socket-piece 
damaged  at  one  end.  Width,  0.0188  in.  Height, 
0.018  m.  Socket-piece  open  and  sides  overlap. 
Length,  0.009  m. 

2137.  Part  of  ring  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Width,  0.021  m.  Height,  0.0167  m.  Length 
of  socket-piece,  0.01  m.  One  side  slightly  flat¬ 
tened.  Ornamented  with  about  five  grooves 

© 

which  in  best  preserved  part  look  like  screw- 
thread. 

2138.  Width,  0.023  m.  Height,  0.02  m. 
Length  of  socket-piece,  0.0115  m. 

2139.  Width,  0.026  m.  Height,  0.022  m. 
Length  of  socket-piece,  0.01  m.  Turns. 

2140.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Width, 
0.0275  m.  Height,  0.025  m.  Length  of  socket- 


piece,  0.016  m.  Ends  of  ring,  0.0015  m.  apart, 
visible  at  opening  between  ends  of  socket- 
piece. 

2141.  Width,  0.0435  m.  Height,  0.0405  m. 
Socket-piece  open.  Length,  0.0155  m. 

2142.  From  West  Building.  Width,  0.06  m. 
Height,  0.046  m.  Socket-piece  flattened  on  at¬ 
tached  side  to  surface  of  0.007  m.  in  width. 
Length,  0.035  in. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  843,  and  for  use,  ibid. 
No.  845  (sketch).  Also  Burlington  Fine  Arts 
Club ,  Exhibition  of  Ancient  Greek  A  rt  (1904), 
A  8  (pi.  xlv.). 

Discarded:  one  (under  2'). 

Group  ii.  High  ornamented  bow.  Only 
one  example  and  that  doubtful. 

2143.  Defective  and  in  poor  condition. 
Width,  0.0388  m.  Height,  0.0275  m.  At 
centre  of  bow,  bead  with  ring  at  either  side  (all 
one  piece  with  bow).  Section  of  bar  would  be 
octagonal. 

Group  iii.  Bow  flattened.  Plain. 

(a'.)  Socket-piece  lost. 

2144.  Width,  0.034  m.  Height,  0.019  m. 

2145.  Width,  0.0345  m.  Height,  0.0215  m. 

2146.  From  West  Building.  Condition  poor. 
Width,  0.0365  m.  Height,  0.019  m. 

2147.  Width,  0.0365  m.  Height,  0.0205  m. 

2148.  Height,  0.021  m.  Width,  0.037  in. 

2149.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.038  m. 
Height,  0.019  m. 

2150.  Width,  0.038  m.  Height,  0.025  m. 

2151.  Width,  0.042  m.  Height,  0.023  m. 

2152.  From  south  slope.  Condition  poor. 
Width,  0.04  m.  Height,  0.023  m. 

2153.  Width,  0.0455  m.  Height,  0.027  m. 

2154.  From  south  slope.  Width,  0.0455  m. 
Height,  0.0235  m. 

2155.  Width,  0.051  m.  Height,  0.0215  m. 

2156.  Width,  0.0575  m.  Height,  0.0265  m. 
The  following  have  opening  at  end  of  pivot 

side. 

2157.  Part  of  bottom  gone.  Width,  0.035  m. 
Height,  0.026  m. 

2158.  Width,  0.0379  m.  Height,  0.0196  m. 

2159.  Width,  0.044  m.  Height,  0.0275  m. 
The  following  has  ends  meeting  at  centre  and 

overlapping. 

2160.  Ends  damaged.  Width,  0.0373  m. 
Height,  0.025  m. 

Addendum.  The  following  object  has  shape 
of  handle  of  this  group,  but  is  perhaps  better 
regarded  as  end  of  bladed  spit. 


292 


THE  BRONZES 


2161.  Width,  0.052  m.  Height,  0.024  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  twenty-one  cleaned,  mostly  fragments, 
one  being  from  south  slope,  one  from  West  Building,  and 
two  from  back  of  same  building  ;  also  four  uncleaned 
fragments. 

(&'.)  Socket-piece  preserved.  Socket- 
piece  ornamented. 

Plate  CXXII. 

2162.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.03  m.  Height, 
0.018  m.  Socket-piece  flattened  on  one  side. 

2163.  Width,  0.0345  m.  Height,  0.021  m. 

2164.  From  West  Building.  Width,  0.0385  m. 
Height,  0.028  m.  Shallow  holes  in  socket-piece 
in  which  ends  of  ring  play  freely. 

Discarded  :  one. 

Group  iv.  Flattened  bow.  Bow  orna¬ 
mented. 

(a'.)  Ornament  in  centre  of  bow. 

2165.  Width,  0.048  m.  Height,  0.035  m. 

2166.  F  rom  south  slope.  Width,  0.04  m. 

Cf.  Olympia,  No.  836. 

2167.  Ring  defective.  Width,  0.033  m. 
Height,  0.02  m. 

2168.  From  West  Building.  Width,  0.0765  m. 
Height,  0.046  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  three  uucleaned  and  uncertain  frag¬ 
ments. 

(5'.)  Ornament  at  ends  of  bow. 

2169.  Width,  0.0375  m.  Height,  0.025  m. 

2170.  Width,  0.094  m.  Height,  0.054  m. 
Bar  octagonal  in  section,  with  four  broader  sides 
connected  by  four  that  are  narrower.  Socket- 
piece  has  groove  on  top  extending  nearly  to 
centre.  Bottom  and  side  of  groove  of  bronze. 

For  style  of  ring  part,  cf.  Olympia,  No.  829. 
Class  ft.  Pivots  separated  from  remainder 

of  bar  by  beads. 

Group  i.  High  bow. 

2171.  Width,  0.0395  m.  Height,  0.033  in. 

2172.  Found  probably  northeast  corner  near 
east  end  of  Stoa  and  near  or  under  Cyclopean 
wall.  Width,  0.048  in.  Next  to  pivots,  bead 
with  narrow  ring  at  either  side. 

Group  ii.  Flattened  bow. 

2173.  About  half  gone.  Height,  0.0355  m. 

2174.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.062  in.  Un¬ 
certain  whether  pivots  are  inserted  or  cast  with 
object.  Probably  the  former. 

Cf.  Olympia,  No.  835. 

Discard:  one  uncleaned,  similar  to  No.  2174. 

Form  2.  Rectangular  now. 

(a'.)  Plain. 

2175.  Ends  broken.  Width,  0.10  m.  Incom¬ 


pleteness  renders  classification  uncertain.  Could 
be  put  with  Olympia,  No.  662  (horizontal,  riveted 
flat  ends). 

( b '.)  Ornamented. 

2176.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Ends 
broken.  Width,  0.046  m.  Bar  rectangular, 
with  sharp  corners. 

2177.  Condition  poor.  Width,  0.141  m. 
Height,  0.064  m.  Bar  octagonal. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  Nos.  825,  827,  especially  the 
latter. 

Type  d.  Similar  to  Type  c,  but  the  socket- 
piece  is  attached  to  the  body  of  the  ring, 
forming  a  sort  of  eyelet.  It  is  not,  how¬ 
ever,  a  true  eyelet  any  more  than  it  is  a 
true  socket-piece,  and  hence  is  best  put 
apart  from  Types  b  and  c. 

2178.  Socket-piece  much  damaged.  Height 
of  ring,  0.026  m.  Original  length  of  socket- 
piece,  about  0.011  m.  Probably  plain. 

2179.  Condition  poor.  Width  of  ring, 
0,0335  m.  Possible  traces  of  ornamental  grooves 
on  socket-piece. 

Addenda  to  Types  c  and  d.  Socket-pieces  and 
applied  ornaments  of  same  form.  (For  another 
use,  viz.  on  tripod  standards,  cf.  Olympia ,  p.  128, 
No.  814.) 

(«'.)  Socket-pieces  (holes  for  pivots  in  ends). 

2180.  Length,  0.018  m„  Diameter,  0.0125  m. 
Interior  lead.  Plain. 

The  following  numbers  (2181-2185)  have 
ornamental  grooves. 

2181.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.011  m. 
Diameter,  0.0068  m.  x  0.005  m.  Interior  lead. 

2182.  From  West  Building.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0164  m.  Diameter,  0.007  m.  x 
0.006  m.  Interior  filled  with  lead,  in  each  end 
of  which  small  hole. 

2183.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.033  m. 
Diameter,  0.0135  m.  Interior  filled  with  lead, 
in  each  end  of  which  hole. 

2184.  Length,  0.0315  in.  Diameter,  0.01  m. 
One  side  flattened  to  surface  of  0.005  m. 

2185.  Length,  0.0305  m.  Diameter,  0.0113  m. 
Flattened  on  one  side  to  0.007  m. 

It  is  not  certain  that  the  following  number 
belongs  here. 

2186.  Th  in  sheet  rolled  so  that  ends  meet. 
Length,  0.029  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  five  (uncleaned). 

(&'.)  Applied  ornaments  of  same  or  similar 
form. 

2187.  Length,  0.0505  m.  On  one  side  shal- 


HANDLES  OF  VASES  AND  CAULDRONS 


293 


low  groove,  0.004  m.-0.006  m.  wide,  running 
lengthwise.  Ends  smooth  and  slightly  convex. 

According  to  Furtwangler,  Olympia ,  p.  135, 
groove  indicates  attachment  to  a  rim. 

o 

The  following  are  slightly  different. 

2188.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.039  m. 
Slightly  curved.  Cf.  No.  2788,  with  which  this 
should  be  classed. 

2189.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.025  m. 
Diameter,  0.0075  m.  Round.  Solid. 

The  following  is  of  uncertain  use. 

2190.  Ends  probably  incomplete.  Length, 
0.029  m.  Diameter,  0.012  m.  Slightly  curved. 
One  side  slightly  flattened. 

Discards  of  (&')  :  two  (uncleaned). 

DIVISION  III.  VERTICAL. 

Type  a.  Top  of  handle  about  on  level  with 
top  of  vase. 

2191.  Ends  broken.  Height,  0.043  m.  Width, 
0.013  m.  Convex  bands  at  side  ornamented 
with  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2192.  Upper  part  damaged.  Height,  0.038  m. 
Ornament  of  arrowhead  hatching  in  centre, 
and  of  hatched  transverse  lines  on  adjoining 
rolls. 

2193.  Upper  end  gone.  Height,  0.045  m. 
Width,  0.025  m.  On  side  ridges,  oblique  hatch¬ 
ing,  at  edges  of  fields,  dots.  Central  ridge  has 
two  lines  at  top,  but  elsewhere  nothing  certain. 

2194.  Height,  0.042  m.  Width,  0.02  m. 
Ornament  of  vertical  grooves. 

For  ornament  cf.  Olympia ,  No.  656. 

Type  b.  Top  of  handle  rises  above  vase. 
Class  a.  Rather  heavy  flat  bar  with  or 
without  ridges  at  side. 

2195.  Top  damaged.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.051  m.  Width,  0.012  m.  Vertical  grooves. 

2196.  Condition  poor.  Height,  0.05  m.  Width, 
0.016  m.  Ornament  of  vertical  grooves. 

2197.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Dam¬ 
aged  at  upper  end,  lower  end  gone.  Height, 
0.071  m.  Width,  0.016  m.  Grooves. 

Plate  CXXIII. 

2198.  Top  damaged.  Height,  about  0.07  m. 
Width,  0.032  m.  Guilloche  of  double  grooves 
at  outer  edge  of  each  field. 

Not  certain  that  following  number  belongs 
here. 

Plate  CXXII. 

2199.  From  south  slope.  Ends  damaged,  un¬ 
certain  just  how  much.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.038  m.  Width,  0.0127  m.  Near  top,  rivet. 


Slightly  concave,  otherwise  no  certain  traces  of 
ornament. 

Class  (3-  Bur  convex  on  outside. 

Plate  CXXIII. 

2200.  Ends  damaged.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.086.  Width,  0.012  in.  Both  ends  worked  off 
from  upper  side  for  attachment.  No  certain 
trace  of  ornament. 

Class  y.  Heavy  convex  triangular  bar.  Or¬ 
namented  with  figure  in  relief. 

2201.  Upper  part  damaged  at  place  of  attach¬ 
ment.  Condition  poor.  Height,  0.051  m.  Lower 
end  indented  on  outside,  doubtful  whether  origi¬ 
nally.  Inside  of  lower  end  concave.  No  marks 
of  attachment.  Upper  end  has  deep  groove  for 
attachment  to  rim.  Beneath  groove,  two  rivet- 
holes  (one  now  broken  out).  Above  broken-out 
hole,  a  rivet.  Above  attachment,  lion’s  head  in 
low  relief  facing  toward  vase.  Treatment 
sketchy  and  decorative.  Nose  low  and  broad, 
with  nostrils  indicated.  Almond-shaped  eyes  in 
hollow  sockets.  Mouth  indicated  by  two  paral¬ 
lel  grooves  close  together.  Small  ears.  No  cer¬ 
tain  indication  of  mane.  Contour  of  handle  but 
slightly  altered. 

Type  c.  Top  attached  to  upper  surface  of 

top  of  vase. 

2202.  Height,  0.104  m.  Width,  0.0235  in. 
In  centre  of  top,  hole  cut  from  above  (diameter, 
0.01  in.).  Ornament  of  arrowheads,  in  some 
places  close  enough  together  to  be  called  a  zig¬ 
zag.  At  beginning  of  top,  three  large  dots, 
punched  from  beneath,  at  right  angles  to  axis 
of  handle. 

The  following  object  of  uncertain  use  is  put 
here  owing  to  similarity  of  form. 

2203.  Upper  end  broken.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.0575  m.  Has  tail  and  beginning  of 
head.  The  sort  of  gill  showing  on  lower  side 
of  head  in  Plate  does  not  appear  on  the  other 
side.  Tail  has  no  surface  for  attachment.  Ob¬ 
ject  seems  to  be  a  handle  in  form  of  serjient  (or 
fish),  but  roughly  executed. 

Discards  of  vertical  handles  :  four,  of  which  two  are  from 
south  slope. 

Addenda  to  Handles  (D).  (a'.)  Attachment 
pieces  for  hoop  or  string  handles. 

2204.  Width,  0.08  m.  Lion’s  head  rounded 
on  top.  From  it  rises  ring,  cast  solid  with  re¬ 
mainder  of  object,  with  hole  0.006  m.  in  diame¬ 
ter.  Treatment  of  head  decorative.  Small  ears 
(only  right  preserved).  Eyes  given  by  small, 
round,  rather  deep  (about  0.005  m.)  holes,  in 


294 


THE  BRONZES 


long,  shallow,  almond-shaped  sockets.  Nostrils 
indicated.  Mouth  rendered  by  groove.  For 
style,  see  III.  5,  b  (above,  p.  203). 

For  heads  of  similar  use,  cf.  Olympia ,  Nos. 
789  f. 

2205.  One  ear  gone.  Condition  poor.  Width, 
0.82  m.  Griffin’s  head.  Sides  probably  repre¬ 
sent  wings.  Vessel  to  which  object  was  at¬ 
tached  was  large  and  slightly  narrowed  at  top. 
Details  of  head  sketchy.  Ear  a  rounded  blade 
with  dull  point.  Horn  about  0.003  in.  in  height. 
Beak  curved  and  thin.  Between  ears,  indenta¬ 
tion  which  seems  too  slight  for  place  of  eyelet. 
No  other  place  of  attachment  for  handle.  Per¬ 
haps  merely  ornamental. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  791. 

( b '.)  Not  clear  whether  following  two  numbers 
were  intended  chiefly  as  handles  or  as  orna¬ 
ments. 

2206.  Length,  0.081  m.  Ends  concave  on 
under  side  for  attachment  to  rounded  surface. 

2207.  Length,  0.0615  m.  Same  on  both  sides, 
except  that  one  side  is  more  concave,  and  hence 
was  probably  the  under  side.  In  end  of  pro¬ 
jection,  deep  lengthwise  groove,  0.004  m.  in 
width.  Nails  pass  clear  through  and  have  heads 
at  back. 

E.  CONNECTING  HODS  BETWEEN  BOWL  AND 
BASE. 

2208.  Condition  poor.  Height,  0.044  m.  Top 
lias  thin  oxidized  piece  of  metal  on  both  sides. 
In  foot,  hole  (diameter,  0.001  m.). 

2209.  One  end  bent.  Length,  0.111  m.  Oc¬ 
tagonal  bar.  For  shape,  cf.  Olympia,  Nos. 
672  f. 

2210.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.091  m.  At¬ 
tached  metal  was  thin,  as  is  shown  by  slight  pro¬ 
jection  of  rivet. 

2211.  Bar  broken  or  rather  cut  sharply  off. 
Length,  0.068  in. 

It  is  less  certain  that  the  following  belong 
here. 

2212.  From  West  Building.  Shaft  broken. 
End  of  foot  gone.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.0425  m.  Width  of  shaft,  0.008  m.  Large 
rivet  in  foot.  Attached  piece  was  thin. 

2213.  Shaft  broken.  Length,  0.056  m.  Small 
liole  in  cacli  foot.  Possible  trace  of  engraved 
zigzag  on  bar. 

o  n 

2214.  From  West  Building.  Shaft  probably 
broken  at  top.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.0875  m.  No  rivet  in  foot. 


F.  ORNAMENTS  OF  VASES. 

2215.  Bar  broken.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.142  m.  Shaft  was  not  extended  on  other  side 
of  vertical  bar.  Near  top  of  latter,  a  single  en¬ 
graved  line.  Attached  to  top  of  large  vase. 
Projected  slightly  above  rim. 

Cf.  vase  from  Vulci  (Polledrara  tomb)  in 
British  Museum,  and  Olympia ,  No.  852. 

2216.  F  i'om  wall  east  of  house  of  guard. 
Shaft  broken  at  both  ends.  Rivet-hole  near 
centre  of  vertical  bar.  In  use  and  attachment 
similar  to  No.  2215. 

It  is  not  certain  that  following  number  is  from 
a  vase. 

2217  (  =  383).  From  West  Building.  Ends 
of  the  four  projecting  arms  broken.  Length, 
0.34  m.  Vertical  bar  attached  by  a  rivet  to 
back  piece.  Back  piece  slightly  wider  than  bar. 
From  back  piece  project  horizontal  arms  which 
do  not  seem  to  be  of  one  piece  with  it.  Bead 
ornament  on  arm. 

2.  TRIPODS  AND  STANDARDS. 

A.  FRAGMENTS  OF  LARGE  TRIPODS. 

(«'.)  Legs. 

Plate  CXXIV. 

2218.  Lower  end.  Length,  0.181  m.  Width, 
0.035  m.-0.046  m.  Thickness,  0.029  m.- 
0.0375  m.  Consists  of  thick  three-sided  shell, 
the  inside  of  which  is  nearly  filled  with  bronze. 
At  back,  filling  projects  slightly  and  has  hole  in 
it.  Bottom  a  separate  piece  of  irregular  height 
(back,  0.0025  m.-0.015  m. ;  front,  0.018  m.- 
0.029  m.).  Made  of  same  material  but  more 
rudely.  Welded  to  upper  part.  Ornamental 
grooves  continued  roughly  on  front,  but  not  on 
sides. 

For  style  cf.  Olympia ,  No.  565  (Furtwiing- 
ler’s  first  class).  Ibid.  No.  622,  is,  however, 
more  akin  to  Heraeum  piece  than  No.  565. 
Plate  CXXIII. 

2219.  Top  of  leg  of  small  tripod  with  shal¬ 
low  bowl.  Length,  0.08  m.  Width,  0.03  m.- 
0.048  m.  Cast  in  one  piece.  Concave  surface 
on  back  for  attachment  of  bowl,  which  was  held 
by  three  bronze  nails  in  top  of  leg  (piece  of 
one  still  in  hole).  Width  of  sides  of  leg, 
0.0085  m.  and  0.01  m.  Decoration  like  that  on 
front.  From  back,  at  edge  of  break,  pin  projects 
upward  at  angle  of  about  40°  to  support  surface 
for  bowl.  Length,  0.027  m.  Diameter,  0.0075  m. 


TRIPODS  AND  STANDARDS 


295 


This  surface  has  vertical  hole  (diameter, 
0.0175  m.)  which  continues  the  open  space 
between  the  side  bars  of  leg.  Depth  of  part 
of  bowl  clasped  by  leg,  0.058  rn.  Greatest  di¬ 
ameter  of  bowl  was  at  about  0.023  m.  from  top 
of  leg. 

Style  and  fabric  similar  to  Olympia ,  No.  622. 
Cf.  also  fragment  from  Zeus  cave  on  Mt.  Ida, 
Athen.  Mitth.  X.  p.  59,  Beilarje ,  No.  5  (Fabri- 
cius)  =  Halbherr  and  Orsi,  Antichita  delV  antro 
di  Zeus  Ideo ,  col.  54. 

2220.  Top  of  leg  of  large  tripod.  Small 
strip  of  upper  edge  seems  to  preserve  original 
surface.  Height,  0.077  m.  Width,  0.057  m.- 
0.1025  m.  Thickness,  0.007  m.  At  centre  of 
top,  broken  nail-hole ;  in  upper  right  corner, 
another ;  in  left  corner,  possible  traces  of  two 
others.  On  outside  of  each  edge  of  front,  four 
parallel  vertical  ribs.  Sides  smoothly  beveled. 

For  decoration  cf.  Olympia ,  No.  562. 

Plate  CXXIY. 

2221.  Broken  at  both  ends.  Length,  0.33  m. 
Width,  0.61  m.  Width  of  sides,  0.037  m. 
Space  between  sides  half  filled  with  melted 
bronze,  apparently  for  strengthening.  This  fill¬ 
ing  holds  in  place  at  upper  end  the  central  part 
of  a  bronze  supporting  pin,  both  ends  of  which 
are  broken  off  short.  The  upper  stub  projects 
upward  at  a  sharp  angle,  the  lower  is  curved  only 
slightly  upward.  Diameter  of  pin,  0.01  m. 
On  middle  of  pin  two  pieces  of  bronze  which 
may  be  remains  of  further  fastenings,  or  (more 
likely)  mere  drops  of  metal.  At  both  ends, 
between  sides,  remains  of  fine  drab-colored  earth, 
perhaps  from  casting.  Ornament  of  front,  dou¬ 
ble  arrowhead  pattern  in  centre  with  zigzag 
border  at  sides.  At  top,  cross  inside  zigzag 
ring,  above  and  below  which,  zigzag  frame. 
Ornament  of  sides  similar,  so  far  as  preserved, 
except  that  the  vertical  zigzag  along  edges  is 
lacking. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  627. 

(&'.)  Handles. 

Plate  CXXIII. 

2222.  Fragment  of  large  handle.  Length, 
0.101  m.  Width,  0.037  m.  Thickness,  inner 
edge,  0.013  m.,  outer  edge,  0.0065  m.  Ribbed 
on  both  sides. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  Nos.  624  f. 

The  following  are  uncertain,  but  probably 
belong  here. 

Plate  CXXIV. 

2223.  (Shows  convex  side.)  Perhaps  frag¬ 


ment  of  outer  rim  of  large  handle.  Length, 
0.111  m.  Width,  0.0285  m.  Thickness  of 
outer  rim,  0.007  m.,  of  teeth,  0.005  m.  Outer 
edge  preserves  original  surface,  the  inner  is 
broken.  A  bar  similar  to  the  outer  edge  of 
No.  2224  came  next.  Probable  that  No.  2224 
was  the  piece.  One  side  slightly  convex,  the  other 
concave.  If  this  is  original,  the  piece  can  hardly 
have  been  a  tripod-handle.  Ornament  substan¬ 
tially  alike  on  both  sides. 

2224.  (Shows  concave  side.)  Fragment 
similar  to  No.  2223,  but  broken  on  all  sides. 
Length,  0.113  m.  Width,  0.027  m.  Bent  in 
same  manner  as  preceding  number,  although 
not  quite  the  same  curve  throughout.  If  they 
belong  together,  they  were  bent  while  together 
and  again  after  the  separation. 

With  Nos.  2223  f.  cf.  Olympia,  Nos.  636  and 
639.  Convexity  possibly  due  to  imitation  of 
curve  of  earlier  handles  such  as  Olympia ,  No. 
569. 

B.  LOW  TRIPOD-STANDARDS. 

Type  a.  Block  feet. 

2225.  From  south  slope.  Ring  cracked 
through.  Diameter  (outside),  0.08  m.  x  0.076  m. 
Width,  0.007  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m.  Upper 
surface  roughly  grooved  as  though  for  attach¬ 
ment  of  some  object  or  objects.  Roughness 
probably  due  to  portions  of  bronze  soldering 
still  adhering.  Feet  project  outward.  Length 
of  feet,  0.013  m.  Have  form  of  cylindrical 
blocks  except  on  inside.  Height  of  standard 
with  feet,  0.012  m. 

Among  uncleaned  scraps  from  Acropolis  (Na¬ 
tional  Museum,  Athens),  numerous  ring  stand¬ 
ards  with  cylindrical  and  spool  feet. 

Type  b.  Spool  feet. 

2226.  From  Old  Temple.  Length,  0.022  m. 
Diameter  of  ends,  0.0225  m.  and  0.024  m.  Sin¬ 
gle  foot.  On  one  side,  smooth  edges  where  foot 
was  applied,  but  no  trace  of  fastening.  May 
possibly  have  been  part  of  handle. 

Cf.  Olympia,  No.  860,  attached  to  triangular 
plate,  also  Carapanos,  Dodone ,  pi.  xlvii.  No.  2. 

In  the  Carapanos  collection  (from  Dodona), 
half  of  ring  with  two  spools  attached  as  feet, 
welded  or  cast  together ;  also  similar  spool  as 
part  of  handle.  Mosaic  in  Capitoline  Mus. 
(Rome)  with  bowl  which  rests  on  spool  feet. 
Ilelbig,  Fairer,  I.  No.  450. 

Type  c.  Lion’s  feet. 

Class  a.  Plain. 

2227.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Only  a 


296 


THE  BRONZES 


single  leg  with  small  portion  of  ring  above  pre¬ 
served.  Height,  0.027  m.  Under  side  of  foot 
hollow. 

Class  (3.  Edge  of  ring  notched. 

2228.  Leg  and  piece  of  ring.  Height,  0.048  m. 
Length  (straight),  0.118  m.  Width,  0.021  m. 
Foot  has  six  toes,  the  outer  toe  on  each  side 
being  in  flat  relief.  Rests  on  thin  base,  which 
may  be  a  separate  piece.  Roughly  cast. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  858. 

Class  y.  Engraved. 

2229.  Leg.  Upper  edge  broken.  Height, 
0.032  m.  Width,  0.02  m.  Rounded  projec¬ 
tions  or  ears  on  each  side  at  top,  forming  tran¬ 
sition  to  ring.  Between  ears  and  leg,  double 
line.  Four  toes.  Bottom  of  foot  solid  and 
flat. 

Plate  CXXV. 

2230.  Found  east  of  Northwest  Building, 
1895.  Leg  and  part  of  ring.  Height,  0.076  m. 
Length  (straight),  0.138  m.  Width  of  ring, 
0.019  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  in. -0.006  in.,  in¬ 
creasing  toward  front.  Height  of  front,  0.025  m. 
On  front,  leaf  pattern,  the  lower  part  of  which 
is  formed  by  semicircular  punch-marks.  Leg 
set  slightly  back  of  outer  edge  of  ring.  Convex 
at  back.  Molding  at  top  with  simple  volute  at 
either  side.  Five  toes,  one  of  which  is  very 
faintly  indicated.  The  others  are  sharply  and 
carefully  modeled,  showing  joints  and  claws. 
Under  side  of  foot  hollowed  out. 

C.  FEET  OF  STANDARDS. 

It  is  uncertain  what  the  following  feet  sup¬ 
ported. 

2231.  Condition  poor.  Height,  0.064  m. 
Length,  0.135  m.  Upper  surface,  0.042  m.  x 
0.0225  m.  In  top,  two  holes  (diameter,  0.006  m.) 
passing  entirely  through.  Filled  with  iron  —  the 
remains  of  rods  or  rivets.  Feet  rest  on  bases 
which  are  not  of  same  piece  with  upper  part. 
Thickness,  0.004  m.  and  0.005  in.  Feet  do  not 
stand  flatly,  the  object  being  bent  so  that  only 
inner  edges  touch  the  ground.  Four  toes,  the 
lines  of  which  continue  upward,  forming  par¬ 
allel  ridges.  On  each  side  continuous  line  of 
engraving  down  leg  to  sole.  By  means  of  it 
an  additional  toe  is  indicated  on  each  side. 

2232.  Bases  gone.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.056  m.  Length,  0.108  in.  Two  holes  through 
top.  In  centre  of  each  foot,  a  bronze  rivet  which 
held  base.  Four  toes.  Claws  indicated.  Rested 
squarely  on  feet.  Limits  of  feet  indicated  by 


concave  band  across  instep.  No  engraving,  en¬ 
tire  decoration  being  cast. 

2233.  Soles  gone.  Condition  poor.  Height, 
0.061  m.  Length,  0.1165  m.  Two  holes  through 
top,  now  filled  with  iron  rust.  Sides  of  top 
convex  and  undercut,  suggesting  imitation  of  a 
buffer  or  washer.  Rivet  in  bottom  of  each 
foot.  Feet  have  each  six  toes  and  double  heel. 
Above  instep,  ridge  indicating  termination  of 
foot.  Probably  stood  about  squarely  on  feet. 

2234.  Attached  soles  gone.  Condition  poor. 
Height,  0.054  m.  Length,  0.1085  m.  Two 
holes  through  top,  of  which  one  partially  filled 
with  iron  rust.  Sides  of  top  as  in  drawing,  ex¬ 
cept  that  lower  band  has  rope  finish.  Beneath 
feet,  bronze  soles  cast  in  same  piece  with  remain¬ 
der  of  object.  From  bottom  of  each  projects 
a  rivet  indicating  presence  of  a  second  pair  of 
soles,  which  (as  in  Nos.  2232  and  2233)  were 
probably  of  iron.  Six  toes  and  a  double  heel. 
Decoration  cast.  Seems  to  have  stood  squarely 
on  feet. 

The  tops  of  all  the  above  standards  seem  to 
have  had  resting  directly  on  them  some  object 
which  was  fastened  by  iron  rivets.  Probable 
that  this  object  was  itself  of  iron.  For  soles 
on  feet,  cf.  low  ring  standards  from  Acropolis, 
with  lion’s  feet  resting  on  round  sole  or  square 
plinth,  or  sole  and  plinth  (De  Ridder,  Cata¬ 
logue ,  etc.,  Nos.  80  and  66). 

3.  MISCELLANEOUS  FORMS. 

A.  CONTAINERS. 

2235.  Fragment  a  only.  Oblong  shallow 
ladle.  Broken  in  two  pieces  (a,  5),  which  are 
in  such  poor  condition  that  they  do  not  fit. 
Combined  length,  0.146  m.  Length  of  frag¬ 
ment  «,  0.106  m.  Width,  0.041  m.  Thickness, 
less  than  0.001  m.  Depth,  about  0.005  m. 
End  of  handle  forms  curl  just  under  bottom. 
Fragment  5,  width,  0.035  m.  Pointed  end. 
Length  of  point,  about  0.01  m.  Width,  0.005 
ni.-0.001  m.  (tapering  toward  end). 

2236.  End  of  small  ladle.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.025  m.  Width,  0.02  m.  Differs 
from  fragment  h  of  No.  2235  in  that  end  is 
brought  over  to  form  a  sort  of  toe.  In  upper 
surface  near  edge,  hole  punched  from  under  side 
(hence  before  toe  was  formed). 

2237.  Ladle  of  which  handle  is  lost.  Width, 
0.0565  in.  Depth,  about  0.007  m.  Thickness, 
0.0005  m.  and  less.  Short  stub  of  handle  of 


VESSELS  OF  MISCELLANEOUS  FORM 


297 


same  piece  with  cup.  In  centre  of  broken  edge, 
hole  (diameter,  0.0022  m.)  now  broken  out.  At 
0.012  m.  from  commencement  of  handle,  thin 
piece  (size,  0.01  m.  x  0.018  m.)  riveted  to  inside 
of  cup.  Served  as  guy  to  keep  handle  from 
flattening. 

The  following  piece  is  of  uncertain  identifica¬ 
tion,  but  seems  similar  to  preceding  number. 

2238.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Small 
fragment  of  cup,  part  of  some  object,  perhaps  a 
ladle.  Length,  0.029  m.  Thickness,  0.0003  m. 
and  less.  At  one  side,  ear  (width,  0.01  m.- 
0.005  m. ;  present  length,  0.0035  m.).  Probably 
longer  originally.  Bottom  of  cup  distinguished 
from  sides.  Depth,  0.002  m.  Ornamented 
with  cross  in  circles  struck  from  above  with 
punch  in  which  cross  was  intaglio.  Cross  does 
not  show  sharply  enough  in  drawing. 

2239.  (Shows  back.)  Sieve.  Before  clean¬ 
ing,  small  piece  of  bronze  net  still  attached. 
Condition  poor.  Length,  0.22  m.  Width  of 
round  part,  0.111  m.  Depth,  about  0.007  m. 
End  of  handle  turns  under  and  to  one  side. 
Represents  head  and  beak  of  bird.  No  details. 
Back  of  handle  inscribed.  See  Appendix. 

In  the  Carapanos  collection  (from  Dodona)  a 
strainer  with  JI  on  outer  end  of  bowl. 

Plate  CXXVI. 

2240.  From  south  slope.  Bottom  gone  and 
handle — if  one  existed.  Height,  0.067  m. 
Diameter  at  top,  0.0515  m.,  at  bottom,  0.053  m. 
Thickness  at  top,  0.0025  m.  to  0.0035  m.  (in¬ 
cluding  molding) .  Lower  part  formed  by  separate 
jacket,  which  fitted  to  outside  of  drum.  Height, 
0.0154  m.  Width  of  legs,  0.0255  m.  and  0.0265  m. 
(third  leg  mostly  broken  away).  Bottom  was 
applied  to  cylinder  and  held  in  place  by  jacket. 
Pieces  of  bronze  solder  still  remain.  On  one  side, 
eyelet  (height,  0.0052  m.),  the  ends  of  which 
pass  through  cylinder  and  are  bent  back  on  in¬ 
side.  Diameter  of  eyelet,  0.0016  m.  (inside). 
Piece  of  bronze  in  top  of  eyelet,  perhaps  wire. 
No  other  eyelet  or  attachment.  Ornament  (from 
top),  molding,  row  of  fine  beads,  leaf  pattern,  and 
two  grooves.  Two  grooves  at  top  of  jacket  and 
one  about  legs.  All  this  ornament  looks  as  though 
cast. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  885,  which  has,  however,  a 
heavy  vertical  handle. 

The  following  three  pieces  are  of  uncertain 
identification,  but  they  may  be  from  sides  of 
box  or  casket. 

2241.  Fragment  of  rim.  Condition  poor. 


Length,  0.053  m.  Height,  0.0145  m.  Thick¬ 
ness  at  top,  0.007  m. ;  below,  0.001  m.  Narrow 
band  beneath  rim,  followed  by  zigzag  in  relief. 

2242.  Broken  on  all  sides.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.047  m.  Height,  0.0285  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0035  m.-0.0045  m.  Broad  molding  with 
concave  centre.  Beneath  molding,  side  of  vessel 
seems  to  have  projected  slightly  outward. 

2243.  Fragment  of  rim.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.048  m.  Height,  0.0153  m.  Width 
of  rim,  0.0034  m.  Edge  of  under  side  bent 
back  to  about  same  width.  In  intervening  space, 
plate  attached  to  outside.  One  rivet  remains  in 
place.  Seems  to  have  been  a  rectangular  vessel 
with  shoulder. 

2244.  From  south  slope.  Neck  and  mouth  of 
flask.  Mouth  damaged.  Sides  pressed  flat  to¬ 
gether.  Height,  0.061  m.  Width  of  neck, 
0.038  m.,  across  rim,  0.041  m.  Width  of  rim, 
about  0.012  m.  Outer  edge  of  lip  turned  under 
about  0.001  m. 

Large  flat  flask  with  similar  neck  and  mouth 
from  Vulci  (Polledrara  tomb)  in  British  Mu¬ 
seum. 

B.  HANDLES. 

Not  certain  that  all  of  the  following  are  han¬ 
dles. 

(a'.)  Straight. 

2245.  Small  fragment.  About  three  fourths 
of  width  preserved.  Length,  0.024  m.  Width 
of  half,  0.013  m.  Heavy  rib  in  centre,  light  rib 
or  band  at  each  side. 

2246.  Fragment  of  similar  handle  preserving 
about  three  fourths  of  width.  Length,  0.029  m. 
Width  of  half,  0.0145  m. 

2247.  Fragment  of  similar  handle.  Original 
edge  on  both  sides.  Length,  0.032  m.  Width, 
0.03  m. 

2248.  (Shows  under  side.)  Perhaps  fragment 
of  end  of  handle.  Original  edge  at  sides,  probably 
nowhere  else.  Length,  0.03  m.  Width,  0.028  m.- 
0.045  m.  End  appears  to  be  turned  under  as  a 
finish. 

(&'.)  Horizontal  grip-handles  (doubtful). 

2249.  Perhaps  about  half  preserved.  Length, 
0.078  m.  Width  of  shaft,  0.018  m.  Thickness, 
0.007  m.  Diameter  of  foot,  0.028  m.  x  0.034  m. 
Grip  seems  to  be  a  separate  piece.  Foot  con¬ 
cave. 

2250.  Shaft  cut  about  one  third  through  as 
with  chisel  and  then  broken  off.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.042  m.  Width  of  shaft,  0.0225  m. 
Thickness,  0.009  m.  Diameter  of  foot,  0.037  m.  x 


298 


THE  BRONZES 


0.044  m.  Under  side  concave  and  roughly  fin¬ 
ished. 

2251.  Perhaps  side  piece  of  composite  handle. 
Length,  0.058  m.  At  top,  cleft  extending  more 
than  half  width.  The  portion  above  is  concavely 
rounded  at  back  but  perpendicular  in  front.  It 
lacks  0.0025  m.  of  being  in  line  with  edge  be¬ 
neath.  Cleft  0.0015  in.-0.008  m.  wide,  0.007  m. 
deep  on  under  side,  and  0.0045  m.  on  upper. 
Height  of  blade,  about  0.0165  m.  In  upper  part 


two  rivets.  Form  of  object  which  was  attached 
uncertain,  but,  owing  to  slight  projection  of  rivet- 
heads,  only  a  piece  of  sheet  bronze  can  have  been 
fastened  to  blade.  This  piece  will  then  have 
been  bent  at  right  angles  in  case  object  was  a 
handle,  and  may  have  served  as  coating  for  bar 
that  would  have  extended  at  right  angles  from 
notch  to  assumed  corresponding  notch  in  another 
end  piece  opposite.  Bottom  slightly  concave. 
Smoothly  finished.  Diameter,  0.025  m. 


VI.  IMPLEMENTS,  UTENSILS,  STRUCTURAL  PIECES  AND  MATERIALS 


1.  PARTS  OF  VEHICLES. 

A.  FRAGMENT  OF  ANTYX. 

2252.  Broken  at  both  ends.  Length,  0.294  m. 
Diameter,  0.026  m.  x  0.017  m.  at  one  end,  and 
0.023  m.  x  0.0175  m.  at  the  other.  Cast  solid. 
On  one  flat  side,  beginning  about  0.024  m.  from 
small  end,  an  inscription.  See  Appendix. 

B.  SMALL  WHEELS. 

2253.  From  south  slope.  Over  half  of  felloe 
gone.  Bent.  Diameter,  0.1435  m.  x  0.142  m. 
(originally  about  0.1525  m.  x  0.143  m.).  Cast 
solid  and  in  one  piece.  Imitates  wooden  wheel 
the  parts  of  which  are  held  together  by  metal 
plates.  Central  shaft  braced  in  felloe  by  two 
cross-pieces.  Diameter  of  shaft  at  centre, 
0.011  m.  Hole  for  axle,  0.0145  m.  x  0.007  m. 
At  one  end,  bronze  block  (probably  of  same 
piece  with  rest)  projects  into  hole  distance 
of  0.005  m.,  representing  wedge.  Axle  and 
wheels  turned  together.  Ornamented  with  par¬ 
allel  grooves  in  groups  of  three,  one  group  at 
either  side  cross-pieces.  Outside  of  grooves,  shaft 
hexagonal.  Flattened  surfaces  at  joining  with 
felloe.  This  joining  strengthened  by  an  oblong 
plate  on  each  side,  fastened  by  four  rivets,  two 
in  felloe  and  two  in  axle.  Plates  and  nails  re¬ 
presented  by  engraved  lines.  Size  of  better-pre¬ 
served  plate,  0.008  m.  x  0.0049  m.  Cross-pieces, 
width,  0.008  m. ;  thickness,  0.0017  m.  At  join¬ 
ing  with  felloe,  plate  on  both  sides  held  by  three 
rivets,  which  probably  pass  clear  through,  i.  e. 
there  are  three  in  all.  Size  of  plate,  0.012  in.  x 
0.0029  in.  Cross-piece  inserted  into  felloe,  and 
plate  (like  all  the  others)  sunk  into  prepared 
socket  and  consequently  represented  as  even  with 
surface.  Felloe,  width,  0.0085  m. ;  thickness, 
0.0025  in.  inside  and  0.0018  in.  outside.  Orna¬ 
mented  with  engraved  line  on  each  side  close  to 


outer  edge.  At  0.017  in.  from  shaft  on  one 
side,  and  0.0195  m.  :  0.0175  m.  on  the  other, 
sets  of  two  plates,  one  on  each  side  of  felloe  and 
about  opposite  to  each  other.  First  set,  0.007  m.  x 
0.0029  m.;  second,  0.0075  m.x  0.003  m.  and 
0.006  m.  x  0.0035  m.  Each  plate  has  two  rivet- 
lieads,  each  set  being  held  together  by  two  rivets. 
The  plates  are  intended  to  hold  together  sec¬ 
tions  of  the  felloe. 

Similar,  but  much  ruder,  Olympia,  No.  510. 
Wooden  wheel  with  similar  arrangement  of 
spokes,  but  with  round  hub,  from  peat-bog  of 
Mercurago,  province  of  Novara,  Italy.  Mon- 
telius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  I.  pi.  1,  No.  13.  On 
sarcophagus  from  Vulci  (Mon.  Ant.  VIII.  pi. 
xix.  c  =  Martha,  L' Art  Etrusque ,  p.  357)  sim¬ 
ilar  wheel,  but  with  curved  cross-bars.  Add 
H.  L.  Lorimer,  J.  II.  S.  XXIII.  pp.  132  £f. 

2254.  F  rom  above  east  end  of  Stoa  under 
Cyclopean  wall.  Three  spokes  gone  and  over 
half  of  felloe.  Cast  solid.  Diameter,  0.171 
m.  (originally,  0.187  m.).  Diameter  of  hub, 
0.019  m.  Width,  0.019  m.  Spokes  do  not  ap¬ 
pear  on  inside,  but  there  are  perforations  where 
two  have  been  broken  out.  Spokes  roughly  oval 
in  section  near  hub,  passing  gradually  to  nearly 
round  at  rim.  Size  at  hub,  0.01  m.  x  0.007 
m. ;  at  rim,  0.0045  m.-0.0053  m.  x  0.0045  m. 
Width  of  felloe,  0.019  m.  Thickness  of  inner 
edge,  0.0035  m. ;  of  outer  edge,  0.005  m.  Rim 
or  tire  projects  slightly  more  on  side  not  shown 
in  Plate. 

The  following  fragment  is  of  doubtful  identi¬ 
fication. 

2255.  Perhaps  outer  spoke  of  ornamental 
wheel.  Hollow  ‘  bell,’  smaller  end  of  which  joins 
inner  ring.  Outer  end  of  ‘  bell  ’  broken  off.  Of 
ring  only  stubs  remain.  Length,  0.077  m.  ‘  Bell  ’ 
a  rounded  rectangle  placed  cornerwise.  Circum¬ 
ference  at  large  end,  0.12  m. ;  at  small  end, 


VARIOUS  IMPLEMENTS  AND  UTENSILS 


299 


0.088  m.  Thickness  at  large  end,  0.001  m.- 
0.0038  m.  Inner  circle  solid.  Diameter,  about 
0.01  m.  Through  small  end  of  ‘  bell  ’  and  inner 
circle  passes  hole  (diameter,  0.006  m.).  Through 
it  may  have  passed  rod  (probably  of  iron)  con¬ 
necting'  centre  of  wheel  with  outer  felloe.  Un- 
certain  whether  large  end  of  ‘  bell  ’  joined  felloe 
or  an  intermediate  outer  circle. 

For  shape  cf.  Olympia ,  Nos.  471  (lead)  and 
472 ;  also  wheel  from  a  tomba  a  cerchio  at 
Vetulonia  (delle  Pelliccie),  now  in  museum  at 
Florence.  Cf.  Scavi,  1887,  p.  472.  Falchi, 
Vetulonia ,  p.  168,  is  different. 

2.  STRIGIL  (HANDLE). 

2256.  Both  ends  broken.  Length,  0.079  m. 
Width  of  upper  part,  0.0165  m.-0.0235  m. ;  of 
lower  part,  0.0145  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m. 
Inset  at  beginning  of  elbow,  about  0.001  m.  on 
each  side.  Upper  end  beveled  at  beginning  of 
blade. 

3.  BELL. 

2257.  Broken  at  bottom.  Clapper  gone. 
Height,  0.062  m.  Thickness  of  metal  at  lower 
edge,  0.001  m.-0.002  m.  Shape  that  of  rounded 
rectangle.  At  top,  ring,  of  one  piece  with  bell. 
Diameter  of  hole,  0.015  m.  Clapper  was  at¬ 
tached  to  bronze  staple  which  was  infixed  in 
under  side  of  top.  About  staple,  remains  of 
bronze  solder.  Diameter  of  staple,  about  0.005  m. 

4.  CYMBALS.1 

(a'.)  Plain. 

2258.  Handle  gone.  Edges  cracked.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.07  m.  Thickness  at  edges,  0.0005  m.- 
0.0017  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  about  0.042  m. 
At  about  centre  of  boss,  hole  cut  from  above. 
Diameter,  0.0035  m.  Flange  slightly  bent  up, 
especially  at  edge. 

2259.  Handle  gone.  Condition  poor.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.078  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.0435  m. 
In  centre,  hole.  Diameter,  0.0035  m.  Flange 
bends  back  slightly,  and  at  edge  is  turned  up 
(depth  of  roll,  0.001  m.  and  less). 

Plate  CXXVII. 

2260.  Handle  gone.  Condition  poor.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.0945  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.055  m. 
Flange  convex  on  under  side.  At  edge,  rim,  of 
which  width,  0.004  m.-0.005  m.  It  projects 

1  The  objects  from  the  Dictaean  cave  published  in  the 
Annual  of  the  British  School  at  Athens,  VI.  p.  109,  fig. 


about  0.001  m.  on  under  side,  the  remainder  on 
upper. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  513. 

(&'.)  Ornamented. 

2261.  Handle  gone.  Condition  poor.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.0915  m.  Diameter  of  boss,  0.045  m. 
In  centre,  hole  (diameter,  0.005  m.).  Thickness 
of  metal,  about  0.0006  m.,  except  at  edge,  which 
is  about  0.001  ni.-0.0017  m.,  thus  forming  slight 
backward  turn.  Flange  slightly  convex  on  under 
side.  Outer  and  inner  edges  on  upper  side  have 
leaf  pattern.  Leaves  of  horseshoe  shape.  Round 
ends  toward  interior  of  flange.  As  leaves  are 
not  exactly  alike  they  are  either  engraved  or  else 
punched  with  more  than  one  punch. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  517  (dotted  adjacent  semi¬ 
circles). 

5.  KEY. 

Plate  CXXVI. 

2262.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.065  m. 
Ring  flat  on  inside  and  convex  on  outside.  Di¬ 
ameter  (inside),  0.0175  m.  In  barrel,  hole.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.005  m.  Depth,  0.01  m.  Diameter 
of  barrel,  0.0045  m.-0.0075  m.  Thickness  of 
flange,  0.003  m.-0.0065  m. ;  of  centre  piece, 
0.0035  ni.-0.0048  in.  Except  for  groove  on  bar¬ 
rel  above  flange,  ornamented  on  one  side  only 
(shows  in  Plate).  Teeth  on  outer  edge  of  flange 
have  on  top,  each  an  x  .  On  back  of  this  edge 
a  single  diagonal  line  from  each  lower  corner  of 
depression  between  teeth,  giving  effect  of  zigzag. 

6.  KNIVES. 

(a'.')  Sickle. 

Plate  CXXVII. 

2263.  Point  injured  and  edge  nicked.  Length, 
0.189  m.  Blade  fairly  sharp  where  edge  is  pre¬ 
served.  Width,  0.03  m.  and  less.  Thickness 
at  back,  0.004  m.  and  less.  Blade  passes  to  but 
for  insertion  into  handle.  Length  of  but,  0.03  in. ; 
width,  0.028  m. ;  thickness,  0.002  m.-0.0045  m. 
Near  end,  hole  for  rivet.  Diameter,  0.0057  m. 
Hole  drilled  from  side  that  shows  in  Plate.  Cf. 
Tsountas,  ’E ’A py.  1899,  cl.  124,  pi.  10,  No.  43, 
from  Syra  (XaiWS/Hcmrj)  ;  Schmidt,  Schliemann's 
Sammlung,  etc.,  No.  6454,  from  Troy  VI. ;  Rolfe , 
A.  J.  A.  VI.  p.  106,  No.  XII.  from  Anthedon. 

(I/.)  Spatula. 

Plate  CXXVI. 

2264.  Length,  0.15  m.  Length  of  blade, 
0.0755  m.  Width,  0.025  m.  Thickness, 

41  (Hogarth),  as  shields  appear  to  be  different  from 
these. 


300 


THE  BRONZES 


0.00025  m.-O.OOl  m.  Both  sides  ornamented 
with  fine  curved  zigzags.  Pattern  consists  of 
diagonals  running  from  edge  to  centre  of  blade. 
In  upper  part  they  are  roughly  parallel  to  each 
and  cross  blade.  From  about  middle  of  length 
downward  they  do  not  go  clear  across.  In 
some  cases  they  meet  each  other,  forming  arrow¬ 
heads.  Toward  bottom  parallelism  is  dropped 
and  lines  curve  slightly  outward  fanwise.  Han¬ 
dle  tapers  from  width  of  0.007  m.  and  thickness 
of  0.0026  m.  to  point.  Edges  angular.  On  both 
sides  of  handle,  zigzag,  the  band  of  which  is  itself 
a  zigzag  of  curved  lines.  Handle  rather  than 
tang,  owing  to  decoration. 

(o'.)  Scraper  or  chopping  knife. 

Plate  CXXVII. 

2265.  Length,  0.1025  m.  Width,  0.01  m.- 
0.0317  m.  Thickness  at  top,  0.0018  m.-0.0027 
m. ;  increases  to  0.  0043  m.  at  beginning  of  blade, 
whence  decreases  on  both  sides  to  edge.  Edge 
still  fairly  sharp.  Groove  lengthwise  of  top. 
Hence  not  intended  to  be  used  as  chisel  or 
wedge. 

Cf.  Dorpfeld  (Gotze),  Troja  u.  Ilion ,  I.  p. 
346 ;  Excavations  at  EhylaJcopi  in  Melos  (Bo- 
sanquet  and  Welch),  p.  190,  pi.  xxxviii.  No.  3. 
Two  specimens  from  Mycenae  (outside  shaft- 
graves),  in  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  No.  1347.  Both 
flare  more  at  blade  than  Heraeum  celt.  In  Brit¬ 
ish  Mus.,  Third  Egyptian  Room,  Case  F,  simi¬ 
lar  knives  attached  by  means  of  cloth  and  wire 
to  wooden  blocks  provided  with  handles,  thus 
becoming  planes. 

(cl1.)  Scraper  or  chisel. 

2266.  Top  rough  and  somewhat  battered. 
Edge  dull  and  blunted.  Length,  0.078  m. 
Width,  0.0224  m.-0.0345  m.  Thickness  at  top, 
0.005  m.,  battered  to  0.006  m.  Uncertain 
whether  present  surface  of  top  is  original. 

(e'.)  Chisels  (and  uncertain  objects  of  similar 
form). 

Round. 

2267.  Length,  0.133  m.  Width  of  blade, 
0.01  in.  Edge  dull.  Top  battered.  Just  be¬ 
neath,  raised  band  roughly  executed,  but  in¬ 
tended  to  represent  a  heavy  ring  to  which  a 
lighter  rin<r  is  attached  on  under  side.  Cf. 
Schliemann,  Tiryns,  p.  167,  No.  99. 

2268.  Uncertain,  perhaps  end  of  spit.  Top 
gone.  Blade  damaged.  Length,  0.052  m. 
Diameter  of  shaft,  0.002  in.  Width  of  blade, 
0.0032  m. 

2269.  f  rom  West  Building.  Uncertain.  Top 


broken.  Length,  0.0635  m.  Flattened  toward 
top.  At  break,  0.007  m.  x  0.0035  m.  Flat  side 
of  top  lies  diagonally  with  reference  to  axis  of 
blade.  Width  of  blade,  0.006  m. 

Rectangular. 

2270.  Top  broken  off.  Condition  poor. 
Length,  0.072  m.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  at  top. 
Width  of  blade,  0.009  m.  Edge  blunted. 

2271.  From  West  Building.  Top  gone  (partly 
cut  and  partly  broken).  Length,  0.0775  m. 
Bar,  0.0059  m.  x  0.0062  m.  at  top.  Blade  in 
axis  of  broader  side.  Width,  0.008  m.  Edge 
broken  concavely.  Plate  shows  narrow  side  of 
blade. 

2272.  Uncertain.  Seems  to  be  complete. 
Blade  bent  over  at  end.  Length,  0.091  m. 
Width,  0.004  ni.-0.009  m.  Thickness  of  shaft, 
0.002  m.-0.003  m.  Top  somewhat  battered. 
Blade  blunt. 

7.  SPITS. 

A  more  methodical  classification  than  that 
here  adopted  would  be  by  (1)  style  of  shaft,  (2) 
point  or  blade  at  end,  (3)  style  of  knob,  (4)  num¬ 
ber  of  knobs.  The  fact,  however,  that  so  large 
a  proportion  of  shafts  and  ends  are  defective 
imposes  classification  by  preserved  parts,  i.  e. 
(1)  number  of  knobs,  (2)  style  of  knobs,  (3) 
style  of  shaft,  (4)  point  or  blade. 

Type  a.  No  knob. 

Class  a.  Round  shaft. 

Pointed  ends. 

2273.  Bent.  Length,  0.024  m.  Thickness, 
0.002  m. 

2273  a.  Uncleaned.  Bent.  Length,  0.272  m. 
Thickness,  0.0025  m. 

Addenda,  (a'd)  Of  the  following  ends  some 
may  belong  to  pins  and  pieces  of  wire,  but  the 
majority  are  probably  from  spits. 

2274.  Length,  0.067  m.  Thickness,  0.001  m. 
Flexible. 

2275.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.048  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m. 

2276.  Length,  0.107  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m. 

2277.  Length,  0.101  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m. 

2278.  Uncleaned.  Patinated.  Length,  0.25 
m.  Thickness,  0.0019  m. 

2279.  From  West  Building.  Freshly  broken. 
Length,  0.055  m.  Thickness,  0.002  m. 

2280.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.049 
m.  Thickness,  0.0021  m. 

2281.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.227  in.  Thickness,  0.0021  m. 


SPITS 


301 


2282.  From  West  Building.  Large  end 
smooth.  Length,  0.10  in.  Thickness,  0.0025  m. 
Perhaps  part  of  separable  pin. 

2283.  Broken  end  split  down  for  distance  of 
0.08  m.  Bent  something  like  a  hook.  Length, 
0.35  m.  Thickness,  0.004  m. 

2284.  Bent.  Length,  0.272  m.  Thickness, 
0.004  m. 

2285.  Length,  0.191  m.  Thickness,  0.0043  m. 

2286.  Length,  0.434  in.  Thickness,  0.005  m. 

2287.  Uncleaned.  Bent  so  that  small  end 
passes  through  loop.  Length,  0.682  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.003  m.  Length  makes  classification  as 
spit  doubtful. 

Discards  :  sixteen  cleaned  and  one  hundred  and  thirteen 
uncleaned.  Sizes  represented  by  above  selection. 

(6'.)  The  following  bladed  ends,  though  proba¬ 
bly  belonging  to  spits  with  one  or  more  knobs, 
are,  for  reasons  given  above,  put  here. 

2288.  Blunted.  Length,  0.116  m.  Thickness, 
0.0055  m. 

2289.  Length,  0.124  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 
Width  of  blade,  0.007  m.  Thickness,  0.Q03  m. 

2290.  Length,  0.155  m.  Thickness,  0.005  m.  x 
0.006  m.  Width  of  blade,  0.0075  m. 

2291.  Length,  0.221  m.  Thickness,  0.0065  m. 
Width  of  blade,  0.012  m. 

2292.  Uncleaned.  Twisted  crack  lengthwise. 
Length,  0.154  m.  Thickness,  0.002  m.  x  0.003  m. 
Width  of  blade,  0.004  m. 

Discards  of  ( b ')  :  twenty-six,  all  uncleaned. 

(c'O  The  following  have  lost  both  ends. 
Probably  the  majority  are  from  spits. 

2293.  Length,  0.054  m.  Thickness,  0.0012  m. 

2294.  Length,  0.113  m.  Thickness,  0.0017  m. 

2295.  Length, 0.104  m.  Thickness,  0.0018  m. 

2296.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.0565  m.  Thickness,  0.002  m. 

2297.  Length,  0.102  m.  Thickness,  0.0021  in. 

2298.  From  back  South  Building.  Length, 
0.099  m.  Thickness,  0.0024  m. 

2299.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.092  m.  Thickness,  0.0024  m. 

2300.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.169  m. 
Thickness,  0.0025  m. 

2301.  From  first  chamber  at  east  end  on  lower 
terrace,  April  28,  1893.  Bent.  Length,  0.093  m. 
Thickness,  0.0028  m.  Possibly  a  part  of  a 
handle. 

2302.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.115  m. 
Thickness,  0.0035  m. 

2303.  Length,  0.135  m.  Thickness,  0.0047  m. 

2304.  Length,  0.22  m.  Thickness,  0.005  m. 


2305.  Length,  0.29  m.  Thickness,  0.0055  m. 

2306.  Length,  0.273  m.  Thickness,  0.0058  m. 

2307.  Length,  0.395  in.  Thickness,  0.006  in. 

2308.  Length,  0.418  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 

2309.  Length,  0.42  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 

2310.  Length,  0.505  m.  Thickness,  0.0085  m. 
Perhaps  used  as  hook. 

In  the  following  numbers  the  blunted  ends 
may  be  original. 

2311.  Length,  0.353  m.  Thickness,  0.0023  m.— 
0.0038  m.  Smaller  end  smoothly  rounded. 

2312.  Length,  0.373  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m.- 
0.004  m.  Smaller  end  as  in  No.  2311. 

Discards  of  (c').  Cleaned  :  forty-six  of  length  and 
thickness  included  in  above  catalogued  specimens.  Two 
of  them  from  south  slope  and  one  from  hack  of  South 
Building.  Uncleaned  :  six  hundred  and  sixty-four  of 
length  and  thickness  included  as  above  except  length, 
0.018  m.  ;  thickness,  0.0075  m. -0.011  m. 

Class  ft.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

Group  i.  Pointed  ends. 

2313.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.261  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0015  m.  Bounded  toward  point. 

2314.  Ends  slightly  blunted.  Length, 0.126  m. 
Thickness,  0.0018  m.  and  less. 

2315.  Uncleaned.  Bent  double  and  twisted. 
Length  as  now,  0.222  m.  Thickness,  0.0025  m. 
and  less. 

Addenda.  Not  certain  that  the  following  if 
complete  would  belong  here. 

(«'.)  Fragments  with  pointed  end. 

2316.  Length,  0.086  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m. 
and  less. 

2317.  Length,  0.0435  m.  Thickness,  0.0019  m. 

2318.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.15  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0015  m. 

2319.  Length,  0.122  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m. 
and  less. 

2320.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.127  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0023  m.  x  0.001  m.  and  less.  Toward 
large  end  flattens  to  0.0007  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  cleaned,  three  ;  uncleaned,  forty. 

(&'.)  Fragments  with  blunt  ends.  Uncertain. 

2321.  Length,  0.465  m.  Thickness,  0.0045  m.  x 
0.0055  m.  to  0.003  in.  x  0.0037  m. 

2322.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.165  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0045  m.  and  less.  Perhaps  a  nail. 

(V.)  Fragments  with  bladed  points. 

2323.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.312  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.002  m.  Width  of  blade,  0.0045  m. 

2324.  Bent.  Length,  0.234  m.  Thickness, 
0.0045  in.  and  less.  Width  of  blade,  0.005  m. 

2324  a.  Uncleaned.  Point  injured.  Length, 


302 


THE  BRONZES 


0.303  m.  Thickness,  0.0018  m.  and  less.  Width 
of  blade,  0.0025  m. 

The  following  number  has  a  composite  shaft. 

2325.  Bent.  Length,  0.283  m.  Thickness, 
0.005  m.  and  less.  Width  of  blade,  0.0065  m. 
Rectangle  has  three  engraved  lines  at  transition 
to  round.  Into  rectangle  is  inserted  flat  piece 
(length,  0.026  m. ;  width,  0.005  m.  x  0.0015  m.) 
which  is  held  by  a  rivet.  Uncertain  how  this 
piece  ended. 

Discards  of  ( c ')  :  two  uncleaned. 

Group  ii.  At  one  end,  blunt  tip,  immedi¬ 
ately  preceded  by  groove. 

2326.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.304  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.003  m.  and  less.  Rectangle  terminates 
0.069  m.  from  blunt  end  and  0.075  m.  from  point. 
Transition  to  round  more  abrupt  toward  blunt 
end.  Shaft  pinched  in  just  before  tip,  which  is 
imperfectly  developed. 

Addenda.  Fragments.  Not  certain  that  all 
would  belong  here  if  complete. 

(a'.)  Ends.  Arrangement  by  form  of  tran¬ 
sition  from  rectangle  to  round,  beginning  with 
the  more  gradual  transitions. 

2327.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.121  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0043  m.  and  less.  Diameter  of  tip, 
0.0025  m. 

2328.  Uncleaned.  Bent.  Length,  0.228  m. 
Thickness,  0.004  m.  Diameter  of  tip,  0.003  m. 
Transition  plain  but  not  abrupt. 

2329.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.154  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.004  m.  and  less.  Rectangle  swells  at 
transition.  Diameter  of  tip,  0.0013  m. 

2330.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.126  m.  Rec¬ 
tangle,  0.005  m.  sq.  and  less.  Transition 
plain. 

(//.)  Both  ends  lacking  (corresponding  to 
Class  a.  Addenda,  c'). 

2331.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.147  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0012  in. 

2332.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.222  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0013  m.  and  less. 

2333.  Length,  0.147  m.  Thickness,  0.0018  m. 
and  less. 

2334.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.058  m.  Thickness,  0.0028  m.  and  less. 

2335.  Length,  0.124  m.  Thickness,  0.0029 
in.  and  less. 

2336.  Bent  like  a  hook.  Length,  0.213  m. 
Thickness,  0.0039  m.  and  less.  Near  lower  part 
of  rectangle  five  lines  close  together. 

2337.  Length,  0.381  m.  Thickness,  0.0039 
in.  and  less.  Transition  gradual. 


2338.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.077  in. 
Thickness,  0.004  m.  and  less.  Transition  sharp. 
Probable  traces  of  three  lines  of  engraving  on 
rectangle  just  before. 

2339.  Length,  0.402  m.  Thickness,  0.0043  in. 
and  less.  Transition  gradual. 

Plate  CXXVIII. 

2340.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.264 
m.  Thickness,  0.0055  m.  and  less. 

2341.  Length,  0.179  m.  Thickness,  0.0055 
m.  and  less. 

2342.  Length,  0.448  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 
and  less. 

2343.  Length,  0.205  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 
and  less. 

2344.  Length,  0.342  m.  Thickness,  0.0065 
m.  and  less. 

2345.  Length,  0.24  m.  Thickness,  0.0075  m. 
and  less. 

Discards  similar  to  above :  cleaned,  fourteen,  of  which 
one  has  three  lines  of  engraving  at  transition  and  one 
comes  from  West  Building  ;  uncleaned,  two  hundred  and 
twenty-eight.  Length  and  thickness  of  discards  included 
in  catalogued  specimens. 

The  following  are  composite. 

2346.  Length,  0.18  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 
and  less.  Gradual  transition  emphasized  by 
three  lines  of  engraving  on  rectangle.  Into 
rectangular  end  is  inserted  piece,  of  which 
length,  0.029  m.,  thickness,  0.001  m.-0.0025  m. 
Uncertain  whether  riveted. 

2347.  Length,  0.19  m.  Thickness,  0.0065  m. 
and  less.  In  rectangular  end,  slot  for  insertion 
of  separate  piece  of  bronze  or  iron.  Length  of 
slot,  0.01  m.  Width,  0.0013  m. 

2348.  Length,  0.24  m.  Thickness,  0.0065 
m.  and  less.  Rectangle  has  three  lines  of  en¬ 
graving  at  transition.  In  end  of  rectangle  is 
inserted  bronze  piece,  of  which  length,  0.029  m., 
width,  0.006,  thickness,  0.001  m.-0.003  m., 
increasing  toward  end  of  shaft.  Fastened  by 
two  rivets. 

Class  y.  Part  of  shaft  a  hoisted  rectangu¬ 
lar  bar.  (Fragments  only.) 

Group  i.  Rectangular  (plain  and  twisted) 
and  round. 

(a'.')  Points. 

2349.  Much  bent.  Length,  about  0.30  m. 
Thickness,  0.003  in.  and  less.  Tapers  gradually 
to  point. 

(5'.)  Blades. 

2350.  Length,  0.047  in.  Thickness,  0.002  m. 
and  less.  Width  of  blade,  0.004  m. 


SPITS 


303 


(c\)  No  end  preserved. 

2351.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.253  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0025  m.  and  less. 

2352.  Length,  0.113  m.  Thickness,  0.0034 
m.  and  less. 

2353.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.215  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m.  and  less. 

2354.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.305  m. 
Thickness,  0.0045  m.  and  less.  Color  reddish. 

Discards  of  ( c ')  :  uncleaned,  three.  Dimensions  in¬ 
cluded  in  the  catalogued  specimens. 

Group  ii.  Rectangular  (twisted)  and 
round. 

2355.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.175  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.003  m.  and  less. 

Discards :  uncleaned,  three,  of  which  two  are  thicker, 
but  all  shorter,  than  No.  2355. 

Group  iii.  Rectangular  (plain  and 
twisted). 

2356.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.057  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0012  m.  and  less. 

2357.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.069  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.002  m.  and  less. 

2358.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.154  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0025  m.  and  less.  One  end  turned  up 
sharply  like  a  hook. 

2359.  Length,  0.194  m.  Thickness,  0.0035  m. 
and  less. 

2360.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.262  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0045  in.  and  less. 

Discards :  uncleaned,  seven,  the  dimensions  of  which 
are  included  among  those  of  the  above  catalogued  speci¬ 
mens,  excepting  one  which  is  0.292  m.  in  length. 

Group  iv.  Rectangular  (twisted). 

2361.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.078  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0037  m.  and  less. 

Discards :  uncleaned,  two. 

Class  8.  Rectangular  shaft.  (No  complete 
pieces  preserved,  but  some  of  the  ends  are 
probably  complete  in  essential  features 
of  shaft.) 

(a'.)  Points. 

2362.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.085  m. 
Thickness,  0.0006  m.  x  0.0008  m. 

2363.  Part  lost  since  photograph  was  made. 
Present  length,  0.307  m.  Thickness,  0.001  m.  x 
0.0007  m.  and  less. 

2364.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.312  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0012  m.  x  0.001  m. 

2365.  Length,  0.19  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m.  x 
0.001  m.  Reddish.  Flexible. 

2366.  Length,  0.192  m.  Thickness,  0.0024  in. 
x  0.0022  m.  Reddish.  Flexible. 


Discards:  cleaned,  one;  uncleaned,  five.  Dimensions 
included  in  above  specimens. 

(&'.)  Blades. 

2367.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.088  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m.  x  0.0022  m.  Sec¬ 
tion  near  centre  would  be  diamond-shaped. 
Square  toward  blade.  Width  of  blade,  0.003  m. 
Decrease  in  thickness  toward  broken  end,  which 
is  0.002  m.  x  0.0018  m.,  may  indicate  that  object 
was  a  medical  instrument. 

2368.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.331  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0025  m.  x  0.002  m.  and  less.  Width  of 
blade,  0.0032  m. 

2369.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.145  m. 
Thickness,  0.0033  m.  x  0.0029  m.  near  centre ; 
decreases  toward  ends.  Width  of  blade, 
0.0045  m.  (at  beginning,  0.0033  in. ;  at  end, 
0.0037  m.). 

Discards :  uncleaned,  four. 

(c'.)  Ends  gone. 

2370.  Length,  0.101  m.  Thickness, 0.0009  m. 
x  0.0008  m.  and  less. 

2371.  Length,  0.066  m.  Thickness,  0.001  m.  x 
0.0008  m.  and  less. 

2372.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.193  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0011  m.  x  0.0009  m.  and  less. 

2373.  Length,  0.206  m.  Thickness,  0.0014  m. 
x  0.0009  m.  and  less. 

2374.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.046  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m.  x  0.0012  m.  and 
less. 

2375.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.112  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m.  and  less. 

2376.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.148  m. 
Thickness,  0.0015  m.  and  less. 

2377.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.135  m. 
Thickness,  0.0019  m.  x  0.0016  m.  and  less. 

2378.  Length, 0.133  m.  Thickness,  0.0019  m. 
x  0.0016  m.  (diamond  section).  Reddish.  Flexi¬ 
ble. 

2379.  Length,  0.141  m.  Thickness,  0.0019  m. 
x  0.0016  m.  and  less.  Section  diamond-shaped. 

2380.  Length,  0.132  m.  Thickness,  0.002  m.  x 
0.0016  m.  and  less.  Section  diamond-shaped. 

2381.  Length,  0.12  m.  Thickness,  0.002  m.  x 
0.0018  in.  Reddish.  Section  diamond-shaped. 

2382.  Length,  0.226  m.  Thickness,  0.002  m. 
and  less.  Section  diamond-shaped. 

2383.  Length,  0.065  m.  Thickness,  0.0026  m. 
x  0.002  m.  Section  diamond  shaped. 

2384.  Length,  0.128  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m. 
and  less. 

2385.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.407  m.  Thick- 


304 


THE  BRONZES 


ness,  0.0035  m.  x  0.004  m.  and  less.  Section 
diamond-shaped. 

2386.  Length,  0.263  m.  Thickness,  0.0035  m. 
x  0.0038  m. 

2387.  Length,  0.177  in.  Thickness,  0.004  m. 
and  less. 

2388.  Length, 0.178  m.  Thickness,  0.004  m.  x 
0.0037  m. 

2389.  Length,  0.2035  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m.— 
0.0025  in.  Sides  irregular  and  covered  with 
small  concave  surfaces. 

2390.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.086  m. 
Thickness,  0.006  m.  square.  Slight  groove  near 
one  end. 

2391.  Length,  0.062  m.  Thickness,  0.0065  m. 
x  0.007  m.  and  less. 

Discards:  cleaned,  nineteen;  uncleaned,  two  hundred 
and  thirty,  the  dimensions  of  which  are  included  in  those 
of  the  above  specimens. 

Type  b.  One  knob. 

Form  1.  Knob  a  gradual  swelling  of 
shaft.  Sides  of  knob  rounded. 

Class  a.  Shaft  partly  round  and  partly 
rectangular  ( the  portions  next  to  knob 
being  rectangular). 

Both  ends  pointed. 

2392.  Length,  0.15  in.  Thickness  of  shaft, 
0.001  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  nearest 
end,  0.03  m.  Thickness  of  knob,  0.002  m. 

2393.  Bent.  Length,  0.208  m.  Thickness  of 
shaft,  0.0013  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to 
nearest  end,  0.029  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0024  m. 

Discards :  uncleaned  and  in  poor  condition,  two. 

Addenda.  Incomplete  pieces. 

(a1.)  Ends. 

2394.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.193  m.  Size 
of  shaft,  0.0018  m.  x  0.0015  m.  and  less.  Centre 
of  knob  to  point,  0.136  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.003  m. 

2395.  Uncleaned.  Bent.  Length,  0.196  m. 
Shaft,  0.0017  m.  x  0.0019  m.  and  less.  Centre 
of  knob  to  point,  0.0875  in.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.003  m. 

Discards  of  («')  .  uncleaned,  two.  Dimensions  included 
in  preceding. 

(7/.)  Both  ends  lacking. 

2396.  Length,  0.094  m.  Shaft,  0.0013  m. 
and  less.  Thickness  of  knob,  0.0025  m.  Reddish. 

2397.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.215  m.  Shaft, 
0.0018  in.  x  0.0015  m.  and  less.  Thickness  of 
knob,  0.0035  m. 

2398.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.205  in.  Shaft, 


0.002  m.  x  0.0017  in.  and  less.  Thickness  of 
knob,  0.0032  m. 

Discards  of  (b')  :  cleaned,  one;  uncleaned,  twelve. 
Greatest  dimensions  :  length,  0.41  m.;  width  of  shaft 
0.003  m.;  thickness  of  knob,  0.00G  m.  (all  these  measure¬ 
ments  from  different  objects). 

Class  ft.  Similar  to  Class  a,  but  with  tran¬ 
sition  from  rectangular  to  round  part  of 
shaft  emphasized.  Cf.  Nos.  2327  ff. 

Ends  pointed.  Arrangement  by  de¬ 
velopment  of  transition. 

2399.  Length,  0.177  m.  Shaft,  0.0015  m. 
square  at  transition,  elsewhere  less.  Centre  of 
knob  to  short  end,  0.0425  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0027  m.  Transition  plain,  but  not  sharp. 

2400.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.406  m.  Shaft, 
0.0014  m.  x  0.0015  m.  and  less.  Centre  of 
knob  to  nearest  point,  0.062  m.  Between  this 
point  and  knob,  slight  but  sharp  transition. 
Transition  between  the  other  point  and  knob 
gradual.  Thickness  of  knob,  0.0028  m. 

Addenda.  Incomplete  pieces. 

(a  .)  Points.  Arrangement  by  form  of  tran¬ 
sition. 

2401.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.307  m.  Shaft 
generally  0.0013  m.  x  0.0015  m.  Centre  of 
knob  to  nearest  point,  0.098  m.  Principal  tran¬ 
sition,  which  is  plain,  but  not  abrupt,  on  this  end. 
On  long  end  shaft  thickens  to  0.0018  m.  at  about 
0.02  m.  from  knob  and  again  to  about  same  size 
just  before  transition.  Transition  gradual  on 
this  end.  Thickness  of  knob,  0.0035  m. 

Discards  of  (a')  :  uncleaned,  one. 

(b'.)  Blunted  ends,  perhaps  not  pointed  origi¬ 
nally.  More  developed  than  preceding  number. 

2402.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.10  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  x  0.0018  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.071  m.  Thickness  of 
knob,  0.0042  m.  Transition  abrupt  and  accom¬ 
panied  by  thickening  of  shaft. 

2403.  Length,  0.102  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  x 
0.0019  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  tip, 
0.082  m.  Thickness  of  knob,  0.005  m.  Tran¬ 
sition  fully  developed  and  accompanied  by  in¬ 
crease  of  shaft  to  0.0025  m.  square. 

Class  y.  Similar  to  Class  a,  but  with  a 
portion  of  the  rectangle  twisted.  (Frag¬ 
ments  only.) 

Points. 

2404.  Uncleaned.  Bent.  Length,  0.40  m. 
Thickness  of  knob,  0.004  m.  Shaft,  0.0017  m.  x 
0.0013  m.  Centre  of  knob  from  point,  0.1525 
in.  Principal  transition  on  this  end  prepared  by 


SPITS 


305 


increase  in  shaft  to  0.002  m.  x  0.0019  m.  On 
other  side  of  knob  transition  more  gradual.  Rec¬ 
tangular  part  of  shaft  twisted  before  principal 
transition  and  in  middle  of  other  side.  Prob¬ 
ably  nearly  complete. 

Discards  (both  points  gone)  :  uncleaned,  two. 

Class  8.  Shaft  partly  round  and  partly 
rectangular ,  the  portions  next  to  knob 
being  round.  (No  complete  specimens.) 

Blade  end. 

2405.  Uncertain  how  much  gone  from  broken 
end,  but  there  were  probably  no  more  knobs. 
Bent.  Length,  0.338  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0075  m.  Thickness  of  shaft,  about  0.003  m. 
Centre  of  knob  to  end  of  blade,  0.177  m. 
Abrupt  transition  on  this  end,  before  which 
thickness  of  shaft  increases  to  0.0038  m.  x 
0.004  m.  On  same  end  near  knob,  five  encircling 
lines  of  engraving.  They  serve  to  emphasize 
the  transition  from  round  to  rectangle. 

The  following  fragment,  if  complete,  would 
perhaps  belong  to  a  different  class. 

2406.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.136  m. 
Thickness  of  knob,  0.01  m.  Thickness  of  shaft, 
0.005  m. 

Class  e.  Shaft  rectangular.  (Fragments 
only.) 

(a'.)  Points. 

2407.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.256  m.  Thick¬ 
ness  of  knob,  0.0032  m.  Shaft,  0.0013  m.  square 
and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.16  m. 

2408.  Length,  0.099  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0035  m.  Shaft,  0.0015  m.  x  0.0013  m.  Centre 
of  knob  from  point,  0.0755  m. 

Discards  of  ( a ')  :  uncleaned  one. 

(b'l)  Both  ends  lacking. 

2409.  Length,  0.084  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.003  m.  Width  of  sides,  0.0015  m.  and  less. 

2410.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.20  m.  Thick¬ 
ness  of  knob,  0.0027  m.  Shaft,  0.0017  m.  x 
0.0019  m.  and  less. 

2411.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.093  m.  Thick¬ 
ness  of  knob,  0.004  m.  Shaft,  0.0025  m.  square 
and  less. 

Discards  of  ( b ')  :  cleaned,  one;  uncleaned,  six. 

Addenda  to  Form  1.  Fragments. 

(a'.)  Similar  to  Class  e,  but  with  shaft  partly 
twisted.  Both  ends  gone. 

2412.  Length,  0.15  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0065  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.003  m.  and  less. 

(&'.)  Fragment  with  knob  at  one  end.  Ad¬ 
jacent  shaft  first  rectangular  then  angularly 
elliptical.  Both  ends  gone. 


2413.  Length,  0.095  m.  Thickness  of  knob, 
0.0035  m.  Shaft,  0.0016  m.  square  near  knob, 
afterwards  0.0023  m.  x  0.008  m.~0.0033  m.  x 
0.0023  m.  Reddish. 

Form  2.  Knob  as  in  Form  1,  but  sides 

ARE  ANGULAR. 

Class  a.  Shaft  partly  round  and  partly 
rectangular ,  the  portions  next  to  knob 
being  rectangular.  (No  complete  pieces.) 
(a'f  Points. 

2414.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.202  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0013  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob,  0.14  m.  from  point. 

2415.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.185  m.  Knob, 
0.0025  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.135  m. 

2416.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.454  m.  Knob, 
0.0027  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0018  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.3985  m. 

2417.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.255  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.C02  m.  square  and 
less.  Centre  to  point,  0.108  m.  Cf.  No.  2680. 

Discards  of  (a')  ;  uncleaned,  two. 

(5'.)  Both  ends  lacking. 

2418.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.198  m.  Knob, 
0.0022  m.x  0.0012  m.  Shaft,  0.0017  m.x 

0.001  m. 

2419.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.222  m.  Knob, 
0.0028  m.  x  0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  x  0.0022  m. 
and  less. 

2420.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.403  m.  Knob, 
0.005  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  x  0.0028  m. 
and  less. 

Discards  of  (6')  :  cleaned,  one;  uncleaned,  five. 

Class  ff  Similar  to  Class  a,  but  with  more 
developed  transition  from  rectangular 
part  of  shaft  to  round.  (No  complete 
specimens.) 

(a'f  Point. 

2421.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.271  m.  Knob, 
0.0027  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0022  m.  x  0.002  m. 
and  less.  Centre  of  knob,  0.114  m.  from  point. 
Principal  transition  on  this  end.  Plain  but  not 
abrupt.  No  swelling.  On  the  other  side  of 
knob,  gradual  transition. 

(&'.)  Ends. 

2422.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.333  m.  Knob, 
0.0027  m.x  0.0029  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.x 
0.0017  m.  and  less.  Shaft  on  one  side  of  knob 
rectangular  to  end  (0.06  m.  from  centre  of 
knob).  On  the  other  side,  plain  transition  to 
round  at  0.14  m.  from  centre  of  knob. 

2423.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.30  m.  Knob, 


306 


THE  BRONZES 


0.0038  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0028  m.  x  0.003  m. 
and  less.  Short  portion  at  one  end  entirely  rec¬ 
tangular.  On  the  other  side,  plain  but  easy 
transition  at  0.06  m.  from  centre  of  knob. 

2424.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.263  m.  Knob, 
0.0038  in.  x  0.0045  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  in.  and 
less.  Gradual  transitions. 

Class  y.  Similar  to  Class  a,  but  loith  rec¬ 
tangular  part  partially  twisted. 

Point. 

2425.  Uncleaned.  Condition  poor.  Length, 
0.222  m.  Knob,  0.0022  m.  x  0.002  m.  Shaft, 
0.0016  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob,  0.15  m. 
from  point.  Gradual  transition.  Shaft  mostly 
twisted  on  both  sides  of  knob. 

Class  S.  Shaft  rectangular. 

Only  pointed  ends. 

2426.  Probably  about  complete.  Length, 
0.089  m.  Knob,  0.0025  m.  x  0.0007  m.  Shaft, 
0.002  m.  x  0.0007  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to 
one  end,  0.065  m.  Both  ends  dull.  Color  reddish. 

2427.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.155  m.  Knob, 
0.0025  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0017  m.  square. 
Centre  of  knob  to  one  end,  0.0735  m. 

The  following  are  incomplete. 

(a1.)  Points. 

2428.  Length,  0.455  m.  Knob,  0.002  m. 
square.  Shaft,  0.0013  m.  square  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.40  m. 

2429.  Nearly  complete.  Length,  0.112  m. 
Knob,  0.002  m.  x  0.0017  m.  Shaft,  0.0016  m.  x 
0.0015  m.  and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  point, 
0.082  m. 

2430.  Length,  0.108  m.  Knob,  0.0025  m.  x 
0.0024  m.  Shaft  0.0015  m.  x  0.0017  m.  Centre 
of  knob  to  point,  0.0027  m. 

(7/.)  Both  ends  lacking. 

2431.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.142  m.  Knob, 
0.0016  m.  x  0.0017  m.  Shaft,  0.001  m.  and  less. 

2432.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.097  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  x  0.0022  in.  Shaft,  0.0012  m.  square 
and  less. 

2433.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.099  m.  Knob, 
0.0025  m.  x  0.0022  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  x  0.0017 
in.  and  less. 

2434.  Length,  0.104  m.  Knob,  0.0034  in. 
Shaft,  0.0025  in.  square  and  less. 

2435.  Length,  0.207  m.  Knob,  0.0055  m.x 
0.005  in.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0038  m.  and  less. 

The  following  number  is  more  developed. 

2436.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.153  m.  Knob, 
0.0035  in.  x  0.0033  m.  Shaft,  0.0024  m.  square. 

Discards  of  (//)  :  uncleaned,  four. 


Form  3.  Knob  two  convex  or  straight 

SURFACES  WITH  ROUNDED  SIDES  WHICH 
MEET  WITH  OR  WITHOUT  FORMING  AN 

angle.  Shaft  cut  down  at  either  end 
OF  KNOB,  AND  AT  THESE  POINTS  USUALLY 
EMPHASIZED,  SUCH  EMPHASIS  IN  THE  MORE 
DEVELOPED  SPECIMENS  TAKING  THE  FORM 
OF  ONE  OR  MORE  RINGS. 

Owing  to  the  lack  of  sharp  distinctions  be¬ 
tween  the  specimens  of  greater  and  less  degree 
of  development,  it  seems  best  to  group  all  the 
examples  together  according  to  the  degree  of 
development  of  the  knob  and  its  appurtenances. 
Class  a.  Shaft  partly  rectangular  and 
partly  round ,  the  part  next  to  knob  being 
rectangular. 

(all)  Ends  pointed. 

2437.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0325  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.0014  m.  x  0.0018  m.  at  knob, 
elsewhere  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  one  point, 
0.195  m.  Transitions  gradual,  that  on  short 
end  being  the  more  marked. 

2438.  Bent.  Length,  0.127  m.  Knob,  0.0025 
in.  Shaft,  0.0018  m.  x  0.0023  m.  Centre  of 
knob  from  one  point,  0.0835  m.  Transition 
gradual.  Short  end  rectangular  to  point. 

2439.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.467  m.  Knob, 
0.0034  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.x  0.0018  in.  Centre 
of  knob  to  nearest  end,  0.12  m.  Transitions 
gradual. 

2440.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Ends 
blunted.  Length,  0.401  m.  Knob,  0.0057  m. 
Shaft,  0.0022  m.  x  0.0023  m.  Centre  of  knob 
to  one  end,  0.227  m.  Transition  on  this  side 
plainly  marked.  The  other  side  is  rectangular 
to  within  0.031  m.  of  end. 

2440  a.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.133  m. 
Knob,  0.0055  m.  Shaft,  0.0027  m.  x  0.003  m. 
and  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  nearest  end,  0.051 
m.  This  end  rectangular. 

(b1.)  Points  (enough  of  shaft  pre¬ 
served  to  render  one-knob  type 
certain). 

Slightly  developed,  oblong  knobs. 

2441.  Roughly  coiled.  Length,  0.438  m. 
Knob,  0.0035  m.  Shaft,  0.0015  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.088  m.  Transitions 
gradual. 

2442.  Uncleaned.  Light  green  patina. 
Length,  0.422  m.  Knob,  0.0045  m.  Shaft, 
0.0025  x  0.0023  m.  Centre  of  knob  to  point, 
0.14  m.  Transitions  gradual,  that  on  long  end 
being  the  more  plainly  marked. 


SPITS 


307 


2443.  From  south  slope.  Bent.  Length, 
0.254  m.  Knob,  0.0045  m.  Shaft,  0.0028  in.  x 
0.0024  m.  at  knob,  elsewhere  less.  Centre  of 
knob  to  point,  0.167  m. 

2444.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.39  m.  Knob, 
0.006  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  square  near  knob, 
elsewhere  less.  Transition  gradual,  but  prepared 
for  by  slight  increase  in  thickness  of  shaft. 

2444  a.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.375  m.  Knob, 
0.004  m.  Shaft,  0.0019  m.  square  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.131  m.  Transitions 
gradual,  but  that  on  short  end  accompanied  by 
slight  swelling  of  shaft. 

Discards  similar  to  above :  uncleaned,  two. 

The  following  have  more  developed  knobs, 
with  a  tendency  to  diminish  their  length. 

2445.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.435  m. 
Knob,  0.0028  m.  Shaft,  0.0015  m.  (at  knob, 
0.0018  m.).  Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.12  m. 
Transitions  gradual,  that  on  short  end  being  pre¬ 
ceded  by  slight  swelling  of  shaft. 

2246.  Length,  0.222  m.  Knob,  0.0035  m. 
Shaft,  0.002  m.  square  (at  principal  transition), 
elsewhere  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.118  m. 
Transition  gradual,  but  preceded  by  above  swell¬ 
ing.  The  other  transition  is  gradual. 

2447.  Length,  0.208  m.  Knob,  0.004  m. 
Shaft,  0.0025  m.  square  and  less.  Short  end  of 
shaft  rectangular,  long  end  has  gradual  transi¬ 
tion.  Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.176  m. 

2448.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.305  m.  Knob, 
0.0075  m.  Shaft,  0.0025  m.  square  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  point,  0.112  m.  Transition 
plain,  but  not  abrupt.  From  transition  to  point, 
engraved  screw-threading.  On  other  side  of 
knob,  shaft  has  gradual  transition. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2445-2448)  :  un- 
cleaued,  one. 

(c'.)  Points  which  do  not  include 
enough  of  shaft  to  make  it  certain 
that  there  was  one  knob  only. 

Knob  oblong.  Partially  developed. 

2449.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.42  m.  Knob, 
0.004  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  x  0.0017  m.  and  less. 
Transition  gradual. 

2450.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.225  m.  Knob, 
0.005  m.  Shaft,  0.0025  m.  square  and  less. 
Advanced  transition  with  preliminary  swelling, 
connecting  ring  and  round,  blunt,  ornamented 
terminal  piece,  engraved  with  spread  screw¬ 
threading.  This  end  is  distant  0.0865  m.  from 
centre  of  knob.  On  the  other  side  of  knob, 
gradual  transitions. 


Discards  with  knobs  similar  to  Nos.  2449  f.  :  uncleaned, 
one. 

Short  partially  developed  knob,  re¬ 
sembling  ring. 

2451.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.156  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.0025  m.  x  0.0024  m.  and 
less. 

Short  developed  knobs  with  tendency 
to  angularity. 

2452.  Point  blunted.  Length,  0.133  m.  Knob, 
0.0045  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  x  0.0025  m.  and 
less.  Gradual  transitions. 

2453.  Length,  0.207  m.  Knob,  0.005  m. 
Shaft,  0.0028  m.  x  0.003  m.  and  less.  Short 
end  rectangular,  the  other  has  gradual  transition. 
Zigzag  on  shaft  at  both  sides  of  knob. 

2454.  Length,  0.153  m.  Knob,  0.0045  m. 
Shaft,  0.002  m.  x  0.0025  m.  and  less.  Plain 
but  not  abrupt  transition,  with  slight  increase  in 
thickness  of  shaft. 

2455.  Length,  0.219  m.  Knob,  0.0085  in. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.  square  and  less.  Preserved 
transition  gradual  but  plain. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2452  ff.)  :  uncleaned, 
seven. 

(c/'.)  Complete  pieces  with  bluut  ends. 
Developed  knobs. 

2456.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.3275  m.  Knob, 
0.0055  in.  Shaft,  0.0027  m.  x  0.0029  m.  at 
knob  and  main  transition,  elsewhere  less.  Ends 
plain,  but  one  is  preceded  by  a  groove.  Diame¬ 
ter,  0.0017  m.  Distance  from  centre  of  knob, 
0.181  m.  Transition  plain  but  not  abrupt.  The 
other  transition  is  gradual. 

(e'.)  Blunt  end  with  insufficient  shaft 
to  make  certain  that  there  was  one 
knob  only. 

2457.  Length,  0.249  m.  Knob,  0.009  m. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.  square  and  less.  Preserved 
transition  plain  but  gradual. 

2457  a.  Length,  0.3855  m.  Knob,  0.01  m. 
At  either  side,  ring.  Shaft,  0.0038  m.  square  and 
less.  Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.231  m.  Groove 
at  end.  Gradual  transitions. 

2457  b.  Condition  poor.  One  rivet  lost. 
Length,  0.114  m.  Knob,  0.0095  m.  Shaft, 
0.0075  m.  x  0.008  m.  at  knob,  elsewhere  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.0895  m.  Transition 
plain  but  not  abrupt.  Marked  with  two  (or  per¬ 
haps  three)  grooves.  Groove  at  end,  forming 
sort  of  cap.  This  end  of  shaft  spliced  with 
blade  0.036  m.  in  length  and  0.0035  m.-O.OOl  m. 
in  thickness,  which  is  inserted  and  held  by  two 


308 


THE  BRONZES 


rivets.  Possibly  not  a  spit,  but  formally  sim¬ 
ilar. 

Discards  of  (e')  :  one,  uncleaned. 

(/■'.)  Ornamented  blunt  end  with  ad¬ 
vanced  transition. 

2458.  Nearly  complete.  Length,  0.265  m. 
Knob,  0.006  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0035  m.  and 
less.  Centre  of  knob  to  short  end,  0.069  m. 
Transition  accompanied  by  increase  in  thickness 
and  by  disk-ring.  Terminal  piece  ornamented 
with  screw-threading  and  a  convex  surface.  On 
the  other  side  of  knob,  gradual  transition.  Might 
be  taken  as  a  straight  pin  of  Type  k.  Seems 
better  to  regard  it  as  a  mixed  or  transitional 
form  midway  between  pin  and  spit,  the  solid  disk 
corresponding  to  the  separable  disk  still  pre¬ 
served  on  certain  spits,  e.  g.  in  the  Carapanos 
collection  (from  Dodona.) 

(</'.)  Ornamented  blunt  end  with  ad¬ 
vanced  transition.  (Original  length 
and  number  of  knobs  uncertain.) 

2459o  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0815  m.  Knob, 
0.007  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  preserved  end,  0.06  m. 
Transition  followed  by  terminal  piece  with  screw¬ 
threading. 

2460.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0915  m.  Knob, 
0.008  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.035  m.  at  transi¬ 
tion,  elsewhere  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  end, 
0.0705  m.  Ring  at  transition.  Just  before 
end,  convex  surface. 

2461.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.067  m.  Knob, 
0.0075  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  and  less.  Centre 
of  knob  to  end,  0.0455  m.  Short  terminal  end 
ornamented  with  convex  surfaces  and  screw- 
threading. 

2462.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.1535  m.  Knob, 
0.008  in.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  square  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.1435  m.  Ring  at 
transition.  Round  part  of  end  covered  with  fine 
threading. 

Discard  of  {(f  )  :  uncleaned,  two. 

(A'.)  Similar  to  ((/')■,  but  with  terminal 
more  developed.  (In  no  case  is 
original  number  of  knobs  certain.) 

2463.  Length,  0.097  in.  Knob,  0.0105  in. 
Slight  ring  at  either  side.  Shaft,  0.005  m. 
square  at  transition,  elsewhere  less.  Centre  of 
knoli  to  end,  0.079  m.  Ring  after  transition. 

(i'f)  Similar  to  (A'),  but  with  highly 
developed  mass  of  rings  taking  the 
place  of  transition.  (Original  num¬ 
ber  of  knobs  uncertain.) 


2464.  Length,  0.071  m.  Knob,  0.012  m.  At 
either  side,  two  rings.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  and  less. 
Centre  of  knob  to  end,  0.0675  m.  Sides  of  rec¬ 
tangular  part  of  shaft  ornamented  with  zigzag 
framed  in  five  lines. 

(/.)  Ends  gone.  No  rings  at  side  of 

knob. 

Oblong  rounded  knobs.  (Number 
of  knobs  uncertain.) 

2465.  Uncleaned.  Patinated  light  green. 
Length,  0.211  m.  Knob,  0.0024  m.  Shaft, 
0.0017  m.  square.  Gradual  transition. 

2466.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.192  m.  Knob, 
0.0034  m.  Shaft,  0.0018  m.  square  and  less. 
Gradual  transition. 

2467.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.295  m.  Knob, 
0.0075  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  and  less. 
Transition  gradual.  Size  of  knob  and  shaft  dis¬ 
proportionate. 

2468.  Length,  0.252  in.  Knob,  0.009  m. 
Shaft,  0.007  m.  square  next  to  knob,  elsewhere 
less.  On  one  side  of  knob,  rectangular  stub ;  on 
the  other,  nearly  complete  long  end  with  gradual 
transition.  Next  to  knob  on  short  end,  five  or  six 
faint  grooves,  beyond  which  a  few  circles.  On 
long  end,  a  single  groove,  after  which  faint  circles, 
of  which  some  are  dotted,  others  crossed,  and  the 
remainder  plain. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2465  ft.) :  uncleaned, 
ten. 

Short  rounded  knobs. 

2469.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.158  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  square  and  less. 
Gradual  transition. 

2470.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.32  m.  Knob, 
0.004  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  and  less. 
Gradual  transition. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2469  f.)  :  uncleaned, 
one. 

Oblong  knobs,  the  sides  of  which, 
convex  or  straight,  meet  at  a  sharp 
or  slightly  rounded  angle. 

2471.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.12  m.  Knob, 
0.0038  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  square  at  knob, 
elsewhere  less.  Gradual  transition. 

2472.  Length,  0.09  m.  Knob,  0.005  m. 
Shaft,  0.0025  m.  square  and  less.  Transition 
plain  but  gradual. 

2473.  Length,  0.132  m.  Knob,  0.0057  m. 
Shaft  0.003  in.  square  and  less.  Transition 
gradual. 

2474.  Length,  0.181  m.  Knob,  0.007  m. 
Shaft,  0.0037  m.  square  at  knob,  elsewhere  less. 


SPITS 


309 


Gradual  transition  emphasized  by  two  grooves. 
Rectangular  part  ornamented  with  broad  undu¬ 
lating  zigzag. 

2475.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.301  m.  Knob,  0.008  m.  Shaft,  0.0038  m. 
square  at  knob,  elsewhere  less.  Transition, 
grooves,  and  zigzag  as  in  No.  2474. 

2476.  Length,  0.366  m.  Knob,  0.008  m. 
Shaft,  0.004  m.  square  and  less.  Transitions 
gradual. 

Plate  CXXIX. 

2477.  Length,  0.772  m.  Knob,  0.013  m. 
Shaft,  0.0075  m.  x  0.007  m.  and  less.  Gradual 
transition. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2471  if.):  uncleaned, 
twelve. 

Short,  angular  knobs,  similar  to  pre¬ 
ceding,  but  shorter. 

2478.  Length,  0.105  m.  Knob,  0.0034  m. 
Shaft,  0.0018  m.  square  at  knob,  elsewhere  less. 
Gradual  transition.  Original  number  of  knobs 
uncertain. 

2479.  Bent,  probably  purposely,  into  leaf¬ 
shaped  design.  Length,  0.395  m.  Length  as 
bent,  0.085  m.  Width,  0.045  m.  Knob,  0.005  m. 
Shaft,  0.0025  m.  x  0.0023  m.  at  knob,  elsewhere 
less.  Transitions  gradual,  that  on  shorter  end 
being  plainer. 

2480.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.395  m.  Knob, 
0.006  m.  Shaft,  0.0024  m.  square  at  knob, 
elsewhere  less.  Gradual  transition. 

2481.  Length,  0.28  m.  Knob,  0.007  m. 
Shaft,  0.0048  m.  x  0.005  m.  and  less. 

2482.  Length,  0.085  m.  Knob,  0.0127  m. 
Shaft,  0.006  m.  square  at  knob,  0.007  m.  at 
transition,  elsewhere  less. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2478  ft.):  uncleaned, 
nineteen. 

(U.)  Ends  gone.  Shaft  has  raised  rings 
adjoining  knob. 

Rounded  knobs  with  single  ring  at 
either  side. 

The  following  may  also  be  regarded  as  straight 
pins  of  Type  k.  Cf.  No.  2458. 

2483.  Length,  0.077  m.  Knob,  0.0125  m. 
Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.0039  m.  and  less.  Plain, 
slightly  abrupt  transition  preceded  by  three  en¬ 
graved  lines.  On  same  side  (that  of  which  the 
more  is  preserved),  zigzag  in  frame.  Traces  of 
zigzag  also  on  other  side.  Uncertain  how  many 
knobs  originally. 

The  following  two  are  of  doubtful  classification. 

2484.  Length,  0.219  m.  Knob,  0.01  m.  Shaft, 


0.003  m.  x  0.0035  m.  and  less.  Short  end  termi¬ 
nates  in  convex  surface  and  cap.  On  longer  side, 
gradual  transition.  Probably  had  only  one  knob. 

2485.  Length,  0.117  m.  Knob,  0.0095  in. 
Shaft,  0.0035  m.  square  and  less.  On  one  side 
of  knob,  ornamented  terminal  end,  on  the  other, 
rather  abrupt  transition.  Traces  of  fine  zigzag 
on  shaft  at  either  side  of  knob.  Probably  sub¬ 
stantially  complete. 

Discards  similar  to  No.  2483:  cleaned,  one;  uncleaned, 
thirteen.  Similar  to  No.  2485:  uncleaned,  one.  Number 
of  knobs  in  no  case  certain.  Majority  probably  bad  but 
one  knob. 

Rounded  knob  with  double  ring  at 
either  side.  (Original  number  of 
knobs  uncertain.) 

2486.  Length,  0.16  m.  Knob,  0.011  m.  At 

either  side,  grooved  ring.  On  one  side  of  knob, 

short  stub  (0.007  m.  x  0.003  m.),  into  which  was 

inserted  piece  held  by  a  rivet.  On  the  other 

side,  easy  transition  with  one  or  two  grooves. 

Rectangular  part  ornamented  with  double  row  of 

diamond  hatching'  inclosed  in  frame.  Belongs 
©  © 

here  formally,  though  not  certain  that  it  was  a 
spit. 

Angular  knobs,  short  or  slightly 
elongated,  with  a  single  ring  at 
either  side.  (Original  number  of 
knobs  uncertain.) 

2487.  Length,  0.171  m.  Knob,  0.0105  m. 

Shaft,  0.0055  m.  square  and  less.  On  longer 

preserved  side,  abrupt  transition  with  three  lines 

of  engraving. 

©  © 

2488.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.38  m. 
Knob,  0.0085  m.  Shaft,  0.0045  m.  x  0.005  m. 
at  knob,  elsewhere  less.  Transition  plain,  but 
gradual. 

2489.  Length,  0.4405  m.  Knob,  0.014  m. 
Shaft,  0.0057  m.  square  and  less.  Transition 
gradual. 

2490.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.1355  m. 
Knob,  0.01  m.  Shaft,  0.0049  m.  square  and 
less.  On  longer  preserved  side,  easy  transition 
emphasized  by  three  rings  engraved  at  beginning 
of  round  part. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2487-2490) :  uncleaned, 
six. 

Oblong  slightly  angular  knobs,  with 
a  single  wide  flat  ring  at  either 
end.  Rings  rectangular.  (Prob¬ 
ably  with  but  one  knob  origi¬ 
nally.) 

2491.  Length,  0.234  m.  Knob,  0.005  m. 


210 


THE  BRONZES 


eter  of  head,  0.01  m.  Rectangular  block  with 
round  hole.  Above  block,  grooved  collar. 

169.  From  West  Building.  Similar  to  No. 
168.  Length,  0.034  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.012  m.  Head  grooved.  Cross  on  head.  Rec¬ 
tangular  block,  above  which  grooved  collar. 

Form  8.  Nine  beads. 

170.  Point  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.118  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m. 

171.  Fragment.  Length,  0.047  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0085  m.  Head  seems  to  have 
had  ornament  like  No.  167. 

172.  Pin  broken.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.065  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.007  m.  Beginning  of  pin 
rectangular.  Sides  with  engraved  lines.  On 
top  of  head,  two  dotted  circles. 

Form  9.  Ten  beads. 

Class  a.  Headless ,  by  accident. 

Separable  body. 

173.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0445  m.  Rec¬ 
tangular  block  with  double  collar.  In  bottom 
hole,  0.002  m.  in  diameter.  Pin  probably  of 
iron.  Traces  of  engraving  on  block. 

Class  fi.  With  heads. 

Separable  body. 

174.  Pin  gone.  Corroded.  Length,  0.062  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0115  m.  Large  cross  on 
top  of  head.  Pin  was  riveted  into  slit  in  block. 
In  slit  traces  of  iron  pin  remain.  On  two  sides 
of  block,  cross. 

Form  10.  Eleven  beads. 

Solid  body. 

175.  Pin  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.077  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m.  Rectangular  block 
with  collar,  sharply  distinguished  from  pin.  In 
centre  of  head,  dot  in  circle.  On  each  side 
of  block,  three  dots  in  circles,  one  above  the 
other. 

Separable  body. 

176.  Fragment.  From  West  Building. 
Length,  0.0575  m. 

177.  Pin  gone.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.06  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.011  m.  Slit  block  with 
riveted  pin.  In  slit  traces  of  bronze  pin. 

Form  11.  Fourteen  beads. 

178.  F  rom  West  Building.  Pin  broken  at 
block.  Length,  0.067  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0105  m.  On  each  side  of  block,  dot  in 
circle. 

179.  Fragment.  Length,  0.034  m. 


Form  13.  Seventeen  beads. 

181.  Frag  ment.  Length,  0.055  m. 

Form  14.  Twenty  beads. 

182.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0605  m.  Slit 
block  surmounted  by  low  collar. 

Form  15.  Twenty-two  beads. 

183.  Fragment.  Pin  gone.  Corroded.  Length, 
0.083  m.  Rectangular  block  with  double  grooved 
collar.  In  bottom  hole,  0.0032  m.  in  diameter. 
On  sides,  cross.  On  three  sides,  dot  in  circle 
between  upper  limbs  of  cross.  Traces  of  dot  in 
circle  between  lower  limbs  of  cross  on  one  side. 

Form  16.  Twtenty-six  beads. 

Head  double.  Upper  part  as  usual. 

Lower  part  a  large  truncated  cone. 

184.1  Eight  beads.  Head  similar  to  that  of 
No.  184  a.  Rectangular  block  with  double 
collar.  Inserted  iron  pin. 

Plate  LXXIX. 

184  a.  From  West  Building.  Corroded. 
Length,  0.127  in.  Head  consists  of  truncated 
cone,  with  round  lower  edges,  surmounted  by  low 
inverted  truncated  cone.  Top  has  ten-barred 
cross.  Block  slit  entire  length,  with  rivet  holes 
in  lower  part.  Pin  of  iron,  as  remaining  portion 
shows.  Cross  carved  on  two  sides  of  block. 

Addenda.  The  following  probably  accident¬ 
ally  headless  pins  could  not  be  arranged  under 
the  above  forms,  because  of  danger  of  fallacious 
conclusions  respecting  introduction  of  oniament. 

Solid  body. 

185.  Fragment.  Length,  0.105  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block,  on  all  four  sides  of  which  cross. 

186.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0475  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block  with  heavy  grooved  collar.  All 
four  sides  have  cross. 

187.  Fragment.  Length,  0.051  m.  Short 
rectangular  block  with  deep  cross  on  each  side. 

188.  189.  Fragments.  No.  189  has  on  sides 
of  block  dots  inclosed  in  double  circles. 

190.  Oxidized.  Length,  0.19  m.  Rectangu¬ 
lar  block  with  double  grooved  collar.  On  sides 
of  block,  cross  in  circle.  On  pin  next  to  block, 
six  grooves. 

Separable  bodies. 

191.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Grooved 
block.  Dots  in  circle. 

192.  193.  Fragments.  Grooved  blocks  with 
traces  of  engraving. 

194.  From  first  chamber  at  east  end  of  Lower 
Terrace,  1893.  Slit  block  with  remains  of  iron 
pin. 


Form  12.  Fifteen  beads. 

180.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0385  m. 

1  Inserted  here  inconsistently  because  of  similarity  to  No.  184  a. 


PINS:  STRAIGHT 


211 


Uncertain  object. 

195.  Pin  or  end.  of  spit.  Uncertain  whether 
complete. 

Thirty-three  fragments  discarded. 

Plate  CXXXVII. 

195  a.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.0375  m. 

Type  c.  Pins  with  large,  flat,  thin  head  and 

corrugated  or  beaded  upper  part  of  body. 

Form  1.  Solid  stem  and  pin.  Head  some¬ 
times  ATTACHED  TO  STEM. 

Class  a.  Two  corrugations. 

196.  Fragment.  Length,  0.074  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0125  in. 

Plate  LXXIX. 

197.  F  Tom  West  Building.  Point  gone.  Head 
damaged.  Length,  0.052  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.018  m.  Beginning  of  body  rectangular. 

198.  Length,  0.116  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.013  m.  Corrugations  slight.  Underneath, 
about  seven  fine  grooves  very  close  together. 

Class  (3.  Three  corrugations. 

199.  Head  about  two  thirds  gone.  Length, 
0.12  m. 

Class  y.  Four  corrugations. 

200.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.053  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.014  m. 

201.  Fragment.  Length,  0.083  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.0095  m. 

202.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0375  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0085  m. 

203.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.05  m. 

204.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0565  m. 

205.  F  Tagment.  From  above  east  end  of  Stoa, 
under  Cyclopean  wall,  1893.  Length,  circ. 
0.09  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Block¬ 
like  beginning  of  body. 

206.  Fragment.  Length,  0.087  m.  Body 
begins  as  in  No.  205. 

207.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.027  in.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Short 
rough  block. 

208.  Fragment.  Length,  0.0725  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Short  rectangular  block. 

209.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.065  in.  Diameter  of  head,  0.015  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block. 

210.  Fragment.  Length,  0.046  m.  Diameter 
of  head,  0.014  m.  Rectangular  block. 

211.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.104  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.012  m.  Rectangu¬ 
lar  block. 


212-215.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.009-0.0115  in.  Rectangular  blocks. 

216.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.065  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m.  Rectan¬ 
gular  block. 

217.  Fragment.  From  West  Building. 
Length,  0.054  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.012  in. 
Rectangular  block. 

218-220.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.012,  0.013  m.  Rectangular  blocks. 

221.  Fragment.  Length,  0.021  in.  Rectan- 
gular  block. 

222.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.018  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Slight 
rectangular  block. 

223.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.01  m. 
Rectangular  block. 

224.  225.  Fragments.  From  south  slope. 
Diameter  of  heads,  0.015,  0.012  m.  Rectangu¬ 
lar  blocks,  that  of  No.  225  with  collar. 

226.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.013  m. 
Rectangular  block  with  heavy  collar. 

227.  Fragment.  From  back  of  South  Build¬ 
ing.  Length,  0.128  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.016  m. 
Rectangular  block  with  collar.  In  centre  of  top 
of  head  slight  depression,  corresponding  to  place 
of  attachment.  First  case  in  this  type  where 
this  is  plain. 

228.  Fragment.  Diameter  of  head,  0.0135 
m.  Rectangular  block  with  overhanging  col¬ 
lar. 

229.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Length, 
0.108  m.  Diameter  of  head,  0.009  m.  Sharply 
cut  corrugations  on  slender  stem.  Short  rec¬ 
tangular  block  with  collar  marked  off  by 
groove. 

230.  231.  Fragments.  From  south  slope. 
Diameter  of  heads,  0.01,  0.011  m.  Blocks  as  in 

No.  229. 

232.  Fragment.  From  West  Building.  Block 
as  in  No.  229. 

233.  Fragment.  From  south  slope.  Block 
as  in  Nos.  229  and  228. 

234.  235.  Fragments.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.009,  0.0115  m.  Blocks  with  collar  as  in  Nos. 
229,  233,  respectively. 

Class  8.  Five  corrugations. 

236.  Point  gone.  Length,  0.0785  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0125  m.  Elementary  rectangular 
block. 

237-240.  Injured  and  fragmentary.  No. 
239  from  West  Building.  Diameter  of  heads, 
0.01-0.013  m.  Rectangular  blocks. 


312 


THE  BRONZES 


2533.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.106  m. 
Knob,  0.011  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  x  0.0034  m. 

m(b'.')  One  end  with  blade,  the  other 
gone.  A  single  heavy  round  ring  at 
either  side  of  knob. 

Oblong  slightly  developed  knob  re¬ 
sembling  rather  a  simple  convex 
surface. 

2534.  Length,  0.43  m.  Knob,  0.008  m.  x 
0.007  m.  Shaft,  0.0065  m.  at  knob,  elsewhere 
less.  Centre  of  knob  to  edge  of  blade,  0.286  m. 
Width  of  blade,  0.004  m. 

Form  4.  Similar  to  Form  3,  but  swell¬ 
ing  OF  SIDES  IS  RECTANGULAR.  FORM  4  IS 
to  Form  2  as  Form  3  is  to  Form  1.  (No 
ends  preserved.) 

Class  a.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round.,  the 
parts  next  to  knob  being  rectangular. 

(a'd)  Shaft  prominent  at  ends  of  knob, 
but  without  rings. 

2535.  Length,  0.1815  m.  Knob,  0.0027  m.  x 
0.0025  m.  Shaft,  0.0023  m.  and  less.  Original 
number  of  knobs  uncertain.  Color  reddish. 

(6'.)  One  or  more  rings  at  either  side 
of  knob. 

2536.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.1515  m.  Knob, 
0.0038  m.  x  0.003  m.  At  either  end,  single  ring. 
Shaft,  0.0034  m.  x  0.003  ill.  next  to  ring,  else¬ 
where  less.  Longer  stub  has  gradual  transition. 

The  following  piece  is  more  advanced,  and  is 
transitional  to  a  rectangular  form  (not  repre¬ 
sented  at  Argos),  that  would  correspond  to 
Form  5  more  closely  than  does  Form  6. 

2537.  Length,  0.132  m.  Knob,  0.005  m. 
square.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.003  in.  and  less. 
Raised  rectangular  rings,  one  at  one  end  of  knob 
and  two  at  the  other.  Possible  trace  of  zigzag 
of  bent  lines  on  shaft.  Original  number  of 
knobs  uncertain. 

Class  ft.  Shaft  rectangular.  (Original 
number  of  knobs  uncertain.) 

(ah')  Shaft  prominent  at  ends  of  knob, 
but  without  rings. 

2538.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.144  m.  Knob, 
0.0028  m.  x  0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.0022  m.  square 
and  less.  This  piece  probably  had  no  more  knobs. 

(b'.)  A  single  ring  on  shaft  at  either 
end  of  knob. 

2539.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.119  m.  Knob, 
0.005  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0025  m.  square  and 
0.003  in.  square  next  to  knob.  Long  stub  in¬ 
erases  to  0.0035  m.  x  0.004  m.,  part  of  which  is 
oxidation. 


Form  5.  Similar  to  Form  3  as  regards 

SHAPE  OF  KNOB,  BUT  THE  RING  ON  SHAFT 
AT  ENDS  OF  KNOB  HAS  NOW  BECOME  AN 
APPENDAGE  TO  THE  KNOB.  KNOB  WITH 
ITS  RINGS  APPEARS  AS  SOMETHING  SEPARATE 
FROM  SHAFT  AND  IN  MOST  CASES  IS  A  SEP¬ 
ARATE  piece.  (There  are  no  complete 
pieces  and  in  no  case  is  the  original  num¬ 
ber  of  knobs  known.) 

Class  a.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round,  the 
parts  next  to  knob  being  rectangular. 
Ends  gone. 

2540.  Length,  0.339  m.  Knob,  0.02  ni.  It 
is  short,  with  convex  sides.  It  forms  one  piece 
with  rings,  and  is  jacketed  over  the  shaft.  Shaft, 
0.006  m.  and  less.  Gradual  transition.  Not 
certain  that  this  piece  is  a  spit. 

Class  /3.  Shaft  (so  far  as  preserved')  rec- 
tangular. 

(ah)  Point. 

2541.  Length,  0.108  m.  Knob,  0.016  m. 
With  rings  forms  one  piece  which  is  jacketed 
on  over  shaft.  Shaft,  0.004x  0.0043  m.  and 
less. 

(b1.')  Ends  gone. 

2542.  Length,  0.0525  m.  Knob,  0.016  m. 
With  its  rings  forms  a  separate  piece  which  is 
jacketed  on.  Shaft,  0.007  m.  x  0.0075  in.  At 
short  end  traces  of  round  stub,  0.0065  m.  in 
diameter. 

2543.  Length,  0.184  m.*  Knob,  0.015  m. 
Uncertain  whether  it  forms  a  separate  piece. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.  square. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2542  ff.):  uncleaned, 
three. 

Form  6.  Advanced  rectangular  knob 

WITHOUT  RINGS.  KNOB  RISES  SHARPLY 
FROM  SHAFT,  WITH  WHICH  IT  FORMS  ONE 

piece.  (No  complete  pieces.) 

Shaft  rectangular  (so  far  as  preserved). 

Ends  gone. 

Knob  plain. 

2544.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.13  m.  Knob, 
0.0041  m.  square.  Shaft,  0.0028  m.  x  0.003  m. 
Original  number  of  knobs  uncertain. 

Knob  ornamented. 

2545.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.139  m. 
Knob,  0.006  m.  square.  Three  fine  lines  across 
each  end  inclosing  cross,  on  all  four  sides.  Line 
of  cross  double  in  two  places.  On  one  side,  fine 
lines  along  long  edges,  one  on  each  edge.  Shaft, 
0.004  m.  square  and  less.  Probably  but  one 
knob. 


SPITS 


313 


Form  7.  Similar  to  Form  6,  but  knob 

IS  DIVIDED  BY  BROAD  GROOVE  IN  CENTRE 
WITH  SLOPING  SIDES.  ENDS  FALL  SHARPLY. 

In  spite  of  division  is  essentially  one 

KNOB. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round,  the  parts  next 
to  knob  being  rectangular. 

Only  one  piece,  the  ends  of  which  are 
gone,  but  which  probably  had  but  one 
knob. 

2546.  Length,  0.537  m.  Length  of  knob, 
0.0095  m.  +  0.0085  m.  Sides,  about  0.0055  m. 
square.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0045  m.  and  less. 
Gradual  transitions. 

Type  c.  Two  knobs. 

Form  1.  Knob  a  thickening  of  shaft. 
Sides  of  knob  round. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round,  the  parts  next 
to  and  between  knobs  being  rectangular. 
Only  one  specimen,  and  that  with  both 
ends  gone. 

2547.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.257  m.  Knobs, 
0.007  m.  Centre  to  centre,  0.05  m.  Shaft, 
0.003  m.  x  0.0035  m.  and  less.  Gradual  transi¬ 
tion  with  slight  thickening  of  shaft  on  mixed  end. 

Form  2.  Knob  a  thickening  of  shaft. 
Sides  of  knob  rectangular. 

Class  a.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round.,  the 
parts  next  to  and  between  knobs  being 
rectangular. 

Both  ends  gone. 

2548.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.314  m.  Knobs, 
0.0035  m.  square.  Centres,  0.018  m.  apart. 
Shaft,  0.0024  m.  square  and  less.  One  stub 
rectangular,  the  other  has  gradual  transition 
with  swelling. 

Class  (3.  Shaft  rectangular. 

Both  ends  gone. 

2549.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.193  m.  Knobs, 
about  0.005  m.  square.  Centres,  0.034  m.  apart. 
Shaft,  0.0028  m.  square.  Longer  stub  is  slightly 
twisted  and  has  trace  of  zigzag. 

Class  y.  Shaft  between  and  adjoining 
knobs  nearly  elliptical  (i.  e.  rectangular 
with  rounded  angles ),  but  toward  point 
becomes  somewhat  more  rounded. 

Point. 

2550.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.16  m.  Knobs, 
0.003  m.  x  0.0027  m.  Centres,  0.016  in.  apart. 
Shaft,  0.0025  m.x  0.002  m.  and  less.  Centre 
of  nearest  knob  to  point,  0.13  m. 

1  Developed  specimen  with  advanced  terminal  end  from 


Form  3.  Sides  of  shaft  incut  at  ends 

OF  KNOBS,  WHICH  ARE  CONVEX,  WITH 
ROUNDED  SIDES.  ENDS  OF  SHAFT  ADJOIN¬ 
ING  KNOBS  TEND  TO  INCREASE  IN  EMPHASIS. 

Corresponds  to  Type  b,  Form  3. 

Class  a.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round,  the 
parts  near  to  and  between  knobs  being 
rectangular 4  (No  complete  pieces.) 
(ah)  Point. 

Plate  CXXX. 

2551.  Length,  0.611  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m. 
Distance  apart,  0.026  m.  Shaft,  0.0046  m.x 
0.005  m.  Centre  of  nearest  knob  to  point, 
0.086  m.  At  either  end  of  each  knob,  raised  flat 
rectangular  ring.  Transitions  gradual. 

(6h)  Preserved  end  plain  and  blunt. 
No  cap. 

Larger  and  more  developed  knob 
near  more  advanced  transition. 

2552.  Length,  0.405  m.  Knobs,  0.006  m.- 
0.009  m.  Distance  apart,  0.0185  m.  Shaft, 
0.004  m.  square  and  less  except  at  transition, 
which  is  0.005  m.  x  0.004  m.  Gradual  transition. 

Knobs  of  same  size,  but  original 
number  uncertain. 

2553.  Length,  0.423  m.  Knobs,  0.014  m. 
Shaft,  0.0065  m.  square  and  less  except  at  tran¬ 
sition,  which  is  0.008  m.  square.  Nearest  knob 
to  end,  0.299  in.  Traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangular 
part  of  shaft. 

(c'.j  Preserved  end  plain  and  blunt, 
but  with  cap. 

Low  rounded  knobs  with  a  single 
ring  at  either  side  of  each.  (Origi¬ 
nal  number  of  knobs  uncertain.) 

2554.  Length,  0.415  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m. 
Distance  apart,  0.064  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  near 
knobs,  elsewhere  less.  Centre  of  knob  to  end, 
0.303  m.  Gradual  transition. 

Rounded  knobs  with  a  single  ring  at 
either  side  of  each.  (Original 
number  of  knobs  uncertain.) 

2555.  Length,  0.417  m.  Knobs,  0.014  m. 
Distance  apart  (between  rings),  0.071  m.  Shaft, 
0.006  m.  square  near  knobs,  elsewhere  less. 
Gradual  transition. 

Developed  angular  knobs  with  sev¬ 
eral  rings  at  either  side  of  each. 
(Original  number  of  knobs  un¬ 
certain,  but  probably  not  less  than 
three.) 

Tegea  ( Mitth ■  V.  p.  G7,  pi.  iv.  a  [Milchhofer]).  Mov¬ 
able  disk  at  beginning  of  long  end. 


314 


THE  BRONZES 


2556.  Length,  0.293  m.  Knobs,  0.0145  m. 
Interspace,  0.024  m.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  square 
at  knobs,  elsewhere  less.  Shorter  stub  has  four 
rings  next  to  knob  and  four  at  break.  Longer 
stub  has  four  next  to  knob  and  five  at  transition. 
Between  knobs,  three  and  five.  Transition  plain, 
but  not  abrupt.  Nearest  knob  to  end,  0.203  m. 

(d'd)  Preserved  end  a  plain  round  ter¬ 
minal  piece,  uncertain  whether  with 
cap. 

Rounded  knobs  with  grooved  ring 
at  either  side. 

2557.  Length,  0.29  m.  Knobs,  0.012  m. 
Interspace,  0.073  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  x  0.006  m. 
and  less.  Transition  rapid,  but  not  abrupt. 
Length  of  terminal,  0.075  m. 

(e'.)  Both  ends  gone. 

Rounded  knobs  with  a  sino-le  rinsr 

c5  O 

at  either  side  of  each.  (Original 
number  of  knobs  uncertain.) 

2558.  Length,  0.383  m.  Knobs,  0.0125  m. 
Interspace,  0.07  m.  Shaft,  0.006  m.  square  near 
knobs,  elsewhere  less.  Gradual  transition. 

Oblong  angular  knobs.  No  rings. 

2559.  Length,  0.22  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m.  In¬ 
terspace,  0.035  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  square  and 
less.  Transition  plain  but  gradual. 

2560.  Length,  0.226  m.  Knobs,  about  0.01  m. 
Transition  followed  by  terminal,  the  beginning 
of  which  is  rectangular,  the  remainder  round. 
Probably  no  more  knobs  originally. 

Discard  similar  to  above :  uncleaned,  one. 

Short  angular  knobs.  No  rings. 

2561.  Length,  0.321  m.  Knobs,  0.012  m. 
Interspace,  0.037  m.  Shaft,  0.007  m.  square 
and  less.  Probably  no  more  knobs  originally. 

2562.  Length,  0.365  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m. 
Interval,  0.02  in.  Shaft,  0.0045  m.  square  and 
less.  Gradual  transition.  Probably  no  more 
knobs  originally. 

2563.  Length,  0.171  m.  Knobs,  0.012  m.x 
0.015  in.  Interval,  0.042  m.  Shaft,  0.006  in.  x 
0.0065  m.  and  less.  Short  terminal. 

Addenda  to  Class  a.  Fragments  with  knobs 
of  unequal  si/e.  Probable  that  nearly  all  had 
originally  three  knobs,  but  the  case  of  No.  2552 
makes  it  preferable  to  put  them  here.  Arrange¬ 
ment  from  rounded  to  angular  knobs. 

2564.  Length,  0.157  m.  Knobs,  0.013  m. 
and  0.008  in.  Interspace,  0.021  m.  Advanced 
transition  (on  side  of  smaller  knob)  followed  by 
round  ornamented  terminal  (length,  0.039  m.), 
beginning  with  disk. 


2565.  Length,  0.115  m.  Knobs,  0.011  m., 
0.007  m.,  the  smaller  being  toward  transition. 
Interspace,  0.014  m.  Advanced  transition  fol¬ 
lowed  by  ornamented  terminal  piece  beginning 
with  disk  as  in  No.  2564.  Length,  0.054  m. 
Traces  of  zigzag  on  rectangular  part  of  shaft, 
on  all  four  sides. 

2566.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.157  m.  Knobs, 
0.014  m.  and  0.0095  m.,  the  smaller  being  to¬ 
ward  transition.  Interspace,  0.017  m.  Advanced 
transition  followed  by  round  part,  after  which 
secondary  transition  and  round  terminal,  of  which 
length,  0.057  m. 

The  fact  that  the  smaller  knob  is,  in  the  above 
addenda,  nearer  the  transition  is  without  signif¬ 
icance  in  those  cases  in  which  it  was  balanced 
by  a  similar  smaller  knob  on  the  other  side  of 
larger  knob. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2564  ff.):  cleaned,  five; 
uncleaned,  two. 

Class  ft.  Rectangular  shaft.  As  no  ends 
are  preserved \  the  majority  were  probably 
of  Class  a.  (Original  number  of  knobs 
in  no  case  certain.) 

2567.  Length,  0.258  m.  Knobs,  0.007  m.  In¬ 
terspace,  0.075  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  square  at 
knobs,  elsewhere  less. 

2568.  Length,  0.063  m.  Knobs,  0.016  m. 
Interspace,  0.0275  m. ;  at  each  end,  on  all  four 
sides,  two  grooves  (distance  apart,  0.004  m.)  con¬ 
nected  by  diagonal  cross  lines. 

2569.  Length,  0.138  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m. 
and  0.011  m.  Interspace,  0.045  m.  Shaft, 
near  knobs,  0.047  m.  square,  elsewhere  less. 

2570.  Length,  0.128  m.  Knobs,  0.015  m. 
Interspace,  0.037  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  and  less. 
Faint  traces  of  ornament  near  knobs,  perhaps 
lines  connected  by  diagonals  as  in  No.  2568,  and 
circles. 

2571.  Length,  0.15  m.  Knobs,  0.007  m.  and 
0.0065  m.  Interspace,  0.025  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m. 
(near  knobs,  elsewhere  less). 

The  following  have  a  single  ring  on  shaft  at 
either  side  of  knobs. 

2572.  Length,  0.152  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m. 
and  0.011  m.  Interspace,  0.034  m.  Shaft, 
0.006  m.  and  less.  Traces  of  zigzag  between 
knobs. 

2573.  Length,  0.113  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m.  In¬ 
terval,  0.017  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0045  m. 
near  knobs,  elsewhere  less. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2572  f.):  cleaned,  one; 
uucleaned,  four. 


SPITS 


315 


Addenda  to  Class  (3.  Knobs  of  unequal  size. 

(a'.)  Without  rings. 

2574.  Length,  0.086  m.  Knobs,  0.018  m., 
0.009  m.  Interval,  0.0315  m.  On  all  four  sides, 
broad  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2574  a.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0365  m. 
Knobs,  0.01  m.,  0.005  m.  Interval,  0.022  m. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.  square.  All  four  sides  occu¬ 
pied  with  ornament.  Space  divided  by  vertical 
lines  into  three  sections,  in  each  of  which,  a  di¬ 
agonal  cross.  Lines  and  crosses  struck  with 
chisel. 

Discard,  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2574  f.):  one. 

( b'.' )  One  or  more  rings  next  to  each  end  of 
knobs. 

2575.  Length,  0.055  m.  Knobs,  0.022  m.  and 
0.01  m.  Interval,  0.013  m.  Shaft,  0.007  m. 
square.  Single  plain  rings. 

2576.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.089  m. 
Knobs,  0.007  m.  and  0.008  m.,  larger  knob  being 
toward  transition.  IntersjDace,  0.0115  m.  Shaft 
near  knobs,  0.0042  m.,  0.0045  m.  Advanced 
transition  which  was  followed  by  disk  and  ter¬ 
minal  end. 

2577.  Length,  0.076  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m.  and 
0.013  m.  Interval,  0.0115  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m. 
square.  Single  rings. 

2578.  Length,  0.096  m.  Knobs,  0.0115  m.  and 
0.005  m.  Interval,  0.011  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m. 
square.  Three  rings  outside  large  knob,  else¬ 
where  two.  Between  large  knob  and  transition, 
framed  zigzag.  Portion  between  small  knob 
and  break  divided  by  two  lines  into  two  sections, 
of  which  the  first  has  framed  zigzag ;  the  second 
is  plain. 

2579.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.04  m.  Knobs, 
0.0125  m.,  0.0095  m.  Interspace,  0.02  m.  Shaft, 
0.0055  m.  square.  Single  rings.  Stub  of  shaft  on 
side  of  smaller  knob  has  broken  out  hole.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.0015  m. 

Discards  of  ( b ') :  uncleaned,  six. 

Class  y.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round ',  the 
ends  ana \  the  part  between  knobs  being 
round. 

Both  ends  blunt,  shorter  end  probably 
complete. 

2580.  Length,  0.322  m.  Knobs,  0.0078  m. 
Interspace,  0.0115  m.  Ornamented  with  fine 
parallel  threading.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  at 
knobs,  elsewhere  less.  Shorter  end  has  plain 
but  not  abrupt  transition  to  round.  Longer  end 
has  gradual  transition.  Near  knobs,  zigzag  of 
bent  lines  on  all  four  sides. 


Addendum  to  Class  y.  The  following  could 
also  be  regarded  as  straight  pins  of  Type  f. 

2580  a.  Both  ends  incomplete.  Length, 
0.142  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m.,  0.0125  m.  King  at 
either  side  of  each.  Interval  between  rings, 
0.023  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  square.  Between 
knobs,  rounded  rectangular  bar  and  outside  larger 
knob,  round  shaft. 

Fokm  4.  Similar  to  Form  3,  but  swelling 

OF  SIDES  IS  RECTANGULAR.  (No  Complete 

specimens.) 

Class  a.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

Both  ends  gone. 

2581.  Length,  0.827  m.  Knobs,  0.0075  m.  x 
0.0065  m.  and  0.007  m.  square.  Interspace, 
0.251  m.  Shaft,  0.0065  m.  x  0.006  m.  near  knobs, 
elsewhere  less.  Smaller  knob  acts  as  transition 
to  following  end,  which  is  round.  Next  to  knobs, 
swelling  of  shaft  but  no  rings. 

Similar  but  more  developed  rectangu¬ 
lar  knob,  with  a  square  ring  at  either 
side  of  knobs. 

2582.  Length,  0.307  m.  Knobs,  0.007  m. 
square.  Interval,  0.0575  m.  Shaft,  0.0045  m. 
square  and  less.  Direct  but  not  abrupt  transi¬ 
tion  acompanied  by  slight  thickening  of  shaft. 

Class  (3.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round , 
with  secondary  swelling  near  end  as  well 
as  at  transition. 

Ends. 

2583.  Length,  0.536  m.  Knobs,  0.0035  m.  x 
0.003  m.  Slightly  developed.  Interspace, 
0.01  m.  Shaft,  0.0027  m.  x  0.0025  m.  and 
less.  Plain  but  gentle  transition  to  round. 
Probable  that  this  piece  is  practically  complete. 

2584.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.25  m.  Knobs, 
0.0035  m.  and  0.0033  m.  Interspace,  0.0225  m. 
King  adjoining  each  knob  on  side  toward  ends. 
Shaft,  0.0023  m.  square.  From  middle  of  sec¬ 
ondary  swelling  to  preserved  end,  screw-thread¬ 
ing. 

Form  5.  Similar  to  Form  3,  but  ring 

AT  EITHER  END  OF  KNOB  HAS  NOW  BECOME 

AN  APPENDAGE  TO  IT.  Cf.  Type  b, 

Form  5. 

Rectangular  shafts.  No  ends  pre¬ 
served. 

Plate  CXXXI. 

2585.  Length,  0.247  m.  Knobs,  0.014  m. 
and  0.0135  m.  Interspace,  0.062  m.  Shaft, 
0.005  m.  square  and  less.  Advanced  transition. 
Knobs  probably  of  same  piece  with  shaft. 

2586.  Length,  0.18  m.  Knobs,  0.015  m. 


316 


THE  BRONZES 


Interspace,  0.0665  m.  Shaft.  0.0035  m.  square 
and  less.  Knobs  appear  to  be  jacketed  on. 

2587.  Length,  0.384  m.  Knobs,  0.0275  m. 
Interval,  0.057  m.  Shaft,  0.0083  m.  square  and 
less.  Gradual  transition  on  longer  stub.  Knobs 
perhaps  of  separate  pieces  from  shaft. 

2588.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.234  m. 
Knobs,  0.023  m.  and  0.0225  m.  Interspace, 
0.041  m.  Shaft,  0.006  m.  square.  Rectangular 
inset  near  end  of  longer  stub  probably  to  pre¬ 
pare  for  transition.  Between  rings  of  each  knob, 
longitudinal  striations.  Knobs  of  separate  pieces 
from  shaft. 

Type  d.  Three  knobs.1 

Form  1.  Knob  a  simple  swelling  of 
shaft.  Sides  of  knob  rectangular. 
Knobs  of  this  form  belonging  to 
Type  d  are  more  advanced  than  those 
of  the  corresponding  forms  of  Types 

b  AND  C. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round.  No  com¬ 
plete  pieces. 

2589.  Shorter  end  may  be  complete.  Length, 
0.368  m.  Knobs,  0.007  m.  square.  Interspaces 
(reckoned  from  centres  of  knobs),  0.027  m. 
Shaft,  0.0053  m.  square  and  less.  Centre  of 
nearest  knob  to  end,  0.027  m.  On  long  stub, 
gradual  transition.  On  all  four  sides  along 
knobs,  slightly  wavy  band  of  zigzag  of  bent  lines 
finely  engraved. 

2590.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.331  m. 
Knobs,  0.007  m.  square.  Centres,  0.032  m. 
and  0.029  m.  apart.  Shaft,  0.005  m.  square 
and  less.  One  end  round,  with  broad  screw- 
threading,  which  is  not  engraved  but  struck 
with  chisel  in  connecting  sections  of  about  0.002 
m.  in  length.  This  end  preceded  by  rapid  tran¬ 
sition.  Between  knobs,  on  all  four  sides,  broad 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

Form  2.  Sides  of  shaft  incut  at  ends 
of  knobs,  which  are  convex,  with 
ROUNDED  SIDES.  PORTIONS  OF  SHAFT  AD¬ 
JOINING  KNOBS  TEND  TO  INCREASE  IN  EM¬ 
PHASIS.  Cf.  Form  3  of  Types  b  and  c. 
Clans  a.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

Group  i.  Central  knob  larger  than  the 
other  two. 

(</,'.')  Ends. 

2591.  Plain  end  probably  about  complete,  the 
other  not.  Length,  0.418  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m., 

1  On  four  spits  of  this  type  in  the  Carapanos  collection 
(from  Dodona),  all  of  which  arc  straight,  is  passed  a  disk 
of  analogous  size.  Disk  on  ornamented  end,  and  rests 


0.0135  m.,  0.009  m.  (from  ornamented  end). 
Interspaces,  0.017  m.,  0.016  m.  respectively. 
Shaft,  0.007  m.  square  at  principal  transition, 
elsewhere  less.  One  transition  advanced  and 
followed  by  ornamented  terminal,  the  other  easy 
but  marked  with  three  lines  of  engraving.  Zig¬ 
zag  of  bent  lines  on  four  sides  of  this  part  of 
rectangle. 

2592.  Length,  0.515  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m.  and 
0.0075  m.  Interspace,  0.022  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m. 
and  less.  Nearest  knob  to  end,  0.40  m.  Grad¬ 
ual  transition.  Broken  end  had  advanced  tran¬ 
sition  and  ornamented  round  terminal.  On 
rectangular  part  of  this  end,  fine  zigzag  of  bent 
lines. 

(5r.)  Both  ends  gone. 

Short  angular  knobs  without  ring  at 
end. 

2593.  Length,  0.298  m.  Knobs,  0.0085  m., 
0.011  m.,  0.0095  in.  (from  direction  of  advanced 
transition).  Interspaces,  0.033  m.  and  0.032  in. 
respectively.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  square  and  less. 
One  transition  advanced  (0.075  m.  from  nearest 
knob),  the  other  gradual  (0.104  m.  from  nearest 
knob).  On  rectangular  part,  narrow  zigzag  of 
bent  lines. 

2594.  Length,  0.293  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m., 
0.011  m.,  0.0085  m.  (from  advanced  transition). 
Interspaces,  0.024  m.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  square 
and  less.  One  transition  advanced  (0.098  m. 
from  nearest  knob),  the  other  gradual  (0.07  m. 
from  nearest  knob).  On  rectangular  part,  traces 
of  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

Discard  similar  to  above  (2593  f.):  uncleaned,  one. 

Oblate  rounded  knobs  with  advanced 
ring  at  either  end  of  each  knob. 

2595.  Length,  0.153  m.  Knobs,  0.0135  m. 
and  0.0095  m.  Intervals,  0.02  m.  and  0.0175  m. 
Shaft,  0.004  m.  square  and  less.  Gradual  tran¬ 
sitions,  one  at  0.023  m.  from  nearest  knob 
marked  by  three  engraved  lines,  the  other  at 
0.028  m.  from  the  other  small  knob  with  four 
lines.  The  latter  led  to  round  terminal.  On 
all  sides  of  rectangular  part,  narrow  zigzag  of 
bent  lines. 

Ordinary  knobs.  Arrangement  from 
rounded  pear-shaped  sides  to  short 
sides  with  sharp  angles.  Single 
ring  at  end  of  each  knob. 

2596.  Length,  0.318  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m. 

against  square  basis.  Holes  in  disks  round,  except  one 
which  is  square. 


SPITS 


817 


ancl  0.012  m.  Intervals,  0.01  m.  and  0.009  m. 
Shaft,  0.005  m.  x  0.0055  m.  at  principal  transi¬ 
tion,  elsewhere  less.  At  0.045  m.  from  nearest 
knob  advanced  transition,  probably  followed  by 
round  terminal.  At  0.082  m.  from  the  other 
small  knob,  gradual  transition  with  two  engraved 
lines.  Entire  rectangular  part  covered  with  fine 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2597.  Length,  0.18  m.  Knobs,  0.006  m., 
0.012  m.,  0.0075  m.  (reckoned  from  principal 
transition).  Interspaces,  0.015  m.  and  0.018  m. 
respectively.  Shaft,  0.0086  m.  square  and  less, 
except  at  transition,  where  it  is  more.  At 
0.0395  m.  from  nearest  knob,  advanced  transition 
with  disk  into  which  round  terminal  was  in¬ 
serted.  At  0.032  m.  from  the  other  small  knob, 
gradual  transition  with  two  and  three  lines. 
Traces  of  zigzag  of  bent  lines  on  rectangular  part. 

2598.  Length,  0.108  m.  Knobs,  0.006  m., 
0.012  m.,  0.0065  m.  Interspaces,  0.014  m., 
0.0125  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  square  and  less. 
At  0.02  m.  Lorn  knob,  abrupt  transition  with 
ring,  groove,  and  disk.  At  0.013  m.  from  other 
small  knob,  plainly  marked  transition  to  round. 

2599.  Length,  0.124  m.  Knobs,  0.006  m., 
0.011  m.,  0.0075  m.  (counting  from  shorter 
stub).  Interspaces  (between  rings),  0.0085  in. 
Shaft,  0.0037  m.  x  0.004  m.  At  0.0165  m.  from 
smallest  knob,  break,  which  was  followed  by 
round  part.  At  0.015  m.  from  other  small  knob, 
easy  transition  with  three  lines. 

2600.  Length,  0.2055  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m., 
0.0135  m.  Interspaces,  0.01  m.,  0.0125  m. 
Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0037  m.  and  less.  Plainly 
marked  transition.  Traces  of  zigzag  of  bent 
lines  on  rectangular  part. 

2601.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.1665  m. 
Knobs,  0.007  m.,  0.01  in.  Interspaces,  0.013  m., 
0.017  m.  Shaft,  0.003  m.  square  and  less,  ex¬ 
cept  at  transition  (0.0035  m.  x  0.004  m.). 
Transitions  equidistant  (0.018  m.)  from  knobs, 
the  one  advanced  to  terminal,  the  other  plainly 
marked  to  round. 

2602.  Length,  0.182  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m., 
0.0175  m.  Interspaces,  0.022  in.,  0.021  m. 
Shaft,  0.0057  m.  square  and  less  (at  transition, 
0.006  m.  square).  At  0.0675  m.  from  knob, 
advanced  transition  with  disk  and  round  orna¬ 
mented  terminal.  At  the  other  end,  stub  (length, 
0.004  m. ;  width,  0.006  m. ;  thickness,  0.0024  m.), 
in  end  of  which  hole  (broken  out)  0.0025  m.  in 
diameter.  Shaft  was  therefore  composite.  Faint 
traces  of  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 


2603.  Length,  0.133  m.  Knobs,  0.0075  m., 
0.01  m.,  0.008  m.  Interspaces,  0.018  m.,  0.02  m. 
Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0045  m.  and  less.  Advanced 
transition  with  disk,  followed  by  ornamented 
round  terminal. 

2604.  Length,  0.225  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m., 
0.012  m.  Interspaces,  0.03  m.,  0.031  m.  Shaft, 
0.0034  m.  x  0.0038  m.  and  less,  but  increasing 
to  0.0055  m.  square  at  transition.  Advanced 
transition  with  disk  at  0.055  m.,  gradual  transi¬ 
tion  at  0.045  m.  from  respective  nearest  knobs. 
Traces  of  zigzag  of  short  bent  lines. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2596  ff.)  :  cleaned,  two; 
uncleaned,  one. 

Group  ii.  All  three  knobs  equal  or  nearly 
equal  in  size.  (No  ends  preserved  ex¬ 
cept  possibly  terminal  of  No.  2610.) 

The  following  numbers  are  without  rings  at 
ends  of  knobs. 

2605.  Length,  0.357  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m. 
Interspaces, 0.021  m. ,0.015m.  Shaft, 0.0045m.  x 
0.0043  ni.  and  less.  One  stub  rectangular,  the 
other  has  gradual  transition  to  round. 

2606.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.438  m.  Knobs, 
0.006  m.  Interspaces,  0.021  m.,  0.0215  m. 
Shaft,  0.0026  m.  x  0.0028  m.  Transitions  at 
0.05  m.  and  0.053  m.  from  knobs,  the  one  plain 
to  rectangle  with  rounded  corners  (traces  of 
beginning  of  screw-threading),  the  other  gradual. 

At  either  side  of  each  ring  a  single 
knob. 

2607.  Length,  0.393  m.  Knobs,  0.008  m. 
Interspaces,  0.012  m.  Shaft,  0.0038  m.  square 
and  less.  On  one  side  rectangular  to  break,  on 
the  other,  gradual  transition  to  round. 

On  shaft  adjacent  to  ends  of  knobs, 
two  grooves,  which  with  notch 
form  two  low  rings. 

2608.  Length,  0.328  m.  Knobs,  0.0085  m. 
Interspaces, 0.0135  m., 0.012  m.  Shaft, 0.0045  m. 
square  and  less.  On  one  stub,  plain  but  not  ab¬ 
rupt  transition  ;  the  other  stub  is  rectangular  to 
break.  In  interspaces,  a  single  line  of  engraving 
along  each  edge. 

Single  heavy  ring  at  either  side  of 
each  knob.  Knobs  angular  but 
rather  flat.  Knob  and  ring  form 
transition  to  form  in  which  knob 
and  ring  are  one  piece  in  construc¬ 
tion. 

2609.  Length,  0.463  m.  Knobs,  0.012  m. 
Interspaces,  0.009  m.,  0.015  m.  Shaft,  0.007  m. 
square  and  less.  On  one  stub,  gradual  transi- 


318 


THE  BRONZES 


tion  to  round ;  the  other  stub  is  rectangular  to 
break. 

Raised  double  ring  at  either  end  of 
each  knob.  Knobs  similar  to 
those  of  preceding  number  (2609). 

2610.  Terminal  perhaps  about  complete. 
Length,  0.258  m.  Knobs,  0.012  m.  Inter¬ 
spaces,  0.018  m.,  0.014  m.  Shaft,  0.0065  m.  x 
0.006  m.  and  less,  but  increases  to  0.01  m.  square 
at  transition.  Transition  advanced.  After  it, 
rectangular  piece  forming  secondary  transition, 
and  round  plain  terminal.  The  other  stub  is 
rectangular  to  break.  From  a  distance  of 
0.003  m.  from  break,  incut  0.001  m.  on  two 
adjacent  sides  ;  purpose  not  clear. 

Class  ft.  Shaft  rectangular. 

Group  i.  Central  knob  largest. 

Ordinary  knobs  with  a  single  ring 
at  either  side  of  each.  Arrange¬ 
ment  from  less  to  greater  angu¬ 
larity. 

2611.  Length,  0.135  m.  Knobs,  0.008  in., 
0.01  m.,  0.0085  m.  Interspaces,  0.0335  m., 
0.0315  m.  Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.0033  m.  and 
less. 

2612.  Length,  0.14  m.  Knobs,  0.0095  m., 
0.0165  m.,  0.009  m.  Interspaces,  0.0125  m. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.  x  0.0053  m.  and  less,  but  in¬ 
creases  to  0.005  m.  x  0.006  m.  at  transition.  Ad¬ 
vanced  transition.  Zigzag  of  bent  lines  through¬ 
out. 

2613.  Length,  0.186  m.  Knobs,  0.009  m., 
0.0175  m.,  0.0095  m.  Interspaces,  0.026  m., 
0.029  m.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  square  at  transition, 
elsewhere  less.  Advanced  transition  followed 
by  short  stub  in  which  hole  (diameter,  0.0028  m., 
depth,  0.01  m.)  into  which  terminal  (probably 
of  iron)  was  inserted.  Zigzag  of  bent  lines 
throughout. 

Addendum  to  Group  i.  The  following  piece 
is  perhaps  best  put  here. 

2613  a.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.083  m.  Knobs, 
0.007  in.,  0.0125  m.  Interspaces,  0.017  m. 
Shaft,  0.0035  m.  x  0.0032  m.  At  either  side  of 
large  knob  and  at  inner  end  of  one  of  the  others, 
three  raised  rings.  At  either  side  of  the  other 
small  knob,  double  ring.  Original  number  of 
knobs  uncertain. 

Discards  of  Group  i.  :  cleaned,  one  ;  uncleaned,  four. 

Group  ii.  Knobs  of  equal  or  nearly  equal 
size. 

(r/.)  Blade  end. 

Ordinary  knobs.  No  rings. 


2614.  Length,  0.105  m.  Knobs,  0.008  rn.  In¬ 
tervals,  0.017  m.,  0.0185  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m. 
square  and  less.  Width  of  blade,  0.0065  ni. 
Thickness,  0.003  m.  Blade  probably  slightly 
longer  originally. 

( b'.')  Ends  gone. 

Ordinary  knobs.  No  rings. 

2615.  Length,  0.177  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m.  In¬ 
terspaces,  0.003  m.,  0.0028  in.  Shaft,  0.0065  m. 
and  less.  Advanced  transition  with  hole  (diam¬ 
eter,  0.003  m.  x  0.002  m.)  in  end  containing 
stub  of  inserted  bronze  terminal. 

At  either  side  of  each  knob  a  single 
ring  formed  by  enlargement  of 
adjoining  portions  of  shaft. 

2616.  Length,  0.146  m.  Knobs,  0.0095  m., 
0.01  m.  Interspaces,  0.013  m.,  0.0145  m.  Shaft, 
0.0052  m.  square  and  less,  but  increases  to 
0.0063  in.  square  at  transition.  Advanced  tran¬ 
sition  with  disk,  after  which  round  terminal. 
Zigzag  of  bent  lines  throughout.  Possibly  more 
knobs  originally. 

Rings  separated  from  knobs  and  ad¬ 
joining  portions  of  shaft  by  deep 
groove.  Ordinary  angular  knobs. 

2617.  Length,  0.1825  m.  Knobs,  0.0115  m., 
0.012  m.  Interspaces,  0.0335  m.,  0.03  m. 
Shaft,  0.0065  ni.  square  and  less.  Advanced 
transition  with  disk  followed  by  stub  of  terminal. 
The  other  end  has  broken  round  surface  at  0.031 
ni.  from  nearest  knob. 

Rings  more  advanced  in  that  they 
are  raised  above  the  shaft.  In¬ 
dependent  of  knobs,  from  which 
they  are  separated  by  a  shallow 
groove.  Cf.  No.  2529.  Knobs 
slightly  angular. 

2618.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0715  m.  Knobs, 
0.015  m.  Interspaces,  0.02  m.  Shaft,  0.001  m.  x 
0.009  m.  May  have  been  part  of  rod  or  staff, 
but  formally  belongs  here. 

Form  3.  Similar  to  Form  2,  but  sides  of 

KNOBS  ARE  RECTANGULAR.  FORM  3  :  FORM 
2  =  Form  1 :  plain  round  knob  with¬ 
out  GROOVE  AT  ENDS  (NOT  REPRESENTED 
AT  HERAEUM). 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

End. 

2619.  Length,  0.42  m.  Knobs,  0.007  m. 
square,  and  0.0075  ni.  x  0.008  m.  (5is).  Inter¬ 
spaces,  0.0385  m.  and  0.04  m.  Shaft,  0.0053  m.  x 
0.0057  m.  and  less.  Nearest  knob  to  end, 
0.194  m. 


SPITS 


319 


Form  4.  Knob  similar  to  that  of  Form  2, 

BUT  COMBINED  WITH  RINGS  TO  FORM  AN 
ORGANIC  WHOLE.  OUTER  ENDS  ON  RINGS 
ABRUPT,  INSIDE  SLOPES  INWARD  TOWARD 
BASE  OF  KNOB.  GROOVE  DEEPER  THAN 
LINE  OF  SHAFT. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

Plate  CXXXIL 

2620.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.292  m. 
Knobs,  0.008  m.,  0.0078  in.,  0.0085  m.  Inter¬ 
spaces,  0.0235  m.,  0.026  m.  Shaft,  0.0037  m.  x 
0.003  m.  and  less.  Gradual  transition  to  round. 
Corners  of  shaft  beveled  off  in  interspaces. 

Form  5.  Knob  as  in  Form  2,  but  combined 

WITH  RINGS  TO  FORM  AN  ORGANIC  WHOLE, 
WHICH  MAY  BE  A  SEPARATE  PIECE. 

Cf.  Form  5  of  Types  b  and  c. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

Both  ends  gone. 

2621.  Length,  0.151  m.  Knobs,  0.0105  m., 
0.012  m.,  0.011  m.  Interspaces,  0.02  in.,  0.021  m. 
Shaft,  0.0053  m.  square  and  less.  Abrupt  but 
not  advanced  transition.  Knobs  with  their  rings 
probably  separate  pieces  from  shaft. 

2622.  Length,  0.503  m.  Knobs,  0.018  m. 
Interspaces,  0.029  in.,  0.023  m.  Shaft,  0.005  m. 
square.  Plain  but  gradual  transition,  marked 
by  three  engraved  lines.  Two  or  three  lines  also 
at  each  end  of  knobs  (outside  rings).  Knobs 
and  rings  probably  separate  pieces  from  shaft. 

Form  6.  Advanced  rounded  knobs  rising 

ABRUPTLY  FROM  SHAFT  AND  DIVIDED  BY 
GROOVE  IN  CENTRE  SO  THAT  EACH  HAS 
THE  FORM  OF  TWO  BROAD  RINGS.  (Knobs 
and  shaft  of  one  piece.) 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

2623.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.409  m. 
Knobs,  0.008  m.,  0.0085  m.,  0.008  m.  Inter¬ 
spaces,  0.086  m.,  0.085  m.  Shaft,  0.0052  m. 
square  and  less.  Gradual  transitions. 

Form  7.  Advanced  rectangular  knobs 

RISING  ABRUPTLY  FROM  SHAFT. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

Ends  gone. 

2624.  Length,  0.468  m.  Knobs,  about  0.008  m. 
square.  Shaft,  0.0055  m.  square  and  less.  Grad¬ 
ual  transition.  On  each  side  of  each  knob, 
diagonal  cross  running  from  corner  to  corner. 
Engraved  or  struck  with  chisel. 

Type  e.  Four  knobs. 

Ordinary  developed  knobs  with  rounded 
angles.  Shaft  grooved  at  either  end  of  each 
knob.  Adjoining  portions  of  shaft  emphasized 


so  as  to  form  rings.  Similar  to  three-knob  type, 
with  central  knob  largest,  except  that  between 
central  knob  and  one  of  the  smaller  ones  (that 
nearest  small  end)  a  still  smaller  knob  is  in- 
serted. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

2625.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.197  m. 
Knobs,  0.009  m.,  0.013  m.,  0.005  m.,  0.009  m. 
(reckoned  from  principal  transition).  Intervals, 
0.0165  m.,  0.01  m.,  0.0065  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m. 
square.  Advanced  transition  at  0.045  m.  from 
nearest  knob,  gradual  at  0.025  m. 

Addendum  to  Type  e.  The  following  piece 
probably  had  five  knobs  originally. 

2626.  End.  Length,  0.243  m.  Knobs, 
0.0045  m. -0.0065  m.  Shaft,  0.0037  m.  square, 
increasing  at  transition  to  0.005  m.  x  0.0052  m. 
Advanced  transition,  ornamented  with  two 
grooves.  After  it,  terminal  ornamented  with 
screw-tlireading. 

Type  f.  Five  knobs. 

Angular  or  slightly  rounded  knobs 

WITH  GROOVE  AT  EACH  END.  EMPHASIS 

OF  ADJOINING  PORTION  OF  SHAFT. 

Shaft  rectangular  and  round  (except  in 
incomplete  fragments'). 

Group  i.  Knobs  of  three  sizes,  the  largest 
being  in  centre  and  the  two  smallest 
at  either  side  of  central  knob. 

Ends  gone. 

(a'.)  Smallest  knobs  slightly  developed 
and  but  slightly  larger  than  shaft. 

2627.  Length,  0.158  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m., 
0.005  m.,  0.008  m.  Interspaces,  0.005  m.— 
0.008  m.  Small  ring  at  either  side  of  central 
knob.  Elsewhere,  emphasis.  Transitions  (about 
equidistant  from  knobs),  the  one  gradual,  the 
other  advanced.  The  latter  is  followed  by  orna¬ 
mented  round  terminal.  Narrow  zigzag  of  bent 
lines  throughout  rectangular  part. 

2628.  Length,  0.139  m.  Knobs,  0.011  m., 
0.0063  m.,  0.0065  m.,  0.0085  m.  Intervals, 
0.009  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  square  and  less.  Ad¬ 
vanced  transition  followed  by  round  terminal. 
Zigzag  of  bent  lines  throughout  rectangular 
part. 

2629.  Length,  0.1485  m.  Knobs,  0.01  in., 
0.0047  m.,  0.0075  m.  Interspaces,  interior, 
0.0085  m. ;  exterior,  0.0075  m.  Transitions  ad¬ 
vanced,  with  disk  followed  by  ornamented  termi¬ 
nal,  and  gradual.  Throughout  rectangular  part 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2630.  Length,  0.162  m.  Knobs,  0.01  m., 


320 


THE  BRONZES 


0.0047  m.,  0.0075  m.  Interspaces,  interior, 
0.075  m.,  0.06  m. ;  exterior,  0.0055  m.  Sliaft, 
0.004  m.  and  less.  Gradual  transition  preserved, 
tlie  other  was  probably  advanced.  Traces  of 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

Discards  similar  to  Nos.  2629  f.;  uneleaned,  one. 

(S'.)  Interior  knobs  developed.  Rings. 

2631.  Length,  0.368  m.  Knobs,  0.0165  m., 
0.012  m.,  0.0115  m.,  0.0125  m.,  0.0115  m.  In¬ 
tervals,  interior,  0.017  in.,  0.0185  m. ;  exterior, 
0.0215  m.,  0.0225  m.  Shaft,  0.0067  m.  x 
0.0065  m.  at  transition.  Advanced  transition 
followed  by  ring  and  round  stub.  On  all  sides 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

Group  ii.  Central  knob  largest.  Smaller 
knobs  of  uniform  size. 

No  ends  preserved.  Arrangement 
toward  angularity. 

2632.  Length,  0.219  m.  Knobs,  0.0175  m. ; 
0.011  m.,  0.0115  m. ;  0.01  m.  Interspaces, 
0.0235  m.  (interior),  0.018  m.,  0.017  m.  (ex¬ 
terior).  Shaft,  0.0065  m.  square  and  less,  in¬ 
creasing  to  0.0068  m.  square  at  transition. 
Advanced  transition. 

2633.  Length,  0.28  m.  Knobs,  0.0195  m. ; 

0.011  m.,  0.012  m.  Intervals,  0.031  m.,  0.029  m. 

(interior),  0.0225  m.,  0.023  m.  (exterior). 

Shaft,  0.008  m.  square  and  less.  Advanced 

transition  followed  by  round  stub.  On  all  sides 

zi<rzao-  of  bent  lines. 

©  © 

2634.  Length,  0.232  m.  Knobs,  0.021  m. ; 
0.011  m. -0.012  m.  Interspaces,  0.034  in., 
0.0325  m.  (interior),  0.022  m.,  0.024  m.  (ex¬ 
terior).  Shaft,  0.006  m.  square  and  less.  Ad¬ 
vanced  transition. 

Addenda  to  Type  f.  The  following  fragments 
with  three  and  four  knobs  may  be  put  here 
owing  to  their  similarity  to  the  better  preserved 
specimens  of  the  type. 

(a'.)  Similar  to  Group  i.,  (a1). 

Similar  to  Nos.  2627  ff. 

2635.  Three  knobs.  Length,  0.0915  m. 

Traces  of  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

2636.  Four  knobs.  Length,  0.132  m. 

Similar  to  Nos.  2629  f. 

2637.  Three  knobs.  Length,  0.0975  m. 

Advanced  transition  followed  by  stub  of  round 

terminal.  Broad  but  close  zigzasj  of  bent  lines 

©  © 

throughout  rectangular  part. 

2638.  Three  knobs.  Length,  0.088  m.  Slight 
traces  of  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

The  following  is  similar  to  Group  i.,  (Z/). 

2639.  Four  knobs.  Length,  0.304  in.  Ad¬ 


vanced  transition  with  two  grooves,  followed  by 
round  terminal.  Slight  traces  of  narrow  zigzag 
on  rectangular  part. 

2640.  Three  knobs.  Length,  0.087  m.  Fine 
zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

(Zd.)  Similar  to  Group  ii. 

2641.  Three  knobs.  Length,  0.357  m.  Grad¬ 
ual  transition. 

2642.  Four  knobs.  Length,  0.11  m. 

2643.  Four  knobs.  Length,  0.137  m.  On 
all  sides,  fine  zigzag  of  bent  lines. 

(c'.)  The  following  fragment  probably 
had  seven  or  more  knobs  originally. 
Shaft  rectangular.  Angular  knobs 
with  a  single  ring  at  either  end  of 
each. 

2644.  Four  knobs.  Length,  0.2345  m. 
Knobs,  0.0225  m.,  0.015  m.,  0.0135  m.  (bis). 
Interspaces,  0.031  m.,  0.0325  m.,  0.0425  m. 
Shaft,  0.0075  m.  square  and  less.  On  all  sides, 

zmzao-  of  bent  lines. 

©  © 

Addenda  to  Types  a-f.  («'.)  Ends. 

Plain,  pointed. 

2645.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.275  m.  Ring 
followed  by  rectangular  part  (length,  0.029  m.), 
after  which  round.  Gradual  transition. 

Discard  similar  to  No.  2645  :  uncleaned,  one. 

Plain,  blunt  without  cap. 

2646.  Length,  0.14  m.  Round. 

Plain,  blunt  with  cap. 

2647.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.196  m. 

Discards  similar  to  No.  2647 :  cleaned,  one  ;  uncleaned, 
four. 

Advanced.  Simple  terminal.  Plain,  blunt. 

2648.  Length,  0.053  m. 

Discard  similar  to  No.  2648  :  one. 

Ornamented,  somewhat  advanced  terminal 

pieces. 

Simple  screw-threading. 

2649.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.129  m. 

Double  screw-threading,  changing  to  sin¬ 
gle  near  end. 

2650.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.167  m. 

Plain  sections  separated  by  simple  threading 

or  grooves  (three  to  six). 

2651.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.071  m.  Six 
plain  sections,  besides  end. 

Convex  sections  separated  by  a  single  ring. 

Sections  short. 

2652.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.063  m.  Ten 
sections. 

2653.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.1035  m.  Eleven 
sections. 


SPITS 


321 


2654.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.1G25  in.  Fif¬ 
teen  sections. 

Discard  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2652  ff.)  :  uncleaned, 
one.  Eight  sections. 

Convex  sections  separated  by  two  rings. 
Sections  long. 

2655.  From  West  Building.  Probably  in¬ 
complete  at  end.  Length,  0.1125  m.  Four  sec¬ 
tions. 

Similar  but  with  short  sections. 

2656.  Incomplete.  Length,  0.52  m.  Five 
sections. 

2657.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.122  m. 
Fifteen  sections. 

2658.  From  West  Building.  Incomplete. 
Length,  0.063  m.  Six  sections. 

Convex  sections  separated  by  three  rings. 
Sections  short. 

2659.  Length,  0.175  m.  Eleven  sections. 

2660.  Length,  0.15  m.  Twelve  sections  be¬ 
sides  short  initial  section. 

Discards  similar  to  Nos.  2659  f.  :  cleaned,  one  ;  un¬ 
cleaned,  three. 

Convex  sections  separated  by  two,  three, 
and  four  rings.  Sections  long. 

2661.  From  West  Building.  Length,  0.131  m. 
Six  sections.  First  two  sections  separated  by 
four  rings,  last  two  by  two,  the  others  by 
three. 

Convex  sections  separated  usually  by  four 
rings.  Sections  short. 

2662.  Length,  0.175  m.  Twelve  sections. 
Between  first  two  sections  one  ring,  between  last 
five,  elsewhere  four. 

Convex  sections  separated  by  five  rings 
usually.  Sections  short. 

2663.  Length,  0.099  m.  Eight  sections.  At 
end,  bunch  of  rings  (number  uncertain)  and 
cap.  Between  last  two  sections,  screw-threading 
equivalent  to  about  six  rings. 

Discard  similar  to  above :  uncleaned,  one. 

Convex  sections  (short)  separated  by  four, 
five,  and  six  rings. 

2664.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.1163  m.  Eight  sections.  First  four  groups 
of  rings  have  six  each,  the  next  two  five  each, 
and  the  last  four. 

Convex  sections  (short)  separated  by  four, 
five,  six,  seven,  and  nine  rings. 

2665.  Length,  0.133  m.  First  group  of 
rings  numbers  seven,  the  second  nine,  third, 
fourth,  and  sixth  six  each,  the  seventh  four,  the 
eighth  six  or  seven,  and  the  fifth  five. 


The  following  number  could  also  he  regarded 
as  a  pin. 

Terminal  piece,  the  latter  part  of  which 
has  two  convex  surfaces  separated  by 
plain  space.  At  either  side  of  surfaces, 
rings. 

2666.  Incomplete.  Length,  0.0905  m.  First 
convex  section  preceded  by  three  rings  and  fol¬ 
lowed  by  one,  the  second  is  preceded  by  two 
and  followed  by  two  plus  cap. 

( h' . )  Neither  end  preserved. 

Plain  and  simple. 

2667.  Length,  0.235  m.  Gradual  transition. 

2668.  Length,  0.668  m.  Gradual  transition. 

2669.  From  West  Building.  Length, 
0.523  m.  Gradual  but  plain  transition. 

Discards  similar  to  above  (Nos.  2667  ff.)  :  cleaned,  two  ; 
uncleaned,  fifty. 

More  advanced.  Transition  piece. 

2670.  Length,  0.074  m.  Easy  hut  plain 
transition  followed  by  piece  of  round  end  which 
is  ornamented  with  coarse  screw-threading. 

Advanced  transitional  pieces.  Ordinary. 

2671.  Length,  0.1005  m.  Two  lines  engraved 
at  transition  and  four  on  shaft  arranged  in 
pairs. 

Discards  similar  to  No.  2671,  but  plainer  :  cleaned, 
two  ;  uncleaned,  five. 

Advanced  transition  consisting  of  heavy 
ring  witli  rounded  sides. 

2672.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.105  m.,  of 
which  0.092  m.  belongs  to  terminal.  Terminal 
rectangular  so  far  as  preserved. 

One  knob  and  ring  of  another  knob.  Shaft 
rectangular. 

2673.  Length,  0.19  m.  Rings  double. 

Discards  (uncleaned)  :  fragments  with  single  knob, 
forty-five  ;  fragment  with  two  knobs,  one  ;  fragments 
with  single  knob,  which  are  perhaps  better  regarded  as 
straight  pins  (Type  k),  twenty-six  ;  uncertain,  one. 

Knob  only. 

Plate  CXXXIII. 

2674.  From  south  slope.  Length,  0.026  m. 
Diameter,  0.022  m.  Heavy  ring  on  one  side, 
lighter  on  the  other. 

Bronze  knob  on  iron  shaft.  Knobs  rounded 
without  rings.  Shafts  of  uncertain 
shape,  probably  rectangular. 

2675.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.024  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  knob,  0.015  m.  Shaft,  0.006  m. 
square. 

2676.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.038  m.  Knob, 
0.013  in.  Shaft,  0.006  m. 


322 


THE  BRONZES 


2677.  Length,  0.261  m.  Knob,  0.019  m. 
Shaft,  0.005  m. 

(V.)  Shafts  so  twisted  or  bent  as  to  suggest 
decorative  or  other  purpose,  which  is,  how¬ 
ever,  in  no  case  certain. 

Knotted  or  braided.  No  knobs. 

2678.  Uncleaned.  Preserved  end  pointed. 
Bent  into  shape  of  ellipse  the  sides  of  which 
are  formed  by  a  double  coil  with  its  strands 
twisted  about  each  other.  Length,  about  0.35  m. 
Shaft,  0.001  m.  x  0.0013  m.  Rectangular  and 
round. 

2679.  Uncleaned.  Preserved  end  blunt. 
Complex  knob  near  centre  with  single  loop  at 
each  end,  one  loop  being  larger  than  the  other. 
Length  as  bent,  0.099  m.  Rectangular  and 
round  (size,  0.0016  m.  x  0.0018  m.). 

Discards  similar  to  Nos.  2678  f.,  but  simpler  :  un¬ 
cleaned,  four. 

Ends  twisted  so  as  to  form  one  large  loop. 
One  knob. 

2680.  Spit  of  Type  b,  Form  2,  Class  a ,  (a'). 
Length,  0.185  m.  Knob,  0.019  m.  x  0.017  m. 
Shaft,  0.0012  m.  x  0.001  m.  and  less.  Grad¬ 
ual  transitions.  Twisted  purposely,  perhaps  to 
fasten. 

Looped  shafts,  possibly  decorative.  No 
knobs. 

2681.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.092  m. 
Shaft  round.  Thickness,  0.0018  m.  x  0.0016  m. 
and  less.  Small  loop  with  returning  end. 

2682.  Uncleaned.  Length  as  bent,  0.025  m. 
Shaft  rounded.  Thickness,  0.0017m.  x  0.0015m. 
Two  narrow  loops  with  returning  ends. 

2683.  Uncleaned.  Length  as  bent,  0.10  m. 
Shaft  partly  rectangular,  partly  rounded.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0024  in.  x  0.0023  m.  At  one  end,  double 
loop  with  returning  end. 

The  following  types  are  related  to  the  pre¬ 
ceding  by  analogies  of  form. 

Type  g.  Knob  represented  by  flattening 
of  shaft. 

Class  a.  Shaft  rectangular  from  one  end 
of flat  part  and  round  from  the  other. 

2684.  Uncleaned.  Ends  gone.  Length, 
0.132  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.0045  m.  (flat¬ 
tened  to  0.0075  m.  x  0.0018  in.).  About  half 
of  shaft  round. 

Class  ft.  Shaft  rectangular  from  both  ends 
of  flat  part. 

2685.  Uncleaned.  Ends  gone.  Length, 
0.055  m.  Shaft,  0.004  m.  X  0.0035  ill.  (at  flat 
part,  0.0065  in.  x  0.004  in.). 


Class  y.  Shaft  round. 

2686.  Uncleaned.  End.  Length,  0.1165  m. 
Shaft,  0.0028  m.  x  0.0025  m.  (flattened  to 
0.0035  m.  x  0. 001  m.) . 

Discard :  uncleaned,  one. 

Type  h.  Head  at  one  end.  Single  knob. 

Elongated  knob  with  rounded  sides.  Shaft 
rectangular,  with  corners  slightly  rounded. 
Slightly  grooved  on  side  of  knob  toward  point. 

2687.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.12  m.  Knob, 
0.003  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  x  0.0015  m.  Head, 
0.0025  m.  x  0.002  m.  Somewhat  similar  to 
simplest  form  of  pins. 

Type  i.  Head  at  one  end  resembling  knob. 

Composite  shaft,  rectangular,  with  round  part 
inserted. 

2688.  From  south  slope.  Other  end  gone. 
Length,  0.16  m.  Head,  0.011  m.  Jacket, 
0.0085  m.  x  0.007  m.  Split  for  0.0555  m. 
where  round  is  inserted.  At  lower  end,  four 
engraved  lines.  Much  more  oxidized  than  round 
part. 

Type  j.  Blade  at  one  end  of  shaft,  and  per¬ 
haps  blunt  round  terminal  at  the  other. 
No  knob. 

Form  1.  Shaft  not  solid  but  formed  by 

FOLDING  TOGETHER  A  NARROW  THIN  STRIP. 
Class  a.  Folded  so  as  to  form  a  small 
tube.  Edges  do  not  form  straight  line. 
Sometimes  they  overlap. 

Ends.  Flattened  to  form  blades. 

2689.  Length,  0.074  m.  Thickness,  0.0024 
m.  Width  of  blade,  0.0035  m. 

2690.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.126  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0038  m.  and  less.  Width  of  blade, 
0.004  m. 

Both  ends  gone. 

2691.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0317  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.002  m.  and  less. 

2692.  Length,  0.1525  m.  Thickness,  0.0024 
m.  and  less. 

2693.  Length,  0.079m.  Thickness,  0.0028m. 

2694.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.041  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0034  ni.-0.002  m. 

2695.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.074  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.004  m.  and  less. 

Discards  similar  to  the  above  (Nos.  2691  ff.)  :  imcleaued, 
two. 

Class  (3.  Edges  folded  in  and  brought 
close  together ,  the  hollow  betioeen  the  two 
rolls  taking  the  place  of  tube. 

One  end  blade-shaped,  the  other  blunt 
and  round. 


SPITS 


323 


2696.  From  south  slope.  Possibly  not  com¬ 
plete.  Length,  0.087  m.  Thickness,  0.0025  m. 
x  0.0015  m.  Width  of  blade,  0.0027  m. 

2697.  Uncleaned.  Possibly  not  complete. 
Length,  0.483  m.  Thickness,  0.0025  m.  and 
less.  Width  of  blade,  0.0035  m. 

Both  ends  gone. 

2698.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.242  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0025  m.  x  0.0018  in. 

Discards  similar  to  No.  2698  :  uncleaned,  three. 

Form  2.  Solid  shaft,  rounded.  Blade 
double. 

Blade  ends  only. 

The  following  have  both  parts  of  blade  in  the 
same  plane. 

2699.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.424  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.002  m.  Length  of  blade,  0.011  m.  + 
0.0115  m.  Width,  0.003  m.  and  less. 

2700.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.07  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.003  m.  and  less.  Length  of  blade, 
0.011  m.  +  0.011  m.  Width,  0.0049  m.  and 
less.  End  has  sides  rounded  to  point. 

2701.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.063  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.003  m.  Length  of  blade,  0.01  m.  + 
0.009  m.  Width,  0.0075  m.  and  less.  Near  cen¬ 
tre  of  first  part,  round  hole  (diameter,  0.001  m.). 

Both  parts  of  blade  in  planes  which  are 
at  right  angles  to  each  other. 

2702.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.084  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.004  m.  and  less.  Length  of  blade, 
0.027  m.  Width,  0.005  m. 

Type  k.  Solid  rounded  shaft  (without 
knob),  one  end  of  which  terminates  in 
blade  which  is  not  set  in  same  plane 
with  shaft. 

End. 

2703.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.1365  m.  Shaft, 
0.0017  m.  Use  uncertain. 

Type  1.  Similar  but  straight.  Slight  knob 
or  convex  surface  near  beginning  of 
blade.  Shaft  round  except  near  blade. 

2704.  Found  in  first  chamber  at  east  end  on 
lower  terrace,  April  28,  1893.  Probably  in¬ 
complete  at  other  end.  Bent.  Length,  0.115  m. 
Knob,  0.0032  m.  Shaft,  0.0023  m.  to  0.0017  m. 
Length  of  blade,  0.008  m. -I- 0.018  m.  Width, 
0.0052  m.  and  less.  Rectangular  part  orna¬ 
mented  with  grooves  and  fine  lines.  Use  uncer¬ 
tain.  Perhaps  a  medical  instrument. 

Type  m.  Plain  shafts  without  knob,  termi¬ 
nating  at  one  end  in  hook  or  loop.  The 
other  end  in  the  only  case  preserved  is 
a  flat  point. 


Class  a.  Rectangular  shaft. 

2705.  Uncleaned.  Other  end  gone.  Length, 
0.19.  Thickness,  0.0015  m.  x  0.0013  m.  Loop, 
0.008  m.  x  0.0055  m. 

Class  ft.  Rounded  shaft. 

2706.  Probably  complete.  Length,  0.335  m. 
Shaft,  about  0.0036  m.  Diameter  of  loop, 
0.012  m. 

Only  loop  end  preserved. 

2707.  Length,  0.176  m.  Thickness,  0.0017m. 
Loop,  0.0115  m.  x  0.007  m. 

2708.  From  back  of  South  Building. 
Length,  0.086  m.  Thickness,  0.0023  m.  Loop, 
0.008  m.  x  0.007  m. 

2709.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.102  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0037  m.  Loop,  0.021  m.  x  0.009  m. 

2710.  Length,  0.349  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m. 
Loop,  0.02  m.  x  0.006  m. 

Addendum.  Irregularly  elliptical  shaft  with 
closed  loop.  Resemblance  to  this  type  perhaps 
accidental. 

2711.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Length, 
0.05  m.  Shaft,  0.0017  m.  x  0.0013  m.  Loop, 
0.0055  m.  x  0.003  m.  Differs  from  the  others 
in  having  loop  closed  with  end  protracted. 

Type  n.  Terminal  follows  knob.  Single 

knob,  angular,  with  groove  at  either  end. 

(Probably  better  regarded  as  spits  than  as 

straight  pins,  e.  g.  of  Type  d.) 

Class  a.  Rectangular  terminals. 

2711a.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.165  in.  Knob, 
0.0035  m.  Shaft,  0.002  m.  square.  Length 
of  terminal,  0.0255  m. 

2711  b.  Uncleaned.  End  of  shaft  gone. 
Length,  0.14  m.  Knob,  0.0075  m.  Length 
of  terminal,  0.0455  m.  Ends  in  round  knob 
(diameter,  0.003  m.). 

2711  c.  Uncleaned.  Fragment  of  terminal. 
Length,  0.033  m.  More  advanced  than  the  pre¬ 
ceding  number. 

2711  d.  Fragment  of  terminal.  Length, 
0.055  m.  Size  at  break,  0.0018  m.  x  0.002  m. 
Base,  0.0075  m.  x  0.007  m.  Interior  rectangle 
set  (perhaps  inserted)  diagonally  to  outer.  The 
triangular  corners  thus  left  project  slightly. 

Class  ft.  Round  terminal. 

2711  e.  End  incomplete.  Length,  0.055  m. 
Diameter,  0.003  m. -0.008  m.  Tapers  con- 
cavely.  Heavy  ring  at  base. 

Discard  of  Class  0  :  uncleanecl,  one. 

8.  SPEAR-BUTT. 

2712.  Broken  at  large  end.  Length,  0.115  m. 


324 


THE  BRONZES 


Bronze  shell  (thickness,  0.001  m. -0.002  m.). 
with  iron  filling  to  depth  of  0.04  m.  Remain¬ 
der  of  filling  probably  bronze.  Near  molding 
at  lower  end,  incised  line  (probably  cast). 

Cf.  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  No.  686G  (Acropolis). 

9.  PESTLE  OR  PLEKTRON. 

2713.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.115  m.  Round 
shaft  terminating  at  one  end  in  molding,  at  the 
other  in  swelling.  Thickness,  0.0034  m.,  in¬ 
creasing  toward  end  to  0.0054  m.  Decoration 
of  head :  convex  surface  with  double  ring  be¬ 
neath  and  single  ring  and  cap  above.  Length 
of  head,  0.017  m. 

10.  HOOKS. 

A.  FREE. 

Type  a.  End  of  shaft  turns  up. 

Class  a.  Plain  handles, 

2714.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.07  m.  Length 
of  handle,  0.022  m. 

Class  [3.  Handle  has  eyelet  at  end. 

2715.  I  rom  upper  terrace.  Length,  0.283  m. 
Eyelet  formed  by  flattening  and  bending  back 
handle.  Width  of  shaft,  0.0076  m.  and  less. 
Thickness,  0.0045  m.,  decreasing  toward  point, 
where  it  is  0.001  m. 

Addenda,  to  Type  a.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
any  of  the  following  are  hooks,  but  they  bear  a 
general  resemblance  in  form. 

<D 

2716.  Condition  poor,  but  probably  about 
complete.  Bent.  Length,  0.155  m.  Handle 
(length,  0.052  m.),  shaft,  and  hook.  Entire 
object  could  be  regarded  as  a  handle. 

2717.  Long  end  may  be  incomplete.  Length, 
0.146  m.  Shaft  partly  rectangular,  but  mostly 
round.  Thickness,  0.0045  m.  and  less. 

2718.  Long  end  broken.  Length,  0.0775  in. 
Shaft  irregularly  rectangular.  Thickness, 
0.0045  m.  square  and  less. 

2719.  Uncleaned.  Broken  at  both  ends. 
Length,  0.057  m.  Shaft,  0.0065  m.  x  0.0057  m. 
and  less. 

The  following  have  hook  at  only  a  slight  an¬ 
gle  (obtuse). 

2720.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.16  m.  Length 
of  handle,  0.049  m.  Shaft  round.  Diameter, 
0.0045  in.  and  less.  End  pointed. 

2721.  Uncleaned.  Both  ends  broken.  Length, 
0.085  in.  Handle,  0.0035  m.  square  at  begin¬ 
ning.  Passes  gradually  to  round  and  tapers 
toward  end. 


Type  b.  Shaft  straight.  No  hook. 

2722.  End  of  handle  as  though  hacked  off 
with  chisel.  Length,  0.54  m.  Length  of  han¬ 
dle,  0.129  m.  Width,  0.026  m. -0.015  m. 
Thickness,  0.004  m.  and  less.  Width  of  blade, 
0.014  m. -0.01  m.  Thickness,  0.007  m. -0.003  m. 
Decoration  at  beginning  of  handle  and  on  one 
side  only.  Zigzag  bounded  on  outer  side  by  two 
straight  lines.  Between  lines,  faint  diagonal 
line.  Outside  lines  to  break,  short  parallel  lines 
along  each  edge. 

B.  ATTACHED. 

All  examples  belong  to  one  type. 

Class  a.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round. 

2723.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.084  m.  Shaft, 
0.0032  in.  x  0.0035  m.  Length  of  hook,  0.018  m. 
Gradual  transition  to  round  at  elbow. 

Discard  similar  to  No.  2723  :  one. 

2724.  Uncleaned.  Hook  damaged.  Length, 
0.105  m.  Shaft,  0.001  m.  x  0.005  m.  and  less. 
Near  elbow,  passes  to  round.  Length  of  hook, 
0.015  m.  Forms  obtuse  angle  with  shaft.  Pos¬ 
sibly  not  a  hook. 

Class  (3.  Rectangular  shaft. 

2725.  Length,  0.143  m.  Shaft,  0.0043  m.  x 
0.0053  m.  and  less,  decreasing  toward  point. 
Length  of  hook,  0.012  m. 

2726.  Length,  0.153  m.  Shaft,  0.006  m. 
square  near  elbow,  from  whence  decreases  to¬ 
ward  blunt  point.  Length  of  hook,  0.016  m. 
Size,  0.006  m.  x  0.0065  m.  at  top,  decreasing 
toward  elbow. 

2727.  Both  ends  damaged.  Length,  0.112  m. 
Shaft,  0.0045  m.  x  0.005  m.,  tapering  toward 
point.  Length  of  hook,  0.02  in.  Flat  surfaces 
lie  in  diagonal  planes,  giving  effect  of  section 
of  a  diamond. 

Addendum  to  (3.  Uncertain  whether  the  fol¬ 
lowing  is  a  hook  or  not. 

2728.  Both  ends  damaged.  Length,  0.177  m. 
Shaft,  0.007  m.,  decreasing  to  0.0038  m.  at  end. 
Length  of  hook,  0.03  m.  Decreases  in  size 
from  0.0065  m.  (elbow)  to  0.0015  m.  (point). 

Discards :  probably  rather  ends  of  spits  than  hooks  : 
cleaned,  two  ;  uncleaned,  one. 

11.  NAILS. 

All  the  certain  specimens  have  heads.  Such 
as  do  not  are  classed  as  “Addenda.” 

Type  a.  Small,  thin,  flat  head.  Shaft  round. 

(<//.)  End  pointed. 

2729.  Length,  0.118  m.  Diameter  of  head, 


NAILS 


825 


0.008  m. ;  of  shaft,  0.0063  m.  Rectangular 
point. 

(6'.)  End  blunt  and  flat. 

2730.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.0735  in.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.0088  m.;  of  shaft,  0.0065  m. 
End,  0.006  m.  x  0.0039  m. 

Of.  two  plain  round  nails  from  Mycenae 
(shaft-grave  v,  No.  842),  with  plain,  small, 
flat  heads  and  shaft  that  tapers  to  blunt  point. 
(0.)  End  gone  (hence  pieces  may  be  rivets). 

2731.  Length,  0.116  m.  Head  somewhat 
convex.  Diameter,  0.0069  m.  Diameter  of 
shaft,  0.0065  m. 

2732.  Length,  0.112  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0215  m. ;  of  shaft,  0.014  m.  and  less. 

Cf.  nails  from  Mycenae,  especially  example 
cited  s.  n,  2730. 

Discards  of  (c')  :  uncleaned,  two. 

Type  b.  Round  thick  head.  Flat  top. 

Shaft  rectangular. 

2733.  End  gone.  Length,  0.077  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.02  m.  Thickness,  0.0025  m. 
Shaft,  0.006  m.  square  near  head,  elsewhere 
less.  Uncertain  whether  head  and  shaft  are  of 
one  piece. 

Type  c.  Round  thick  head.  Rounded  top. 

Shaft  round. 

2734.  End  gone.  Length,  0.048  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.018  m.  Thickness,  0.004  m. 
Diameter  of  shaft,  0.0055  m.  and  less. 

2735.  End  gone.  Length,  0.045  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.0195  m.  Thickness,  0.0055  m. 
Diameter  of  shaft,  0.0048  m.  near  head,  else¬ 
where  less.  Head  of  two  parts,  the  inner  rec¬ 
tangular,  the  outer  round.  Inner  part  of  same 
piece  with  shaft.  Size,  0.006  m.  square  on  un¬ 
der  side,  0.0067  m.  x  0.007  m.  on  upper. 

Shaft  round  and  rectangular. 

2736.  End  gone.  Length,  0.04  m.  Diam¬ 
eter  of  head,  0.021  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m. 
Shaft  round  in  upper  part.  Abrupt  transition. 
Size  of  rectangular  part,  0.003  m.  x  0.004  m. 
Flattens  toward  break. 

The  following  number  is  of  uncertain  use. 

2737.  Length,  0.038  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.015  m.  Thickness,  0.003  m.  Shaft  round. 
Diameter,  0.0037  m.  and  less.  Flattens  in 
lower  part.  W as  probably  inserted  and  fastened 
by  rivet  which  passed  through  hole  at  end. 
Shaft  terminates  in  rectangle  (0.006  m.  x 
0.0065  m.),  which  projects  slightly  on  under 
side  of  head.  Remainder  of  head  perhaps  a 
separate  piece. 


Type  d.  Round  thick  head.  Conical  top 
(undeveloped). 

Rectangular  shaft. 

2738.  End  injured.  Length,  0.133  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.02  m.  Thickness,  0.002  m.- 
0.005  m.  Slightly  concave  on  under  side.  Shaft, 
0.005  m.  and  less. 

2739.  Broken  near  head.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.0215  m.  Thickness,  0.0065  m.  at  centre,  de¬ 
creasing  to  edge.  Under  side  flat.  Groove  near 
outer  edge  of  top  side. 

Cf.  Olympia,  No.  1210  (hammered).  Accord¬ 
ing  to  Furtw  angler,  one  example  was  found  under 
the  Ileraeum  in  Olympia. 

Type  e.  Solid  round  head  resembling  an¬ 
gular  knob  with  grooved  shaft. 

Shaft  rectangular. 

2740.  End  gone.  Length,  0.101  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.015  m.  Top  a  smooth  rectangular 
surface.  Shaft,  0.0064  m.  x  0.007  m.  and  less. 

Type  f.  Solid  cubical  head. 

Shaft  round. 

2741.  Uncleaned.  End  incomplete.  Con¬ 
dition  poor.  Length,  0.08  m.  Head,  0.0085  m. 
square.  Thickness,  0.007  m.  Shaft,  0.006  m. 
and  less. 

2742.  Uncleaned.  End  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.092  m.  Head,  0.009  m. 
square  on  top  and  0.007  m.  at  bottom.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.007  m.  Shaft,  0.0065  m.  x  0.0055  m. 
and  less. 

Type  g.  Hollow  round  head  with  convex 
top. 

Nail-sliaft  of  iron. 

2743.  Short  stub  only  of  shaft  remains.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.0285  m.  Shaft,  0.007  m.x 
0.0085  m.  Inserted  into  bronze  socket  which 
reaches  to  under  side  of  head. 

2744.  Short  stub  only  of  shaft  remaining. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0475  m.  Shaft,  0.007  m.  x 
0.008  m.  Inserted  into  low  socket  on  under 
side  of  head. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  1214.  Iron  nail. 

Type  h.  Round  hollow  head  with  conical 
top. 

Cf.  gold  tacks  with  rounded  head  from  My¬ 
cenae  (shaft-grave  iv,  Mus.  Nos.  359,  371)  and 
from  Ileraeum  tomb,  No.  3317 ;  also  bronze 
nails  from  Mycenae  (not  from  shaft- graves), 
No.  2892,  and  from  shaft-grave  in,  No.  49. 
The  last  has  conical  head  and  is  employed  to 
hold  together  rosettes.  All  the  above  in  Nat. 
Mus.,  Athens. 


326 


THE  BRONZES 


Plain. 

2745.  Shaft  broken  close  to  head.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  head,  0.0227  m.  Thickness  of  head,  0.008 
m.  Shaft  stub,  0.0065  m.  in  diameter.  What  re¬ 
mains  looks  more  like  bottom  of  a  socket  the 
sides  of  which  have  been  broken  down.  Re¬ 
mainder  of  shaft  may  therefore  have  been  of 
iron. 

2746.  Shaft  incomplete.  Sides  of  head 
crushed  flat.  Length,  0.0525  m.  Diameter  of 
head,  0.012  m.  Thickness,  0.012  m.  Diameter 
of  shaft,  0.0018  m.  and  less. 

2747.  From  West  Building.  Shaft  gone. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.0175  m.  Thickness,  0.009 
m.  On  under  side,  hole  (diameter,  0.0015  m.) 
for  insertion  of  shaft. 

Ornamented. 

2748.  Shaft  incomplete.  Head  in  poor  con¬ 
dition.  Length,  0.107  m.  Diameter  of  head, 
0.034  m.  Thickness,  0.036  m.  At  0.004  m.  and 
0.009  m.  from  top  of  head  narrow  raised  en¬ 
circling  bands.  Near  lower  edge,  shallow  groove. 
Inside  about  two  thirds  filled  with  bronze  and 
another  substance  (perhaps  lead)  to  hold  shaft. 
Shaft,  0.004  m.  x  0.005  m.  and  less. 

Plate  CXXXIV. 

2749.  Shaft  incomplete.  Length,  0.10  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.062  m.  Thickness,  0.035  m. 
Narrow  raised  bands  near  top  and  at  bottom 
of  cone  and  at  top  and  bottom  of  outer  edge. 
Surface  of  top  slightly  concave,  of  outer  edge 
convex.  Inside  of  cone  half  filled  with  bronze 
and  perhaps  a  little  lead  (see  No.  2748)  for  in¬ 
sertion  of  shaft.  Shaft  rectangular  (0.0055  m.  x 
0.006  in.)  at  first,  afterwards  round. 

Cf.  Olympia ,  No.  1220. 

Plate  CXXXIV. 

2750.  About  one  third  of  flange  gone.  Shaft 
incomplete,  and  bent.  Length,  0.148  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.063  m.  Thickness,  0.062  m. 
Shape  and  decoration  similar  to  that  of  No.  2749. 
Shaft,  0.006  m.  x  0.005  m.  and  less.  Held  in 
place  by  melted  bronze. 

Cf.  nail  from  Necropoli  del  Fusco,  Noth, 
duffli  Scavi,  1893,  p.  456. 

A  ((dev, da  to  Types  a-h.  The  following  shafts 
probably  had  heads  originally,  but  their  form  is 
uncertain.  Possible  that  some  are  ends  of  spits. 

(ah)  Round  shaft. 

Ends  originally  pointed,  now  rather  blunt. 
Plate  CXXXIII. 

2751.  Length,  0.104  in.  Diameter,  0.006  in. 
and  less. 


2752.  Length,  0.11  m.  Diameter,  0.0085  m., 
decreasing  toward  flat  point. 

Ends  blunt. 

2753.  Length,  0.058  m.  Thickness,  0.0078  m. 
x  0.0087  in.,  decreasing  toward  end. 

2754.  Length, 0.134m.  Thickness, 0.008m.  x 
0.007  m.  at  top,  passing  immediately  to  round 
and  tapering  toward  end.  Top  smooth  and  pos¬ 
sibly  original. 

Both  ends  gone. 

2755.  Length,  0.098  m.  Thickness,  0.01  m.  x 
0.011  m.  and  less. 

( b '.)  Rectangular  shaft. 

End  originally  probably  pointed,  now  blunt. 

2756.  Length,  0.136  m.  Size,  0.007  m. 
square,  tapering  toward  end. 

The  following  types  are  ornamental,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  the  first  (Type  i),  of  un¬ 
certain  use  and  application. 

Type  i.  Ornamental  head  developed  from 

cone  of  Type  h.  No  shaft. 

Plate  CXXXIV. 

2757.  Injured  at  top  and  bottom,  but  practi¬ 
cally  complete.  Length,  0.102  m.  Diameter 
of  bottom,  0.0685  m. ;  of  top,  0.007  m.  Lower 
edge  preserved  to  depth  of  0.006  m.  in  places. 
Flares  outward.  Under  side  hollow,  but  greater 
part  of  cone  is  solid.  Ornamented  with  grooves, 
rings,  and  convex  surface  as  in  Plate. 

Cf.  De  Ridder,  Bronzes  de  V Acropole,  No. 
385. 

Plate  CXXXIII. 

Type  j.  Ornamental  composite  head. 

2758.  F  rom  back  of  South  Building.  Height, 
0.024  m.  Diameter  of  bottom,  0.0405  m.;  of 
top,  0.018  m. ;  of  waist  of  shaft,  0.01  m.  Bot¬ 
tom  smooth  and  slightly  concave.  Thickness 
of  edge,  0.002  m.  In  centre,  hole,  0.019  m. 
across  and  0.006  m.  deep.  In  top,  hole,  0.01  m. 
x  0.0085  m.  across  and  0.0035  m.  deep,  into 
which  another  section  may  have  been  fastened. 

Cf.  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  Nos.  7185,  7190, 
7191,  7193,  which  are  similar,  and  No.  7189, 
which  has  flat  top  (all  from  Acropolis).  Olym¬ 
pia, ,  No.  1224,  has  hole  clear  through. 

Type  k.  Ornamental  globular  heads  at¬ 
tached  to  round  shaft. 

Class  a.  Plain  shaft. 

Plate  CXXXIV. 

2759.  End  gone.  Bent  (uncertain  whether 
of  original  design).  Length,  0.095  m.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  head,  0.013  m. ;  of  shaft,  0.0065  m. 

2760.  Shaft  incomplete.  Length,  0.039  m. 


NAILS,  BUTTON,  AND  FASTENERS 


327 


Diameter  of  head,  0.027  m. ;  of  shaft,  0.0085  m. 
and  less.  Head  represents  bud  or  fruit. 

Cf.  Olympia,  No.  1183  (apple  on  stem). 

Class  (3.  /Shaft  ornamented  with  heavy 
screw-threading. 

2761.  Shaft  incomplete.  Length,  0.05  m. 
Diameter  of  head,  0.024  m.  Flat  on  top.  Shaft 
(0.006  m.  x  0.007  m.)  inserted  into  under 
side. 

Addendum  to  Class  (3.  Headless  shaft. 

2762.  Neither  end  complete.  Length,  0. 078  m. 
Diameter,  0.0065  m. 

Type  1.  Elongated  ornamental  head  with 

hole  in  end. 

2763.  Shaft  which  probably  was  of  iron  en¬ 
tirely  gone.  Length,  0.0465  m.  Diameter  at 
top  and  bottom  rings,  0.013  m. ;  at  centre, 
0.02  m.  Above  top  ring,  extension  with  groove 
on  each  narrow  side.  Diameter  of  hole, 
0.0025  m.  In  bottom,  hole  (diameter,  0.0045  m. ; 
depth,  0.0039  m.).  From  hole  grooves  radiate 
to  outer  edge.  General  appearance,  especially 
of  hole,  favors  classification  here  rather  than  as 
pin-head. 

Object  of  somewhat  similar  appearance  from 
Megara  Hyblaea  published  by  Orsi,  Mon.  Ant. 
L  inc.  I.  col.  828,  as  a  pendant.  Not  stated 
whether  object  has  hole  in  bottom. 

Type  m.  Ornamental  head  representing 

flower. 

2764.  Uncleaned.  Shaft  gone.  Condition 
poor.  Length,  0.027  m.  Consists  structurally 
of  three  parts  (though  all  are  of  one  piece). 
Upper  part  (length,  0.017  m.;  sides,  0.009  m. 
square)  has  four  slightly  flaring  petals,  one  at 
each  corner.  On  outside  of  each  petal,  a  smaller 
petal.  Between  petals,  bud-like  centre  extend¬ 
ing  to  top.  In  top,  slight  hole.  Middle  section 
(length,  0.005  m. ;  sides,  0.009  m.  xO.Ol  m.) 
has  two  grooves  (or  three  raised  bands).  Lower 
section  (diameter,  0.008  m.)  has  small  hole  in 
bottom  for  insertion  of  shaft  and  two  grooves 
about  side. 

12.  BUTTON. 

2765.  About  one  third  of  head  gone.  Di¬ 
ameter,  0.0185  m.  Length,  0.003  m.  Thin 
rounded  head.  In  centre  of  under  side,  heavy 
eyelet  (diameter  of  hole,  0.001  m.). 

Cf .  button  from  uncleaned  scraps  from  Acrop¬ 
olis  now  in  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens.  Similar  buttons 
from  Villa  Benvenuti  near  Este  found  in  cist- 
grave  of  iron  age  :  Montelius,  Civ.  Prim.  It.  Text, 


col.  292,  fig.  e.  Likewise  from  Este  :  Ghirar- 
dini,  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  VIII.  col.  27,  pi.  I. 
No.  31.  In  Villa  Papa  Giulio,  §  xxxv.  (Rome), 
many  bronze  buttons,  very  similar,  with  eyelets 
underneath. 

Discard :  uncertain,  one. 

13.  FASTENERS. 

A.  WIRE. 

2766.  Band  damaged.  Length  of  wire,  about 
0.255  m.  Size,  0.0015  m.  x  0.0013  m.  and  less. 
Rectangular.  Band,  0.027  m.  x  0.023  m.  Small 
repousse  dots  about  edge,  and  two  or  three  rows 
in  interior  running  lengthwise.  At  present, 
band  encircles  only  one  end  of  wire. 

2767.  F  l'om  Old  Temple.  Ends  probably 
incomplete.  Length  at  present,  0.062  m.  Wire, 
0.0022  m.  x  0.0014  m.  (diamond-shaped  sec¬ 
tion  with  obtuse  angles  softened).  Irregular 
coil,  from  which  proceed  two  arms  on  one  side 
and  one  on  the  other.  Their  ends  meet  and  are 
twisted  about  each  other.  Two  pieces  of  wire, 
of  which  one  forms  the  single  arm  and  one  of 
the  pair. 

Place  of  coil  taken  by  bronze  disk. 

2768.  None  of  the  ends  complete.  Length, 
0.059  m.  Wire,  0.0027  m.  x  0.0015  m.  near 
disk,  decreasing  toward  ends.  Section  as  in 
No.  2767.  Disk  (diameter,  0.0205  m.)  has  row 
of  small  dots  about  edge  convex  side  uppermost. 
Rivet  holds  at  back  of  disk  three  pieces  of  wire 
one  on  top  of  the  other,  passing  through  flat¬ 
tened  ends  of  two  and  middle  of  the  third. 

Addendum.  The  following  disk  may  have 
similar  value  to  that  of  No.  2768. 

2769.  (Shows  under  side.)  From  back  of 
South  Building.  Uncertain  how  much  is  lost. 
Diameter,  0.016  m.  Thickness,  0.0015  m.  On 
top,  close  to  edge,  groove.  In  centre,  hole 
(0.0045  m.  x  0.002  m.)  from  which  bar 
(0.0015  m.  x  0.0017  m.)  projects  0.005  m.  At 
back,  bar  seems  to  spread  and  hold  wire  in  place. 

B.  CHAIN. 

2770.  From  West  Building.  Uncertain 
whether  and  to  what  extent  incomplete.  Length, 
0.038  m.  Four  links  of  horseshoe  shape  made 
of  round  wire  and  open  at  small  end. 

The  following  object  is  put  here  on  the  sup¬ 
position  that  there  were  originally  more  links. 

2771.  Length,  0.0225  m.  Rectangular  and 
round  wire.  Tapers  nearly  to  point  at  end  of 


328 


THE  BRONZES 


larger  loop  —  an  objection  to  making  this  object 
a  link  of  a  chain. 

C.  EYELET  OR  HINGE. 

2772.  Both  ends  probably  incomplete. 
Length,  0.0925  m.  Two  bars  terminating  in 
interlocked  closed  eyelets.  Bar  of  eyelets  rec¬ 
tangular  (0.00G5  m.  x  0.0025  m.),  of  shafts 
rounded  rectangular. 

14.  CLAMPS. 

2773.  One  cleat  on  under  side  broken  off 
close  to  bar.  Length,  0.09  m.  Width  of  bar, 
0.01  m. -0.0215  in.  Thickness,  0.0025  m.- 
0.008  m.  On  under  side  at  0.018  m.  from  one 
end,  and  0.028  m.  from  the  other,  small  cleat. 

2774.  Length,  0.102m.  Thickness,  0.0045m. - 
0.00(37  m.  On  under  side  near  each  end 
(0.012  m.,  0.009  m.),  cleat.  Height  of  each, 
0.0135  m.  Width,  about  0.014  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.004  m.  and  0.007  m. 

2775.  Length,  0.10  m.  Width  of  bar, 
0.039  m.  and  less.  Thickness,  0.004  m. -0.007  m. 
Height  of  cleats,  0.013  m. 

Hole  in  ends  makes  identification  as  clamp 
uncertain. 

2776.  (Shows  under  side.)  One  end  prob¬ 
ably  incomplete.  Length,  0.06  m.  Width, 
0.035  m.  and  less.  Thickness,  0.0038  m.  and 
less.  Near  one  end,  hole  (diameter,  0.0075  m.). 
Groove  on  top  nearly  at  right  angles  to  sides. 

15.  CAPS. 

2777.  From  back  of  South  Building.  De¬ 
fective.  Diameter,  0.077  m.  Height,  0.026  m. 
and  less.  Upper  edge  bent  slightly  outward  in 
parts. 

2778.  Defective.  Condition  poor.  Sides 
bent  fiat  against  bottom.  Diameter,  0.0717  m. 
Height  of  sides,  0.0115  m.  and  less. 

2779.  Found  in  South  Stoa,  April  24,  1895. 
Height,  0.06  m.  Diameter,  0.077  m.  and  less. 
Thickness  of  sides,  0.007  m.  and  less.  Near  top, 
bronze  rivet  from  side  to  side.  On  outside  near 
to]),  shallow  groove. 

Different  from  Sehliemann,  Tiryns ,  p.  281, 
No.  120. 

The  following  with  ear  or  ears  at  side  is  prob¬ 
ably  to  be  put  here. 

2780.  (Shows  under  side.)  Defective. 
Height,  0.01  m.  +  0.005  m.  Diameter,  0.028  m. 


On  one  side  of  top,  ear  (width,  0.01  m.  Length, 
0.006  m.).  At  base,  hole  (diameter,  0.003  m.). 

The  following  objects  of  uncertain  classifica¬ 
tion  probably  had  similar  use. 

2781.  From  back  of  South  Building.  De¬ 
fective.  Diameter,  0.048  m.  Toothed  edge.  In 
centre,  convexity  with  hole  (diameter,  0.005  m.). 
On  same  side,  leaf  pattern,  at  base  of  teeth  and 
about  centre. 

2782.  Perhaps  from  northeast  corner  of  Old 
Temple.  About  complete.  Height,  0.021  m. 
Diameter,  0.024  m.  (top),  0.045  m.  (bottom). 
Neck  (length,  0.006  m.),  beneath  which,  convex 
lower  part.  Perhaps  coating  of  end  of  staff. 

16.  CENTREPIECE. 

2783.  Found  back  of  South  Building,  1894. 
Defective.  Condition  poor.  Size,  0.053  m. 
Ends,  0.0115  m.  square  and  less.  Thickness 
of  metal,  0.0015  m.  Inside  hollow.  About  ends 
on  all  sides  except  back,  grooves,  two  about  each 
end. 

17.  BINDING. 

2784.  From  back  of  South  Building.  Ends 
broken.  Length,  0.135  m.  Width,  0.048  m. 
and  less.  Consists  of  two  parts  :  upper  ribbed 
flange,  inner  line  of  which  is  broken.  The 
second  part  (same  piece  with  top) ;  length, 
0.068  m. ;  width,  0.0275  m. ;  thickness, 
0.005  m.  at  junction  with  upper  part,  from 
which  decreases  toward  rounded  edge.  Under 
side  flat  ;  forms  acute  angle  with  upper  part. 
Doubtful  whether  object  can  have  been  part  of 
binding  of  shield  rim,  one  objection  being  that 
original  diameter  was  only  0.23  m. 

18.  DECORATIVE  BRACES  AND 
STRIPS. 

A.  STRAIGHT  ORNAMENTAL  APPLIED 
BRACES. 

( Each  object  differs  from  the  others  in  typed) 

2785.  Small  end  broken  at  nail-liole.  Length, 
0.045  m. 

2786.  Large  end  broken.  Length,  0.049  m. 
Claw,  length,  0.0065  m.  rounded.  Diameter, 
0.005  m.  at  base,  decreases  toward  end.  Shaft 
rectangular,  with  beveled  corners  (0.0077  m. 
and  less). 

2787.  (Shows  reverse  side.)  Both  ends  prob¬ 
ably  defective.  Nails  broken  close  to  surface. 


DECORATIVE  BRACES  AND  STRIPS 


329 


Length,  0.221  m.  Width  of  centre,  0.0235  m. 
and  less.  Thickness,  0.012  m.  and  less.  At 
0.009  m.  from  end,  nail.  Blade,  width, 
0.125  m.  Thickness,  0.0064  m.  Near  centre, 
nail.  At  0.015  m.  beyond  nail,  on  narrow  side, 
round  hole  in  shaft.  Depth,  0.006  in.  Diam¬ 
eter,  0.0035  m.  Perhaps  cross  brace  of  grating 
or,  more  likely,  leg  of  small  chair  or  bed.  Cf. 
lower  part  of  leg  of  bed  in  archaic  relief  from 
Tegea  (Ibrahim  Effendi,  Atli.  Mitth.  IV.  p. 
136,  pi.  vii.  Milchhofer). 

B.  CURVED  ORNAMENTAL  APPLIED  BRACE. 
Plate  CXXXV. 

2788.  One  end  broken.  Length,  0.221  m. 
Width,  0.051  m.  and  less.  Thickness,  0.027  m. 
Ribs  raised  above  surface,  0.0045  m.  Near 
whole  end,  nail  (diameter,  0.006  m.).  On  under 
side,  hole  filled  with  iron  rust.  Hence  only  head 
is  of  bronze.  At  0.085  m.  from  first  nail,  sec¬ 
ond  nail  of  bronze.  Object  cast  solid,  but  with 
many  flaws  which  show  on  under  side.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  protracted  circle  (inside),  about  0.955  m. 
This  and  similar  objects  probably  applied  to 
edge  of  large  kettles  or  caldrons,  like  the  small 
pieces  Nos.  2188,  etc.  See,  however,  Olymjoia, 
Nos.  1229  f.,  which  are  very  similar  in  shape  but 
smaller.  Several  similar  pieces,  both  larger  and 
smaller  in  Nat.  Mus.,  Athens,  among  scraps  from 
Acropolis  (uncleaned).  In  Museum  of  Flor¬ 
ence  similar  small  ornaments,  but  not  flat  on 
one  side  (Tomba  a  circolo  di  Poggio  alia  Guardia, 
1895). 

C.  STRIPS  AND  RODS. 

Type  a.  Triangular,  the  widest  side  being 

applied. 

2789.  One  end  broken.  Length,  0.168  m. 
Sides,  0.0075  m.,  0.0042  m.,  0.004  in.  End 
undercut  on  wide  side,  probably  for  purpose  of 
fastening. 

2790.  One  end  gone,  the  other  defective. 
Length,  0.146  m.  Sides,  0.0078  m.,  0.0043  m., 
0.0052  m.  Single  engraved  line  near  outer  edge 
of  each  of  short  sides. 

2791.  Both  ends  broken.  Length  (arc), 
0.0585  m.  On  each  of  narrow  sides,  line  close 
to  each  edge ;  in  interior,  broad,  rounded,  obtuse- 
angled  zigzag  of  bent  lines.  Both  ends  turn 
slightly  outward,  hence  best  put  here. 

Discards  of  Type  a  :  uncleaned,  two. 

Type  b.  Quadrangular  (two  acute  and  two 

obtuse  angles). 

Manner  of  application  differs  from  that  of 


objects  of  preceding  type,  one  of  the  obtuse 
angles  being  applied. 

2792.  Uncleaned.  Both  ends  gone.  Length, 
0.173  m.  Thickness,  0.0035  m.  x  0.0024  m. 
One  end  flattens  from  near  break.  At  break, 
hole  (diameter,  0.002  m.).  Shows  manner  of 
application  and  fastening. 

2793.  Uncleaned.  Both  ends  gone.  Length, 
0.245  m.  Width,  0.0036  m.  x  0.0025  m. 

2794.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.241  m.  Forms 
at  centre  8 -shaped  loop. 

Discards  of  Type  b  :  uncleaned,  two. 

Type  c.  Quadrangular.  Right  angles. 

Manner  of  application  uncertain. 

2795.  Uncleaned.  Ends  gone.  Length, 
0.085  m.  Sides,  0.002  m.  x  0.0005  m. 

2796.  Uncleaned.  Length,  0.164  m.  Sides, 
0.0024  m.  x  0.0007  m.  and  less. 

2797.  Ends  gone.  Length,  0.093  m.  Width, 
0.0035  m.  and  less.  On  both  sides,  rough 
groove. 

2798.  Uncleaned.  One  end  broken.  Length, 
0.084  m.  Width,  0.0035  m.  and  less.  Near  wide 
end  crossed  at  right  angles  by  heavy  grooves. 

2799.  Uncleaned.  Ends  gone.  Length, 
0.067  m.  Width,  0.0055  m.  Thickness,  0.0015 
m.  Near  one  end,  four  small  fragments  of  sheet 
gold,  three  of  which  rest  on  bronze  incrusta¬ 
tion.  This  incrustation,  and  consequently  the 
gold  fragments,  belongs  to  some  other  piece  of 
bronze. 

Type  d.  Flat,  quadrangular  (as  in  preced¬ 
ing  type),  and  round  shaft  combined. 

2800.  Uncleaned.  Ends  gone.  Length, 
0.19  m.  Shaft  rectangular  and  round.  Size, 
0.0053  m.  x  0.0008  m. 

Probably  also :  2800  a.  Uncleaned.  One  end 
gone.  Length,  0.21  m.  Shaft  rectangular  and 
round. 

Type  e.  Round  shaft,  plain. 

Manner  of  application  uncertain. 

2801.  Lai  •ge  end  broken.  Length,  0.053  m. 
Diameter,  0.003  m.  and  less.  Use  uncertain. 
Placed  here  because  of  similarity  to  following 
number. 

2802.  From  West  Building.  One  end  broken. 
Length,  0.25  m.  Diameter,  0.0047  m. 

2803.  Uncleaned.  Both  ends  gone.  Length 
as  bent,  0.044  m.  Diameter  of  shaft,  0.0038  m. 

Type  f.  Shaft  round  (or  nearly  round),  with 
coil  at  one  end. 

Class  a.  Plain. 

2804.  One  end  gone.  Length  as  bent,  0. 025  m. 


330 


THE  BRONZES 


Diameter  of  shaft,  0.0008  in.  Uncertain  whether 
loop  is  original. 

Class  /3.  Chord  flat  for  application.  Re¬ 
mainder  of  circumference  has  interrupted 
rope  pattern.  Coil  plain. 

2805.  One  end  gone.  Length,  0.152  m. 
Diameter  of  shaft,  0.0033  m. 

Type  g.  Round  shaft  consisting  of  three 
plain  strands  twisted  together. 

2806.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.086  m. 
Diameter,  0.0033  m. 

2807.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.134  m. 
Diameter,  0.004  m. 

2808.  Both  ends  gone.  Length,  0.189  m. 
Diameter,  0.0037  m. 

19.  INSERTED  DISKS. 

Type  a.  Plain. 

2809.  Cracked  nearly  through.  Diameter, 
0.069  m.  Thickness,  0.0043  m.  and  less.  On 
both  sides,  slight  depressions  which  look  like 
marks  of  hammer. 

Type  b.  Ornamented  simple  disk. 

2810.  Split  by  corrosion  into  several  laminae. 
Diameter,  0.062  m.  Thickness,  0.006  m.  On 
outside,  rosette,  the  centre  of  which  is  slightly 
concave;  reverse  plain. 

Type  c.  Plain,  with  dowel  at  back  for  in¬ 
sertion 

2811  Diameter,  0.0062  m.  Thickness, 
0.0042  m.  Length  of  dowel,  0.021  m.  Disk 
and  dowel  of  one  piece.  Cast. 

Addenda.  Composite  disks. 

2812.  From  back  of  South  Building.  De¬ 
fective.  Lead  kernel  nearly  intact.  Bronze 
covering  mostly  preserved.  Diameter  of  leaden 
part,  0.051  m.  Thickness,  0.0053  m.  Bronze 
follows  conformation  of  outer  surface. 

2812  a.  Uncleaned.  Lead  kernel  nearly 
complete.  Bronze  only  partially  preserved. 
Similar  to  preceding.  Diameter,  0.0525  in. 

20.  OTHER  DECORATIVE  ATTACH¬ 
MENTS  AND  FRAGMENTS. 

2813.  O  nc  end  gone,  the  other  defective. 
Length,  0.085  m.  Width,  0.0105  m.  and  less. 
Sides  slightly  convex.  Manner  of  attachment 
uncertain. 

2813  a.  Uncleaned.  Similar  to  No.  2813. 
Length,  0.039  m. 

2814.  Top  broken.  Height,  0.043  m.  Di¬ 


ameter,  0.055  m.  Five  layers  of  bronze,  de¬ 
creasing  toward  top.  Diameter  of  uppermost 
layer,  0.015  m.  Bronze  part  forms  thick  coni¬ 
cal  shell,  into  which  is  inserted  from  bottom 
solid  cone  of  lead.  This  cone  projects  0.006  m. 
below  bottom,  and  partially  overlaps  inner  edges 
of  bronze.  On  top,  mass  of  iron  oxide,  prob¬ 
ably  remains  of  rod  which  held  object  as  pend¬ 
ant. 

2815.  Both  ends  broken.  Length,  0.175  m. 
Width,  0.022  m. 

2816.  Both  ends  broken.  Length,  0.042  m. 
Stem  with  short  blade.  Width  of  stem,  0.0097 
m.  ;  of  blade,  0.0145  m.  Blade  curved. 

21.  SUPPORTS. 

2817.  Found  at  east  end  of  south  slope,  April 
24,  1893.  Height,  about  0.125  m.  Length  of 
foot,  0.017  m.  Width,  0.016  m.  Upper  part 
of  shaft  rectangular.  Lower  part  round. 

2818.  Uncleaned.  Top  damaged.  Height, 
0.088  m.  Length  of  foot,  0.01  m.  Width, 
0.005  m.  Formed  by  cutting  back  shaft  and 
bending  end.  Diameter  of  shaft,  0.005  m. 
and  less. 

2818  a.  Fragment.  Height,  0.0225  m. 
Width,  0.011  m. 

22.  RODS. 

Solid. 

2819.  From  West  Building.  One  end  broken. 
Length,  0.476  m.  Diameter,  0.006  m. 

Hollow. 

2820.  From  south  slope.  One  end  broken. 
Length,  0.121  m.  Diameter,  0.01  m.  Com¬ 
plete  end  nearly  triangular.  Elsewhere,  rounded. 
Open  cylinder.  Edges  do  not  form  straight 
line. 

Filled. 

2821.  Both  ends  gone.  Shell  cracked  entire 
length.  Length,  0.123  in.  Diameter,  0.023  m. 
Interior  filled  with  iron  rust  and  another  sub¬ 
stance  which  is  probably  part  of  core. 

23.  BARS. 

Plain. 

2822.  From  back  of  South  Building.  One 
end  broken.  Length,  0.06  m.  Width,  0.023  m.- 
0.041  m.  Thickness,  0.0033  m.  and  less. 

2823.  Length,  0.0735  m.  Width,  0.022  m. 
and  less.  Thickness,  0.0047  m.  and  less. 

2824.  One  end  damaged.  Length,  0.10  m. 


BARS,  BALL,  AND  CASTINGS 


331 


Width,  0.013  m.  Thickness,  0.0095  m.  and 
less. 

2825.  Condition  poor.  Length,  0.06  m. 
Width,  0.025  m.  and  less,  especially  toward 
one  end,  which  terminates  in  rounded  beveled 
point. 

2826.  From  south  slope.  Both  ends  gone. 
Length,  0.044  m.  Width,  0.018  m.  and  less. 

Inscribed. 

2827.  Both  ends  roughly  cut  off.  Length, 
0.084  m.  Width,  0.02  m. -0.0215  m.  Thick¬ 
ness,  0.0065  m. -0.0085  m.  For  inscription  see 
Appendix. 

24.  BALL. 

2828.  From  West  Building.  Diameter, 
0.014  m. 

25.  CASTINGS. 

A.  PARTIALLY  FORMED  OBJECTS. 
Plate  CXXXVI. 

2829.  Standard  and  paw.  Height,  about 
0.154  m.  Height  of  standard,  0.112  m.  Diame¬ 
ter  of  top  of  standard,  0.088  m.  Attachments 
cast  in  one  piece  with  standard:  1.  From  a 
point  0.03  m.  below  top  of  standard  rises  diag¬ 
onally  lion’s  paw  with  four  toes.  Toes  have 
claws.  From  heel  projects  round  stub  (length, 
0.018  m. ;  diameter,  0.013  m.).  This  stub  per¬ 
haps  marks  pipe  through  which  bronze  was 
poured.  2.  Near  top  of  standard,  oblong 
rounded  attachment  in  line  with  paws.  Length, 
0.026  m.  3.  From  middle  of  upper  part  of 
standard,  on  opposite  side  from  preceding  at¬ 
tachment,  round  stub  rising  diagonally. 

2830.  Crimped  arc.  Length,  0.109  m. 


Width,  0.035  m.  and  less.  Thickness,  0.01  m. 
and  less.  Top  side  has  ornament  of  slightly 
raised  rays  which  do  not  quite  reach  outer  edge. 
Inner  edge  beveled. 

2831.  Convex-concave  arc.  Outside  diame¬ 
ter,  0.083  m.  Width  of  ring,  0.031  m.  and 
less.  Thickness,  0.005  m.  and  less. 

2832.  Perhaps  part  of  mold.  Size,  0.057  m.  x 
0.035  m.  x  0.009  m.  In  edge,  outlines  of  at  least 
three  circles,  of  which  only  the  largest  shows 
trace  of  bottom. 

2833.  Bar.  One  end  complete.  Size, 
0.087  m.  x  0.027  m.  x  0.01  m. 

2834.  Segment  of  sphere.  Width,  0.072  m. 
Thickness,  0.037  m.  and  less. 

2835.  Uncleaned.  Fragment  of  sphere. 
Entire  surface  rough.  Diameter,  0.253  m. 

B.  CASTINGS  WHICH  PRESENT  ACCIDENTAL 

RESEMBLANCES  TO  VARIOUS  OBJECTS. 

2836.  (Penis.)  Length,  0.083  m. 

2837.  Bird.  Height,  0.04  m. 

2838.  (Binding  for  corner.)  Length,  0.063  m. 

2839.  (Saddle.)  Height,  0.046  m.  Length, 
0.05  m. 

C.  FORMLESS  CASTINGS. 

2840.  Length,  0.14  m.  Width,  0.12  m. 
Thickness,  0.004  m. 

2841.  Condition  poor.  Size,  0.085  m.  x 
0.06  m.  x  0.008  m. 

Discards  of  C:  six,  of  which  one  from  West  Building. 

Other  discards.  Here  belong  a  number  of  pieces,  partly 
castings,  partly  pieces  of  sheet  bronze,  which  have  been 
partly  melted  and  fused  together,  or  mixed  with  other 
substances,  as  lead,  rock,  sand.  Most  of  them  show  ac¬ 
tion  of  fire.  Uncleaned,  seventy-eight,  of  which  two 
from  back  of  South  Building,  near  retaining  wall. 


APPENDIX 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  THE  BRONZES 


964.  Plate  LXXXIX.  (photographs).  Two 
copies  below.  The  second,  on  reexamination,  seemed 
to  represent  more  accurately  the  actual  condition  of 
the  bronze.  Letters  scarcely  legible.  Height,  about 
0.003  in. 

© l/^i  *  t 

f  k  mfl  Tf dMS  T  r  &I?S' 

(1)  ©v<ro-Tia[s  r]?y[s]  EAAaSi[ou 

(2)  ©txra"ria[sj  HeAAaSijjou 

Translation:  ( Property )  of  Thgstia,  daughter  (or 

wife)  of  Helladios. 

©co-(rrtu[s :  does  not  seem  to  occur,  but  Hesychius 
has  OviTTij s  (quoted  by  L.  and  S.)and  ©co-racks  (quoted 
by  P.-B.).  Cf.  also  ©[ujo-o/Sat,  At  hen.  Mitth.  IX. 
p.  321  (Ceos),  'E7rn-e[u£i.s]  ©vcrias,  Arch.-Epig.  Mitth. 
aus  Oest.  XI.  p.  181,  and  ©cow,  ’E^>.  ’Apy.  1883,  col. 
215,  1.  125  (the  last  two  also  in  P.-B.).  For  -cto-t- 
see  G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gram?  p.  304,  Brugmann, 
Griech.  Gram ?  §  100,  1  a  and  §  119,  1.  —  i"]r)[?]  : 
it  seems  better  to  assume  a  blank  space  between  the 
words  than  to  supply  this  word,  which  is  not  of  the 
Argive  dialect.  —  'EAAaSt[ou:  see  P.-B.  s.  v.  and  also 
C.  I.  A.  III.  1343,  C.  1.  S.  53,  179.  Another  pos¬ 
sibility  would  be  'EAAai/tb[r  or  'EAAaiao[i'os,  but  the 
nominative  case  of  the  former  is  an  objection,  and  for 
the  latter  there  is  hardly  space.  The  word  occurs 
B.  M.  /.III.  §  1,  p.  65  (Iasos), 'EAAanW  Tapcreus. 

1581.  Pl  ate  XCVI.  (photograph  and  drawing). 
Copy  below.  Retrograde-boustrophedon,  beginning 


with  lower  right  corner.  Height  of  letters,  0.002  m.— 
0.0047  m.  Letters  in  lines  1  and  2  increase  in  size 
with  the  direction  of  the  writing. 

The  letters  of  the  first  line  are  very  legible,  inas¬ 
much  as  they  are  clearly  cut  and  well  preserved. 
Those  of  the  second  line,  however,  have  been  nearly 
effaced  by  the  oxidation  of  the  bronze,  and  were  ex¬ 


tremely  difficult  to  decipher.  Nevertheless,  the  forms 
of  the  letters  as  given  in  drawing  and  copy  are  for 
the  most  part  fairly  sure.  The  single  letter  of  the 
third  (middle)  line  is  faint  hut  certain. 

Apurraa  Eks  |  #aioc(?)  aveOeK  |  € 

Translation :  Aristeia  offered  (me)  on  behalf  of 
Ekethaio. 

For  ’Aptcrreta,  cf.  C.  I.  G.  155  (Attic),  quoted  by 
P.-B.,  and  there  accented  ’Aptcrrcia.  The  first  letter 
of  the  second  (top)  line  may  be  either  0  or  <£,  but  the 
balance  of  probability  is  in  favor  of  6.  Neither  ’E «e- 
6aul>  nor  ’Efcec^aioj  seems  to  occur.  For  ’E«£kA^s, 
’FiKe^iSrjs,  ’Eko/dAos,  which  present  the  nearest  anal¬ 
ogy,  see  B.  C.  H.  Index.  The  reading  of  the  word 
as  a  feminine  form  from  an  oj-  stem  instead  of  a  mas¬ 
culine  form  from  an  o-  stem  is  arbitrary.  Dedica¬ 
tion  on  behalf  of  another  person  in  an  inscription 
from  Athens  published  by  Kiirte,  Athen.  Mitth.  XXI. 
p.  294,  Mi'?70T7rroAep,77  {n rep  AiKaLotfidvovs  ’Ao-KXrjTruZ 
’A/mvvoj  dvehr/Ke.  That  Ekethaio  or  Ekepliaio  is  an 
unknown  name  of  a  person  is  more  probable  than 
that  it  is  an  unknown  epithet  of  Hera. 

1746.  Plate  CII.  (photograph).  Drawing  be¬ 
low.  A  single  letter.  Height,  0.008  ni. 


Initial  letter  of  r,Hpas  or  "Hpat.  Cf.  No.  1985, 
and  B.  M.  Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins,  Peloponnesus, 
Introd.  p.  Iv. 

1824,  1825.  Plates  CVI.,  CVII.  (photograph 
and  copy).  Retrograde.  Height  of  letters,  0.0055  m.- 
0.008  m. 

]  iAA  f  i<f> 

/a]  a§  ^  6% 

The  reading  makes  it  probable  that  the  fragments 
are  to  be  combined,  in  spite  of  the  difficulty  of  adjust¬ 
ment.  This  part  of  the  inscription  probably  con¬ 
tained  names  only.  It  is  probable  that  the  fathers’ 
names  were  added  in  a  second  column  at  the  left,  but 
even  if  they  were  placed  under  the  names  of  the 
sons,  the  first  name  on  the  fragment,  as  next  to  the 
last,  would  still  be  in  the  nominative. 

The  first  name  is  probably  4>iAAtas,  cf.  C.  I ■  G. 
1514  (cited  by  Pape-Benseler),  IltcmKAijs  <biAAia; 
C.  I.  S.  III.  i.  446  (Stratos),  1.  4.  dnAAtas  T?/Aa[iryeos, 


APPENDIX:  INSCRIPTIONS 


333 


or  $iAAi'Sas,  cf.  C.  I.  S.  III.  i.  Appendix,  1066,  1.  2, 
<NAA iSa ;  B.  C.  H.  Y.  p.  413,  No.  22,  1.  3,  TY>w 
<f>iAAiSa  ’A/x^to'a'rg'Js ;  p.  414,  No.  23, 11. 14,  15, 
<J>iAAi8as.  It  may  also  have  been  <f>7AAig.  Cf.  A.  (7.  H. 
Index,  1877—86,  and  vol.  XX.  p.  206  (Delphi),  1. 
35,  <3?iAig  ’Apyeiog,  <E>tAAis  ’Apyeiog.  For  «3?iAAiSag  and 
4dAAig  in  literature,  see  P.-B.  The  second  name  is 
probably  the  nominative,  possibly  the  genitive,  of 
2uj8ap.os.  Cf.  the  indices  to  the  various  Corpora ,  and 
to  B.  C.  H.,  and  ’E<fa.  ’ApX.  1883,  col.  29,  No.  9 
(Epidauros),  Ncxdrav  ^mSd/xou.  An  Argive  named 
5ci)Sdp.as  is  mentioned  by  Pans.  III.  ix.  8  (quoted  by 
P.-B.). 

Double  writing  of  consonants  is  the  rule  for  Argive 
inscriptions  which  have  four-stroke  sigma,  so  even  in 
A.  J.  A.  XI.  p.  43,  1.  5,  'YAAeus.  In  those  which 
have  three-stroke  sigma  there  are  no  cases  in  point. 
Those  which  use  san  write  but  one  consonant  in  cases 
of  gemination.  Cf.  I.  G.  A.  30,  1.  5,  and  Nos.  1826, 

I.  9,  'YAeg,  and  2252,  e  2i/ceA4ag.  It  follows  that  for 
the  period  to  which  an  Argive  retrograde  inscription 
would  naturally  be  assigned  the  single  consonant 
should  be  expected.  The  double  writing  of  the  con¬ 
sonants  in  this  inscription,  taken  together  with  the 
style  of  the  letters,  makes  it  probable  that  this  is  an 
exceptional  example  of  retrograde  writing  at  a  later 
period.  Cf.  the  retrograde  writing  of  names  of  Ar¬ 
give  kings  on  the  hemicyele  on  the  north  side  of  the 
sacred  way  at  Delphi,  B.  C.  H.  XVIII.  p.  186,  and 
Frazer  on  Pans.  X.  x.  5. 

1826.1  Plates  CVI.  (photograph)  and  CVII. 
(drawing).2 

1.  <fa(ov  p)a9para  ”  r*  a8ev  ::  hayro- 

2.  [h]e  crwXeoi  ••  Tag  apag  \\  rag 

3-  yag  •  •  rag  Apyetag  •  •  ra  8e  7rap,[aTa 

4.  -kcl  [6]araror  ••  he  aAAo  n  Ka^ov  ■■  h- 

5.  e]7r[)tr)|eXFOtro  ••  e[h(?)o)]i  Fi&^eLe.  ••  [ror  V]o- 

6.  -og  .j  7rpo[7r(?)]po[p(?)]og  efrrpua- 

7.  at  Se  p. je  8ap.uo[p)\y<H  rtg  ,|  hot[g  (?) 

8.  -g]  Apyetag  jj  xai  hot  Foi  e- 

9.  -o  ••  rot  HuAeg  ••  a7roSop,[erot 

10.  yag  Apyetag  ya  ••  Kara/c[a- 

II.  -y vov  Fol  ecrro  ••  Trot  rag  H[epag 

The  interpretation  depends  to  a  considerable  ex¬ 
tent  on  the  view  which  may  be  taken  of  the  dot  after 
r  in  the  first  line.  Rogers,  who  thinks  it  an  attempt 
to  puncture  the  plate  for  a  nail-hole  (l.  c.  p.  166), 
and  Frankel  disregard  it  in  reading,  and  join  r  to 
what  follows.  The  reading  thus  obtained,  rd8’  iv,  is 
easy  and  plausible,  and  there  are  examples  of  allow¬ 
ance  of  space  for  nail-holes.3  Preparation  for  the  nail 

1  Published  by  J.  D.  Rogers  in  A.  J.  A.,  Second  Series, 
V.  (1901),  pp.  159  ff.,  and  by  Max  Frankel  in  Insc.  Argol. 
No.  506  (I.  G.  IV.). 

2  By  E.  GilliMon. 

3  See  Rogers,  l.  c.  p.  167.  Add  the  inscription  from  Olym- 


by  means  of  a  carefully  worked  indentation  is  a  some¬ 
what  different  matter ;  and  until  examples  are  found 
for  it,  it  may  be  well  to  look  for  some  other  explana¬ 
tion,  especially  as  in  this  case  the  indentation  was 
not  actually  used  for  such  a  purpose.  The  analogy 
of  the  Locrian  inscription  (I.  G.  A.  321),  where  let¬ 
ters  (usually  prostrate)  with  three  dots  on  either  side 
serve  as  a  means  of  numbering  the  paragraphs,  sug¬ 
gests  that ;;  r  •  in  this  inscription  may  have  a  similar 
use.  In  this  case  the  letter  would  probably  introduce 
the  last  paragraph  in  the  document,  namely,  that  con¬ 
taining  the  sanctions.  If  so,  additions  to  the  main 
body  of  the  document  are  not  to  be  expected,  but 
simply  measures  to  secure  the  fulfillment  of  the  pro¬ 
visions  of  the  preceding  paragraphs. 

Line  1.  <faa.8p.ara:  for  the  slight  preference  in  favor 
of  <fa  as  against  p,  see  above  s.  n.  For  <faa<rp.ara  with 
substitution  of  -c/p.a  for  -8p.a,  cf.  Brugmann,  Gviech. 
Gram ?  p.  186.  In  the  absence  of  the  preceding 
context,  it  is  uncertain  whether  the  word  is  complete 
as  it  stands,  and,  if  so,  in  what  sense  it  was  meant. 
Nor  is  it  possible  to  look  forward  for  a  reference,  if 
the  above  hypothesis  regarding  the  paragraphs  be 
correct.  The  termination  would  also  fit  vcfadapara. 
A*<fad9p.ara  like  cfagpy),  fail,  Sansk.  bha-ti,  seems  not  to 
have  existed  in  Greek.  Rogers  and  Frankel  take 
the  initial  letter  to  be  p.  The  former  suggests  (l.  c. 
p.  165)  ypd9p.a:ra  =  ypdcr/xara  —  ypdij.jj.aTa,  Spddp, ara  = 
8pdcrp.ara  ■  crvvddp. ara,  dyopd<rp.ara,  and  (l.  C.  p.  174) 
lapOdp-ara.  In  understanding  ypdapara  (  <  yp6.8p.ara) 
as  ypdp.p.ara  he  agrees  with  Robert  (to  whom  he  re¬ 
fers),  who  thus  interprets  ypa<x<xp.dru>v  in  the  inscrip¬ 
tion  from  Hermione  {Mon.  Ant.  Line.  I.  col.  598). 
Neither  indicates  the  process  by  which  *grabh-ma 
becomes  ypa-8p.a  or  ypa-oyxa.4  Frankel  reads 
-p  or  o]d#;uaTa  without  explanation.  To  these  con¬ 
jectures  may  be  added  pd9p.ara  —  *pdap.ara  =  pdp.- 
p.ara  ( C .  I.  G.  S.  2421).  For  the  sense  of  this,  as 
also  of  vefadap-ara  above,  cf.  the  prescriptions  for  dress 
in  the  sacrificial  inscription  from  Andania  (Cauer, 
Delectus ?  p.  33,  No.  47).  However,  as  in  the  case 
of  ypa-0p.a  above,  it  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  sub¬ 
stitution  of  suffix-initial  8  or  cr  for  the  final  labial  con¬ 
sonant  of  the  root  without  a  somewhat  extensive  and 
perhaps  unsafe  application  of  the  principle  of  analogy. 
—  a8ev :  if  this  word  begins  the  paragraph,  it  can 
scarcely  be  anything  but  dSev  (in  sense  of  8e86\6ai) 
or  aSev  5  (in  sense  of  eSo^er),  from  dvSdvto.  The  diffi¬ 
culty  with  regard  to  the  breathing  is  pointed  out  by 
Rogers,  l.  c.  pp.  163  f. ;  nor  do  examples  of  t/dAtocrig 
like ’l7r(-n-)o/zeSw,  I.  G.  A.  30  (cited  by  Kiihner-Blass, 
I.  p.  109),  and  Hpag,  iapop.vdp.ove.s,  A.  J.  A.  XI. 

pia  published  in  the  Jahreshefte  d.  Oesterreich.  Arch.  Instituts, 
I.  p.  197  (Szanto). 

4  For  a  discussion  of  this  word  see  Helen  M.  Searles,  A 
Lexicographical  Study  of  the  Greek  Inscriptions,  s.  v.  ypaaopa. 

s  Mentioned  as  a  possibility  by  Rogers,  l.  c.  p.  163. 


334 


THE  BRONZES 


(1896),  p.  43  (cited  by  Rogers),  quite  suffice  to  obviate 
it.  — -  ayvo[v(?)  :  as  the  amount  of  text  lost  at  the  sides 
of  the  plate  is  uncertain,  it  is  useless  to  try  to  fill  out 
the  lines.  From  the  position  of  the  word  and  that  of 
crw^eoi  below,  it  may  be  that  the  sense  of  the  begin¬ 
ning  of  the  sanction  was  something  like  dyvov  to  d'Sos 
tovto  •  al  8e  tis  ravra  7ra.pj3a.Lvoi  hr]  aw^eoi  k.t.A. 

Line  2.  trw^eot :  L.  and  S.  s.  v.  II.  2.  Cf.  I.  G.  A. 

500  ,  tov]  vopLov  tovtov  r/v  Tts  6£\r/  [cnryjxtai  r)  tt po6rj- 
ra[i]  iprjcfrov  ware  [/ary  ejtvai  rov  vop.ov  tovtov.  Slightly 
different  in  sense  in  the  inscription  of  the  Labyadae, 

B.  C.  II.  XIX.  p.  12, 1.  28  (Homolle).  —  apas:  genitive. 
The  apodosis  begins  here.  The  form  rds  dpas  ras  shows 
that  a  definite  curse,  described  in  the  missing  jrart  of 
the  line,  is  meant.  For  similar  formulae  see  Rogers, 
l.  c.  p.  168.  Something  like  evokes  ottw  may  be  supplied 
with  Rogers.  Cf.  Cauer,  Delectus 2,  No.  430  (Eresos), 
A  11.  24  f.  [*]a[i]  ruAAa  e[r Joyces  [eQoTw  ra>  vopaa  [raj 
or  TW  £7 TL  TO)]  r civ  ora Wav  dvfXdvTL ;  also  D  1.  16, 
evo^ot[s  e/x/xeji'cu  raj  vopuo  (dative  or  genitive).  Speci¬ 
mens  of  apal (public),/.  G.  A. 497  (Teos)  and  (private), 

C.  I.  A.  III.  ii.  1417-1420  (Herodes  Atticus)  ;  cf. 
Wuensch,  C.  I.  A.  Appendix,  p.  ii.,  and  Ziebarth’s 
article  there  cited,  ‘  Der  Finch  im  Griech.  Reclit,’ 
Hermes,  XXX.  (1895),  pp.  57  ff.,  where  other  ex¬ 
amples  are  given. 

Line  3.  Besides  inclusion  in  the  curse  mentioned 
above,  the  culprit  is  to  be  banished  from  Argive  ter¬ 
ritory  and  his  property  (7rd/u[ara)  is  to  be  confiscated. 
Cf.  the  tablet  from  Hermione  above  mentioned,  1.  5, 
:  rpiro  ku'l  irapevecrcrOo  :  iv s  |  ’A Oavalav  :  .  Rogers 
quotes  appositely,  I.  G.  A.  500  (Halicarnassus),  11. 
35-37. 

Line  Jj..  -«a  [0]dvaro v  or  Ka[i]  dvarov,  Rogers.  /<[a 
6j\dvaTov,  Frankel.  There  is  sufficient  trace  of  con¬ 
cavity  in  the  edge  at  the  left  of  a  (see  s.  n.)  to  make 
it  likely  that  6  is  the  correct  reading.  There  is  room 
for  «a[l  0],  but  the  letters  would  be  somewhat  more 
crowded  than  they  are  in  other  parts  of  the  line. 
-Ka  [^Juraror  is  therefore  epigraphically  preferable. 
So  far  as  concerns  the  context,  it  is  too  scanty  to 
afford  a  sure  basis  for  choice,  but  it  is  at  least  clear 
that  the  verb  of  which  \_Q~\dv arov  is  the  object  cannot 
be  directly  connected  with  the  verb  of  which  7rup[ara 
is  the  subject,  because  death  is  not  a  penalty  which 
can  be  inflicted  after  confiscation  of  property  and 
banishment.  Some  new  set  of  circumstances  must 
intervene.  On  the  other  hand,  consistency  with  the 
general  view  of  the  inscription  taken  above  requires 
that  the  [0]  dvarov  hi/  dAAo  rt  ku^ov  refer  to  the  same 
person  with  the  subject  of  <rvv)(loi.  It  is  probable, 
then,  that  the  commencement  of  a  new  clause  or  sen¬ 
tence  has  been  lost,  and  that  if  there  is  a  connective 
before  [0]avarov,  it  joins  the  verb  on  which  \Jf\dva.TOv 
depends  with  the  verb  of  a  lost  preceding  clause  of 
similar  purport,  i.  e.  [‘If  any  one  should  .  .  .]  and 
[should  contrive]  death  or  any  other  harm  [against 


the  exile.’  Unless  a  full  clause  be  supplied  before 
[0] dvarov,  some  other  reading  than  xa[i]  must  be 
found,  an  adverbial  use  being  unlikely.  Rogers 
suggests  7ro](cd,  which  would  be  suitable,  and,  taking 
the  scantiness  of  space  into  account,  is  to  be  preferred 
to  Ka[i]  .  —  h- :  it  is  useless  to  try  to  complete  the 
word.  Rogers  suggests  h[oriaiv  and  h[arivi  (l.  c. 
p.  169). 

Line  5.  For  the  first  word  Rogers  and  Frankel 
have  e]7rt[r]e^vajtro,  which  the  former  takes  directly 
with  Ka?ov.  The  reading  is  probably  correct,  but  the 
combination  with  Ka 9ov,  though  it  makes  good  sense, 
is  rendered  doubtful  by  the  lack  of  evidence  as  to  the 
length  of  the  lines.  It  seems  reasonable  to  suppose 
that  the  verb  is  in  protasis,  hut  so  far  as  concerns  its 
position  it  might  also  be  in  apodosis,  as  the  expression 
of  a  wish  or  curse :  only,  in  that  case,  some  other 
reading  would  have  to  be  found,  —  something  more 
plausible  than  c]tt[i  Fje'^roiro  (cf.  Pamphylian  Fnyl- 
vo),  I.  G.  A.  505,  1.  24;  G.  Meyer,  Griecli.  Gram?. 
sections  198,  240  ;  Prellwitz,  Etymolog.  Worterbuch, 
s.  v.  o^os ;  Searles,  op.  cit.  s.  v.  fe'xw),  or  Kowa]- 
,r[rr]T?X,/otro  (but  the  existence  of  a  ip  in  epichoric 
Argive  is  rendered  probable  by  the  presence  of  <f>, 
and  by  the  occurrence  of  a  if  among  the  builders’ 
marks  on  the  stereobate  of  the  New  Temple ;  cf. 
Brownson,  A.  J.  A.  VIII.  p.  219),  neither  of  which 
has  been  found  in  Greek.  Unfortunately,  the  fol¬ 
lowing  clause  is  itself  so  mutilated  and  difficult  as 
to  afford  no  assistance.  Here  Rogers  reads  ( l .  c. 
p.  174)  r/[ro]i  pLcrljAr]  or  e]v  <S]i  FLcr^elr/,  and  Fran¬ 
kel,  I  oiFio-ljeie,  with  the  remark,  “  £[tt  (sive  l[v,  e[£)] 
oiFla^eie  ( sive  -o-^etr/)  explicent  peritiores.”  The  lacuna 
after  the  first  letter  of  the  clause  preserves  the  out¬ 
line  of  a  letter  at  each  side,  that  at  the  left  being 
either  o  or  6,  as  is  evident  from  shape  and  size.  Be¬ 
tween  it  and  the  opposite  edge  there  is  space  for  one 
letter  of  average  size,  or  for  two  letters,  if  one  were  i, 
and  the  other  a  narrow  letter  like  k,  y,  or  A.  Of  the 
letter  at  the  right  there  remains  the  right  bevel  of 
a  full-length  vertical  hasta.  It  is  also  beveled  at  the 
top,  contrary  to  the  custom  of  the  inscription  in  the 
case  of  the  ends  of  strokes,  and  continued  horizon¬ 
tally  to  the  left  for  about  0.0005  m.,  thus  making  it 
probable  that  the  vertical  hasta  was  met  by  a  stroke 
which  joined  it  from  the  left,  and,  more  likely  than 
not,  at  right  angles.  The  letters  which  correspond 
best  to  these  indications  are  1,  B,  Q,  and  H  It 
will  be  seen  at  once  that  T  (as  in  r/[ro]<.)  is  impos¬ 
sible,  nor  are  the  conditions  favorable  for  the  letters 
with  slanted  tops,  as  'I,  M,  1,  etc.  This  fact  and 
the  doubtful  yChvxns  seem  to  render  e[v  w]t  very  im¬ 
probable.  Of  the  indicated  letters,  8  and  p  seem  to 
yield  only  optatives,  e.  g.  *e[8o]i,  c[p(p)o]i,  the  rela¬ 
tion  of  which  to  the  context  would  be  difficult  of  ex¬ 
planation  ;  tt  also  leads  to  a  series  of  improbabilities, 
e.  g.  (1)  r/TroL  for  y/TTov,  which  involves  difficulty  of 


APPENDIX:  INSCRIPTIONS 


335 


form  and  sense ;  (2)  *«roi  for  oVoi,  which  might 
be  construed  with  a  following  optative,  but  does 
not  occur,  and  cannot  well  be  invented  because  the 
pronominal  root  o  (Brugmann,  Grundriss ,  II.  p.  768, 
Griech.  Gram ?  p.  243 ;  cf.  G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gram ? 
p.  179),  apart  from  its  rarity  in  Greek,  is  not  used 
to  form  relatives;  (3)  *iiroi  for  hr  A  (cf.  olkol :  olksi), 
also  construable  but  also  non-existent,  and  in  use  con¬ 
trary  to  the  other  conjunctive-adverbial  forms  in  -oi. 
There  remains  h,  with  which  it  might  be  possible  to 
read  e[ha>]i  (sc.  iv  huh),  provided  the  absence  of 
the  -v  could  be  explained.  As  we  have  no  right  to 
assume  errors  in  an  inscription  so  carefully  cut,  and 
as  assimilation  of  v  before  h  is  out  of  the  question,  it 
seems  necessary  to  assume  a  parallel  form  es,  derived 
from  iv%  (cf.  the  inscription,  Mon.  Ant.  Line.  I. 
col.  594,  1.  5,  of  an  earlier  period  than  I.  G.  A.  38, 
1.  4,  -avs  Tilv s),  in  accordance  with  the  principle 
stated  by  Brugmann  (Griech.  Gram ?  p.  75,  3),  and 
like  eV  used  with  cases  of  rest.  Proclitic  preposition 
and  object  forming  practically  one  word,  the  -5  would 
become  medial  between  vowels  and  change  to  -h  ac¬ 
cording  to  the  principle  also  exemplified  in  I.  G.  A. 
38,  so  that  e’B-  would  represent  €’(h)h. —  What  fol¬ 
lows  is  read  by  Rogers  Firrleu]  and  explained  as  el8etrj. 
Context  and  usage  make  this  interpretation  seem  very 
probable.  The  presence  of  tr£(£)  is,  however,  diffi¬ 
cult  to  account  for  (FiS-e(o-)-i?/).  Elean  is,  of 

course,  of  no  assistance  because  of  £ucaios,  etc.  (Cf. 
G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gram ?  p.  269.)  The  weak  form 
of  the  root  seems  to  encourage  the  conjecture  that  we 
may  possibly  have  here  a  trace  of  the  direct  applica¬ 
tion  of  the  optative  suffix  (irj)  to  the  root  (flS),  the 
sibilant  thus  produced  being  afterward  extended  to 
the  sigmatic  aorist.  Cf.  Brugmann,  Griech.  Gram3. 
p.  337,  and  Grundriss,  II.  p.  1302.  Rogers  also  sug¬ 
gests  and  rejects  “  f'is  (y is  •  .  .  .  to-^us,  Hesychius)  £eU 
(*(,r)/u).”  To  add  another  improbability,  it  might  be 
possible  to  think  of  a  *fls,  nominative  of  Foi,  flv  (large 
inscription  from  Gortyna,  col.  II.  40  ;  Roeld,  Ima¬ 
gines,  p.  45,  No.  6  =  Roberts,  Introduction  to  Greek 
Epigraphy,  No.  304  a),  as  a  parallel  form  of  l,  Sopho¬ 
cles,  Frag.  427  (Nauck),  cf.  Ktihner-Blass,  I.  pp.  583, 
595  f.,  G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gram3  p.  508,  n.  1.  —  At 
the  end  of  the  line  Rogers  reads,  ?o[#a pbs  or  to^vtov, 
andFrankel  [t(?)]o-.  As  has  been  stated  before (s.  n.), 
conditions  of  space  and  preservation  admit  t,  ?,  or  u, 
with  slight,  if  any,  preference.  Beyond  the  o  the 
edge  has  a  vertical  bevel,  0.0105  m.  in  length,  show¬ 
ing  that  the  right  hasta  of  the  missing  letter  was  a 
straight  upright  stroke.  This  renders  both  6  (9o9a- 
pos)  and  v  ( rovrov )  impossible.  Owing  to  the  position 
it  is  unlikely  that  the  indirect  object  of  ej^r^rJe^voitTo 
(e.  g.  <£uyaSi,  (fivydariv,  [t]o[7;  ’Apyeiois) 

is  to  be  supplied.  It  is  more  probable  that  this  is 
the  beginning  of  the  apodosis,  which  stated  the  con¬ 
templated  result  of  the  preceding  clause,  i.  e.  reward 


if  the  action  of  e]7ri[-r]exi/a>iro  was  directed  against 
the  exiles,  punishment  if  it  was  directed  against  state 
or  people. 

Line  6.  As  Rogers  has  remarked  (l.  c.  p.  170),  the 
line  treats  of  property  (presumably  the  7rdp.[ara  of 
1.  3),  which  is  to  be  bought.  The  word  ending  in 
-os  at  the  beginning  evidently  designated  the  person 
who  was  to  have  the  first  right  of  purchase.  Rogers 
infers  Sapxopy[bs  from  the  following  line,  or,  with  less 
probability,  os  e^wv  p.eyic rrov  veAjos.  —  For  the  fol¬ 
lowing  word  Rogers  reads  7rpo[y]po[<)>]os,  Frankel, 
7rpd[r]po[7r]os.  As  the  left  side  of  the  hole  termi¬ 
nates  with  an  upright  bevel  with  no  trace  of  protrac¬ 
tion  of  a  top-bar  to  the  left,  the  latter  reading  is  im¬ 
possible.  The  former  reading  is  plausible  so  far  as 
concerns  the  sense,  but  it  is  rendered  doubtful  by  the 
fact  that  the  upper  edge  of  the  hole,  while  it  can 
scarcely  be  said  to  be  beveled,  is  nevertheless  hori¬ 
zontal,  and  suggests  cleavage  along  the  line  of  a  hori¬ 
zontal  stroke.  Furthermore  the  point  of  departure  of 
a  downward  stroke  seems  to  be  visible  in  the  upper 
edge  at  about  0.0055  m.  from  the  left  hasta.  As 
there  is  no  trace  of  a  corresponding  stroke  on  the 
under  side  of  the  lacuna,  the  letter  thus  outlined 
could  not  well  be  other  than  P.  If  this  is  correct,  it 
is  not  easy  to  see  just  what  the  reading  was.  Setting 
aside  evident  impossibilities  like  7rpo[V]pd  [h]ds  and 
71-pd  [7r]po[u<]ds,  one  might  perhaps  think  of  hefVjpo- 
poe  on  a  bronze  basis  from  Ligourib,  from  which 
Kretschmer  in  Jahresliefte,  III.  pp.  134  f.,  evolves 
Trputpol.  (for  (f)povpoi ).  But  that  the  person  designated 
could  be  qualified  as  TrpoVpojpos  even  in  a  transferred 
sense,  or  the  action  of  the  verb  as  7rpo7rpo)pcos  (i.  e. 
‘as  a  precautionary  measure’),  seems  a  hazardous 
supposition.  —  The  condition  of  the  bronze  at  the  end 
of  the  line  is  described  s.  n.  As  there  is  an  upright 
bevel  at  the  right  edge  of  fragment  d,  it  is  possible 
to  read  i£vpud[o-0iD  with  Rogers,  or  e^7rp«a[(.ro  or 
e^7rptid[p,eros.  The  first  is  preferable.  For  -u-  see 
on  next  line. 

Line  7.  al  81  p,]e  Sap,uo[p]yoZ  t is:  so  Rogers  and 
Frankel,  except  that  at  the  beginning  they  bracket 
only  the  first  letter,  inasmuch  as  the  letters  1  8e  (qu. 
and  p,  ?)  were  traceable  when  the  plate  was  found 
(cf.  Rogers,  l.  c.  p.  160).  —  Sap,uo[p]yot :  with  the -a- 
cf.  e^7rpaa-  above,  Kapreuas  (1877),  2i /ceAuas  (2252), 
and  the  dAuo?  yepw  inscription  I.  G.  A.  34  (  =  Col- 
litz,  S.  G.  D.  I.  No.  3261  =  Olympia,  IV.  pp.  101  ff., 
pi.  xxxix.,  V.  No.  693).  For  relations  with  Cypriot 
and  Pamphylian  see  Brugmann,  Griech.  Gram ! 
p.  18,  and  ibid3  p.  37.  Cf.  G.  Meyer,  Griech. 
Gram3,  p.  220,  and  Rogers’  note,  l.  c.  p.  171.  It  is 
perhaps  worth  while  to  notice  that,  while  in  Cypriot 
in  every  case  between  i  +  vowel  (and  u  +  vowel)  a 
corresponding  semivowel  -i-  (or  -u-)  is  developed  (cf. 
Hoffmann,  Griech.  Dialekte,  I.  pp.  37  ff.),  in  Pamphy¬ 
lian  this  semivowel  is  written  at  least,  chiefly  in  the 


336 


THE  BRONZES 


older  inscriptions  (Sillyon  and  coins  of  Aspendos  and 
Perge).  As  to  the  character  of  the  sound  there 
appears  to  be  substantial  agreement  between  Pam- 
phylia  and  Argos,  for  there  exist  in  both  probable 
cases  of  an  inherited  -ip.  suffix,  e.  g.  ra/xitas,  emrrjSuws 
(Pampli.),  dAuos  (Argive),  along  with  cases  like 
7 roXiie  (Pampli.)  and  Kapveuos  (Argive),  where  pri¬ 
mary  inheritance  is  less  certain,  and  again  instances 
where  a  secondary  t  appears  in  the  place  formerly 
occupied  by  an  entirely  different  consonant,  e.  g. 
Pamphylian  hapoicn  (-s-,  cf.  Sansk.  -s-),  Fereia  (-S-), 
Argive  8apuio  [p]y  ot  (-F-).  Pamphylian  and  Argive 
also  approach  each  other  and  differ  from  Cypriot  in 
allowing  the  £  to  be  developed  after  other  sonants 
than  simple  i,  e.  g.  Fereia,  Kapvetias.  In  this  in¬ 
scription,  however,  ’Apycias  is  written  without  i.  — 
The  next  word  is  uncertain  owing  to  the  difficulty  of 
deciding  between  sail  and  /a  at  the  end  of  the  line. 
From  t’ne  description  previously  given  (s.  n.)  there 
seems  to  be  a  slight  preference  in  favor  of  sail.  We 
may  therefore,  with  due  allowance,  read  ols.  Rogers 
suggests  hots  (viz.  rpb nois  ois  [ho  ro'pos  xeXevei  Foi 
and  ot  p-]ey terra  reAea  e[  yoi-rt).  That  here  and  in  the 
following  lines  there  are,  as  Rogers  has  observed  ( l .  c. 
p.  171),  provisions  for  the  carrying  out  of  the  confis¬ 
cation  of  the  property  of  the  exile,  and  for  the  punish¬ 
ment  of  the  magistrates  who  fail  of  their  duty  in  the 
matter,  seems  probable,  hut  there  are  not  sufficient 
data  for  any  probable  completion  of  the  lines.  For  a 
variety  of  ingenious  attempts,  see  Rogers’  article. 

Line  8.  rds]  may  he  supplied  at  the  beginning. 
Frankel  remarks  that  the  absence  of  punctuation 
(cf.  11.  3  and  10)  points  to  the  article,  yas  may  have 
preceded.  Banishment  of  the  Sapaopyos,  or  of  the 
officials  upon  whom  the  duty  would  next  devolve, 
is  probably  indicated.  In  the  former  case  kui  ot  foi, 
with  which  Rogers  reads  e[yyrVara  elec,  would  be  ap¬ 
propriate,  in  the  latter  oTfoi  (as  in  Cypriot  for  epic 
otoi,  also  suggested  by  Rogers),  with  which  we  might 
perhaps  supply  t[v  rdt  dpdi  kve\oir to  (cf.  1.  G.  A. 
110). 

Line  9.  The  first  letter  might  be  the  end  of  an 
optative,  e.  g.  fiuiXoivTo,  as  Rogers  conjectures,  or 
possibly  of  a  pronoun,  e.  g.  tovto,  avro.  Under  cer¬ 
tain  circumstances,  specified  in  the  preceding  lines, 
the  tribe  of  the  Ilylleis  (cf.  A.  J.  A.  XI.  p.  43,  No. 
xii.  1.  5,  and  Richardson’s  note,  pp.  45  f.)  are  to  sell 
the  property  (u7roSdp.[eroi),  probably,  as  Rogers  sug¬ 
gests,  for  the  benefit  of  the  sacred  treasury.  The 
edge  at  the  end  of  the  line  is  beveled,  indicating 

Line  JO.  yu  for  ye  ;  so  Rogers  and  Frankel.  The 
territory  of  Argos  is  contrasted  with  some  other  dis¬ 
trict  or  place  specified  in  the  inscription,  or  with 
extra- Argive  territory  in  general.  —  At  the  end  of  the 
line  the  left  bevel  of  the  left  hasta  of  an  a  is  pre¬ 
served  for  nearly  its  entire  length.  Rogers,  who  sup¬ 
plies  KaruK^akioi,  is  probably  right  in  assuming  that 


the  sentence  refers  to  the  recall  of  the  banished  per¬ 
son.  It  is  also  conceivable  that  in  this  and  the 
following  line  approval  in  the  sight  of  Hera  is  invoked 
for  any  one  who  shall  slay  a  fugitive  (original  offender 
or  derelict  official)  from  Argive  territory  at  least,  in 
which  case  KaraK^dvoi  could  be  read. 

Line  11.  The  y  at  the  beginning  is  certain.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  the  view  which  may  be  taken  of  the  intent 
of  the  preceding  line,  the  word  may  be  completed  as 
di'ajyi'ov  or  oTuJyrov  (both  suggested  by  Rogers),  or, 
if  Kara«[drot  (or  something  of  similar  meaning)  be 
read,  as  liayroV.  —  ttoZ  for  irpos  (cf.  Prellwitz,  Etym. 
Woerterb.  s.  v.  -ttot'i,  Searles,  Lexicog.  Study,  s.  v., 
G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gram ?  p.  389,  n.  1).  —  H[ipas: 
the  right  bevel  of  the  upright  of  the  e  is  preserved. 

1827.  Plates  CAT.,  CATI.  (photograph  and 
copy).  Height,  0.0085  m.  and  0.0035  m. 

TO 

It  is  possible  but  not  probable  that  part  of  an  a 
remains  on  the  right. 

1877.  Plate  CX.  (photograph  and  copy).  The 
letters  faint  but  certain.  Height,  0.007  m. 

©u/xoc/xAos  ye  areOexe  rai  Hepai :  ras  Kaprcuas 

Translation  :  Thamophilos  dedicated  me  to  Hera 
from  (i.  e.  perhaps  spoil  from)  the  Karneia. 

®ap.6<Jn\o<; :  second,  third,  and  fourth  letters  very 
faint.  The  name  does  not  seem  to  occur.  Analogous 
are  ®ap,t«Arjs,  C.  I.  G.  1840  (Corcyra),  ®epnvo<TTpa- 
ros,  B.  M.  I.  II.  p.  83,  No.  298,  1.  26  (Calymna),  and 
perhaps  ®up,t>pos,  C.  I.  A.  TV.  Add.  No.  23,  1.  4. 
See  Fick-Bechtel,  Griech.  Eigennamen,  p.  139.  — 
aveOexe :  cross-bar  of  a  uncertain,  but  lowest  of  the  three 
possibilities  indicated  in  copy  is  the  most  probable. 
—  Kapredas :  the  dotted  line  in  copy  of  K  represents 
a  false  stroke  in  the  original.  Right  side  of  p  un¬ 
certain  owing  to  oxidation.  The  lines  indicated  by 
dots  in  copy  are  fairly  clear,  but  probably  do  not  belong 
to  the  letter.  Preller-Robert,  Griech.  Mythologie,  I. 
p.  250,  n.  3,  assume  a  festival  of  Apollo  Carneios  at 
Argos  on  the  basis  of  Schol.  to  Theocritus,  Y.  83,  and 
Hesycli.  s.  v.  ayr/rip,  according  to  whom  Apollo 
Carneios  was  called  ’Ayr/Twp  at  Argos,  and  was  wor¬ 
shiped  at  the  festival  called  aygropia.  The  use  of 
the  singular  is  noticeable.  Elsewhere  ra  Kdpreia.  Here 
it  probably  agrees  with  the  genitive  singular  of  eoprrj, 
a  word  used  by  the  Scholiast  above  cited  in  speaking 
of  the  Carneia,  and  by  Herodotus,  I.  31,  in  referring 
to  the  Heraea  (eovary  oprrjs  rrj  "H prj  tokti  ’Apyel- 
okti),  or  possibly  with  dp.epas  (genitive  singular),  cf. 
K apveliu  yyepai  ( J .  H.  S.  IX.  p.  328,  from  Cos). 
The  genitive  is  slightly  freer  than  in  rapyeioi  aveOev 
toj  Ain  to iv  Kopiv6b6ev  ( I .  G.  A.  32),  but  resembles 
that  in  «r]i  'PayordSai  IIo#tW  pie  [/care^/Ke v  -  -  ]  Aai'7ret- 
Sov  Sbei'iScu  on  a  bronze  fragment  from  the  Acropolis. 
Bather,  J.  H.  S.  XIII.  p.  129.  For -a-,  see  on  No. 
1826,  1.  7. 


APPENDIX:  INSCRIPTIONS 


337 


1878.  Plate  CX.  (photograph  and  copy).  Let¬ 
ters  faint  and  in  part  illegible  owing  to  oxidation. 
Height,  0.0045  in. 

N[t]/cacrtas  pte  avtOexe  rat  Hepai. 

Translation  :  Nikasias  dedicated  me  to  Hera. 

Nucacrtas:  right  bar  of  N  and  following  letter  hid¬ 
den  by  oxidation.  Instead  of  -at-,  -vu-  may  be  read, 
as  the  upper  right  hasta  of  the  san  is  faint  and  not 
quite  certain.  It  does  not  seem  to  have  been  joined 
at  the  top  to  the  remainder  of  the  letter.  For  Nt/carta?, 
which  does  not  seem  to  occur,  cf.  Ava-avtas,  IIuvo-- 
avias.  For  -a-  see  on  No.  1826,1.7;  Nucacrias,  for 
Nu<r]aLos,  is  found  C.  I.  G.  1513,  1.  18  (Tegea).  — 
Hepai :  middle  bar  of  e  uncertain.  Cross-bar  of  a  given 
by  upper  stroke.  Nevertheless,  the  dotted  line  prob¬ 
ably  represents  a  real  stroke. 

1882.  Plate  CXI.  (photograph  and  drawing). 
Both  show  concave  side  of  dots.  Inscription  retro¬ 
grade.  Broken  at  both  ends,  and  abraded  at  bottom. 
Preserved  height,  0.028  m. 

a]/<v 

Perhaps  a  proper  name  beginning  with  A vxa-.  On 
the  same  side,  a  number  of  circles  (see  drawing),  per¬ 
haps  decorative,  and  in  any  case  independent  of  the 
inscription. 

1883.  Plate  CXI.  (photograph  and  drawing, 
both  showing  concave  side  of  dots).  Fragments  a,  b, 
and  c,  of  which  b  is  in  uninscribed  part.  Uncertain 
whether  c  joined  b.  Defective  at  both  ends  and  in 
interior.  Height  of  best  preserved  letter,  0.024  m. 
On  the  same  side  with  the  inscription  and  intermingled 
with  it  are  many  circles  faintly  struck,  which  do  not, 
however,  seem  to  form  part  of  a  system. 

Fragment  a.  The  only  certain  letter  is  Y.  At  the  left 
along  and  near  broken  edge,  lightly 
struck  dots  and  circles,  which  may 
form  pail;  of  an  H.  At  the  right 
near  edge,  complex  of  dots  in  which 
it  is  difficult  to  recognize  any  letter 
except  possibly  an  un-Argive  A,  or 
a  P  reversed  (51),  or  an  A.  It  is 
profitless  to  speculate  as  to  what 
name  beginning  'YA-  or  'Yp-  or  'Y a- 
may  have  stood  here. 

Fragment  c.  In  central  part,  A I 
in  heavy  dots.  At  left  edge,  three 
similar  dots  which  may  have  formed 
part  of  a  T.  At  right  edge,  G,  also  in  heavy  dots.  The 
inscription  may  be  read  TAI@,  i.  e.  r]ai  He[pai. 
With  the  rounded  B  cf.  the  rounded  G  in  No.  1886, 
and  the  0  (if  for  B)  on  coins  of  Argos,  B.  M.  C. 
Peloponnesus ,  p.  lv.  For  A,  cf.  I.  G.  A.  351  f. 
(Aegina),  and  alphabet  tables  in  Larfeld  (Iw.  Muller, 
II.  p.  532),  and  Roberts,  Greek  Fpig.  The  inscrip¬ 
tion  is  archaic. 

At  the  right  of  A,  a  sort  of  T  of  faint  circles,  fol¬ 


lowed  by  a  straight  line  and  an  v-shaped  line  of  the 
same.  Probably  not  intended  for  letters. 

1885.  Plate  CXI.  See  s.  n. 

1886.  Plate  CXII.  Shows  concave  side  of  dots. 
Defective  at  both  ends.  Height  of  letters,  0.025  m.- 
0.032  m. 

6RIA  -epia- 

With  G  cf.  H  in  No.  1883.  Beneath  loop  of  p, 
three  or  four  dots,  faintly  struck,  perhaps  for  tail. 

1887.  Plate  CXI.  Shows  concave  side  of  dots. 
A  single  letter,  one  side  of  which  is  gone.  Height, 
0.02  m. 

Probably  an  B.  The  middle  bar  is  entire.  Above 
end  at  edge  of  break,  beginning  of  dot. 

1888.  Plate  CXI.  See  s.  n. 

1889.  Plate  CXII.  (photograph  and  drawing, 
both  showing  concave  side  of  dots).  Fragments 
a  and  b.  They  probably  do  not  adjoin.  Letters,  none 
of  which  is  complete,  in  heavy  dots.  Independent  of 
them,  numerous  circles  without  systematic  arrange¬ 
ment. 

Fragment  a.  Parts  of  two  letters,  perhaps  V  and 
P  (the  latter  reversed). 

Fragment  b.  Perhaps  I  A  T,  t  a[r,  i.  e.  t]oi. 

1985.  Plate  CXV.  (photograph).  Copy  below. 
Height,  0.014  m. 

1  in  "  | 

Initial  letter  of  Tlpas  orr,Hpai.  Cf.  No.  1746. 

1994.  Plate  CXVI.  (photograph).  Copy  be¬ 
low.  Letters  poorly  preserved.  Height  that  of 
thickness  of  rim  (0.004  m. -0.005  m.).  Tops  toward 
outside. 


.  .  Ip  rat  Hepai  8ap.o<v>  era i  .  .  2 

Translation  uncertain.  Perhaps  a  record  of  de¬ 
posit  with  Hera  for  the  benefit  of  the  people. 

The  first  letter  looks  like  half  of  an  o,  but  may  be 
only  an  accident  of  incrustation.  On  the  latter  sup¬ 
position  possibly  to  be  supplied  .  .  —arr/p  or  ptrjTrjp  pre¬ 
ceded  by  a  personal  name  in  gen.  Cf.  I.  G.  A.  495 
(Erythrae)  ....  roSe  a\_rf\p.a  p.gTrjp  itriOyxe  0 avorri 
<fiavo[Kjpm/  ~at8t  ^apAopeVp,  though  not  a  close  par- 


A 


O 


& 


// 


V, 


0 


338 


THE  BRONZES 


allel  either  in  construction  or  sense.  —  8ap.o<v>  : 
probably  -ov  (rather  than  to),  as  was  usage  after  the 
introduction  of  the  Ionic  alphabet.  Absence  of  article 
could  be  taken  to  indicate  the  presence  of  a  proper 
name,  i.  e.  Damos.  —  even  =:  r/vau  or  perhaps  better 
etrai,  to  be  consistent  with  8dp.ov.  The  form  seems 
here  to  be  Arcadian.  —  In  the  third  space  after  even 
there  seems  to  be  a  %  It  may  have  been  preceded 
by  es  (  =  £«).  Otherwise  possibly  similar  to  J.  H.  S. 
XIII.  p.  128,  No.  53,  ’Atbp'ouas  M,  where  Bather 
suggests  M»;8cor.  Cf.,  however,  Rouse,  Greek  Votive 
Offerings,  p.  105,  n.  1.  —  For  use  of  shrines  on 
Acropolis  at  Athens  as  places  of  deposit,  see  Bather, 
ibid.  p.  129. 

2239.  Plate  CXXV.  (photograph  and  copy). 
Length,  0.052  m.  Letters  much  damaged  by  corro¬ 
sion.  Height,  0.0044  m.-0.013  m. 

ras  Hepas 

ras :  upper  cross-bar  slightly  heavier  and  probably 
to  be  preferred. — "Hpas:  tail  of  p  certain.  In  case 
of  last  letter  the  fourth  stroke  seems  to  have  been  at 
the  lower  edge  of  the  upper  excoriation,  hut  the  cor¬ 
rosion  renders  the  intention  of  the  engraver  somewhat 
doubtful. 

For  interpretation,  cf.  lepov  rijs  ’  A6  grains,  J.  H.  S. 
XIII.  p.  126,  No.  10,  and  ’AOrjrals,  ibid.  }).  128, 
No.  52.  On  an  axe  from  Calabria,  raU'Hpas  iapos 
ei/M,  I.  G.  A.  543.  Cf.  also  the  inscriptions  from  the 
Cabirion  near  Thebes,  Szanto,  Athen.  Mitth.  XV. 
pp.  388  ff. 

2252.  Plate  CXXVI.  (photograph).  Copy  be¬ 
low.  Length,  0.115  m.  Letters  not  engraved,  but 
struck  with  chisels.  Height,  0.005  m.-0.007  m. 


Translation  :  Eudamas  of  Sicily  dedicated  me. 

EiSd/xas :  the  penultimate  letter  is  badly  made, 
but  probably  was  intended  for  an  a.  The  name  oc¬ 
curs  also  in  C.  I.  G.  II.  2266.  I.  G.  A.  Add.  43  a, 
said  to  be  from  Argos,  has  EYA  ...  5.  — -  e  %u<eAl- 
l as:  £<S>  for  Ik.  Cf.  e  Nav7ra ktw  (I.  G.  A.  321), 
e  ris  XaXfi'Sos,  £  rds  O lav6l8o<s  (ibid.  322),  and  espe¬ 
cially  es  7toAxos,  C.  I.  P.  I.  492,  1.  2.  For  the  single 
writing,  cf.  tov  crvrapTvovT as  in  the  Tyskiewicz  inscrip¬ 
tion,  1.  2  (Mon.  Ant.  Line.,  I.  p.  594).  The  for¬ 
mula  is  similar  to  Na£ioi  e£  (2)iKfA.<,as  in  an  inscrip¬ 
tion  of  the  Upo7WLol  at  Delos  (B.  C.  IL.  VI.  p.  34, 
11.  51  f.).  On  the  other  hand,  Tarpop-ei't-rai  ot  dnb  iS,i.Ke- 
Xlas  in  an  inventory  from  the  same  place  (B.  C.  H.  X. 
j).  465,  1.  115).  The  former  is  of  about  180  b.  c., 
tbe  latter  of  364  b.  c.  The  island  is  probably  meant. 
Another  Sicily  in  the  Peloponnese  is  mentioned  by 

1  Published  with  the  Bronzes  because  of  the  inscrip¬ 
tion.  Impressions  and  photographs  thereof,  together  with 


Stephanus,  s.  v.  and  Eupolis,  Fragm.  280  (Kock, 
cited  by  P.-B.).  For  the  see  on  No.  1826,  1.  7. 
—  With  the  punctuation  contrast  ■  f  a  •  ve0eke  :  in  the 
Euthykartidas  inscription  (B.  C.  H.  X.  p.  464). 

2827.  Plate  CXXXV.  (photograph  and  copy). 
Incomplete  at  both  ends.  Height  of  letters,  0.01  m.- 
0.016  m. 

are#e/<]e  Tai  He[pai 

SILVER  RING1  FROM  THE  HERAEUM. 

Plate  CXXXVII.  Photograph  of  ring  (actual 
size)  and  of  impression  of  seal  (enlarged).  Copy  of 
inscription.  Condition  fairly  good  except  at  end  of 
inscription  where  there  is  a  break  of  0.0055  m.- 
0.0065  m.  Uncertain  how  much  of  bar  is  missing,  but 
there  is  space  for  only  one  or  two  letters.  Diameter, 
0.0185  m.x  0.0145  m.  Height,  0.004-0.0043  m., 
increasing  to  0.006  m.  at  seal.  Thickness  of  bar, 
about  0.0065  m. 

Bar  ornamented  with  fine  beading  near  each  edge. 
On  the  seal,  incised  figure  of  uncertain  character.  On 
the  original  as  well  as  on  the  photograph  thereof,  one 
seems  to  see  a  crouching  figure  resembling  a  monkey, 
which  might  perhaps  be  intended  for  Bes,  a  repre¬ 
sentation  of  whom  in  porcelain  was  found  in  the 
first  year’s  campaign.  However,  the  wax  impression 
and  its  enlarged  photograph  show  rather  a  winged 
figure  with  cylindrical  body,  around  the  bottom  of 
which  are  two  bands.  The  head  seems  to  be  de¬ 
tached  and  slightly  removed  from  the  axis  of  the 
body.  There  seem  to  be  three  slender  legs,  but  only 
two  feet ;  the  third  is  perhaps  behind  the  others.  This 
figure  would  probably  be  that  of  some  daemon,  per¬ 
haps  a  form  of  ”E /x- 
Trovaa.  For  others, 
not  very  similar,  see 
Furtwilngler,  Die 
Antiken  Gemmen,  vol.  I.  pis.  viii.  25  (cf.  vol.  I.  p. 
100),  iv.  52,  and  xviii.  41.  Between  the  head  and  the 
inscription,  ornamental  gold  rivet.  Cf.  Furtwangler, 
op.  cit.  vol.  III.  p.  90. 

Inscription.  This  occupies  entire  band,  between 
beading,  except  seal.  Scarcely  legible  toward  end  of 
preserved  part.  Height  of  letters,  0.002  m.-0.0024  m. 
koAos  :  e/xi  :  KaXws :  ivc  (?) 

The  first  sigma  has  three  strokes.  Lowest  stroke 
of  the  second  sigma  faint  and  doubtful.  The  last 
letter  looks  like  a  lunate  sigma,  but  apart  from  the 
difficulty  in  the  form  of  the  letter,  the  reading  Ivs  or 
Ivcr-  is  unintelligible.  It  is  of  course  useless  to  think 
of  vvs,  C.  I.  A.  IV.  b,  373,  100  ;  I.  398,  4  (cf.  Meis- 
terhans,  Grammatik  d.  att.  Inschriften,  p.  47,  n.  413 
a,  b.  G.  Meyer,  Griech.  Gram?  §  320).  The  letter 
could  also  be  considered  as  part  of  a  p ,  in  which  case, 
instead  of  reading  :  I  VC  after  KaXas,  an  alternative 

some  notes,  were  kindly  furnished  by  Professor  R.  B. 
Richardson. 


E  VO  AM  5  MfA  t  ^  HI  AH 

EuSu/xas  :  /xe  areOese  :  e<s>2t«£Aaas 


APPENDIX:  INSCRIPTIONS 


339 


reading  could  be  adopted,  viz.,  3  IF1-  i.  e.  Hep[as. 
At  certain  times  and  in  a  certain  light  this  seems 
almost  plausible.  In  any  case  some  word  like  SaK-rdAxos 
is  probably  to  be  supplied  with  kcl\6 s,  and  the  inscrip¬ 
tion  will  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  /caAds-inscrip- 
tions  on  vases.1 


SILVER  PIN  IN  BRITISH  MUSEUM,  SAID  TO 
BE  FROM  NEAR  THE  HERAEUM. 

Plate  CXXXVII.  For  description,  see  after  No. 
490,  p.  223,  and  for  inscription,  Insc.  Argol.  (/.  G. 
IV.),  No.  508,  and  cf.  No.  2239  above. 


1  Cf.  Rolfe,  ‘  An  Inscribed  Kotylos  from  Boeotia,’  Harvard  Studies  in  Class.  Philol.  II.  pp.  89  ff. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Pl.ATE  LXX 


BRONZES. -FRAGMENTS  OF  STATUES.  STATUETTES. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXI 


BRONZES.—  STATUETTE 


The  Argive  IIeraeujvi 


Plate  LXXII 


BRONZES.—  ANIMAL  FIGURINES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXIII 


BRONZES.—  ANIMAL  FIGURINES. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Pi.ate  LXXIV 


BRONZES.—  ANIMAL  FIGURINES. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXV 


BRONZES.—  ANIMAL  FIGURINES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXVI 


BRONZES.—  ANIMAL  FIGURINES 


The  Argive  IIeraeum 


Plate  LXXVII 


(421 


BRONZES.--  ANIMAL  FIGURINES. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXVIII 


(LiA.ili 


BRONZES.— ANIMAL  FIGURINES,  STRAIGHT  PINS 


1  he  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXIX 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXX 


415 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXI 


495 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXII 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXIII 


682 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXIV 


BRONZES.— STRAIGHT  PINS.  SAFETY  PINS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXV 


BRONZES.— SAFETY  PINS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXVI 


BRONZES.— SAFETY  PINS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXVII 


BRONZES.— SAFETY  PINS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXVIII 


BRONZES.— SAFETY  PINS  ETC.  NEEDLE,  FINGER-RINGS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  LXXXIX 


BRONZES.— FINGER-RINGS  AND  BRACELETS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XC 


1015 


1022 


1032 


1033 


1054 


1025 


1028 


1027 


1078 


1104 


1105 


1118 


1096 


1119 


1250 


1095 


1190 


1188 


1357 


1358 


1294 


1342 


1326 


1343 


1359 


1379 


1372 


1380 


BRONZES.— DECORATIVE  RINGS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCI 


1448 


1452 


1464 


^A/vvvvvvvv 


(1482) 


(1495) 


1487 


1509 


'i -y 


"  '  ' 


(1515) 


1526 


1527 


1525 


BRONZES. — DECORATIVE  AND  STRUCTURAL  RINGS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCII 


1533 


1530 


1534 


1542 


1537 


1544 


1539 


1547 


1550 


1549 


1554 


1553 


1556 


(1557) 


1560 


1558 


BRONZES.— STRUCTURAL  RINGS  ETC.  BEADS,  PENDANTS,  MIRRORS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCIII 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCIV 


(1565) 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCV 


1577 


(1566) 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCVI 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


(1581) 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCVII 


1588 


BRONZES.— MIRROR 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCYIII 


1589a 


BRONZES.— MIRRORS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  XCIX 


1604  1607 


1599 


(1599) 


1632 


1664 


1665 


1655 


1669 


1672 


1674 


BRONZES.— DIADEMS,  ETC.  DISCS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  C 


1679 


1685 

i  ‘o 


1687 


1686 


1692 


1693 


1698 


1694 


1702 


1696 


1705 


BRONZES.— DISCS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  Cl 


1707 


1712 


1714 


1716 


1717 


' 


1715 


1728 


1737 


1738 


BRONZES.— DISCS,  BINDING-STRIPS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CII 


1743 


1746 


(1746) 


1747 


1748 


1749 


(1749) 


1750 


1752 


1754 


1755 


1762 


1758 


1767 


fwfVii 


1770 


1771 


1768 


1772 


BRONZES.— BINDING-STRIPS,  ORNAMENTED  BANDS,  COATINGS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CIII 


1790 


BRONZES.— COATINGS 


The  Argive  IIeraeum 


Plate  CIV 


1796 


(1792) 


1795 


1797a 


(1793) 


1797b 


.’•vivL 


1799a 


T-.Ja  nntg 


1809 


1803 


BRONZES.— COATINGS, RIMS,  PLATE 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CV 


BRONZES.— PLATE,  CUT  ORNAMENTS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CVI 


BRONZES.— PLATE  WITH  INSCRIPTION 


1826 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CVII 


BRONZES.- PLATE  WITH  INSCRIPTION 


(1826) 


The  Argivf.  Heraeum 


Plate  CVIII 


1837 


m  1 836 


o©  © 


1834 


1835 


(1837) 


1839 


1846 


1847 


(1847) 


1848 


BRONZES.— FIGURES,  ETC.  LEAVES,  THONG,  PLATES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CIX 


1879 


BRONZES.— PLATES,  PLATTERS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CX 


BRONZES.— PLATES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXI 


KRONZES. — PLATES,  PLATTERS 


(1883)  (1883)  1885  (a)  1888 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXII 


1884 


1893 


1894 


(1895) 


1889  (b) 


(1889) 


(1889) 


(1898) 


1899 


1898 


1900 


’  'L> 


(1901) 


1904 


1905 


BRONZES.— PLATTERS,  SAUCERS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXIII 


BRONZES.— SAUCERS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXIV 


_>■ 

1953 


(1957) 


1957 


1960 


1963 


1966 


1968 


itilm 


1974 


1970 


1973 


1972 


1977 


(1975) 


(1975) 


BRONZES.— SAUCERS 


The  Argive  IIeraeum 


Plate  CXV 


BRONZES.— SAUCERS,  BOWLS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXVI 


BRONZES.' — BOWLS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXVII 


2003 


(2003) 


2006 


2007 


2008 


(2007) 


2014 


2024 


BRONZES.  BOWLS  SUSPENSION  VASE,  ETC.  PITCHER,  JARS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXVIII 


BRONZES.— JARS,  BASIN 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXIX 


m&tM 

'‘MMZ 


2039 


tomb 

v:T  -  ' 


®ipy 

jPyj'gSfiA 


2040 


2044 


2046 


2042 


-Jzk: 

;i"'r 


2045 


2043 


2049 


2047 


2056 


2048 


2054 


m 

M  rS 

(|fpy 

■m  :  M 

2050 

i  $  : 

BRONZES.— CAULDRON,  BOSSES,  HORIZONTAL  HANDLES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXX 


BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL  HANDLES 


2070 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXI 


2077 


2078 


2081 


2079 


2074 


2084 


2088 


2117 


2087 


2098 


2111 


21 14 


2104 


2108 


2115 


2120 


V-Sitwp 

2118 


2136 


2138 


2142 


SttasafiBaw 


2160 


BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL  HANDLES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXII 


2163 


2165 


2167 


2169 


2168 


2174 


2180 


2170 


2179 


2184 


2186 


2177 


2189 


2195 


2190 


2197 


2193 


(2195) 


2194 


BRONZES.— HORIZONTAL  AND  VERTICAL  HANDLES 


ilb'r 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXIII 


2201 


(2201  j 


2200 


2210 


(2202) 


2204 


2214 


(2206) 


(2205) 


(2216) 


2217 


2220 


(2219) 


BRONZES.— VERTICAL  HANDLES,  VARIO'JS  ORNAMENTS,  FRAGMENTS  OF  LARGE  TRIPODS. 


(2218) 


(2218) 


(2221) 


(2221) 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXIV 


BRONZES.— FRAGMENTS  OF  LARGE  TRIPODS.  SMALL  TRIPOD-STANDARDS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXV 


2233 


2231 


2234 


2239 


BRONZES.— FEET  OF  STANDARDS,  MISCELLANEOUS  VESSELS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXVI 


BRONZES.— MISCELLANEOUS  VESSELS  AND  HANDLES,  VARIOUS  IMPLEMENTS  AND  UTENSILS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXVII 


BRONZES.— VARIOUS  IMPLEMENTS,  SPITS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXVIII 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXIX 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXX 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXI 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXII 


2640 


BRONZES.— SPITS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXIII 


2680 


2704 


2706 


2707 


2715 


2744 


2677 


2716 


2747 


2740 


2751 


1 

1  't 

1  !; 

1  jl 

/  2712 

j 

J 

2727 


2758 


BRONZES. — SPITS,  VARIOUS  IMPLEMENTS  AND  UTENSILS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXIV 


2780 


(2775) 


BRONZES.— VARIOUS  UTENSILS  AND  CONSTRUCTIVE  PIECES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXV 


FHPaeg>qMgnanaiiaji;.'.w 


2805 


2801 


2808 


2809 


2814 


(2827) 


i;*vONXES. — CONSTRUCTIVE  AND  DECORATIVE  PIECES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXVI 


2840 


BRONZES.— CASTINGS 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXVII 


1533a 


WAX  IMPRESSION  OF  SEAL 
OF  ABOVE  SILVER  RING  (enlarged) 


345 


195  a 


972  b 


970  b 


1596 


1718b 


1 685  a 


1718a 


SILVER 


K  4  L  O  }  in) 


ON  ABOVE  RING 


BRONZES.— MISCELLANEOUS  ADDENDA 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES  FROM  THE 

ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


ENGRAVE!)  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 


By  RICHARD  NORTON 
THE  STONES  AND  GEMS 

The  engraved  stones  found  (though  only  in  limited  numbers)  at  the  Heraeum  might 
disappoint  one  who  sought  among  them  things  of  beauty.  It  is  not  that  they  are  second- 
class  works  of  their  kind,  but  they  belong  to  the  beginnings  of  Greek  art  before  the 
craftsmen  had  attained  to  the  power  which  later  enabled  them  to  turn  into  shapes  of 
beauty  even  the  commonest  article  of  daily  use.  But  such  disappointment  is  more  than 
counterbalanced  by  the  interest  of  another  kind  inherent  in  them,  —  a  double  interest, 
in  fact,  connected  in  part  with  the  Heraeum  and  in  part  with  the  broader  question  of 
the  early  stages  of  Greek  art. 

Not  one  of  these  stones  is  much  later  than  the  seventh  century  b.  c.,  and  most  of 
them  are  probably  much  earlier.  This  phenomenon  of  the  absence  of  late  work  is  the 
same  in  the  other  classes  of  objects  found  on  the  site,  the  very  large  majority  of  which 
belong  to  prehistoric  and  archaic  times.  But  beside  this  fact  there  is  another  equally 
noteworthy,  which  is  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  stones  are  of  a  style  heretofore  but 
little  known.  That  is  to  say,  they  put  before  us  a  new  local  art,  and  it  can  be  shown,  I 
believe,  that  the  most  probable  home  of  this  art  was  the  Heraeum,1  by  which  name  must 
be  understood  the  town  in  the  vicinity  (which  of  the  many  there  were  we  cannot  with 
certainty  say)  that  supplied  the  needs  of  the  sanctuary. 

That  they  are  the  product  of  one  locality  is  suggested  by  the  following  facts.  (All  are, 
of  course,  intaglios.) 

1.  The  material  is  the  same  in  almost  all.  It  is  steatite. 

2.  There  is  little  variety  in  the  shapes,  and  one  or  two  peculiar  forms  are  frequently 
repeated.  If  the  stones  had  been  imported  from  many  places,  it  is  certain  that  they  would 
vary  much  in  form. 

3.  The  range  of  subjects  carved  upon  them  is  very  limited. 

4.  The  style  of  the  carving  is  practically  the  same  in  all,  and  in  most  cases  so  rude 
that  it  would  be  hard  to  believe  that  the  ancient  Argives  should  have  found  it  worth  their 
while  to  import  such  work. 

It  is  worth  noting  that  there  is  scarcely  a  trace  of  the  use  of  the  drill,  which  was  con¬ 
stantly  employed  by  the  Mycenaeans.  On  Nos.  17,  21,  33,  and  a  few  others,  there  seem  to 
be  traces  of  it,  but  the  rule  is  for  the  design  to  be  cut.  This  was  perhaps  induced  by  the 
softness  of  the  stone ;  or  the  fact  that,  in  the  main,  only  soft  stone  was  used  may  imply 
that  the  drill  was  not  generally  known. 

The  drawing  of  the  human  figures  and  of  horses,  the  representation  of  birds  and  snakes 
(also  found  in  great  numbers  on  the  vases  from  the  Heraeum),  remind  one  of  4  geo¬ 
metric  ’  vases.  A  few  gems  were  found  that  distinctly  belong  to  the  ‘  geometric  ’  style, 

1  I  shall  use  the  word  Heraeum  throughout  this  article,  embracing  all  the  neighborhood  of  the  temple  where  lived 
not  as  meaning  the  sacred  temenos,  but  in  a  broader  sense,  the  people  to  whom  the  sanctuary  belonged. 

343 


344 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 


and  those  of  what  is  I  believe  a  new  type  may,  perhaps,  be  the  forerunner  of  the  £  geo¬ 
metric.’  It  is  noticeable  that  on  the  true  £  geometric  ’  stones  occur  none  of  the  odd  or 
inexplicable  forms  that  we  see  on  the  new  class. 

It  might  be  thought  that  the  use  of  steatite,  a  mineral  not  found  in  Greece  proper,  was 
a  proof  that  the  stones  were  imported  from  some  distant  place ;  but  when  one  considers 
that,  as  noted  above,  stones  of  this  style  have  been  found  in  considerable  numbers  only 
at  the  Heme iisn,  it  seems  more  likely  that  it  was  merely  the  material  and  not  the  finished 
product  that  was  imported.  The  carving  was  then  done  at  the  Heraeum.  This  statement 
is  borne  out  by  the  fact  that  only  a  very  insignificant  amount  of  objects  of  unquestion¬ 
able  foreign  make  were  found  in  the  excavations,  and  also  by  the  finding  of  one  or  two 
stones  all  ready  shaped  but  without  any  design. 

For  the  detailed  study  of  the  stones  several  methods  of  classification  are  possible: 
according  to  their  material,  shape,  subject  represented,  or  style.  As  there  are  a  few 
stones  absolutely  different  in  style  from  the  others  while  the  material  is  the  same,  it  is 
manifest  that  any  attempt  at  classification  according  to  material  would  be  barren  of 
result.  Similar  reasons  make  classification  according  to  shape  or  subject  undesirable,  so 
that  nothing  is  left  but  to  classify  them,  so  far  as  my  own  judgment  goes,  according  to 
style.  Others  may  consider  that  individual  stones  belong  to  other  classes  than  those  in 
which  I  have  arranged  them,  but  the  separation  of  the  classes  in  general  will,  I  trust, 
find  acceptance. 

Before  discussing  the  stones  in  detail  a  word  must  be  said  in  regard  to  the  use  to  which 
such  objects  were  put.  They  are  often  spoken  of  as  seals ,  but  it  seems  improbable  that 
their  owners  used  them  as  such.  Had  they  done  so,  it  is  incredible  that  no  impressions  of 
them  should  ever  have  been  found.  I  refer  of  course  only  to  Greece,  and  not  to  the  coun¬ 
tries  in  the  farther  east  where  seals  were  in  common  use.  Furthermore,  what  imaginable 
way  is  there  for  their  use  as  seals  ?  Documents  that  could  be  sealed  by  any  such  stones 
as  these  were  unknown  in  the  days  when  they  were  made.  They  are  too  small  and  insig¬ 
nificant  to  have  been  used  as  marks  of  proprietorship  of  objects,  —  were  this  extravagant 
hypothesis  to  be  brought  forward, —  and  the  fact  that  there  is  a  very  noticeable  repeti¬ 
tion  of  design  disproves  any  such  idea.  That  most  of  them  are  bored  shows  that  they 
were  meant  for  suspension,  but  were  they  seals,  it  is  quite  certain  they  would  have  been 
given  some  stiff  and  permanent  setting.  Gold  rings  like  those  found  at  Mycenae,  or 
others  of  less  valuable  material,  might  (so  far  as  usability  is  concerned)  —  except  for 
the  other  reasons  I  have  adduced  —  be  called  seals.  Such  rings,  however,  form  but 
an  infinitesimal  division  of  the  whole  class  of  these  objects.  If  they  were  not  seals, 
what  were  they  ?  Probably,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  amulets.  The  fact  that  they  are 
bored  suits  this  explanation.  They  may  well  have  been  worn  in  old  times,  as  they  are 
still  to-day  by  the  women  in  Crete,  hung  by  a  string  round  the  neck.  The  style  of 
subject  carved  upon  them  is  well  suited  to  amulets.  Religious  scenes,  for  instance,  or 
the  figures  of  strange  beings  are  what  one  would  expect  on  amulets.  When  we  remember 
the  close  relation  of  animals  to  deities  in  ancient  times,  we  see  how  stones  which  to  our 
ignorant  eyes  present  only  the  picture  of  a  cow  or  lion  may,  in  every  likelihood,  have 
conveyed  a  religious  and  sacred  impression  to  the  original  owner.  Others,  too,  suggest 
from  their  shape,  or  size,  or  carving,  that  they  were  merely  beads,  for  it  is  not  at  all 
likely  that  all  were  used  in  the  same  way.  Evans1  in  his  epoch-marking  works  shows 
reasons  to  believe  that  he  has  found  a  form  of  writing  on  the  earliest  of  these  stones. 

1  Cretan  Pictographs  and  Prae- Phoenician  Script  and  Further  Discoveries  of  Cretan  and  Aegean  Script. 


PRIMITIVE  CLASS 


345 


This,  however,  is  no  reason  for  thinking  them  to  be  other  than  amulets ;  though  no  one 
has  been  able  to  read  the  signs  found  by  Evans,  and  they  may  possibly  be  abbreviated 
prayers  or  sacred  and  evil-averting  signs. 

There  is  one  more  question  difficult  of  explanation,  and  that  is  how  there  came  to  be 
so  many  stones  of  this  sort  at  a  place  like  the  Heraeum.  I  can  only  suggest  the  explana¬ 
tion  that  if  these  stones  were  amulets,  it  may  well  be  that  such  powerful  and  sacred  objects 
were  made  by  the  priests,  - —  that  they  were  issued  from  the  temple  somewhat  as  indul¬ 
gences  are  given  out  by  the  Catholic  Church.  Or  it  is  possible  that  perhaps  after  the 
death  of  the  owner,  or  at  some  such  solemn  moment,  they  were  dedicated  in  the  temple. 
These  are,  of  course,  mere  hypotheses. 

CLASS  I.  PREHISTORIC  OR  PRIMITIVE. 

Only  eight  stones  of  this  sort  were  found  (Nos.  1-8).  The  only  carving  on  them  con¬ 
sists  of  scratches,  and  they  show  no  trace  of  true  masterly  cutting.  Similar  scratchings 
were  found  by  Schliemann  on  whorls  he  dug  up  at  Troy,  and  by  other  excavators.  It  is 
possible  that  these  lines  conveyed  some  meaning  to  the  original  owner  of  the  object,  but, 
at  present,  it  is  impossible  to  say  what  it  was.  Evans  1  suggests  that  certain  somewhat 
similar  carvings  found  by  him  stand  for  letters.  None  of  the  examples  from  the  Heraeum 
suggest  this  or  anything  more  than  being  the  haphazard  work  of  an  untrained  carver. 
They  seem  to  be  merely  attempts  to  decorate  the  stones  with  more  or  less  symmetrical 
patterns. 

In  shape  they  show  some  variety,  and  it  is  difficult  to  explain  why  the  makers  of  these 
stones  should  have  been  satisfied  with  such  rude  carving  of  designs  when  they  were  able 
to  model  the  forms  so  comparatively  well. 

PLATE  CXXXVIII. 

1.  Circular;  both  sides  slightly  convex.  Bored.  Both  sides  scratched.  Dark  blue  steatite. 
1.5  cm.  Perhaps  a  bead.  Found  during  first  year’s  work. 

2.  Button  shape.  Double  bore-hole.  Design :  star.  2.8  cm.  The  stone  is  broken,  but  both 
parts  were  found.  Found  on  stairs  south  of  Second  Temple. 

3.  Hemispherical.  Bored.  Scratches  on  flat  surface.  Red  steatite.  Diameter,  1.9  cm.  Found 
back  of  West  Building. 

4.  Circular;  both  sides  convex.  Bored.  Both  sides  scratched.  Dark  green  steatite.  1.8  cm. 
Found  on  southeast  slope  near  bottom. 

5.  Spool  shape.  Ends  concave.  Cross  lines  and  circle  scratched  on  one  end.  Dark  red  steatite. 
Diameter,  1.7  cm.  The  form  is,  perhaps,  an  imitation  of  a  fish’s  vertebra.  Found  back  of  South 
Building,  at  southwest  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

6.  Flat;  circular.  Bored  through  centre.  Light  green  steatite.  1.5  cm.  No  engraving; 
accidental  scratches.  Perhaps  a  bead.  This  is  one  of  those  which  being  formed  but  not  decorated 
implies  that  the  decoration  was  done  at  the  Heraeum,  as  do  the  following.  Found  back  of  South 
Building  near  No.  5. 

7.  Circular  and  slightly  spool-shaped.  Not  bored.  Mottled  green  steatite.  Diameter,  1.8  cm. 
Thickness,  0.8  cm.  Like  No.  6,  this  is  apparently  unfinished.  Found  east  of  chambers  on  Second 
Temple  terrace. 

8.  Steatite  pebble.  1.7  cm.  long.  Perhaps  shows  the  sort  of  stone  used  by  the  engravers. 
Found  during  first  year’s  work. 

1  Cretan  Pictographs  and  Prae-Phoenician  Script,  fig.  16,  and  p.  16  (285). 


346 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 


CLASS  II.  NEW  TYPE—  ‘  ARGIVE.’ 

The  following  are  stones  of  a  new,  or  at  least  very  unusual  type.  There  are  thirty- 
three  (Nos.  9-41)  of  them.  They  vary  considerably  in  shape :  — 

1.  Hemispherical ;  11  (Nos.  9-19). 

2.  Button  shape ;  4  (Nos.  20-23). 

3.  Cylindrical;  1  (No.  24). 

4.  Shield  shape;  1  (No.  25). 

5.  Rectangular;  8  (Nos.  26-33). 

6.  Lenticular  and  lozenge  ;  5  (Nos.  34-88). 

7.  Rectangular  and  oval  with  animal  on  top;  3  (Nos.  39-41). 

The  designs  vary  less  than  the  shapes.  They  fall  into  three  classes :  — 

1.  Human. 

2.  Animal. 

3.  Geometric. 

Perhaps  a  fourth  class  unintelligible  ought  to  be  added.  The  stones  are  often  carved 
on  all  their  various  surfaces,  whether  curved  or  flat.  Of  the  hemispherical  group  six 
have  carving  only  on  the  flat  surface,  and  the  other  five  have  their  rounded  back  deco¬ 
rated  with  zigzag's. 

The  button-shape  group  contains  but  one  exception  (No.  23)  to  the  rule  that  the  speci¬ 
mens  of  this  shape  have  both  of  their  flat  surfaces  carved. 

The  one  cylindrical  stone  has  one  end  carved  and  the  other  smooth. 

The  shield-shaped  stone  is  carved  only  on  the  flat  surface. 

The  rectangular  group  also  shows  one  exception  (No.  31)  to  the  same  rule. 

Three  of  the  five  lozenge-shaped  stones  are  carved  on  both  sides ;  one  on  only  one. 
One  is  doubtful  (No.  36). 

Of  the  animal  group,  No.  41  is  the  only  example  that  has  more  than  one  surface  adapt¬ 
able  to  carving.  In  this  case  the  animal  is  on  the  edge  of  the  stone  and  both  flat  sur¬ 
faces  are  carved. 

On  first  sight  one  sees  that  these  stones  have  little  or  nothing  to  do  with  the  true 
Mycenaean  stones  with  which  it  seems,  from  the  proximity  of  the  Heraeum  to  Mycenae, 
they  might  well  have  had  some  connection.  The  few  Mycenaean  stones  that  were  found 
in  the  excavation  are  easily  differentiated  from  those  of  the  new  class,  and  that  so  very 
few  Mycenaean  ones  were  found  appears  to  be  another  bit  of  evidence  to  show  how  little 
the  Heraeum  depended  on  foreign  trade  for  the  satisfaction  of  its  needs.  The  nature  of 
the  carving  on  the  new  stones,  rude  and  awkward  as  it  is,  is  quite  unlike  that  of  true 
Mycenaean  work.  Nor  did  the  Mycenaean  carvers  show  any  special  preference  for  steatite, 
while  the  subjects  which  they  were  fond  of  representing,  such  as  lions,  cows,  fish  flying, 
religious  and  hunting  scenes,  do  not  occur  on  the  Heraeum  stones.  A  few  stones  of  the 
same  character  as  those  under  discussion  have  been  found  in  other  parts  of  the  Greek 
world,  and  they  will  be  noted  in  connection  with  the  special  specimens  to  which  they  bear 
the  closest  resemblance.  Further  excavation  will  undoubtedly  bring  others  to  light,  but 
for  the  present  the  Heraeum  must  be  considered  if  not  the  original  source  of  this  work,  at 
least  a  place  where  it  was  in  considerable  demand. 

One  curious  point  in  regard  to  their  discovery  which  may  throw  light  not  only  on  the 
stones  themselves  but  also  on  the  history  of  the  Heraeum  is  that  none  were  found  on  the 
Old  Temple  terrace,  but  all  came  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Fifth-century  Temple  and 


ARGIVE  TYPE 


347 


the  majority  from  the  south  slope,  —  a  spot  that  seems  to  have  been  used  for  the  laying 
aside  of  discarded  objects.  The  enormous  number  of  objects  of  all  sorts  found  in  this 
one  place  suggests  that  it  may  have  been  used  as  a  sort  of  burying-ground  for  things  that 
had,  for  some  now  unknown  reason,  become  too  sacred  for  such  further  mortal  use  as 
they  had  originally  served.  That  there  were  such  burying-grounds  is,  of  course,  proved 
by  the  discoveries  on  the  Acropolis  of  Athens. 

Hemispherical .  All  are  bored. 

9.  Zigzag  pattern  in  different  directions  over  back.  Design  :  man  and  horse,  also  irregular 
marks  to  fill  space.  Diameter,  2.4  cm.  Dark  red  steatite.  Found  during  first  year’s  work. 

10.  Smooth  back.  Design  :  horse  and  decorative  marks.  Red  steatite.  2  cm.  Much  rubbed. 
Found  east  of  chambers  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

11.  Zigzags  on  back  (cf.  No.  12).  Design:  horse  and  decorative  marks.  Red  steatite.  Diam¬ 
eter,  2.9  cm.  Found  at  east  end  of  Stoa  below  Cyclopean  wall. 

12.  Zigzag  on  back.  Design :  horse,  beyond  which  stands  man  with  upraised  arms,  holding 
perhaps  a  sword  over  the  horse’s  head.  Slightly  fractured.  3  cm.  Found  in  Northwest  Building. 

13.  Smooth  back.  Design  :  man  holding  something  in  raised  hand  ;  behind  him  marks  similar 
to  those  Evans  1  takes  to  have  to  do  with  a  house.  Red  steatite.  Diameter,  1.8  cm.  Found  dur¬ 
ing  first  year’s  work. 

14.  Zigzags  on  back.  Design:  man  seated,  arms  raised.  Cf.  No.  39.  Red  steatite  with  yellowish 
streaks.  2.2  cm.  Found  east  of  chambers  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

15.  Half  stone,  broken  along  bore-hole.  Smooth  back.  Design  :  man  seated.  Cf.  No.  14.  Dark 
blue  steatite.  2  cm.  Found  above  east  end  of  Stoa  below  Cyclopean  wall. 

16.  Smooth  back.  Design  :  man  standing.  There  are  other  marks,  but  the  gem  is  so  broken 
they  are  inexplicable.  Light  blue  steatite.  2.1  cm.  Found  back  of  West  Building  in  the  large 
deposit. 

17.  Elongated  hemispherical.  Smooth  back.  Design  :  two  men,  perhaps  fighting.  It  suggests 
one  of  the  gold  rings  from  Mycenae.  Dark  red  steatite.  3  cm.  x  2.5  cm.  Found  above  east  end 
of  Stoa  below  Cyclopean  wall. 

18.  Not  absolutely  hemispherical.  Three  divided  rows  of  arrowhead  pattern  on  back.  Design  : 
circle  divided  into  quarters  by  crossed  lines.  Each  quarter  has  three  ‘  arrow  ’  markings  one 
within  the  other.  Blue  steatite.  2  cm.  Found  during  first  year’s  work. 

19.  Elongated  hemispherical.  Smooth  back.  Design :  double  axe.2  Blue  steatite.  Length, 
2.7  cm.  Found  back  of  West  Building  in  the  large  deposit. 

Button  shape.  All  are  bored  (except  No.  23). 

20.  Much  broken.  Design,  Large  side:  branches  of  trees3  surrounded  by  circle  of  cog-wheel 
pattern.  Small  side :  snake  (?)  and  lines  that  are  distinct,  but  scarcely  explicable.  They  do  not  re¬ 
semble  any  of  Evans’s  pictographic  signs,  and  it  is  plain  from  the  sureness  of  the  cutting  that  they 
are  not  haphazard.  They  are  also  quite  unlike  the  ordinary  space-filling  patterns.  It  is  possible 
that  they  represent  a  horned  animal  lying  down  ;  the  head  to  the  left.  Red  steatite.  Large  side, 
3.5  cm.  x  3.75  cm.  Small  side,  2  cm.  Found  east  of  chambers  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

21.  Design,  Large  side :  two  figures  holding  a  bough  upright  between  them ;  below  the  bough  a 
crescent-shaped  object.  Snake  surrounding  left  half  of  design.  Small  side  :  sunk  circle  with  raised 
cross,  the  arms  of  the  latter  having  incision  down  the  middle.  Green  steatite.  Large  side,  2.5  cm. 
Found  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the  Second  Temple. 

22.  Design,  Large  side :  two  figures  holding  hands,  and  in  free  hand  branches  ;  between  their 
feet  a  bird  upside  down ,  and  below  this  a  snake  (?).  Between  the  heads  of  the  figures  traces  of 
another  bird  (?).  Cog-wheel  circle  surrounds  the  group.  Small  side:  scarcely  explicable.  Per¬ 
haps  animal  with  branch  above  and  below.  Red  steatite.  Large  side,  3.5  cm.  Found  on  south 

1  Cretan  Pictographs ,  p.  38  (307).  3  Cf.  Evans,  Cretan  Pictograplis,  p.  43  (312),  and  Further 

2  Cf.  Evans,  Cretan  Pictographs,  p.  35  (304).  Discoveries ,  fig.  16. 


348 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 


slope.  A  stone  of  about  this  size  anti  carved  with  figures  like  those  on  the  larger  side  of  this  one 
is  in  the  Museum  in  Athens.  It  is  uncatalogued,  and  I  could  not  find  whence  it  came. 

23.  Not  engraved  or  bored.  Pale  green  steatite.  Largest  diameter,  2.1  cnx.  Found  at  south¬ 
east  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  outside  peribolus  wall. 

Cylindrical. 


~  At  other  end  traces 
JJ1  was  never  wholly 


Decorative  markings.  Incised 
above  east  end  of  Stoa  below 


24.  Double  branch  pattern.  One  end  with  geometric  design,  thus : 
of  three  drill  holes  directed  along  the  long  axis ;  stone  is  broken  and  ' 
drilled.  Red  steatite.  Found  during  first  year's  work. 

Shield  shape. 

25.  Bored.  Smooth  back.  Design  :  man  upright,  arms  raised, 
line  around  whole.  Dark  red  steatite.  2.8  cm.  long.  Found 
Cyclopean  wall. 

Bectangular.  All  hut  No.  31  bored. 

26.  Stone  broken  through  bore-hole,  only  half  preserved.  Design  :  on  one  side 
cattle  superposed.  (For  somewhat  similar  representation  of  cattle,  cf.  Evans,  Cretan 
Pictography,  fig.  11  a.)  Behind  cattle  unintelligible  curved  lines.  On  other  side 
cattle  (?  )  facing,  and  between  them  snake  (?).  On  the  unbroken  edge  pattern  (see 
cut).  Found  back  of  West  Building  in  the  large  deposit. 

27.  Flat  (brick  shape).  Both  sides  engraved;  edges  smooth.  Design,  one  side: 
winged  horses.  Other  side :  distinct  but  unintelligible.  Red  steatite.  4  cm.  x  3  cm. 
Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  outside  peribolus  wall. 

28.  Brick  shape.  Both  sides  engraved ;  edges  smooth.  Design  (same  on  both 
No.  2G.  sides)  :  animal  and  decorative  marks,  framed  by  straight  lines.  1.6  cm.  x  2  cm.  x 

1.1  cm.  Found  on  surface  of  ground  of  the  Old  Temple  terrace. 

29.  Broken  along  bore-hole,  only  half  found.  Both  sides  and  the  complete  edge  engraved. 
Design  :  each  side  divided  into  two  compartments.  When  the  stone  was  complete  there  were 
undoubtedly  four  such  divisions.  On  one  side  are  squares,  one  within  the  other,  the  smallest 
having  its  diagonals  drawn.  On  the  other  side  each  division  has  merely  lines  drawn  parallel  to 
the  diagonal,  —  those  in  one  division  from  left  to  right,  the  other  from  right  to  left.  On  edge 
‘  arrowhead  ’  pattern.  Red  steatite.  4  cm.  Found  in  the  deposit  at  southwest  corner  of  Second 
Temple  terrace. 

30.  Broken  ;  only  part  found.  Both  sides  engraved  ;  edges  smooth.  Design  :  on  one  side  deeply 
cut,  but  unintelligible  (but  cf.  Evans’s  sign  for  a  house,  Cretan  Pictography,  p.  37  [308]).  Green 
steatite.  5  cm.  x  1  cm.  (thick).  Found  near  East  Building.  Another  stone  very  similar  to  this 
one  was  shown  me  by  Mr.  Evans.  He  obtained  it  in  Delos.  It  is  now,  I  believe,  in  the  Ash- 
molean  Museum. 

31.  Bored,  and  bit  of  original  bronze  fastening  still  in  hole.  Both  sides  engraved.  Design : 
on  one  side  two  men  ;  one  holds  branch,  other  holds  weapon  (?).  The  former  seems  to  be  clad 
differently  from  the  latter.  Other  side :  four  compartments,  each  filled  with  patterns  of  straight 
lines.  Green  steatite.  2.7  cm.  x  2.3  cm.  Found  in  deposit  at  southwest  corner  of  Second  Temple 
terrace. 

32.  Both  sides  engraved.  Design,  on  one  side :  man  fighting  or  hunting ;  the  disk  in  front  of 
him  may  be  his  shield.  On  other  side :  animal.  Dark  blue  steatite.  1.7  cm.  x 
1.4  cm.  Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

33.  Only  one  side  engraved.  Design  :  crab  or  spider 1  and  snake.  Light  green 
steatite  ;  not  bored.  1.9  cm.  square.  Place  of  discovery  not  known. 

Lozenge.  All  are  bored. 

34.  Both  sides  engraved  and  deeply  cut  all  around  edge,  so  that  it  resembles 
shape.  Design,  one  side :  flying  bird.  Other  side :  branch.  Light  green  steatite. 

Place  of  discovery  unknown. 

1  Cf.  Evans,  Further  Discoveries,  figs.  5,  G,  and  p.  339,  pi.  ii.  14,  15. 


No.  33. 

the  ‘ spool ’ 
2.1  cm. 


GEOMETRIC  TYPE 


349 


35.  Engraved  on  one  side.  Design :  two  winged  creatures  face  to  face.  Dark  red  steatite. 
1.6  cm.  Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

36.  Broken  through  bore-hole ;  only  half  found.  Both  sides  engraved.  Design,  on  one  side  : 
bull’s-head,  full  front.  On  other  side  :  starfish  pattern.  1.2  cm.  thick.  Diameter,  circ.  4  cm.  Red 
steatite.  Found  in  deposit  back  of  West  Building. 

37.  Both  sides  apparently  engraved,  but  are  so  worn  as  to  be  undecipherable.  Red  steatite  (?). 
2.4  cm.  Found  during  first  year’s  work. 

38.  Engraved  on  both  sides.  Design,  on  one  side :  flying  bird.  On  other :  winged  animal. 
Dark  red  steatite.  1.5  cm.  Found  on  south  slope. 

IVos.  39-41  have  animals  on  top. 

39.  Bored.  Cow  (?)  lying  down.  Design :  man  seated  (cf.  No.  14).  Red 
steatite.  Length,  1.3  cm.  Found  during  first  year’s  work. 

40.  Bored  (below  belly  of  animal).  Monkey -like  animal  crouching.  Design  : 

animals,  — -very  rude  and  much  scattered  over  field,  —  perhaps  also  a  scorpion.  No.  39. 

(Cf.  Evans,  Further  Discoveries ,  fig.  31.)  Light  red  mottled  green  steatite. 

Design:  2.5  cm.  x3  cm.  Height,  2.5  cm.  Found  east  of  the  Northwest  Building. 

41.  Animal  much  worn.  Both  sides  and  all  three  edges  engraved.  Design  on  both  sides  unde¬ 
cipherable.  On  the  edges  are  these  patterns  :  — 


AAA/ 

- '1 

Fkont  End. 

Found  on  south  slope.  Light  blue  steatite.  2.8  cm.  x  2.3  cm. 


Bottom. 


Back  End. 


CLASS  III.  ‘  GEOMETRIC  ’  {CIRC.  TENTH  CENTURY  B.  C.). 

The  next  class  of  stones  to  consider  are  of  a  type  which,  though  by  no  means  common, 
is  less  strange  than  that  of  the  preceding  stones,  and  can  be  dated  by  external  evidence. 
It  is  the  ‘  geometric  ’  type ;  a  type  that  is  plainly  of  the  same  epoch  as  the  i  geometric  ’ 
vases.  These  show  a  distinct  advance  over  the  earlier  stones  in  being  made  of  harder 
material,  and  in  the  carving  being  much  stronger  and  more  certain.  They  show  none  of 
the  sketchy  and  tentative  quality  of  the  more  primitive  work.  In  shape  and  material, 
too,  they  vary  from  the  earlier  and  from  Mycenaean  work.  All  are  of  a  fine-grain  white 
marble,  and  all  are  square.  One  peculiar  shape,  that  of  a  low  truncated  pyramid,  occurs. 
The  backs  have  no  figure  design.  The  bore-hole  runs  from  hack  to  front,  hence  these 
could  not  be  used  as  seals. 

42.  Bored  from  back  to  front.  Shape :  truncated  pyramid.  Back 
smooth.  Design  :  two  ‘  geometric  ’  figures  to  right  holding  branches  (?). 

Decorative  marks.  White  marble.  3.4  cm.  square.  (In  the  Ashmolean 
Museum  is  a  stone  closely  resembling  this  one  ;  it  was  found  in  Melos  in 
1894.)  The  design  is  of  two  figures,  and  between  them  a  branch.  Found 
at  east  end  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  near  East  Building. 

PLATE  CXXXIX.  {upper  part). 

43.  Broken  at  corners.  Bored  from  front  to  back.  Shape  :  truncated 
pyramid.  On  one  sloping  side  of  back  are  cut  circles  with  dots  in  their  centres.  Design :  divided 
into  four  equal  divisions.  Only  one,  a  human  figure  with  space-filling  markings,  decipherable. 
Lower  part  of  human  figure  in  a  second  division.  White  marble.  Circ.  4.5  cm.  Found  in  West 
Building. 

44.  Fragment.  Similar  to  No.  43.  Square,  brick  shape,  not  pyramidal.  Design  in  compart¬ 
ments,  but  destroyed.  Human  figure  visible  on  left.  White  marble.  Size  originally  about  same  as 
No.  43.  Found  at  east  end  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  near  East  Building. 


No.  42. 


350 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 


45.  Bit  of  white  marble  similar  to  that  used  for  Nos.  41-44.  Square,  4.2  cm.  Edges  and  both 
sides  carefully  worked.  Edges  curve  very  slightly  outward,  which  is  not  the  case  in  Nos.  41-44. 
Possibly  an  unfinished  work.  Found  near  No.  44. 

46.  Bored  from  back  to  front.  Back  smooth,  and  edges  only  beveled  very  slightly.  Design 
undecipherable.  It  seems  to  be  merely  decorative,  and  perhaps  is  a  connecting  link  between  the 
preceding  and  those  that  follow.  Found  above  Stoa  and  below  Cyclopean  wall. 

47-51.  All  bored  from  back  to  front.  Backs  flat  and  smooth.  Design  : 
decorative  (?).  White  marble.  Size  :  (No.  47)  2  cm. ;  (No.  48)  2  cm. ; 
(No.  49)  1.8  cm. ;  (No.  50)  2.1  cm. ;  (No.  51)  1.8  cm.  It  is  noteworthy 
that  the  cutting  of  these  differs  from  that  of  the  preceding  in  being  less 
angular,  and  the  hollows  are  curved  instead  of  being  sunk  to  an  edge.  The 
designs  of  Nos.  47,  48,  and  49  are  exactly  the  same.  Another  stone  of  this 
same  sort  was  bought  by  me  in  Athens  in  the  spring  of  1898.  It  is  3.3  cm. 
square  and  fractured  at  one  corner  (see  adjacent  cut). 

No.  47  was  found  near  East  Building. 

Nos.  48,  49,  50,  found  in  deposit  back  of  West  Building. 

No.  51,  found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  within  the  peribolus  wall. 


CLASS  IV.  MYCENAEAN. 


The  Mycenaean  stones  do  not  call  for  special  comment.  It  is,  however,  noteworthy 
that  so  few  stones  of  this  class  were  found.  Considering-  the  proximity  of  Mycenae,  one 
might  well  have  expected  them  to  be  among  the  objects  often  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

52.  Circular-lenticular.  Bored.  Design  :  animal  to  left  and  bough  over  its  back.  Blue  stea¬ 
tite.  2  cm.  Found  in  South  Building. 

53.  Circular-lenticular.  Bored.  Design :  horned  animal  (bull  ?)  to  right,  head  turned  over 
back.  Branch  vertically  in  front  of  animal  and  below  the  beast  decorative  marks.  Dark  blue 
steatite.  1.7  cm.  Found  in  South  Building. 

54.  Circular,  flat.  Bored.  Design :  horned  animal  to  right.  Red  steatite.  1.3  cm.  Stone 
very  much  rubbed.  Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

55.  Fragment  of  large  (probably  3-4  cm.  diameter)  circular-lenticular  stone. 
Undoubtedly  bored.  Cornelian.  Design  :  two  cattle  to  left,  the  further  one  turn¬ 
ing  head  backward.  Best  Mycenaean  work.  Place  of  discovery  unknown. 

56.  Circular,  flat.  Bored.  Design  :  two  fore-quarters  of  horned 
animal  joined ;  branch  in  front  of  one  of  the  animals.  Found  in 
deposit  at  southwest  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

57.  Circular.  Back  slightly  convex.  Bored.  Design:  anthropomorphic  mon¬ 
ster  running.  White  calkspar.  1.3  cm.  Found  near  West  Building. 

58.  Lenticular.  Bored.  Design  :  griffin  to  right  and  below  dolphin  upside  down 

to  left.  Hard  white  stone.  1.9  cm.  long.  Found  near  West  Building.  No.  57. 


{ 


V 


;  ^ 
No.  55. 


iffi® 


CLASS  V.  NONDESCRIPT. 

59.  Cylinder.  Bored.  Design  :  eagle,  snake  (above  its  head  star),  and 
fore-part  of  lion  (with  something  in  front  of  head).  Light  green  steatite, 

mitr  1  cm.  long.  Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

60.  Earth  glazed  with  gray  slip  now  much  destroyed.  Circular.  Bored. 
Back  smooth.  Design  :  three  rows  of  three  crosses  or  dots  divided  by  two 

pairs  of  parallel  lines.  Diameter,  1.3  cm.  Found  on  south  slope. 

61.  Earth  glazed.  Glaze  destroyed.  Circular.  Bored.  Incised  line  around  edge.  Design : 
griffin  seated  to  right  and  snake  (?).  Rosette  on  back.  Diameter,  1.7  cm.  Cf.  Ivory,  No.  7. 
Found  on  south  slope. 


No.  59. 


THE  IVORIES 


351 


THE  IVORIES. 

Among  the  smaller  antiquities  found  at  the  Heraeum  were  a  considerable  number  of 
objects  of  ivory  representing  many  different  purposes,  most  of  which  can  be  easily  under¬ 
stood.  Some  are  more  difficult  to  comprehend,  and  are  particularly  interesting  because 
of  the  similarity  they  bear  to  certain  of  the  stones  that  have  been  described  above. 

The  use  of  the  following  objects  is  uncertain.  They  are  all  of  them  bored,  and  this, 
taken  into  consideration  with  their  peculiar  shape  (in  section  q-  ^  ),  has  led  me  to 
wonder  whether  they  might  not  have  been  used  as  covers  of  bottles  or  vases.  The  fact 
that  they  are  carved  on  both  sides  does  not  preclude  the  possibility  of  such  a  use.  One 
similar  bit  of  worked  ivory  was  found  at  Olympia  ( Olympia ,  ‘  Bronzen,’  p.  188,  1194). 

There  are  several  points  that  are  common  to  all  five  examples  to  be  noted.  All  are 
bored.  All  are  engraved  on  both  sides.  All  are  the  same  shape  and  nearly  the  same 
size.  All  have  a  more  elaborate  border  on  the  smaller  side,  the  larger  side  having  merely 
a  line. 

PLATE  CXXXIX.  (lower  jmrt). 

1.  Design,  Large  side :  Winged  griffin  seated  to  left.  Right  paw  raised.  Small  side  :  Lioness 
seated,  head  turned  back,  right  paw  raised.  Between  front  legs  star 
of  dots.  Greater  diameter,  4.6  cm.  Broken.  Found  at  southwest 
corner  of  Second  Temple. 

2.  Design,  Large  side:  Winged  man-headed  griffin  with  orna¬ 

ment  projecting  from  head,  seated 
to  left.  Right  paw  raised ;  be¬ 
tween  paws  flying  double-headed 
bird  to  left.  Small  side :  Lion  in 
same  position  as  lioness  on  No.  1, 
with  three  stars  of  dots  and  lines 
between  front  feet.  Greater  di¬ 
ameter,  4.5  cm.  Found  in  black  No.  4. 

layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

3.  Design,  Large  side :  Lion  seated  to  right.  Right  paw 
raised.  Head  turned  back.  Decorative  dot  in  front  of  and 
behind  head.  Small  side  :  Eagle 
flying  to  right.  Greater  diameter, 

4.6  cm.  Broken.  Found  during 
first  year’s  work ,  probably  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

4.  Design,  Large  side:  Two  winged  gorgons  holding  branches. 

Small  side :  Lion  running  to  right.  Head  with  crest  turned  back. 

Decorative  stars.  Greater  diameter,  4.4  cm.  The  lion  is  less  Ori¬ 
ental  in  type  than  those  on  the  preceding  ivories.  The  drawing  of 
the  paws  suggests  the  early  Attic  vases.  Found  at  southwest  corner 
of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

5.  Design,  Large  side :  Double,  winged,  single-headed  gorgon, 

seated  with  front  paws  on  support  shaped  like  an  Ionic  capital.  The  n0_  5  ^ 

hair  is  rolled,  as  on  the  Tenean  Apollo.  Small  side :  Eagle  flying 

to  right.  Elaborate  detail.  Six  ornamental  dots,  one  above  bird,  one  below,  one  above  and  one 
below  head,  one  above  and  one  below  root  of  tail.  Greater  diameter,  5.3  cm.  Found  at  southeast 
corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

The  following  are  apparently  ornaments  of  various  sorts. 

6.  Circular  bit  of  ivory.  One  side  convex,  other  flat  and  edge  beveled.  Small  hole 
in  centre  of  flat  surface.  No  decoration.  Diameter,  4.2  cm.  Found  on  south  slope. 


352 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 


7.  Circular.  Design  :  griffin.  Back  of  ivory  slightly  convex,  decorated  with  raised  rosette 

Cf.  stone  No.  61.  Found  at  east  end  of  Second 


Hole  bored  through. 


Diameter,  3.6  cm.  Found  in  burnt 


having  small  hole  in  centre.  Diameter,  2.7  cm. 

Temple  terrace,  near  East  Building. 

8.  Similar  to  No.  7.  No  design, 
layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

9.  Circular.  Elat  on  both  sides.  Bored.  Design  :  frog  (?)  with  tail  (?),  seen  from  above.  On 
back  of  ivory  rosette.  Diameter,  1.5  cm.  Found  in  same  place  as  No.  8. 

10.  Circular.  Flat.  Bored.  Design :  five  circles  with  centres  dotted  (like  a  dice),  the  outer 
circles  connected  with  the  inner  one  by  straight  lines.  On  other  side  rosette.  Diameter,  1.7  cm. 
Found  during  first  year’s  work. 

11.  Button  shape.  Bored.  Design,  Large,  side:  Bird  flying  to  right  within  circle.  Small 
side:  Four-leafed  rosette  within  ‘cog-wheel’  circle.  Greater  diameter,  1.8  cm.  Found  at  south¬ 
east  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace,  outside  peribolus  wall. 

12.  Circular.  Flat.  Bored,  and  little  hole  in  centre  of  each  side.  Design :  eagle  with  snake 
in  beak  flying  to  left,  circumscribed  by  three  circles.  On  other  side  rosette.  Diameter,  2  cm. 
Found  in  burnt  layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

13.  Same  shape  as  Nos.  1-5.  Bored.  Design,  Large  side :  Swan  to  left ;  behind  head  four- 
pointed  star,  circumscribed  by  two  circles.  Small  side:  Flying  fish  (?)  to  right,  circumscribed  by 
two  circles.  Greater  diameter,  2  cm.  Found  in  same  place  as  No.  12. 

14.  Circular  scarab.  Broken.  Design  :  bird  flying  to  right,  circumscribed  by  two  circles. 
Diameter,  1.4  cm.  Found  in  same  place  as  No.  12. 

15.  Circular.  Bored  (split  through  bore-hole  and  top  not  found).  Design  :  bird  flying  to  right. 
Diameter,  1.5  cm.  Found  during  first  year’s  work. 

16.  Button  shape.  Bored.  Design  :  Androsphinx  to  right,  circumscribed  by  circle  on  each 
side.  Greater  diameter,  2.7  cm.  Found  in  West  Building. 

17.  Circular.  Flat.  Bored.  Design  :  bird  flying  to  right,  circumscribed  by  three  circles.  On 

other  side  Diameter,  2.3.  Found  in  West  Building. 

18.  Circular.  Flat.  Bored,  —  broken  through  bore-liole.  Design  :  on 
one  side,  butterfly  (?).  On  other  side,  rosette,  so  much  rubbed  that  it  is 
impossible  to  be  sure  of  the  design.  Diameter,  2.5  cm. 

19.  Circular.  Bored.  Fragment  of  one  side  showing  rosette.  Diameter, 
3.2  cm.  Found  in  burnt  layer  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

20.  Circular.  Flat  and  very  thin.  Small  hole  through  centre.  Design :  six-petaled  star. 
Back  smooth.  Diameter,  2.1  cm.  Found  near  East  Building  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

21.  Circular.  Bored.  Too  much  worn  to  tell  what  the  decoration  was.  Probably  animal  to 
left.  Diameter,  1.6  cm.  Found  in  West  Building. 

22.  One  half  of  spool-like  object.  Bored.  Diameter  of  top,  2.6  cm.  Found  near  East  Build¬ 
ing  on  Second  Temple  terrace. 

23.  Fragment,  probably  of  No.  22. 

24.  Button  shape.  Unengraved.  Place  of  discovery  not  known. 

25.  Oval  slice  with  bit  of  bronze  through  centre.  Perhaps  orna¬ 
ment  of  a  fibula.  Found  during  first  year’s  work. 

26.  Rectangular  bead.  Bored  lengthwise.  Arrowhead  pattern 

27.  on  opposite  sides.  2  cm.  x  .9  cm.  x  5  cm.  West  Building. 


PLATE  CXL. 

27.  Cubical  bead.  Bored.  Circles  cut  round  bore-hole.  Two  ends  and  two  sides  engraved. 
On  one  end,  head  of  griffin,  on  other  bird.  Both  sides  decorative.  Length, 

2.1  cm.  Found  on  south  slope. 

28.  Similar  to  last.  On  two  sides  flying  bird.  On  two  ends  decorative 
pattern  of  wings  (?)  similar  to  last.  Length,  3.6  cm.  Found  at  west  end  of 
Second  Temple. 

29.  Fragment.  Shape  similar  to  last.  Design.  Seated  figure.  Seated 
Length,  2.1  cm.  Found  probably  in  West  Building. 


No.  28. 


griffin. 


THE  IVORIES 


353 


30.  Fragment  of  flat  disk.  Bored.  Diameter,  2.7  cm.  Place  of  discovery  unknown. 

31.  Fragment.  Shaped  like  a  large-necked  flat  aryballos.  Both  sides  split  off.  Height,  2.1  cm. 
Found  at  west  end  of  Second  Temple. 

ARTICLES  OF  APPAREL  OR  OF  HOUSEHOLD  USE. 

32.  Fibula,  of  which  the  bronze  pin  is  oxidized  away.  Design :  one  thin  strip  of  ivory  cut  to 
resemble  three  disks  in  a  row.  Each  disk  decorated  with  patterns  of  circles.  Length,  6.6  cm. 
Found  in  the  deposit  at  southwest  corner. 

33.  Fragment  of  fibula  similar  to  last.  Bronze  pin  still  attached.  Central  one  of  the  three 
disks  represented  by  only  a  section.  The  hollowed-out  circles  in  centres  of  two  end  disks  and  on 
each  side  of  central  section  probably  originally  inlaid.  Length  (of  fragment),  4  cm.  Found  at 
southwest  corner  of  Second  Temple. 

34.  Fragment  of  end  disk  of  fibula  of  same  design  as  No.  32.  Found  at  southwest  corner  of 
Second  Temple. 

35.  Fragment  of  end  disk  of  fibula  of  same  design  as  No.  33.  Found  at  southwest  corner  of 
Second  Temple. 

36.  Fragment.  Perhaps  head  of  large  pin  (like  a  hairpin).  At  base  two  rams  back  to  back. 
Length,  7  cm.  Found  east  of  Northwest  Building. 

37.  Fragment.  Perhaps  of  pin.  Both  sides  decorated  with  incised  circles.  Length,  3.3  cm. 
Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple. 

38-43.  Fragments  of  worked  ivory,  the  uses  of  which  cannot  be  made  out.  Lengths  :  (No.  38) 
4.1  cm. ;  (No.  39)  2.7  cm. ;  (No.  40)  1.5  cm. ;  (No.  41)  1.1  cm.  ;  (No.  42)  3.4  cm. ;  (No.  43)  3.6  cm. 
Nos.  42  and  43  are  bored  lengthwise,  and  in  the  hole  is  bronze  wire.  All  found  in  deposit  at  south¬ 
east  coi-ner. 

44-46,  47-58,  59.  Ivory  bodkins  and  heads  of  bodkins  of  simple  undecorated  type.  Most  were 
found  in  the  deposit  at  the  southeast  corner,  as  were  also  the  following  items. 

60.  Head  of  bodkin  of  more  elaborate  type  or  pin. 

61-65,  66,  67,  68.  Ivory  pins.  Many  were  found  in  or  near  the  West  Building,  or  in  the 
deposit  at  southwest  corner. 

69.  Head  of  pin.  Same  shape  as  that  of  numerous  bronze  pins  found  at  the  Heraeum. 

70-72.  Fragments,  perhaps  of  pins. 

73-83.  Fragments  of  bodkins  or  pins. 

84.  Small  circular-bowled  spoon. 

85.  Use  uncertain,  perhaps  a  stylus. 

86.  Use  uncertain. 

HUMAN  OR  ANIMAL  FIGURES. 

87.  Animal  lying  down.  Head  and  upper  half  of  body  destroyed.  Base  formed  of  thin  sheet 
of  ivory  3  cm.  x  1.6  cm.  Found  in  West  Building. 

88.  Plaque,  on  which  in  low  relief  are  the  lower  halves  of  two  figures.  On  left  a  man  moving 
to  right  towards  what  was  probably  meant  for  a  xoanon.  The  latter  from  the  drapery  was  evi¬ 
dently  of  a  goddess.  The  tunic  of  the  man  and  the  chiton  of  the  statue  are  very  carefully  orna¬ 
mented  with  patterns  of  squares  and  diamonds.  Style  of  the  end  of  the  sixth  century  B.  C. 

89.  Figure  like  the  Egyptian  god  Bes.  Bored.  Much  broken. 

MISCELLANEOUS  OBJECTS. 

About  a  dozen  fragments  of  colored  gdass  (“  Phoenician  ”)  bottles. 

Several  glass  and  two  or  three  stone  beads. 

Few  fragments  of  obsidian. 

Many  small  steatite  whorls.  Several  were  found  in  the  deposit  at  the  southeast  corner. 

Bit  of  shell  of  bird’s  egg  —  probably  ostrich. 


354 


ENGRAVED  STONES,  GEMS,  AND  IVORIES 


Two  beads  of  glazed  paste. 

Terra-cotta  disk  with  turtle  in  high  relief.  Circ.  2.5  cm. 
Small  stone  arrowhead. 


90.  Leg  of  stand  for  vase  (?).  Decorated  with  zigzags.  Red  steatite.  7.3  cm.  high,  3.5  cm. 
broad.  Same  style  of  work  as  the  early  engraved  stones. 

91.  Bit  of  terra-cotta.  Decorated  on  one  side  with  zigzags.  Perhaps  leg  of  vase-stand. 
Length,  5.5  cm. 

92.  Bit  of  coral.  Length,  5  cm. 

93.  Rectangular  bit  of  shell  conglomerate.  Bored  in  centre  of  side.  2.7  cm.  x  2.2  cm.  x  1.1  cm. 
Found  at  southeast  corner  of  Second  Temple  terrace. 

94.  Disk  of  terra-cotta.  Relief  on  both  sides.  Traces  of  glaze.  Not  bored.  Design  :  figure 
driving  a  biga  to  right.  On  other  side  enthroned  woman  (?)  to  left  holding  an  object,  now  not  to 
be  made  out,  in  each  hand.  Found  in  the  West  Building.  This  figure  may  well  be  a  representa¬ 
tion  of  the  statue  of  Hera  at  the  Heraeum  which  is  shown  on  coins  in  almost  exactly  this  form. 
(Cf.  Frazer,  Pausanias,  vol.  III.  p.  184,  fig.  29.) 


IVORIES.— ENGRAVED  STONES:  CLASSES  I-II 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXXXIX 


ENGRAVED  STONES:  CLASSES  III-V;  IVORIES 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXL 


?5?2PSP®9!BS* 

•  i>,  >  il  ' 


Cy  t 


IVORIES,  ARTICLES  OF  APPAREL  OR  HOUSEHOLD  USE,  HUMAN  OR  ANIMAL  FIGURES,  MISCELLANEOUS 


COINS  FROM  THE  ARGIVE  HERAEUM 


COINS  FROM  THE  ARGIYE  HERAEUM 

By  HERBERT  FLETCHER  DeCOU 


The  coins  described  in  the  following  list  were  found  in  the  excavations  on  the  site  of 
the  Argive  Heraeum,  1892-1895. 

The  finding-places  are  given  so  far  as  they  are  known.  When  they  are  omitted,  it  is 
to  be  assumed  that  no  record  exists.  Details  of  finding-place,  depth,  etc.,  are  not  indi¬ 
cated. 

Of  the  46  coins  of  known  provenience,  21  come  from  the  West  Building,  9  from  the 
South  slope,  and  2  from  the  same  neighborhood,  i.  e.  from  back  of  the  South  Building. 
The  remainder  are  from  various  parts  of  the  excavation.  No  relations  between  the 
period  of  the  coins  and  the  building  in  which  they  were  found  can  he  established.  It 
may,  however,  he  noticed  that  the  Byzantine  coins  are  with  one  exception  probably  from 
the  Lower  Stoa  (X). 

The  small  proportion  (about  yL)  of  the  coins  belonging  to  the  period  of  free  Greece 
is  somewhat  remarkable,  as  well  as  the  fact  that  for  the  archaic  period  Corinth  alone  is 
represented.  However,  it  scarcely  needs  to  he  pointed  out  that  the  circumstances  do  not 
in  this  case  warrant  any  conclusions  based  on  negative  evidence.  For  the  later  period, 
in  particular,  it  would  he  quite  futile  to  attempt  to  explain  the  absence  of  any  particular 
pieces,  and  nearly  so  to  explain  their  presence.  Nevertheless,  though  the  coins  tell  us 
nothing  about  the  later  history  of  the  Heraeum,  or  of  its  condition  at  the  period  they 
were  minted,  still  in  the  obscurity  which  enshrouds  the  latter  days  of  the  sanctuary,  even 
these  slight  records  of  the  occasional  presence  of  human  beings  on  the  site  are  not  with¬ 
out  a  certain  interest. 


CATALOGUE 

A.  GREECE  (AUTONOMOUS  AND  MUNICIPAL). 


Thessaly.  Larisa. 

Plate  CXLI. 

1.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size,  0.018  m. 
Obv.  Female  head  (Larisa),  three-quarter  face,  1. 
Loosely  floating  hair  confined  by  fillet.  Lev. 
Horseman,  r.,  clad  in  petasus  and  chiton,  and 
holding  lance.  Horse  prancing.  Above,  1.  A  A. 
Incrustation  beneath  horse  prevents  letters,  if 
any,  from  showing. 

Phocis. 

2.  From  South  slope.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0215  m. 
Obv.  Three  bull’s  heads,  full-face,  forming  tri¬ 


angular  pattern.  Lev.  Broad  wreath  within 
which  T. 

Corinthia.  Corinth. 

3.  From  South  slope.  Silver.  Weight,  9 
grammes.  Size,  0.0245  m.  Obv.  Pegasos,  bri¬ 
dled  with  curled  wing,  walking  1.  Beneath,  ?. 
Lev.  Incuse  square  consisting  of  eight  triangu¬ 
lar  compartments  alternately  raised  and  indented. 
Of  the  indentations  one  is  flat,  another  repeated. 
Fabric  rather  flat. 

4.  Silver.  Weight,  8.50  grammes.  Size, 
0.0245  m.  Obv.  Pegasos  with  curled  wing  trot¬ 
ting  or  flying  1.  Uncertain  whether  with  bridle. 


358 


COINS 


Beneath,  ?.  Rev.  Quadripartite  incuse  square 
resembling  swastika.  Fabric  flat. 

5.  From  South  slope.  Silver.  Weight,  8.50 
grammes.  Size,  0.0225  m.  Obv.  Pegasos.  At¬ 
titude  uncertain.  No  trace  of  ?.  Rev.  Quad¬ 
ripartite  incuse  square  resembling  swastika. 
Fabric  flat.  Hole  for  suspension,  0.0025  m.  in 
diameter. 

6.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0115  m.  Obv.  Pegasos 
flying,  1.  Rev.  Trident.  At  r.,  in  field,  torch. 

( Municipal .) 

7.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0213  m.  Obv.  Head  of 
Roman  emperor,  r.  (resembles  Augustus).  In¬ 
scription  illegible.  Rev.  Pegasos,  flying,  r.  Un¬ 
certain  whether  with  rider.  At  1.,  in  field,  CO  I 
(remainder  illegible). 

8.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0215  m.  Obv.  Head  of 
Tiberius,  1.,  lain*.  At  1.,  I- ERE.  At  r.,  C.  Re¬ 
mainder  of  inscription  effaced.  Rev.  Front  of 
hexastyle  temple.  Seems  to  be  Doric  with  three 
steps.  In  upper  1.  field,  LA.  At  r.  of  gable, 
RE  §|.  At  r.  of  columns,  I IV II.  Beneath  temple, 
^  DR  for  (COR). 

Duovirate  of  L.  Aerius  Peregrinus  and  L. 
Furius  Labeo. 

9.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0205  m.  Obv.  Female 
bust  (Tyclie,  according  to  B.  M.  C.  Corinth , 
p.  71,  No.  572),  r.,  turreted.  At  1.,  ROMAL. 
At  r.,  ETIMPER  (for  Romae  et  imperio).  Rev. 
Tetrastyle  temple  on  high  base,  seen  from  cor¬ 
ner.  In  field,  LCANAGRIPPAE  IIVI.  Beneath, 
COR. 

L.  Caninius  Agrippa,  Duovir. 

10.  Bronze.  Size,  0.032  m.  Obv.  Head,  beard¬ 
less,  and  laureate,  r.  Rev.  Horseman  moving 
rapidly  to  r. 

51  uch  worn.  Resembles  B.  M.  C.  Corinth , 
No.  580  (Domitian),  but  features  of  head  of 
obv.  are  not  quite  the  same.  Attribution  to  Cor¬ 
inth  doubtful. 

11.  Bronze.  Size,  0.02  m.  Obv.  Head  of  Ro¬ 
man  emperor,  r.  Resembles  Domitian.  Rev. 
Perhaps  temple  on  Acrocorinthus  as  in  B.  M.  C. 
Corinth,  No.  541  (Claudius). 

Patinated.  Attribution  uncertain. 

12.  Bi  •onze.  Size,  0.0245  m.  Obv.  Draped 
bust  of  youthful  Marcus  Aurelius,  laureate,  r. 
In  1.  field,  VIAVKLAIVS.  Rev.  Zeus,  with  lower 
part  of  body  draped,  seated  on  throne,  1.  Holds 
Nike  in  r.,  and  rests  uplifted  1.  on  sceptre.  In 
1.  field,  CLI,  in  r.  COR. 

13.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 


0.026  m.  Obv.  Head  of  Commodus,  beardless 
and  laureate,  r.  In  1.  field,  COMMIO|§|.  In  r. 
field,  |f|V|f|AVC.  Rev.  Aphrodite  standing, 
body  in  front  view,  face  1.,  holding  shield.  Nude 
to  groin.  In  1.  field,  CLI,  in  r.,  COR. 

14.  From  East  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.025  m.  Obv.  Plead  of  Commodus,  laureate,  r. 
In  r.  field,  NVS  (Antoninus.  Remainder  of  in¬ 
scription  illegible).  Rev.  Aphrodite  upright,  1., 
looking  into  shield  which  she  holds  in  hands. 
Possible  traces  of  Eros  at  her  feet.  In  field  at 
r.,  COR  (remainder  of  inscription  illegible). 

15.  Bronze.  Size,  0.028  m.  Obv.  Head  of  Ro¬ 
man  emperor,  laureate,  r.  Features  resemble 
those  of  Antoninus  Pius  rather  than  those  of 
Commodus.  At  1.,  IMPCAESCOM.  In  r.  field, 
MH|AVCCERM|||  (perhaps  two  illegible  letters 
after  CERM).  Rev.  Wreath  of  pine  within 


Sicyonia.  Sicyon. 

16.  From  Roman  Building,  season  of  1895. 
Silver.  Weight,  2.50  grammes.  Size,  0.015  m. 
Obv.  Chimaera,  1.  Letters,  if  any,  invisible 
owing  to  incrustation.  Rev.  Dove  flying,  1. 

Achaia.  Patrae  ( Colonia  Augusta  Aro'e 
Patrensis ). 

17.  From  N.  W.  of  West  Building.  Bronze. 
Size,  0.024  m.  Obv.  Head  of  Commodus,  beard¬ 
less,  and  laureate,  r.  At  1.,  o|§|o  (remainder 
effaced).  Rev.  Three  military  standards.  The 
central  standard  is  surmounted  by  an  eagle 
perched  on  a  thunderbolt.  Above,  COL  (remain¬ 
der  illegible). 

Laconia  ( Roman  emperors'). 

18.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0235  m.  Obv.  Draped  bust  of  L.  Verus  or 
M.  Aurelius,  laureate,  r.  In  1.  field,  illegible 
inscription.  Rev.  Winged  thunderbolt.  In  1. 
field,  N  "  INoMMA|H  (the  first  part  perhaps  for 
\Anto]neinos).  In  r.  field,  uncertain  letters, 
i.  e.  LAA. 

The  attribution  to  Laconia  rests  on  slight 
ground,  as  the  winged  thunderbolt  is  common 
also  in  Elis  ;  cf.  B.  M.  C.  P  eloponnesus,  p.  215. 

19.  Bronze.  Size,  0.023  m.  Obv.  Draped 
bust  of  youthful  Commodus,  r.  In  r.  field, 
MOAOS.  Remainder  of  inscription  illegible. 

AAKG 

Rev.  Wreath,  within  which  AAI 

MONI 


ADDENDA 


359 


20.  From  South  slope.  Bronze.  Size, 0. 0205  m. 
Obv.  Bearded  male  head,  laureate,  r.  Inscrip¬ 
tion  illegible.  Rev.  Draped  female  figure,  stand¬ 
ing,  1.  Holds  in  r.  sistrum  and  in  1.  situla.  In  1. 
field  A  A  a.  In  r.  field  1/1  (0  N . 

Put  here  because  of  uncertain  identification 
of  head  of  obverse. 

Argolis.  Argos. 

21.  Found  March  22,  1894,  at  west  end  of 
Stoa.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0155  m.  Obv.  Head  of 
Hera,  r.,  wearing  steplianos.  Rev.  Quiver.  At 

A  , 

1.  in  field,  B  ,  at  r.,  !(. 

T  X 

(. Municipal .) 

22.  From  South  slope.  Bronze.  Size,  0.025  m. 
Obv.  Male  bust,  r.  Seems  to  be  beardless.  Per¬ 
haps  Hadrian.  In  field  at  1.,  |§|AN.  Remainder 
of  inscription  effaced.  Rev.  Nude  male  figure, 
bearded,  standing,  1.  In  r.,  long  spear.  L.  rests 
against  side.  In  1.  field,  G  (of  ’Apye<W).  Re¬ 
mainder  of  inscription  effaced. 


23.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0252  m.  Obv.  Beardless  bust,  r.,  uncertain 
whether  laureate.  Masculine  features  resembling 
those  of  M.  Aurelius  or  of  Commodus.  In  r. 
field  G  I  NO  (Antoneinos).  Remainder  of  inscrip¬ 
tion  incrusted.  Rev.  Upright  female  figure,  r., 
with  r.  raised,  and  1.  extended  over  small  figure 
to  r.  Group  identified  with  Leto  and  Chloris, 
B.  M.  C.  Pelop.  p.  151,  No.  1G8  (coin  of  Julia 
Domna). 

24.  F  rom  back  of  South  Building.  Bronze. 
Size,  0.025  m.  Obv.  Head  and  bust  of  Ju¬ 
lia  Domna,  r.  L.  field  incrusted.  In  r.  field, 
HfTAAOMNA.  Rev.  Similar  to  that  of  No.  23. 
In  1.  field,  H|PrG,  in  r.,  IUJN  (’ApyetW). 

25.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0235  in.  Obv.  Beardless  male  head,  1.  Head 
bare.  Features,  especially  the  nose,  like  those  of 
Caracalla.  Rev.  Draped  female  figure  stand¬ 
ing.  Holds  in  either  uplifted  hand  uncertain 
object,  perhaps  torch.  In  1.  field,  \PL,  in  r., 
GlftN. 


ADDENDA  TO  COINS  OF  ARGOS. 


The  following  minute  pieces,  all  of  which  are 
of  bronze,  form  a  collection  which  was  kept  to¬ 
gether  among  the  various  objects  brought  from 
the  Heraeum  to  Athens,  but  there  is  no  record 
of  provenience  either  for  the  collection  as  a  whole 
or  for  the  individual  pieces.  It  is  therefore  un¬ 
certain  whether  they  were  found  in  the  same 
place,  or  thrown  together  later  for  convenience. 

That  the  objects  are  coins  seems  altogether 
probable,  and  that  they  should  be  attributed  to 
Argos  is  likely  from  the  fact  that  they  come 
from  the  Heraeum,  and  also  from  the  presence 
of  A  on  several  specimens. 

A  rather  indefinite  criterion  of  date  is  afforded 
by  the  fact  that  all  the  alphas  have  the  cross-bar 
broken.  To  judge  from  such  material,  however, 
as  has  been  available,  the  A  has  a  straight  cross¬ 
bar  at  Argos  so  long  as  it  stands  for  the  name 
of  the  town,  that  is  to  146  b.  c.,  when  the  coin¬ 
age  ceases,  to  be  resumed  later  under  Hadrian. 
It  may  be,  then,  that,  though  the  broken  bar  was 
regular  in  the  monogram  of  the  Achaean  League, 
we  have  here  a  hitherto  unknown  local  coinage 
permitted  to  Argos  after  the  suppression  of  the 
league.  That  the  pieces  continued  to  be  issued 
under  the  emperors  seems  likely  from  the  style 
of  some  of  the  heads. 

Note.  —  In  the  following  list  the  coins  with 


symbols  on  the  reverse  precede  those  bearing 
letters.  Within  these  classes  the  arrangement 
is  by  the  style  or  form  of  head,  but  the  minute¬ 
ness  and  poor  preservation  of  many  of  the  pieces 
renders  accuracy  impossible. 

26.  Size,  0.01  m.  Obv.  Head  of  archaic  style, 
r.,  beardless,  and  perhaps  female.  Rev.  Raised 
ring  in  which  A-h  . 

27  [  wrongly  given  on  Plate  as  29].  Size, 
0.009  m.  Obv.  Head  with  upper  part  of  shoul¬ 
ders,  r.  Head  seems  to  be  radiate  and  beardless. 
Rev.  N  (perhaps  flower  or  tree). 

28.  Size,  0.0095  m.  Obv.  Head  and  shoul¬ 
ders,  r.  Top  and  back  covered  with  bristling 
di  •ess  like  lion’s  skin.  Head  appears  to  be  male. 
Rev.  Uncertain.  FTom  one  side  there  seem  to 
be  two  advancing  figures,  r.,  from  the  other  some 
monogram  or  symbol  similar  to  that  on  No.  38. 

29.  Size,  0.0095  m.  Obv.  Object  resembling- 
head  with  draped  bust,  r.  In  r.  field,  possible 
traces  of  letters,  among  which  6.  Rev.  Wreath, 
in  which  >£c  . 

30.  Size,  0.0074  m.  Obv.  Struck  on  one  side. 
Only  AL  appears,  which  is  probably  part  of  dra¬ 
pery  of  shoulder.  Rev.  Perhaps  £  in  wreath. 

31.  Size,  0.009  in.  Obv.  Head,  r.  Rev.  ?¥. 

32.  Size,  0.0085m.  Obv.  Head,  r.  Rev.  Un¬ 
certain  symbol,  resembling  tree,  i.  e.  3iL. 


360 


COINS 


33.  Size,  0.009  m.  Obv.  Uncertain  head. 
Rev.  I  ¥. 

34.  Size  0.0085  m.  Obv.  Uncertain,  perhaps 
head.  Rev.  Worn.  At  side, 

35.  Size,  0.009  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Possible 
traces  of  head.  Rev.  W . 

36.  Size,  0.0095  m.  Obv.  Possible  traces  of 
head,  r.  Rev.  Perhaps  symbol  similar  to  that 
of  No.  29. 

37.  Size,  0.0095  m.  Obv.  Possible  trace  of 
face,  r.  Rev.  Uncertain  symbol  or  letter,  re¬ 
sembling  A. 

38.  Size,  0.0094  m.  Obv.  Incrusted.  Rev. 

X  ¥. 

39.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev.  9 

40.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev.  Perhaps  IX. 

41.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev.  Perhaps-#*. 

42.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev.  Similar  to  that  of 
No.  41. 

43.  Size,  0.0105  m.  Obv.  Worn  away.  Rev. 
Uncertain.  Perhaps  9-4  . 

44.  Size,  0.008  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev. 
Flower  or  tree,  cf.  Nos.  27,  35. 

45.  Size,  0.009  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev. 
Shrub  or  flower  W'  . 

46.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev.  Tree. 

47.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev.  Perhaps  tree. 

48.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev.  Perhaps  tree. 

49.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev.  Perhaps  tree 
and  0. 

50.  Size,  0.009  m.  Obv.  Beardless  head,  r. 
Rev.  Perhaps  A. 

51.  Size,  0.0083  m.  Obv.  Head,  wearing  dia¬ 
dem  or  crown,  and  upper  part  of  shoulders, 
r.  Head  apparently  beardless.  Rev.  Large  A. 
The  circle  under  the  bar  of  the  alpha  seems 
nearly  certain. 

52.  Size,  0.0095  m.  Obv.  Head,  uncertain 
whether  bearded,  radiate,  with  upper  part  of 
draped  shoulders,  r.  Rev.  A  . 

53.  Size,  0.0085  m.  Obv.  Head,  with  draped 
bust,  r.  Rev.  A  . 

54.  Size,  0.008  m.  Obv.  Faint  but  prob¬ 
able  traces  of  head  and  draped  shoulders,  r. 
Rev.  A. 

55.  Size,  0.0092  m.  Obv.  Faint  but  probable 
traces  of  head,  r.  Rev.  A  ■  (Height,  0.005  m.) 

56.  Size,  0.0085  m.  Obv.  Incrusted.  Rev. 

A. 

57.  Size,  0.0079.  Obv.  Worn  away.  Rev.  FI. 
For  this  N,  cf.  JB.  M.  C.  Pelop.  p.  146,  No.  124 


NG 

HI  and  p.  148,  No.  153  MG  I 

A 

58.  Size,  0.0085  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev.  N. 

59.  Size,  0.009  m.  Obv.  Beardless  head,  r. 
Rev.  W,  i.  e.  letter  and  symbols  combined. 

60.  Size,  0.008  m.  Obv.  Perhaps  head.  Rev. 
&  . 

61.  Size,  0.0085  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev. 

M  . 

62.  Size,  0.0088  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev. 

W. 

63.  Size,  0.008  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev. 

. 

64.  Size,  0.008  m.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev. 
Ft  (incrusted). 

65.  Obv.  Uncertain.  Rev.  xf-  (not  very 
certain). 

66.  Half  gone.  Size,  0.0145  m.  Obv.  Upper 
part  of  head  with  diadem,  r.  Rev.  Worn  and 
incrusted. 

67.  Size,  0.0085.  Obv.  Beardless  head  and 
bust,  r.  Upper  lip  heavy,  as  though  with  mus¬ 
tache.  Two  locks  of  hair  down  back  of  neck. 
On  breast  of  garment,  spiral  ornament.  Rev. 
Uncertain. 

68-102.  Sizes  0.0065-0.0115.  Oxidized  and 
effaced. 

103.  Plain  on  both  sides. 

104.  Plain  on  both  sides.  Perhaps  not  a  coin. 

A  ttribution  uncertain. 

105.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0135  m.  Much  oxidized.  Probably  Greek. 

106.  Bronze.  Size,  0.02  m.  Obv.  Head  of 
Roman  emperor,  perhaps  (Nero  or  Titus  ? ),  r. 
Rev.  Effaced. 

107.  Found  at  E.  end  of  Stoa,  April  4,  1893. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.03  m.  Obv.  Bearded  head.  r. 
Perhaps  Antoninus  Pius  or  Hadrian.  Much 
worn.  Rev.  Draped  female  figure,  standing  1., 
with  r.  hand  outstretched. 

108.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.027  m.  Obv.  Youthful  and  probably  male 
bust,  r.  Neck  thin.  Rev.  (ri .  In  field,  slight  but 
probable  traces  of  letters. 

Plate  CXLII. 

109.  Found  in  Northwest  Building,  1894. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.027  m.  Obv.  Head,  r.  Rev.  -ft- 

110.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.028  m. 


ROMAN 


361 


B.  ROME  (EMPIRE). 


Antoninus  Pius. 

111.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0195  m.  Obv.  Head  of 
Antoninus  Pius,  r.  In  1.  field,  AN1  ON  I  NVS|f| 
(remainder  incrusted).  Pev.  Standing  draped 
figure.  In  1.  field,  |||PX.  In  r.  £.,  COS  Nil  |§|. 
Incrusted. 

Julia  Domna  (?). 

112.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.018  m.  Obv.  Draped  female  bust,  r.  Head¬ 
dress  of  style  which  begins  about  time  of  Julia 
Domna  (also  Titiana  and  Manila  Scantilla). 
Inscription  effaced.  Rev.  Draped  female  figure 
standing,  1.,  with  r.  hand  extended  and  with 
cornucopia  in  1.  Inscription  illegible  except 
for  E  in  r.  field. 

Pupienus. 

113.  Bronze.  Size,  0.031  m.  Obv.  Draped 
bust  of  Pupienus,  laureate,  r.  In  field,  I M  P- 
CAESPV  PI  EN  M  AX!  MVSAVC.  Rev.  Draped 
female  figure  seated  in  chair,  1.,  holding  in  out¬ 
stretched  r.  olive  branch,  in  1.  transverse  sceptre. 
Inscription  beginning  in  1.  field,  PAX  PVBLICA. 
Beneath,  SC  .  Cf.  Cohen,  Medailles  Imp.  vol. 
Y.  p.  17,  No.  24. 

Gallienus. 

114.  Found  on  South  slope,  west  end,  1894. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.0205  m.  Obv.  Head  of  Gal¬ 
lienus,  r.,  radiate.  Military  drapery.  Begin¬ 
ning  in  1.  field,  CAL  LI  ENVSAVC.  Rev.  Draped 
female  figure  standing  1.,  holding  in  r.  hand  olive 
branch,  in  1.  transverse  sceptre.  In  1.  field, 
PAX.  In  r.  field,  a  .  Unless  these  characters 
are  for  AVC  the  coin  is  not  included  in  Cohen, 
op.  cit.  The  characters  are  clear. 

Aurelian. 

115.  From  South  slope.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0223  m.  Obv.  Draped  bust  of  Aurelian,  r., 
radiate.  Beginning  in  1.  field,  IMPAVRELIA- 
NVSAVC  Rev.  Two  upright  figures,  1.,  man  in 
toga,  r.,  r.  draped  woman,  clasp  hands.  Begin¬ 
ning  in  1.  field,  CON  CORD  I  AM  I LITVM.  Be¬ 
neath,  Psfc. 

116.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0205  m.  Obv.  Draped  bust  of  Aurelian,  r.,  ra¬ 
diate.  Beginning  in  1.  field,  I M  PC  AV  RE  LI  AN  VS 
AVC.  Rev.  Sol  upright,  radiate,  with  mantle 
falling  over  1.  shoulder,  faces  1.,  with  r.  arm 


raised,  and  1.  hand  extended  and  supporting 
perhaps  a  globe.  In  1.  field  a  star.  At  his  feet 
on  either  side,  a  captive.  The  1.  captive  has  his 
hands  bound  behind  his  back.  Beneath,  S.  Be¬ 
ginning  in  1.  field,  ORIENSAVC. 

Probus. 

117.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0235  m.  Nearly  half 
gone.  Obv.  Probus,  with  helmet,  shield,  and 
spear,  1.  Helmet  radiate.  Inscription,  |§P 
PROB  VSAUC.  Rev.  Horseman  (Probus)  gal¬ 
loping,  1.  R.  hand  raised,  in  1.  spear  or  sceptre. 
In  front  under  raised  leg  of  horse,  possible  trace 
of  figure.  Beginning  in  1.  field,  ADVEN  TVSAV 
(remainder  lost). 

118.  Bronze.  Size,  0.024  m.  Obv.  Bust  of 
Probus,  r.,  radiate  with  military  drapery.  Be¬ 
ginning  in  1.  field,  IM PCPROBVSPFAVC.  Rev. 
Draped  female  figure,  upright,  L,  holding  in 
either  hand  military  standard.  Beneath,  1 1 1  XXT. 
Beginning  in  1.  field,  FIDESM  I  LIT. 

Carus. 

119.  From  East  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.0224  m.  Obv.  Bust  of  Carus,  r.,  radiate.  Mili¬ 
tary  drapery.  Beginning  in  1.  field,  |f|PCMAVR- 
CARVSPFAVC.  Rev.  Female  figure  draped, 
standing  1.,  and  pointing  with  staff  at  object 
(globe)  lying  at  feet.  In  her  1.  hand,  long 
upright  sceptre.  Beginning  in  1.  field,  PRO¬ 
VIDE  N  TIAAVCC. 

Constantius  Chlorus. 

120.  Probably  from  Lower  Stoa.  Bronze. 
Size,  0.0215  in.  Obv.  Draped  bust  of  Con¬ 
stantius  Chlorus,  r.,  radiate.  In  field,  FL^CON- 
STANTIVS  NOB  CAES.  Rev.  Draped  figure, 
upright,  facing  r.,  receiving  figure  of  Victory 
from  figure  with  mantle  over  shoulder  (other¬ 
wise  nude),  facing  1.  In  field,  CONCORDIA 
Ml  LITVM.  Beneath,  Victory,  HA 

Galerius. 

121.  Bronze.  Size,  0.021  m.  Obv.  Draped 
bust  of  Galerius,  r.,  radiate.  Beginning  in  1. 
field,  CALVALMAXlMIANVSNOBCAE(ff.  Rev. 
Draped  male  figure  with  cloak  hanging  over 
shoulder,  r.,  joins  hands  with  nude  figure  hold¬ 
ing  long  sceptre,  1.  Their  joined  hands  support 
small  draped  female  figure.  Beginning  in  1.  field, 
CONCORD  I  AM  I  LITVM.  Beneath,  HB. 


362 


COINS 


122.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.019  m.  Obv.  Male  head,  r.,  radiate,  with 
features  resembling  those  of  Galerius.  Inscrip¬ 
tion  partly  illegible,  |f|XIM]ANV5PLAVC.  Rev. 
Two  upright  figures  clasp  hands.  Their  hands 
support  small  figure.  In  field,  CO N CORD I- 
A^^^TVM.  Beneath,  HS. 

L  icinius. 

123.  Bronze.  Size,  0.02  m.  Obv.  Bust  of 
Licinius,  r.,  laureate.  Military  drapery.  Be¬ 
ginning  in  1.  field,  IMPUCIN|p|FAVC.  Rev. 
Partially  draped  male  figure  (genius),  upright, 
L,  holding  some  object  in  extended  r.,  and  in 
1.  cornucopia.  Inscription  nearly  effaced.  In  1. 
field,  H|II  II  I  .  In  r.  field,  |f|o.  In  inner  r. 
field,  F.  In  exergue,  uncertain  letters. 

Constantins  II. 

124.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0173  m.  Obv.  Beard¬ 
less  draped  bust  of  Constantins,  r.,  with  diadem. 
In  1.  field,  DNCONST AN  ;  in  r.  field,  TIVS 
PFAVC.  Rev.  Two  figures  fighting,  one  partly 
down,  the  other  thrusting  spear  into  him  from 
above.  In  1.  field,  slight  traces  of  inscription 
(FELTEMP),  in  r.,  REPARATIO.  Beneath,  QC. 

125.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0162  in.  Obv.  Head 
of  Constantins,  r.,  with  diadem.  In  r.  field, 
TIVSPFA||.  Remainder  of  inscription  illegi¬ 
ble.  Rev.  Soldier  rushing  to  1.  upon  prostrate 
enemy.  In  r.  field,  REPARATIO  (remainder 
of  inscription  illegible).  In  exergue,  uncertain 
traces  of  letters. 

126.  Found  back  of  South  Building  in  “  grave 
of  April  13, 1894.”  Bronze.  Size,  0.015  m.  Obv. 
Head,  laureate  or  diademed,  similar  to  that  of 
Constantins.  Inscription  illegible  except  for 
AVC  in  r.  field.  Rev.  Wreath,  within  which 
v  o  t  In  exergue,  four  letters,  of  which  the  third 
xxLx  *s  ^  Cf.  Cohen,  op.  cit.  vol.  VII.  p.  492, 

No.  335. 

Julian  (called  the  Apostate). 

127.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0165  in.  Obv.  Bust 
of  Julian,  r.  Head  bare  and  beardless.  Begin¬ 


ning  in  1.  field,  |§|LIVIL|||  (remainder  incrusted 
and  illegible).  Rev.  Soldier  upright,  1.,  pier¬ 
cing  with  spear  fallen  enemy  (horseman).  On 
ground,  a  shield.  In  r.  field,  PARATIO  (re¬ 
mainder  illegible).  In  exergue,  SMKA. 

Gratian. 

128.  Bronze.  Size,  0.017  m.  Obv.  Bust  of 
Gratian,  r.,  wearing  diadem.  Beginning  in  1. 
field,  DNCRATI A|f|PFAVC.  Rev.  Draped  hel- 
meted  female  figure  (Roma)  seated  front,  look¬ 
ing  1.  Holds  sceptre  in  r.,  and  has  1.  raised.  In 
1.  field  V I RTVSRO  ;  in  r.  field,  MANORv  -  .  In 
exergue,  TES. 

Attribution  uncertain. 

129.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.021  m.  Obv.  Bust  of  emperor,  r.,  radiate. 
Uncertain  whether  with  beard.  Heavy  features  ; 
thick  neck.  Inscription,  HCDH  (remainder 
incrusted).  Rev.  Two  male  figures,  the  1. 
draped,  the  other  nude  except  for  cloak  over 
shoulder,  clasp  hands,  above  which,  figure. 
Figure  at  r.  holds  in  1.  long  sceptre.  In  field, 
CON  CORD  I  AM  I  LITVM.  Beneath  hands  above 
exergue,  F.  In  exergue,  ALE. 

Cf.  Nos.  121  f,  but  the  inscription  |f|C(aesar) 
D(omitius)H|  would  seem  to  point  rather  to 
Aurelian,  under  whom  coins  of  a  similar  type 
(Jupiter  presenting  globe  to  emperor)  were 
struck. 

130.  Found  in  Northwest  Building,  1894. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.019  m.  Obv.  Draped  bust,  r. 
Rev.  Standing  draped  figure. 

131  From  West  Building.  Much  damaged. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.014  m.  Obv.  Head,  r.  Illegi¬ 
ble  inscription.  Rev.  In  centre,  figure.  About 
edge,  letters,  all  illegible. 

132.  Much  incrusted.  Bronze.  Size,  0.018  m. 
Obv.  Head,  1.  Inscription  illegible  excepting 
COS|ffC  in  r.  field.  Incrusted. 

133.  From  South  slope.  Condition  bad. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.02  m.  Obv.  Head,  r.  Rev. 
Draped  standing  figure,  1. 


C.  ROME  (EASTERN  EMPIRE). 

Arcadius.  but  with  head  turned  to  r.,  has  r.  hand  raised, 

134.  From  West  Building.  Bronze.  Size,  and  with  1.  drags  captive.  In  1.  field,  SA|||RE|§|; 
0.0143  m.  Obv.  Draped  bust  of  Arcadius,  r.,  in  r.  field,  PVBLICAE.  In  inner  1.  field, -F.  In 
wearing  diadem.  Infield  DNARCADIVS  PFAVC.  exergue,  SMKA 
Rev.  Draped  male  figure  upright,  moving  to  1., 


EASTERN  EMPIRE  AND  VENICE 


363 


John  Zimi8Q.es,  (a.  d.  969-976). 

135.  Probably  from  Lower  Stoa.  Perforated. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.0345  m. 

Ohv.  +  O'  i  t  Rev.  Bust  of  Christ  in  halo  and 
h  A s  i  ie  cross  facing,  and  holding-  proba- 
b  a  s  i  lc  bly  book  of  gospel.  At  side, 
TC-XC.  In  1.  field,  +  EMMA. 

136.  Probably  from  Lower  Stoa.  Perforated 
and  much  worn.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0282  m. 

Ohv.  + 1  h:  i  m  Rev.  Bust  of  Christ  with  halo 

h  i  and  cross  facing,  and  probably 

holding  book  of  gospel. 

137.  From  East  Building.  Bronze.  Size, 
0.028  m. 

Ohv.  I  S  I  XS  Rev.  Bust  of  Christ  with  halo 
I  A  5  1 1  L  €  and  diadem  facing,  and  holding 
li  AS  |  1  L€  gospel.  Struck  twice,  the  sec- 
- —  .  ond  time  to  1.  of  first.  To  second 


impression  belong  1C  in  1.  field  and  +EMMA. 
To  first  impression  belong  in  r.  field  XC  and 
NOVN.  + 

138.  Probably  from  Lower  Stoa.  Perforated. 
Condition  poor.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0255  m. 

Ohv.  |  s  ►  Rev.  Head  and  bust  of  Christ 

k  As  **•  facing.  Details  effaced. 

1  *  yj 

Attribution  uncertain. 

139.  Probably  from  Lower  Stoa.  Perforated. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.025  m.  Ohv.  Indistinct  male 
figure,  perhaps  laureate.  Above  head  there 
seems  to  be  a  small  +.  Rev.  t .  At  1.,  two 

or  three  balls  • 

If  on  this  coin  the  head  is  that  of  Christ,  the 
words  “  Ohv.”  and  “  Rev.  ”  are  to  change 
places. 


D.  VENICE. 


140.  Bronze.  Size,  0.016  m.  Ohv.  Head  and 
mane  of  lion.  About  edge,  VEN  ET I  •  +  •  S  •  Ma1 
Rev.  +  around  which  partly  effaced  inscription, 
^  ARBATICO  •  DV+  . 

141.  Found  in  West  Building,  April  25, 1893. 
Bronze.  Size,  0.028  m.  Ohv.  Head  and  mane 
of  lion.  About  edge,  4=  S  •  MARC  -  VEN-  In 
exergue,  1 1  >(c 

Rev.  I  SOLE 

E  T  Above  and  beneath,  rosette. 
ARMATA 


Corfu,  Cephalonia ,  Zante. 

142.  Bronze.  Size,  0.0263m.  Ohv.  Lion’s  head 
with  mane.  About  edge,  %  |||ARCVS  •  VE  % 
In  exergue,  4:  I  |f| 

Rev.  CORFV 
CEFAL- 
ZANTE 


E.  UNCERTAIN. 

143-155.  Numbers  143-148  from  West  Much  worn  or  oxidized  or  both.  Bronze.  Sizes, 
Building.  Numbers  143-145  found  in  1894.  0.0135-0.0212  m. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXLI 


COINS.— MAINLY  GREEK 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO  EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS  FROM 

THE  ARGIYE  HERAEUM  1 

By  ALBERT  MORTON  LYTHGOE 

The  intercourse  between  Egypt  and  her  neighbors  on  the  north,  which  we  should 
expect  to  trace,  first  to  the  nearer  islands  and  then  on  to  Greece  itself,  has  been  proved  by 
recent  evidence  to  have  begun  at  least  as  early  as  the  XYItli  Egyptian  dynasty.  This 
earliest  fixed  date  lies  in  the  finding  by  Mr.  Arthur  Evans,  in  the  palace  of  Cnossos, 
of  the  lid  of  an  alabaster  vase  inscribed  with  the  names  of  Kliyan,  one  of  a  group  of 
kings  who  have  now  been  proved  beyond  all  doubt  to  belong  to  the  intermediate  period 
between  the  Xllth  and  XVIIIth  dynasties,  and  to  be  in  all  probability  Hyksos.2 

The  evidence  of  an  earlier  intercourse  than  this  between  these  two  centres  of  civiliza¬ 
tion  is  yet  problematical,  in  the  absence  of  any  earlier  material  to  which  an  absolutely 
certain  dating  can  be  given.  Types  of  pottery  and  other  objects,  similar  to  the  earlier 
Aegean  types  though  not  identical  with  them,  have  been  found  by  Flinders  Petrie  in  the 
Xllth  dynasty  town  site  of  Kahun,  and  in  the  royal  tombs  and  old  temple  of  the  Is! 
dynasty  at  Abydos ; 3  but  in  these  cases  the  types  themselves  lack  identification  as  known 
Aegean  types,  and  the  evidence  of  their  occurrence  is  not  sufficiently  conclusive  to  war¬ 
rant  ascribing  them  to  the  periods  in  apparent  relation  to  which  they  were  found.  Until 
known  material  of  this  character  comes  to  hand,  which  can  he  dated  firmly  by  its  occur¬ 
rence,  under  undisturbed  conditions,  with  fixed  Egyptian  types,  we  can  hardly  go  beyond 
this  earliest  date  which  Crete  has  now  given  us. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  evidence  of  the  intercourse  between  Greece  and  Egypt  from 
that  date  on  is  conclusive.  Beginning  with  the  dated  objects  of  Egyptian  origin  found 
in  the  Mycenaean  sites  of  Greece  and  the  islands,  which  prove  that  period  in  Greek 
civilization  to  have  been  contemporary,  in  part  at  least,  with  the  XVIIIth  dynasty,  the 
connection  appears  to  have  been  interrupted  during  the  disturbed  period  of  the  XXIst 
to  the  XXVtli  dynasties,  and  then  finally,  with  the  influx  of  Greeks  into  Egypt  in  the 
XXVItli  dynasty,  trade  and  intercourse  between  the  two  countries  becomes  so  constant 
that  they  both  furnish,  from  that  time  on,  abundant  evidence  of  their  common  relation. 
It  is  of  this  evidence,  of  the  period  known  as  the  Late  New  Empire,  —  the  XXVItli  and 
succeeding  dynasties  previous  to  the  conquest  by  Alexander,  —  that  the  Egyptian  objects 
from  the  Heraeum  are  a  part,  and  objects  of  identically  the  same  character  have  been 
found  also  at  Eleusis,4  Aegina,5  and  Camirus,6  and  in  Egypt  itself  at  Naukratis.7  In  fact, 
it  is  this  Greek  colony  of  Naukratis,  which  rose  to  great  importance  under  the  privileges 
granted  it  by  Amasis  (569-526  b.  c.),  and  which,  as  the  capital  of  the  Egyptian  Greeks, 

1  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  P.  Kabbadias,  Director-General  fessor  Petrie  is  in  Methods  and  Aims  in  Archaeology, 
of  Antiquities,  for  permission  to  photograph  the  Egyptian  London,  1904. 

objects  from  Aegina  (now  in  the  Museum  at  Athens),  4  Cf.  Philios,  ’Eft.  'A px-,  1889,  171  ff. 

for  comparison  with  these  from  the  Heraeum  (Plate  5  Cf.  Staes,  ’Eft.  ’A px-,  1895,  193  ff.  and  201-255. 

CXLIV.).  6  Cf.  Murray,  Cat.  of  Gems  in  Brit.  Mus.  pp.  46-58. 

2  Cf.  Griffith,  Arch.  Report,  1901,  p.  37.  7  Cf.  Naukratis,  parts  I.  and  II.,  by  W.  M.  Flinders 

3  The  most  recent  discussion  of  this  material  by  Pro-  Petrie,  E.  A.  Gardner,  and  others. 

367 


368 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


was  visited  by  Herodotus  nearly  a  century  later,  that  we  now  see  to  have  been  the 
original  source  of  all  this  evidence,  and  to  it  the  origin  of  the  Egyptian  objects,  both 
from  the  Heraeum  and  the  other  sites  mentioned,  is  to  be  traced. 

If  we  start  with  the  fact  that  at  Naukratis  itself  examples  were  found  of  nearly  all  the 
types  which  have  come  from  the  Greek  sites  named,  and  that  the  examples  of  each  type, 
though  coming  from  places  widely  separated,  are  in  many  cases  so  closely  identical 
that  they  might  almost  have  been  cast  in  the  same  moulds,  then  we  must  surely  look  to 
Naukratis  as  their  common  source.  We  find,  for  example,  that  the  series  of  scarabs  from 
the  Heraeum  (Plate  CXLIII.  Nos.  1  to  39)  have  their  counterparts  in  those  from  Nau¬ 
kratis1  and  also  in  those  from  Aegina  (Plate  CXLIV.  Nos.  1  to  6) ;  similarly,  the 
figures  of  Apollo  from  the  Heraeum  (Plate  CXLIII.  51  and  CXLIV.  53)  duplicated 
at  Naukratis2;  the  figure  of  Bes  (Plate  CXLIII.  47)  also  occurring  at  Aegina  (Plate 
CXLIV.  10) ;  and  the  two  whorls  (Plate  CXLIV.  58  and  59)  reproduced  in  one  from 
Aegina  (Plate  CXLIV.  8).  With  such  a  repetition  in  so  limited  a  range  of  subjects, 
the  source  of  them  all  cannot  be  a  matter  of  doubt.  There  were  found  at  Naukratis, 
moreover,  not  only  most  of  the  types  which  are  duplicated  in  these  from  the  Greek 
sites,  but  even  the  moulds  in  which  certain  types  of  the  scarabs,  for  example,  were 
cast.  That  the  examples  from  the  Greek  sites  were  not  locally  made  is  obvious,  and  it 
is  equally  clear  not  only  that  they  must  all  have  been  drawn  from  a  common  Egyptian 
source,  but  that,  from  the  evidence,  that  source  must  be  Naukratis,  the  largest  and  most 
important  centre  of  trade  between  Greece  and  her  colonists  in  the  Delta. 

There  not  only  did  the  Greeks  erect  temples  and  statues  to  Greek  divinities  and  carry 
on  the  manufacture  of  Greek  pottery,  figurines,  and  other  objects  of  the  same  types  and 
in  the  same  manner  as  in  Greece  itself,  but  they  became  skilled  in  the  arts  of  Egypt, 
and  learned  to  reproduce  Egyptian  types  of  deities,  Egyptian  forms  of  decoration,  and 
Egyptian  hieroglyphics.  In  some  cases  they  copied  the  hieroglyphics  correctly,  and  in 
others  their  errors  show  clearly  they  had  little  knowledge  of  the  language.  They  learned, 
moreover,  to  work  in  the  materials  in  common  use  among  the  Egyptians,  and  we  find  in 
greatest  number  scarabs,  vases,  and  figurines  of  glazed  porcelain.  On  the  scarabs  they 
not  only  reproduced  Egyptian  inscriptions  and  designs,  but  they  ornamented  them  with 
scenes  reminiscent  of  their  own  Greek  art,  as  the  two  running  stags,  and  the  stag  pur¬ 
sued  by  a  hound  (Plate  CXLIII.  32  and  33),  while  in  the  case  of  the  porcelain  figures 
they  both  imitated  well-known  Egyptian  subjects  —  such  as  the  animals  sacred  to  the 
gods,  as  the  cat  (Plate  CXLIII.  48)  and  the  rabbit  (Plate  CXLIV.  54),  and  the 
Egyptian  divinities  themselves,  as  Bes  (Plate  CXLIII.  47)  —  and  also  introduced  their 
own  Apollo  (Plates  CXLIII.  51  and  CXLIV.  53),  here  represented  as  playing  on  the 
double  pipe.3 

In  date  this  whole  class  of  objects  does  not  vary,  but,  without  a  single  exception,  is 
to  be  assigned  to  this  period  of  the  XXVItli  and  following  dynasties  of  the  Late  New 
Empire,  when  Naukratis  was  the  centre  of  Greek  influence.  None  of  this  material  from 
the  Heraeum,  or  that  from  any  other  of  the  Greek  sites  mentioned,  can  be  dated  more 
closely  to  any  particular  dynasty  or  reign,  from  evidence  contained  in  itself.  The  only 
objects  from  the  Heraeum  inscribed  with  a  royal  name  are  the  three  scarabs  (Plate 
CXLIII.  17,  18,  and  19),  the  first  of  which,  and  possibly  the  last  two  also,  is  inscribed 
with  the  name  of  Thothmes  III.,  of  the  XVII lib  dynasty.  (See  Catalogue  below.)  None 

3  Cf.  also  Naukratis,  I.  §  17,  and  pi.  ii. 


1  Cf.  Naukratis,  I.  pis.  xxxvii.  and  xxxviii. 

2  Cf.  Naukratis,  i.  pi.  ii.  7  and  13. 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


369 


Fig.  1.  —  Scarab 

FROM  ELF.USIS. 

It  is  inscribed  with 
name  of  Thothmes 
III.,  but  is  of  later 
date. 


of  these,  however,  date  from  the  reign  of  that  king,  but  rather  from  this  period  begin¬ 
ning  with  the  XXVIth  dynasty  in  which  we  have  already  included  them.  The  well- 
known  custom  in  this  later  period  of  copying  and  repeating  upon  scarabs  the  names  and 
titles  of  the  earlier  kings  is  of  such  common  occurrence  that  we  find  them  even  em¬ 
ploying  the  names  of  the  kings  of  the  Old  Empire,  —  a  period  when  the 
inscribed  scarab  had  not  yet  come  into  existence.  The  name  of  Thothmes 
III.  seems,  however,  to  occur  much  more  frequently  in  these  later  copies 
than  any  other  royal  name,  and  in  Egyptian  cemeteries  of  this  XXVIth 
dynasty  as  many  as  ten  to  twenty  per  cent,  of  the  scarabs  have  sometimes 
been  found  to  bear  this  cartouche.  It  is  therefore  not  surprising  that 
scarabs  of  this  type  should  have  been  found  not  only  here  at  the 
Heraeum,  but  at  Camirus1  and  at  Eleusis  also  (Fig.  1). 

Apart  from  these  Egyptian,  or  Graeco-Egyptian,  objects  from  the 
Heraeum,  which  are  thus  to  be  grouped  in  a  single  class  of  obviously  the  same  date  and 
origin,  there  are  in  addition  two  glass  scarabeoids  (Plate  CXLIII.  40  and  41)  which, 
while  seemingly  Egyptian  in  character,  need  special  consideration.  They  are  clearly 
Egyptian  in  form  and  partly  in  device,  but  in  style  and  treatment  they  belong  to  a  class 
of  scarabs  and  scarabeoids  which  show  Asiatic  influence,  and  which  have  been  identified 
in  general  as  of  Phoenician  origin.  The  extent  to  which  the  Phoenicians  borrowed 
Egyptian  forms  and  imitated  Egyptian  designs  both  in  metal  working  and  in  the  engrav¬ 
ing  of  gems  is  attested  by  the  considerable  number  of  objects  known  in  which  this  fact 
can  be  easily  identified.'2  Scarabs  and  scarabeoids  of  this  class  are  generally  found  to 
bear  a  design  either  purely  Egyptian  or  adopted  from  the  Egyptian,  but  in  rare  cases 
they  actually  occur  with  an  inscription  in  Phoenician  characters.3 

As  to  the  origin  of  these  two  scarabeoids  from  the  Heraeum,  whether  they  were  made 
by  Phoenician  colonists  in  the  Delta  or  were  brought  there  by  Phoenician  merchants  and 
then  exported  to  Greece,  we  have  no  evidence ;  but  that  they  are  of  the  same  date  and 
were  brought  into  Greece  at  the  same  period  as  the  other  objects  of  Egyptian  character 
is  made  certain  by  the  occurrence  at  Eleusis  of  a  similar  glass  scarabeoid  (Fig.  2),  found 
under  exactly  similar  conditions,  —  with  some  fifteen  scarabs  of  the  same  character  as 
these  from  the  Heraeum,  one  of  which  is  inscribed  with  the  name  of  Thothmes  III.  (Fig. 
1,  referred  to  above),  but  is  of  later  date  just  as  is  No.  17  from  the  Heraeum.  This 
double  occurrence  certainly  disposes  of  all  doubt  in  the  matter  of  dating  these  scarabe¬ 
oids,  but  apart  from  the  fact  that  they  were  evidently  brought  into  Greece  at  the  same 
period  as  these  other  objects  we  are  considering,  they  are  clearly  not  of  the  same  origin 
and  not  to  be  classed  with  them. 

1  Cf.  Murray,  Cat.  of  Gems  in  Brit.  Mus.  p.  13.  3  For  description  of  such  scarabs  in  the  British  Museum, 

2  Cf.  Maspero,  Struggle  of  the  Nations,  pp.  580  tf.  cf.  Budge,  The  Mummy,  p.  250. 


370 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


CATALOGUE 


Plate  CXLIII.  ( scale  1 :  1). 

1.  Inscribed  Amen  Ra  neb  =  ‘  Amen  Ra,  the 
Lord.’  Here,  and  also  in  Nos.  2,  3,  and  4,  the 
maker  has  shown  his  unfamiliarity  with  the 
signs  in  having  mistaken  this  sign  of  the  ostrich- 
feather,  the  symbol  of  the  goddess  Ma’at,  or 
Truth  (cf.  No.  13,  where  it  occurs  properly)  for 
the  reedleaf,  in  the  name  of  the  god  Amen  (cf. 
No.  5).  For  the  feather,  see  Griffith,  Beni  Ha¬ 
san. ,  part  III.  pi.  v.  72  ;  and  for  the  reedleaf, 
Griffith,  Hieroglyphs ,  pi.  vii.  106. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

2.  Same  inscription  as  No.  1,  and  same  error 
in  the  reedleaf  sign.  In  addition,  the  men  sign 
is  very  badly  formed,  and  in  other  cases,  as  No. 
4,  has  become  quite  shapeless. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

3.  Same  inscription. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

4.  Same  inscription.  Cf.  No.  2. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

5.  Same  inscription.  Here  the  reedleaf  is  cor¬ 
rectly  represented. 

Frit,  the  glaze  completely  gone. 

6.  Same  inscription.  Characters  more  care¬ 
fully  rendered  than  usual. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

7.  Probably  to  be  read  Amen  Ra  neb  ma  at  = 
‘  Amen  Ra,  Lord  of  Truth.’  The  middle  signs 
are  badly  moulded  and  are  fused  together. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

8.  Probably  to  be  read  as  No.  7.  The  last  sign 
certainly  seems  to  be  the  ostrich-feather. 

Frit,  with  traces  of  blue  glaze. 

9.  Anlch  ma'at  =  ‘  Living  is  Truth.’ 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

10.  Ra  neb  ma'at  —  1'  Ra,  Lord  of  Truth,’  fol¬ 
lowed  by  the  uraeus,  the  protector  of  the  sun-god. 

Frit,  glaze  completely  gone. 

11.  Probably  to  be  read  as  No.  10.  The  third 
sign  seems  to  be  a  misshapen  ostrich-feather. 
Lastly,  an  unintelligible  sign,  possibly  an  at¬ 
tempt  at  an  ankh  sign. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

12.  Ranef  er  neb  ma'at  —  ‘  The  good  Ra,  Lord 
of  Truth.’ 

Frit,  no  traces  of  glaze. 

13.  Ra  neb  ma'at  —  ‘  Ra,  Lord  of  Truth.’ 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

14.  Ma'at  nefer  —  <‘  Truth  is  beautiful.’  This 


sign  which  we  have  read  as  nefer  must  be  the 
lute-sign,  as  in  No.  12,  but  crudely  represented. 
(Cf.  Griffith,  Hieroglyphs ,  pi.  ix.  164.) 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

15.  Probably  same  inscription  as  No.  13. 

Frit,  badly  worn  and  glaze  gone. 

16.  Same  inscription  as  No.  13. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

17.  I  nscribed  with  the  prenomen  of  Thoth- 
mes  III.,  Men  kheper  Ra  =  ‘  Established  (i.  e. 
enduring)  is  the  being  of  Ra.’  Outside  the  car¬ 
touche  are  the  red  crown  of  Lower  Egypt  ( dsrt , 
cf.  Griffith,  Hieroglyphs ,  p.  56),  and  the  mallet 
sign  ( hn ,  cf.  Griffith,  op.  cit.  pi.  vii.  104),  both 
symbols  of  royalty. 

Of  steatite,  with  traces  of  a  deep  yellow  glaze. 
The  whole  style  of  the  scarab,  and  especially 
the  cutting  of  the  back,  would  assign  it  to  the 
XXVI  th  dynasty,  or  the  period  immediately 
following. 

18.  In  upper  register:  stni-biti  —  ‘ King  of 
Upper  and  Lower  Egypt.’  Below  in  the  car¬ 
touche  :  At  the  top,  the  sun’s  disk,  Ra.  At  the 
bottom,  the  beetle  sign,  kheper ;  and  between  the 
two  an  indistinct  sign,  which  seems  in  all  prob¬ 
ability  to  be  the  men,  and  which  would  thus 
give  us  again  the  prenomen  of  Thothmes  III., 
as  in  No.  17.  On  either  side  of  the  cartouche  is 
an  uraeus,  the  protector  of  royalty. 

Of  frit,  the  glazing  completely  gone ;  and  in 
style,  of  same  period  as  No.  17. 

19.  Too  badly  worn  to  be  read  with  any  de¬ 
gree  of  certainty.  At  lower  right  side  is  a  car¬ 
touche,  of  which  the  upper  sign  is  certainly  the 
sun’s  disk,  and  the  lower  sign  possibly  the 
kheper.  The  intermediate  sign  cannot  be  dis¬ 
tinguished,  but  it  is  possible  that  we  may  have 
again  the  name  of  Thothmes  III. 

Scarabeoid,  of  soft  paste  or  frit,  bordered  by 
a  moulded  band  ornamented  around  the  side 
with  a  twisted  rope  pattern.  (Cf.  Petrie,  Deco¬ 
rative  Art,  fig.  169.) 

20.  Above,  the  barque  of  Ra,  surmounted  by 
the  sun’s  disk.  Beneath,  the  figure  of  a  hawk, 
symbolic  of  the  sun-god. 

Of  a  deep  blue-colored  frit ;  glaze  gone. 

21.  Intended  to  read  Amen  Ra,  but  in  Amen 
the  sign  of  the  eagle  is  incorrectly  used,  instead 
of  that  of  the  reedleaf. 

Of  a  blue  frit,  like  No.  20,  and  glaze  also  gone. 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


371 


22.  The  figure  of  a  sphinx,  recumbent,  the  in¬ 
carnation  of  Ra,  the  sun-god,  as  the  protector  of 
mankind.  (Cf.  Wiedemann,  Religion ,  p.  197.) 
Above,  the  sun’s  disk  ;  and  in  front,  the  feather, 
symbol  of  divinity. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

23.  Above,  the  barque  of  Ra,  surmounted  by 
the  sun’s  disk.  Below,  the  uraeus,  protector  of 
the  god. 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

24.  At  the  right  the  crooked  sceptre,  which 
as  a  word-sign  has  the  value  hk  =  ‘  ruler,  prince  ;  ’ 
then  the  uraeus,  symbol  of  royalty  ;  followed  by 
a  third  sign,  the  form  and  significance  of  which 
cannot  be  determined. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

25.  Human-headed  sphinx,  standing,  crowned 
with  the  white  crown  of  Upper  Egypt,  with 
uraeus  at  front,  and  represented  bearded.  Same 
significance  as  in  No.  22,  —  the  incarnation  of 
Ra,  the  sun-god.  Above,  the  sun’s  disk.  Before 
the  sphinx,  the  crooked  sceptre  as  in  No.  24. 
(Cf.  Griffith,  Hieroglyphs ,  fig.  39.) 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

26.  Above,  the  sun’s  disk.  Below,  seemingly 
a  squatting  figure,  as  of  the  god  himself  (Ra). 

Frit,  with  traces  of  a  yellow  glaze. 

27.  Standing  figure,  representing  some  god 
or  royal  personage.  In  the  right  hand  a  uraeus, 
in  the  left  a  sceptre,  and  evidently  crowned  with 
the  white  crown  of  Upper  Egypt. 

Frit,  all  traces  of  glazing  gone. 

28.  Representation  of  some  animal  of  long 
and  slender  body,  and  with  long  snout,  —  per¬ 
haps  the  jackal.  (Cf.  Davies,  Mastaba  of 
Ptahhetep ,  part  I.  fig.  63.) 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

29.  Amen  Ra  before  a  seated  god  or  king. 
Amen  Ra  is  represented  as  hawk-headed,  crowned 
with  the  crown  of  Upper  Egypt  and  the  double 
plume,  and  in  his  left  hand  the  yjas  sceptre. 
(Cf.  Griffith,  Hieroglyphs ,  p.  59.)  The  seated 
figure  is  represented  with  the  same  sceptre,  and 
is  bearded. 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

30.  The  ankh  sign,  or  sign  of  life,  with  two 
uraei  intertwined,  —  a  design  which  occurs  in 
Egypt  as  early  as  the  Vlth  dynasty.  (Cf. 
Petrie,  Methods  and  Aims  in  Archaeology , 
fig.  62.) 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

31.  Representation  of  the  griffin,  one  of  the 
fantastic  beasts  which  inhabited  the  desert,  in 


the  belief  of  the  Egyptians.  (Cf.  Maspero, 
Dawn  of  Civilization ,  p.  83.) 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

32.  Two  running  ibexes.  (For  the  Egyptian 
ibex,  cf.  Newberry,  Beni  Hasan ,  part  I.  pi. 
xxviii.) 

Pottery,  pale  blue-gray  color,  surface  glaze 
gone. 

33.  Ibex  pursued  by  a  hound.  (For  similar 
representations  in  Egyptian  art,  cf.  Newberry, 
Beni  Hasan ,  part  I.  pi.  xxx.,  and  Davies,  Mas¬ 
taba  of  Ptahhetep,  part  I.  pis.  xxii.  and  xxv.) 

Blue-glazed  pottery. 

34.  Duck  rising  from  a  marsh  or  swamp. 
(For  the  duck,  cf.  Griffith,  Beni  Hasan ,  part  III. 
pi.  ii.  figs.  1  and  8.)  Behind  is  a  tall-stemmed 
plant  tipped  with  a  clump  of  leaves,  and  before 
the  duck  is  the  so-called  sedge,  a  plant  identified 
with  the  South,  or  Upper  Egypt.  (Cf.  Bor- 
chardt,  Pflanzensaule ,  Abb.  35.)  The  scarab 
is  broken  at  this  end  and  another  character  can¬ 
not  be  determined. 

Porcelain,  of  a  dark  brownish  color,  as  if 
subjected  at  some  later  period  to  the  action  of 
fire.  Glaze  gone. 

35.  In  upper  register  a  recumbent  sphinx,  with 
tail  raised.  Over  the  animal  the  sun’s  disk. 
(Cf.  No.  22.)  Below,  a  hawk,  symbolic  of  the 
sun-god,  is  represented  in  a  papyrus-marsh,  with 
a  clump  of  three  papyrus  stems  behind.  (Cf. 
Griffith,  Beni  Hasan ,  part  III.  pi.  iii.  fig.  16.) 

Blue-glazed  frit. 

3Q.  Representation  of  some  animal. 

Frit,  badly  worn,  glaze  gone. 

37.  So  worn  that  the  design  is  undetermin¬ 
able. 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

38.  The  winged  uraeus  protecting  the  sun’s 
disk. 

Frit,  glaze  gone. 

39.  T  wo  winged  uraei,  protecting  a  seated  di¬ 
vinity,  who  appears  to  have  the  sun’s  disk  on  his 
head  and  to  be  holding  a  sceptre. 

Frit,  traces  of  greenish  blue  glaze. 

40.  Above,  the  hawk-headed  Ra,  winged,  and 
crowned  with  the  double  crown.  Below,  a  scara- 
baeus  with  wings  outspread,  —  an  emblem  of  the 
sun-god. 

Scarabeoid,  of  blue  glass. 

Although  the  subject  of  this  design  is  EgjTp- 
tian,  yet  it  is  non-Egyptian  in  stjde  and  charac¬ 
ter,  and  is  certainly  of  a  class  of  Phoenician 
scarabs  of  which  a  considerable  number  are 


372 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


known.  (Cf.  Murray,  Cat.  of  Gems  in  Brit. 
Mas.  pi.  B,  146.) 

41.  Apparently,  a  conventionalized  design,  of 
which  the  centre  is  a  scarabaeus  with  outspread 
wings. 

Scarabeoid,  of  yellow  glass. 
Of  same  style  and  undoubt¬ 
edly  of  same  origin  as  40;  cf. 

scarabeoid  of 


Fig.  2.  —  Scara¬ 
beoid  of  Asi¬ 
atic.  AND  PROB¬ 
ABLY  Phoeni¬ 
cian,  origin. 

Found  at  Eleusis. 


Fig.  2,  a  similar 
greenish  blue  glass  found  at 


Eleusis  (Athens  Mus.  10960). 

42.  Papyrus-capital  amulet. 
As  a  hieroglyphic  word-sign  the 
papyrus  stem  has  the  value 
wad  =  green,  flourishing  (cf.  Borchardt,  Pjlan- 
zensdule,  p.  26,  and  Griffith,  Hieroglyphs,  fig. 
125). 

Here,  as  an  amulet,  with  its  suggestion  of  use 
as  a  column,  it  seems  to  have  borne  the  idea  of 
solidity,  strength,  and  hence  well-being. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain.  Pierced,  at  the  base 
of  the  die,  for  suspension. 

43.  Pendant  or  amulet,  of  unknown  meaning. 

Of  crystal.  Similar  pendants  occur  in  Egypt 

at  nearly  every  period,  from  the  Xllth  dynasty 
on. 

44.  Like  No.  43,  but  of  blue-glazed  porcelain, 
and  pierced  perpendicularly  in  the  base  by  a 
small  square  hole,  as  if  for  use  as  a  knob. 

45.  Head  of  a  male  figure,  of  blue-glazed 
porcelain.  The  modeling  of  the  head,  with  its 
thick,  massive  wig,  is  characteristically  Egyp¬ 
tian. 

46.  Head  of  a  male  figure,  evidently  of  the 
“  Apollo  ”  type.  See  below,  No.  51. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

47.  Figure  of  the  god  Bes.  Represented  in  a 
characteristic  attitude,  as  a  bearded  dwarf,  with 
long  ears,  bowed  legs,  and  arms  resting  on 
thighs.  He  is  sometimes  represented  also  with 
protruding  tongue,  and  dressed  in  the  skin  of  an 
animal,  with  tail  hanging  down  at  the  back. 
(Cf.  Wiedemann,  Religion ,  pp.  159  ff.) 

This  figure  originally  had  a  crown  of  feather’s, 
which  has  been  broken  off. 

Of  blue-glazed  porcelain. 

There  is  nothing  to  prove  the  generally  ex¬ 
pressed  idea  that  this  god  was  one  of  foreign 
origin  brought  into  Egypt  at  a  later  period,  per¬ 


haps  at  the 


beginning 


of 


the  New  Empire. 
Amulets  in  the  form  of  this  god  are  now  known 
as  early  as  the  Vth  or  Vlth  dynasty,  and  his 
worship  certainly  began  as  early  as  that.  In  the 


period  of  the  Late  New  Empire  (to  which  our 
figure  belongs)  these  representations  of  him  be¬ 
came  extremely  common,  and  they  have  been 
found  at  nearly  all  the  Greek  sites  to  which 
Egyptian  influence  spread.  (Cf.  also  the  one 
from  Aegina,  Plate  CXLIY.  10.) 

48.  Seated  figure  of  a  cat. 

White-glazed  porcelain. 

The  cat  figures  in  Egyptian  art  as  the  sacred 
animal  of  the  goddess  Bast,  the  centre  of  whose 
cult  was  at  Bubastis,  in  the  Delta.  Innumera¬ 
ble  representations  of  this  animal,  in  bronze 
as  well  as  in  porcelain,  have  been  found  there, 
and  from  its  proximity  to  Naukratis  it  is  easy  to 
account  for  the  manner  in  which  these  figures 
have  found  their  way  to  Greek  sites.  A  similar 
figure  to  this  was  found  at  Aegina  (cf.  Plate 
CXLIV.  9). 

49.  Figure  of  Ptah,  in  the  form  Ptali-Sekei’- 
Osiris,  a  composite  deity,  who  figures  principally 
as  a  god  of  the  dead.  As  such  he  is  represented 
as  here,  as  a  squatty  figure  crowned  with  feathers, 
and  with  bowed  legs  and  hands  on  his  hips. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

50.  Figure  of  a  deity  (?  ),  bearded  and  with  • 
the  heavy  wig  falling  down  before  the  shoulders. 
Originally  crowned  with  some  attribute,  now 
missing. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

51.  Figure  of  the  “  Apollo  ”  type,  represent¬ 
ing  the  god  as  playing  on  the  double  pipe. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

This  motive,  of  playing  on  the  double  pipe, 
occurs  in  Egyptian  art  in  mural  paintings  of  the 
XVIIIth  dynasty  and  onwards,  in  scenes  of  feast¬ 
ing  and  dancing  (cf.  Erman,  Life  in  Ancient 
Egypt,  p.  250),  but  is  unknown  in  the  case  of 
faience  or  bronze  figures.  Figures  of  this  type 
are  solely  the  product  of  Graeco-Egyptian  art, 
and  were  first  identified  at  Naukratis  (see  above). 
Another  example  was  also  found  here  at  the 
Heraeum.  (Plate  CXLIY.  53.) 

52.  Figure  similar  in  type  to  No.  51,  which 
may  possibly  represent  one  of  the  other  types  of 
Apollo  identified  at  Naukratis.  (Cf.  Naukratis, 

I.  §  17.) 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

The  figure  is  represented  with  the  heavy  wig, 
broadening  out  over  the  ears  and  falling  behind 
them  on  the  shoulders.  In  feature  this  type  has 
nothing  in  common  with  Egyptian  art  of  the 
period,  the  long  face  narrowing  down  at  the  chin 
and  the  eyes  protruding  from  their  sockets  being 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


373 


strongly  characteristic,  rather,  of  contemporary 
Greek  art.  These  same  characteristics  appear 
also  in  Nos.  46  and  51,  and  they  are  all  un¬ 
doubtedly  due  to  one  and  the  same  influence. 
Plate  CXLIV.  ( scale  5  :  6  [left],  1 :  1  [right]). 

53.  Same  motive  as  in  No.  51.  Apollo  playing- 
on  the  double  pipe. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

54.  Figure  of  a  hare,  recumbent. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

As  a  hieroglyphic  word-sign,  the  hare  has  the 
value  =  ‘  to  be.’  It  is  the  common  desert 
hare  of  Egypt,  and  is  generally  represented,  as 
here,  with  greatly  exaggerated  ears  (cf.  Griffith, 
Hieroglyphs ,  pi.  i.  2).  This  animal  was  sacred 
to  Osiris  Wen-nefer,  and  votive  figures  and 
amulets  in  this  form  are  very  common. 

55.  Fragment :  form  undeterminable. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

56.  Fragment  of  a  porcelain  vase,  blue-glazed. 

The  ornamentation  consists  of  a  double  band 

moulded  in  relief ;  the  upper,  of  perpendicular 
parallel  lines  between  two  horizontal  ones,  and 
the  lower,  of  a  series  of  rectangles,  each  with  a 
circle  at  the  centre,  separated  by  two  perpen¬ 
dicular  lines. 

Both  of  these  forms  are  well-known  Egyptian 
ones,  and  occur  regularly  as  border  patterns  in 
wall-decoration  and  the  like.  (Cf.  Petrie,  Deco¬ 
rative  Art ,  figs.  186  and  194.) 

57.  Fragment  of  a  vase,  with  decoration  simi¬ 
lar  to  the  upper  band  on  No.  56. 

Blue-glazed  porcelain. 

58.  Porcelain  whorl,  blue-glazed.  In  shape, 
like  two  truncated  cones  base  to  base,  and  with 

a  hole  through  centre 
perpendicularly.  (Fig. 
3.)  Decoration,  on  both 
sides,  of  a  rosette.  This 
form  of  ornament,  the 
rosette,  is  one  of  the 
commonest  in  Egyptian 
art  at  all  periods,  but  it 
is  often  so  conventionalized  that  it  is  difficult 
to  determine  its  derivation.  In  this  form,  with 
broad,  round-ended  petals,  it  has  been  identified 
by  Petrie  (Decorative  Art ,  pp.  56-58)  as  the 
daisy,  and  by  Borchardt  (PJlanzensaule,  p.  4, 
note  1)  as  the  chrysanthemum  coronarium. 
Among  the  objects  from  Aegina,  however,  is  the 
cover  of  a  kohl  pot  in  blue-glazed  porcelain 
( Plate  CXLIY.  7),  which,  with  its  centre  in 
relief,  certainly  represents  the  daisy;  and  it 


Fig.  3.  —  Porcelain 
Whorl. 


would  seem,  from  the  more  common  occurrence 
of  the  daisy,  that  that  would  more  likely  have 
been  taken  as  a  motive. 

It  also  occurs  with  petals  with  pointed  ends, 
as,  for  example,  on  another  whorl  from  the  He- 
raeuni  (Plate  CXLIY.  59),  but  in  such  cases 
it  is  certainly  derived  from  another  source. 

One  of  the  earliest  occurrences  of  the  rosette 
is  the  eight-petaled  form  on  the  headband  of 
the  statue  of  Nefert,  of  the  IVth  dynasty,  from 
Medum,  now  in  the  Cairo  Museum,  and  we  find 
it  employed  afterwards  in  innumerable  ways,  — 
not  only  as  an  ornament  on  sculpture,  but,  in 
combination  with  other  patterns,  as  a  border- 
pattern  in  wall-painting  (cf.  Petrie,  op.  cit.  figs. 
125,  126),  as  a  motive  in  ceiling  decoration  (cf. 
Wilkinson,  Ancient  Egyptians ,  2d  ed.  I.  pi. 
viii.),  in  the  glazed -porcelain  tile  decoration  of 
Tell  el-Amarna  (cf.  Petrie,  Tell  el-Amarna ,  pis. 
xiii.  ff.),  and  the  similar  decoration  of  the  palace 
of  Raineses  III.  at  Tell  el-Yaliudieh  (cf.  Hayter- 
Lewis,  in  Trans.  Soc.  Bibl.  Arch.  vol.  vii.).  It 
likewise  occurs  as  a  pattern  in  the  cloth  and 
leather  coverings  of  royal  thrones  (cf.  Wilkin¬ 
son,  op.  cit.  I.  Frontispiece),  in  bead-work  (cf. 
Garstang,  El  Arabah ,  pi.  xxii.),  and  in  decora¬ 
tive  metal-work,  as  in  the  silver  bowls  from 
Mendes,  now  in  the  Cairo  Museum  (cf.  Maspero, 
Manual  Egypt.  Arch.  figs.  285  and  286). 

59.  Porcelain  whorl,  blue -glazed,  of  same 
shape  as  No.  58.  Here  the  decoration  consists  of 
a  flower  with  petals  sharply  pointed,  —  a  form 
which  occurs  constantly  and  has  been  identified 
with  certainty  by  Borchardt  as  derived  from  the 
nymphaea  caeruleCi  (cf.  PJlanzensaule,  p.  12). 

60.  Fragment  of  a  group  of  two  figures,  in 
blue-glazed  porcelain.  The  right  figure  is  male, 
and  the  left  female,  with  breasts  clearly  pro¬ 
nounced.  They  are  represented  side  by  side,  a 
position  which  occurs  so  frequently  in  Egyptian 
sculpture,  both  in  standing  and  seated  groups  of 
husband  and  wife.  Each  has  the  heavy  wig,  — 
which  here  shows  traces  of  having  been  originally 
colored  black,  —  falling  down  behind  the  ears 
upon  the  shoulders,  while  on  the  right  breast  of 
the  female  figure  are  two  black  dots,  as  if  a  neck¬ 
lace  had  been  represented. 

61.  Base  and  lower  part  of  a  half-kneeling 
figure,  of  blue-glazed  porcelain. 

Represented  kneeling  on  the  left  knee,  with 
right  knee  raised  and  foot  squarely  on  base.  It 
is  the  position  of  one  about  to  rise,  or  to  upraise 
an  object,  from  the  ground,  and  occurs  in  figures 


374 


EGYPTIAN,  OR  GRAECO-EGYPTIAN,  OBJECTS 


of  the  god  Shu,  who  is  represented  with  arms 
uplifted  and  supporting  the  horizon  and  sun’s 
disk  above  his  head  (cf.  Maspero,  Dawn  of  Civ¬ 
ilization ,  p.  127).  Shu  was  the  “uplifter”  of 
the  heavens  from  the  earth.  These  representa¬ 


tions  of  him  are  very  common  in  the  Late  New 
Empire,  and  are  the  only  ones  in  which  this  un¬ 
usual  position  occurs,  so  far  as  I  know.  Conse¬ 
quently  we  may  have  here  the  lower  part  of  such 
a  figure. 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXLIII 


EGYPTIAN  OBJECTS  FROM  THE  HERAEUM 


The  Argive  Heraeum 


Plate  CXLIV 


EGYPTIAN  OBJECTS  FROM  THE  HERAEUM  (5:6)  EGYPTIAN  OBJECTS  FROM  AEGINA  ( 


1 

INDEX 


INDEX 


By  MAY  LOUISE  NICHOLS 


Achaean  League,  183,  359. 

Achaean  origin  of  Mycenaean  style,  71. 

Achaia,  coin  of,  358. 

Acropolis  (Athens),  development  in  terra-cotta  figu¬ 
rines,  compared  with  that  of  female  figures  from,  8, 
18  ;  poros  heads  from,  29  ;  terra-cottas  from,  34 ; 
statue  from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  figurine, 
35  ;  group  of  bulls  attacked  by  lions  from,  com¬ 
pared  with  terra-cotta  group  from  Heraeum,  40 ; 
bronze  reliefs  from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  re¬ 
liefs  from  Heraeum,  50,  51  ;  marble  relief  of 
charioteer  from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  relief 
from  Heraeum,  53  ;  vases  from,  74,  76,  89,  133; 
bronze  relief  from,  compared  with  design  on  vase, 
169  ;  bronzes  from,  compared  with  bronzes  from 
Heraeum,  194  n.  2,  204  n.  2,  274  n.  1,  288,  289, 
295,  296,  324,  326,  327,  329,  336. 

Advanced  Archaic  terra-cotta  figurines,  9,  38  f. 

Advanced  Argive  terra-cotta  figurines,  5,  7,  8,  9, 
24  ff. 

“  Aegean  ”  pottery,  66,  71,  77. 

Aegina,  relief  from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  relief, 
51 ;  vases  from,  64,  76,  89,  116,  119,  120,  130, 
131,  133,  135,  138,  152,  153,  158,  175  n.  4 ;  men¬ 
tion  of,  17 4, 175  ;  suspension  vase  from,  similar  to 
bronze  one  from  the  Heraeum,  286 ;  Egyptian 
objects  from,  367,  368,  372. 

Aeolian  vases,  150,  151. 

Agrigentum,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1. 

Agrippa,  L.  Caninius,  name  on  coin,  358. 

At  Fas  (?),  on  vase,  173,  185. 

Atveas  (?),  on  vase  from  Heraeum,  173,  185. 

atcpcp/eipicr/Ads,  represented  on  terra-cotta  plaque  (?), 
52. 

Alabastra,  126,  155,  166,  171,  178. 

Aliki,  vases  from,  89. 

Amathus,  shield  from,  40  ;  fibula  from,  251  n.  3. 

Amen  Ra,  on  scarabs  from  Heraeum,  370,  371 ; 
barque  of  Ra,  370,  371. 

Amorgos,  bracelet  from,  251  n.  2. 

Amphora  a  colonette,  preliminary  step  to,  135  ;  frag¬ 
ments  of,  172,  173  ;  in  Berlin,  185. 

Amphoras,  primitive,  69  ;  Mycenaean,  73,  79,  83,  84, 
88,  92,  93,  96  ;  geometric,  105, 106, 107,  109,  112, 
117,  118,  137,  157 ;  miscellaneous  types,  160 ; 
Corinthian,  166,  171,  172,  173  ;  black-figured 
style,  176,  178  ;  red-figured  style,  179. 


Amulets,  344,  372,  373. 

Amyclae,  vase  fragment  from,  112  n.  1. 

Analysis  of  clay  of  vase  fragments,  64  n.  9. 

Androsphinx,  on  ivory,  352. 

Animal  figures,  on  vases,  in  Mycenaean  style,  90,  91, 
geometric  style,  104,  107  ff.,  Argive  style,  127,  139, 
143,  145,  149,  153,  155,  on  miscellaneous  types, 
160,  161,  heads  of  (calves  ?),  98  ;  in  Corinthian 
style,  167,  168,  169,  170,  171,  172  ;  in  black-fig¬ 
ured  style,  177  ;  on  engraved  stones,  343,  346, 
347,  350,  winged,  349,  monkey-like,  349. 

Animals,  of  terra-cotta,  5,  9,  15,  23,  39  ff.  ;  of  bronze, 
193,  197—207  ;  for  head  of  bronze  pin,  235  ;  in 
ivory,  353. 

Anthedon,  knife  from,  299. 

“  Anthropomorphic  ”  vases,  148. 

Antoninus  Pius,  coin  of,  358,  360,  361. 

Antyx  (olvtv£),  on  terra-cotta  plaque,  53  ;  on  vases, 
163,  164  ;  of  bronze,  298. 

Aphidna,  vase  fragment  from,  69,  99. 

Aphrodite,  represented  in  terra-cotta  figurines  (?),  14, 
15,  34 ;  bronze  statuette,  probably  of,  197  ;  on 
coins,  358. 

Apollo  of  Canachus,  195,  197. 

Apollo  of  Melos,  compared  with  figure  on  terra¬ 
cotta  plaque,  48  ;  with  bronze  statuette,  195  and 

n.  4. 

Apollo,  Ptoan,  bronze  reliefs  from  temple  of,  com¬ 
pared  with  terra-cotta  reliefs  from  Heraeum,  51, 
52. 

Apollo,  Tenean,  compared  with  figure  on  terra-cotta 
plaque,  48,  49  ;  treatment  of  hair  similar  to  that  of, 
in  figure  on  vase,  154,  in  gorgon  on  ivory,  351. 

“  Apollo  ”  type,  14,  29  ;  bronze  statuette  compared 
with,  195,  treatment  of  hair  in,  195  n.  4  ;  porcelain 
figure  of,  372,  373. 

Apparel,  articles  of,  in  ivory,  353. 

Apples,  terra-cotta  figurine  holding  (?) ,  36. 

Applied  color,  use  of,  in  vases,  123, 156-159, 160, 163. 

Apulia,  Sikel  village  in,  pin  from,  240  n.  1  and  7  ; 
ring  from,  251  n.  3. 

Arcadius,  coin  of,  362. 

Archaic  heads  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  7,  9,  14  n.  5. 

Archaic  terra-cotta  figurines,  8,  9,  14. 

Archermus,  Nike  of,  7,  52,  195  n.  3. 

Argive-Linear  decoration,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  7, 
27  ;  on  vases,  126-144.  See  also  Linear. 


378 


INDEX 


Argive  (“  Proto-Corinthian  ”)  style  in  vases,  Argive 
origin,  62  f.,  64  n.  9,  67, 119  ft.  ;  linear  character¬ 
istics,  66,  120  ;  derived  from  Mycenaean  style, 
121 ;  contemporaneous  with  geometric,  121  ft.  ; 
absorption  of  Oriental  influence,  122  ft.,  144  ft.  ; 
relation  to  Corinth,  123,  153. 

Argive  embargo  against  Attic  vases,  175,  180,  183. 

Argive  type  of  engraved  stones  and  gems,  346-349. 

Argolid,  the,  as  centre  of  Mycenaean  civilization,  78  ; 
silver  pin  from,  now  in  British  Museum,  191  n.  1, 
217  n.  2,  339 ;  coins  of,  359. 

Argos,  vase  fragment  at,  compared  with  Heraeum 
fragment,  114  ;  vases  from,  119  ;  coins  of,  359  f. 

Aristeia,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  332. 

“  Aristonothos  ”  vase,  compared  in  technique  with 
one  from  Heraeum,  160  n.  1,  163,  164  and  n.  1. 

Arrow,  on  vases,  113,  151,  162,  163,  181. 

Arrowhead  pattern,  on  bronzes,  199,  200,  259,  262, 
283,  285,  293,  295  ;  on  engraved  stones,  347,  348  ; 
on  ivory,  352. 

Arrowhead,  of  stone,  found  at  Heraeum,  354. 

Artemis,  represented  in  terra-cotta  figurines  (?),  14, 
15,  35.  See  also  Persian  Artemis. 

Aryballoi,  70,  71,  126, 143,  and  148  n.  1  (ring-form), 
153,  166,  171,  185  ;  of  ivory,  353. 

Askos,  166,  171. 

Astarte,  13  n.  10 ;  with  Hathor  crown,  compared 
with  bronze  statuette,  197. 

Athena,  represented  in  terra-cotta  figurines  (?),  14; 
on  vase,  179  ;  bronze  serpent  from  aegis  of,  204. 

Athena  Cranaea,  temple  of,  bronze  fibulae  from,  244 
n.  2  ;  handle  from,  289. 

Athenaeus,  quoted,  13  n.  11,  175  n.  1. 

Athens,  vases  from,  142,  154  ;  bronze  relief  in,  com¬ 
pared  with  design  on  vase  from  Heraeum,  169 ; 
bronzes  found  at,  relation  to  Heraeum  bronzes, 
193  ;  embargo  on  pottery  from,  175  ;  inscription 
from,  332.  See  also  Acropolis. 

Attica,  vases  from,  64,  107,  119. 

Augustus,  head  of,  on  coin,  358. 

Aurelian,  coins  of,  361,  362. 

Aurelius,  Marcus,  head  of,  on  coin,  358,  359. 

Auxesia,  story  concerning  statue  of,  174. 

Bakeshop  scene,  terra-cotta,  15,  43. 

Ball,  bronze,  331. 

Balls,  on  vases,  159,  177  (on  shield)  ;  on  coin,  363. 

Bands,  bronze,  ornamented,  270. 

Bars,  bronze,  330  f. 

Bather,  A.  G.,  references  to,  50  n.  1,  51  n.  8,  54  n.  3, 
192  n.  2,  202  n.  3,  274  n.  1,  336,  338. 

Bathos,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1. 

“  Bauernstil,”  103. 

Heads,  bronze,  264  ;  engraved  stones  used  as,  344, 
345 ;  of  glass  or  stone,  92,  353 ;  of  glazed  paste, 
354. 

Bear,  terra-cotta,  15,  head  of,  41. 


Bed,  terra-cotta,  42  ;  bronze  fragment  of,  329. 

Bee-hive  tomb,  near  Mycenae,  10  n.  2 ;  tombs  near 
Heraeum,  73,  75,  79,  81,  88,  89,  91-95,  98. 

Beetle,  intaglio  on  bronze  seal  ring,  251. 

Bell,  bronze,  299  ;  bell-shaped  pendant,  264. 

“  Bell  ”  of  wheel,  bronze,  298  f. 

Berlin,  tripod  vase  from  Tanagra  in,  52  ;  Corinthian 
pinakes  in,  relation  to  pinakes  from  Heraeum,  54 ; 
Argive  lekytlios  in,  145,  163,  179  ;  tripod  bowl  in, 
170  ;  vase  in,  195  n.  3;  armlet  in,  compared  with 
bronze  from  Heraeum,  267  n.  1. 

Bes,  terra-cotta  figures  of  type  of,  8,  13,  28,  29 ;  on 
seal  of  silver  ring,  338  ;  ivory  figure  of,  353 ; 
porcelain  figure  of,  368,  372. 

Biga,  on  vase,  154 ;  on  terra-cotta  disk,  354. 

Binding,  bronze,  328. 

Binding-strips,  bronze,  269. 

Bird,  human-headed,  terra-cotta,  41  ;  “  bird-face  ” 
in  terra-cotta  figurines,  4,  5,  6,  7,  9  and  n.  6, 
14  n.  5,  16  ff. 

Birds,  terra-cotta,  15  ;  terra-cotta  figurine  holding, 
36;  on  vases,  90,  108,  109,  111,  114,  115,  116, 
117,  118,  127,  129,  130,  133,  135,  139,  144,  146, 
149,  150,  152,  153,  162,  163,  167,  168,  169,  171, 
172,  174,  183,  185  ;  of  bronze,  aquatic,  204  f., 
land,  205-207,  on  safety-pin,  244,  head  and  neck 
of,  wing  of,  274,  head,  beak  of,  297  ;  331  ;  on  en¬ 
graved  stones,  343,  347,  flying,  348, 349  ;  on  ivory, 
351,  352  ;  shell  of  egg  of,  353. 

Black-figured  style,  60,  62,  65,  66,  174-178. 

Boar,  on  vases,  147,  152,  165,  167,  169. 

Boat,  on  vase,  113  and  n.  2,  115  ;  inverted,  form  of 
arch  of  bronze  safety-pin,  242. 

Bodkins,  of  ivory,  353. 

Boehlau,  J.,  references  to,  54  n.  6,  144  n.  2,  145,  150 
n.  2,  151,  160  notes  1,  2,  235  n.  4,  240  n.  6,  242 
n.  4,  243  n.  1. 

Boeotia,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1,  14  and 
n.  5  ;  vases  from,  109, 116,  143  ;  bronze  pin  from, 
235  7i.  4,  240  n.  6,  242  7i.  4  ;  armlet  from,  267  n.  1. 

Bologna,  fibulae  from,  240  n.  1,  242  notes  1  and  2, 
244  7i.  4. 

Borgo  S.  Sepolchro,  pins  from,  223  n.  3. 

Bos-ojiik,  vases  from,  compared  with  those  from  the 
Heraeum,  68,  70,  97. 

Boston,  Argive  lekythoi  in,  135,  146,  152  n.  1. 

Bottle,  of  colored  glass  (“  Phoenician  ”),  353. 

Bow,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  n.  4,  35  ;  on  vases, 
113,  181. 

Bowls,  72,  73,  74,  79,  80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  85,  86,  87, 
88,  89,  90,  91,  96,  98,  105,  106,  107,  108,  109, 
110,  112,  113,  114,  115,  116,  158,  161,  170,  173 ; 
three-legged,  70,  74  ;  bronze,  284—286. 

Boxing-match,  represented  on  terra-cotta  plaque,  52  ; 
on  vase,  113. 

Boyd,  Harriet  A.,  reference  to,  241  n.  7. 

Bracelets,  bronze,  251. 


INDEX 


379 


Brachycephalism,  in  head  of  bronze  horseman,  195 

n.  1. 

Braid-pattern.  See  Guilloche. 

Branchidae,  seated  figures  from,  14,  36. 

Bread,  woman  kneading,  terra-cotta  figurine,  18. 

Bricks,  terra-cotta,  47. 

Bridle,  on  vases,  148,  154,  184. 

British  Museum,  vases  in,  compared  with  Heraeum 
specimens,  131,  132,  135,  138,  143  n.  1,  144,  146, 
154,  155,  160  n.  1,  166  n.  2,  180  ;  silver  pin  in, 
from  Argolis,  191  n.  1,  217  n.  2,  339  ;  bronzes  in, 
compared  with  Heraeum  bronzes,  204  notes  1,  2, 
217  n.  1,  240  n.  1,  244  n.  3,  251  n.  3,  294,  300. 

Bronzes  from  the  Heraeum,  191-339  ;  introduction, 
191-193  ;  process  of  cleaning,  192  and  n.  2  ;  classi¬ 
fication,  192 ;  various  periods  in,  193 ;  technique 
of,  193 ;  relation  to  metal  work  of  other  centres, 
193  ;  catalogue,  194-331 ;  fragments  of  statues,  194, 
statuettes  and  fragments  of  statuettes,  194-197,  an¬ 
imals,  197-207,  ornament  and  toilet,  207-275,  ves¬ 
sels,  275-298,  implements,  utensils,  structural  pieces 
and  materials,  298-331;  appendix,  inscriptions  on 
the  bronzes,  332-339. 

Buckles,  bronze,  249. 

Bud,  bronze  nail-head  representing,  327. 

Bull,  attacked  by  lion,  terra-cotta  group,  15,  39  f., 
motive  in  Greek  art,  40  ;  on  vases,  139,  146,  167, 
169.  See  also  Cattle. 

Bull’s  head,  in  terra-cotta,  14,  23,  41 ;  on  vases, 
146,  183  ;  on  engraved  stones,  349  ;  on  coin,  357. 

Bulle,  H.,  reference  to,  265  n.  1. 

Butterfly  (?),  on  ivory,  352. 

Button,  bronze,  327  ;  button-shape,  in  engraved  stones, 
345,  346,  347,  348  ;  in  ivory,  352. 

Byzantine  coins,  357,  362  f. 

Byzantine  ware,  vases,  180,  184. 

Cabirion  near  Thebes,  potters  at,  64  ;  vases  found  at, 

180  ;  inscription  from,  338. 

Cakes,  dish  of,  terra-cotta,  15,  42. 

Calathi,  representation  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines, 
10  n.  2,  12  f.,  26,  27,  32  ;  vases,  124  f.,  145. 

Callaly  Castle  (Forman  Collection),  oinochoe  formerly 
at,  129. 

Camirus,  poros  statuette  from,  compared  with  terra¬ 
cotta  figurine,  35 ;  gold  horvnus  from,  compared 
with  terra-cotta  plaque,  51 ;  vases  from,  143,  155, 

181  ;  bronze  statuette  of  goat  from,  201  n.  1  ; 
Egyptian  objects  from,  367,  369. 

Canachus.  See  Apollo  of. 

Caps,  bronze,  328. 

Captive,  on  coin,  361. 

Caracalla,  head  of,  on  coin,  359. 

Carneia,  in  inscription  on  bronze,  336. 

Carus,  coin  of,  361. 

Castings,  bronze,  331. 

Cat,  porcelain  figure  of,  368,  372. 


Cattle,  bronze,  201  ff.;  on  engraved  stones,  348,  350. 

Cauldron,  on  vase,  164,  165;  of  bronze,  275  ft'.,  329. 

Centaur,  terra-cotta,  15,  40  ;  on  terra-cotta  plaque, 
48,  53  f.;  on  relief  vase  in  Louvre,  49  n.  1  ;  on 
vases,  162,  163,  181. 

Centre-piece,  bronze,  328. 

Cephalonia.  See  Corfu. 

Cervetri,  gold  breastplate  from,  design  of,  compared 
with  that  of  bronze  from  Heraeum,  251  n.  1. 

Cesnola,  L.  P.  di,  references  to,  38,  40, 197  n.  1,  250 

n.  1. 

Chaeronea,  bronze  rings  from,  in  Athens  Museum, 
250  n.  3. 

Chain,  bronze,  327  f. 

Chair,  terra-cotta,  5  and  n.  1,  42,  92. 

Chalcidian  origin  of  “  Proto-Corinthian  ”  style,  119. 

Chalcidian  vases,  163,  169. 

Chariot,  on  terra-cotta  plaques,  48,  53,  54  ;  on  vases, 
113,  163,  164,  177. 

Charioteer,  on  terra-cotta  plaque,  53. 

Chase,  G.  H.  See  Waldstein. 

Checkerboard  pattern,  on  vases,  105,  106,  109,  114, 
127,  128,  129,  130,  137,  139,  140,  141,  142,  151, 
152,  153,  155,  162,  168. 

Cheramyes,  statue,  30. 

Chimaera,  on  coin,  358. 

Chisel,  bronze,  300. 

Chiton,  method  of  fastening  as  shown  by  terra-cotta 
figurines,  11  ;  on  terra-cotta  plaque,  50  ;  on  vases, 
117,  169 ;  on  bronze,  talaric,  265  ;  on  coin,  357. 

Chiusi,  vase  from,  118. 

Chloris  (in  group  with  Leto),  on  coin,  359. 

Christ,  bust  of,  on  coins,  363. 

Circles  (with  or  without  central  dot),  on  vases,  69,  84, 
86,  87,  88, 105, 107, 109,  111,  115,  145, 146,  149, 
157, 158,  163,  170, 183  ;  on  lamp,  184  ;  on  bronzes, 
206,  209,  210,  213,  220,  223,  227,  228,  229,  231, 
235,  248,  249,  250,  265,  266,  268,  269,  270,  274, 
275,  278,  283,  284,  285,  297,  311,  314,  on  en¬ 
graved  stone,  349  ;  on  ivory,  352,  353. 

Cist,  bronze,  in  Museo  Gregoriano,  compared  with 
Heraeum  bronze,  290. 

Clamps,  bronze,  328. 

Claw,  bronze,  274. 

Clazomenae,  technique  of  sarcophagi  from,  compared 
with  that  of  vase  fragments  from  Heraeum,  150. 

“Clover-leaf  ”  type  of  fibula,  on  terra-cotta  figurines, 
10  and  n.  2,  21,  23,  26,  31. 

Coatings,  bronze,  270. 

Cock,  terra-cotta,  15,  41;  on  vase,  178;  of  bronze, 
205  f.,  274  n.  2. 

Codrus,  legend  of,  104. 

Coins  from  the  Heraeum,  357-363  ;  general  discus¬ 
sion,  357  ;  catalogue,  357-363  ;  of  Greece,  357- 
360  ;•  of  Rome  (Empire),  361  f.,  (Eastern  Empire), 
362  f. ;  Venice,  363  ;  uncertain,  363. 

Color,  use  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  5,  6,  7,  8.  9  : 


380 


INDEX 


use  of  extra  or  applied,  in  vases,  123,  156-159, 
160,  163. 

Commodus,  head  of,  on  coins,  358,  359. 

Cones  of  terra-cotta,  15  and  n.  10,  43  f. 

Constantius  Chlorus,  coin  of,  361. 

Constantius  II.,  coins  of,  362. 

Containers,  bronze,  296  f. 

Conventionalism,  in  Mycenaean  vases,  76,  81. 

Conze,  A.,  reference  to,  54  n.  4,  163,  195  n.  4. 

Copenhagen,  vases  in,  52,  113,  114,  115. 

Copper,  272,  275.  See  also  Pins. 

Coral,  hit  of,  354. 

Corcyra,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  14  n.  4,  34,  35. 

Corfu,  Cephalonia,  Zante,  coin  of,  363. 

Corinth,  vases  from,  107,  144  ;  its  connection  with 
Argos  in  history  of  vase  painting,  122,  123,  145, 
166;  archaic  bronze  relief  from,  197  n.  2;  coins 
of,  357  f. 

Corinthia,  coins  of,  357  f. 

Corinthian  pinakes  in  Berlin,  connected  with  those 
from  Heraeum,  54. 

Corinthian  style,  in  vases,  8,  60,  62,  65,  66,  119,  122, 
145, 165-173, 182, 185  ;  Old,  167  if. ;  New,  172  ff. 

Cornucopia,  on  coin,  361,  362. 

Coroplastic  art,  interaction  of  vase  painting  and,  6 
and  n.  9,  7. 

Corselet,  on  vase,  177. 

Cotilon  (Bassae),  mirrors  from,  265  n.  2,  266  n.  1. 

Cover-knobs,  140. 

Covers,  horses  on  covers  of  geometric  vases,  23  ;  of 
vases,  115,  1 16,  137,  138,  139,  140,  169. 

Cow,  terra-cotta,  15,  head  of,  14,  23  ;  on  vases,  151 ; 
of  bronze,  201  and  n.  3,  202  ;  on  engraved  stone, 
349.  See  also  Cattle. 

Crab,  on  engraved  stone,  348. 

Crepereia  Tryphaena,  sarcophagus  of,  269  n.  1,  278. 

Crescents,  on  vase,  71;  on  bronze,  204,  276,  283,  285. 

Crete,  winged  human  figures  from,  50  n.  5  ;  as  possi¬ 
ble  centre  of  source  of  Mycenaean  civilization,  66, 
71 ;  vases  from,  79,  115,  156. 

Cross,  Greek,  on  terra-cotta  spools,  44  ;  of  terra-cotta, 
44. 

Cross,  on  vases,  82,  105,  111,  149,  151,  154;  on 
lamps,  184;  on  bronzes,  209,  210,  213,  264,  295, 
297,310,  312,  315;  on  engraved  stone,  350;  on 
coins,  212,  363. 

Cups,  72,  92,  95,  107,  180,  184. 

Curtins,  K.,  concerning  “heraldic”  animals,  28,  110 
u.  1  ;  concerning  running  figures,  28  ;  other  refer¬ 
ences  to,  50  n.  2,  52  n.  1,  175  n.  3. 

Cut  ornaments,  bronze,  274. 

Cybele,  represented  in  terra-cotta  figurines  (?),  14. 

Cyclades,  primitive  vases  from,  compared  with  those 
from  Heraeum,  68,  69,  70. 

Cylixes,  vases,  74,  81,  86.  88,  92,  95,  166,  172,  173, 
171.  176,  177,  178,  179;  eylix  on  bronze  mirror- 
handle  in  hand  of  satyr,  265. 


Cymbals,  bronze,  299. 

Cyprus,  influence  of,  in  terra-cotta  figurines,  15 ; 
terra-cotta  figurines  from,  27  ;  vases  from,  10  n.  1, 
66,  135,  148 ;  head  from,  compared  with  bronze 
statuette,  197  n.  1  ;  rings  from,  251  n.  3. 

Cyrenaica,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1,  19,  34. 

Cyrenean  vases,  62,  65,  148,  173. 

Daimons,  on  reliefs  from  Olympia,  compared  with 
winged  figures  on  terra-cotta  plaques  from  He¬ 
raeum,  52  ;  on  silver  ring  from  Heraeum,  338. 

Daisy,  design  on  porcelain  whorl,  373. 

Damia,  story  concerning  statue  of,  174. 

ScquiopyoZ,  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 

Dancing,  represented  on  vase,  114. 

DeCou,  H.  F.,  Bronzes  of  the  Argive  Heraeum,  191- 
331 ;  Inscriptions  on  the  Bronzes,  332-339  ;  Coins 
from  the  Argive  Heraeum,  357-363  ;  theory  as  to 
headdress  of  terra-cotta  figurines,  13  n.  4. 

Dedicatory  use  of  vases  at  the  Heraeum,  64. 

Deer,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  n.  4  ;  on  vases, 
108,  115,  116,  150,  151,  164, 167, 168  ;  of  bronze, 
200  f. 

Deianeira,  earliest  representation  of,  on  vase,  163. 

Deinoi,  135,  185. 

Delos,  Nicandra  statue  from,  8  ;  winged  female  figure 
from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  figurine,  28 ;  en¬ 
graved  stone  from,  348. 

Deljihi,  statue  by  Polymedes  at,  195 ;  retrograde 
writing  in  names  of  Argive  kings  at,  333. 

Demeter,  terra-cotta  figurines  dedicated  to,  13  ;  re¬ 
presented  in  terra-cotta  groups  (?),  14,  22. 

Deposits  of  terra-cotta  figurines,  3  n.  3. 

De  Bidder,  A.,  references  to,  49  n.  1,  51  n.  9,  52, 
181  and  n.  3, 194  notes  2,  4, 196  notes  2,  3,  4,  197, 
204,  n.  2,  288,  289,  296. 

Diadems,  bronze,  196,  240  n.  5,  265,  266  f. ;  on 
coins,  360,  362,  363. 

Diamonds,  on  terra-cotta  plaque,  48  ;  on  vases,  83, 
84,  87,  90,  142 ;  on  bronzes,  200,  243,  282,  283, 
284,  309  ;  on  ivory,  353. 

Dictaean  Cave,  pins  from,  217  n.  1  ;  rosettes  on 
objects  from,  232  n.  1,  299  n.  1. 

Digamma,  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 

Diodorus  Siculus,  quoted,  51  n.  4. 

Dionysus,  on  vase,  178  (head  of),  179. 

Dipylon  style,  on  terra-cotta  plaques,  53,  54,  in  vases, 
65,  102  f.,  115,  118,  122,  157  ;  in  bronzes,  193. 

Disks,  as  earrings  of  terra-cotta  figurines,  12  ;  flower¬ 
like,  15,  43  ;  of  bronze,  267-269  ;  use  of,  267  n.  2, 
269  n.  1  ;  gold  disks  from  Mycenae,  269  n.  2 ; 
inserted  disks,  330 ;  terra-cotta  disk,  354. 

Dodona,  bronze  plaque  from,  compared  with  terra¬ 
cotta  plaque  from  Heraeum,  50  f.  ;  bronze  reliefs 
from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  reliefs  from  He¬ 
raeum.  51  ;  bronzes  from,  compared  with  bronzes 
from  Heraeum,  193,  295,  297,  308,  316  n.  1. 


INDEX 


381 


“  Dodwell  ”  vase,  169. 

Dog,  terra-cotta  head  of,  15,  41  ;  on  vases,  108,  115, 
147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 182  ;  on  scarabs,  368,  371. 

Doll,  in  arms  of  terra-cotta  figurine,  37. 

Dolphin,  bronze,  274  ;  on  engraved  stone,  350. 

Domitian,  head  of,  on  coins,  358. 

Dorian  Invasion,  66,  102,  103,  121. 

“  Dorian  ”  technique,  156. 

Dorpfeld,  W.,  references  to,  30,  300. 

Doryphoros  of  Polycleitus,  Furtwangler’s  view  sup¬ 
ported  by  relief  on  lamp  from  Heraeum,  184. 

Double-axe,  on  vases,  112  f.,  116 ;  on  engraved 
stones,  347. 

Double  writing  of  consonants  in  Argive  inscriptions, 
333. 

Dove,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  n.  4,  34 ;  of  terra¬ 
cotta,  41 ;  on  coin,  358. 

Dresden,  terra-cotta  figure  from  Thisbd  in,  24  ;  vases 
in,  compared  with  Heraeum  specimens,  146,  148 

n.  1. 

Duck,  on  vases,  90,  110,  169  ;  on  scarab,  371. 

“  Dumb-bell  ”  form  of  safety-pin,  on  terra-cotta  figu¬ 
rines  in  Athens  Museum,  10  n.  2  ;  from  Heraeum, 
25  ;  of  bronze,  242. 

Dummler,  F.,  references  to,  120,  143,  181. 

Eagle,  on  vase,  174;  on  engraved  stone,  350;  on 
ivory,  351,  352  ;  on  coin,  358. 

Ear,  on  vase,  179. 

Early  Archaic  terra-cotta  figurines,  8,  9,  29  ff. 

Early  Argive  vases,  121,  124  If. 

Early  Attic  vases,  62,  65,  66,  122,  145,  165,  173, 
351. 

Early  Naturalistic  style  in  bronzes,  199,  201. 

Earrings,  forms  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  12. 

Edgar,  C.  C.,  reference  to,  276  n.  1. 

Eel,  on  vases,  80. 

Egg,  bit  of  shell  of,  353. 

Egypt,  excavations  in,  as  throwing  light  on  date  of 
Mycenaean  civilization,  77  ;  Mycenaean  ware  from, 
156. 

Egyptian  (or  Graeco-Egyptian)  objects  from  the 
Argive  Heraeum,  367-374;  general  discussion, 
367-369;  catalogue,  370-374. 

Egyptian  horseman  in  terra-cotta  of  Egyptian  manu¬ 
facture,  8,  29. 

Eileithyia,  represented  in  terra-cotta  groups  (?),  14. 
See  also  Hera  Eileithyia. 

Ekethaio  (?),  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  332. 

Eleusis,  skyphoi  from,  112  n.  2, 113  notes  1,  2  ;  vases 
from,  119,  124  n.  1,  128,  132,  144,  158;  pin  in 
museum  at,  235  n.  3  ;  gold  ring  in  museum  at,  261 
n.  2  ;  bronze  plated  with  gold  in  museum  at,  273 
n.  1 ;  Egyptian  objects  from,  367,  369,  372. 
represented  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  10,  11,  21. 

Ellipses,  truncated,  decoration  on  bronze,  276,  277. 

Engraved  stones,  gems,  and  ivories,  343-354 ;  gen¬ 


eral  discussion,  343-345  ;  classification  and  cata¬ 
logue,  345-354. 

Epklaurus,  story  concerning,  174. 

Eros  (?),  on  coin,  358. 

Este,  buttons  from,  327. 

Eudamas,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  338. 

Euphronios,  vase  in  style  of,  180. 

Evans,  A.  J.,  references  to,  48  n.  2,  66,  79,  113,  344, 
345,  347,  348,  349,  367. 

Exergue,  173,  179. 

Eye,  on  vases,  177,  179. 

Fasteners,  bronze,  327  f. 

Female  figures,  large  proportion  of,  among  terra-cotta 
figurines,  4  n.  4,  13  and  n.  5  ;  on  terra-cotta  plaque, 
48  ;  on  vases,  108,  114,  162,  163,  169,  170,  172, 
174,  179,  183;  of  bronze,  196  f.  ;  on  terra-cotta 
disk,  354 ;  on  coins,  359,  360,  361,  362. 

Fibulae,  forms  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  10  f.  ; 
bronze,  191,  193,  203  n.  1,  240  n.  1  ;  of  saiujui- 
s%uja  type,  244  n.  4;  of  ivory,  353  (with  bronze 
pin).  See  also  Safety-pins. 

Figurines.  See  Terra-cotta. 

Finger-rings,  bronze,  250  f.  See  also  Rings. 

Fish,  on  vases,  78,  80  f.,  91,  94,  111,  112,  113,  115, 
117,  134  ;  bronze  handle  in  form  of  (?) ,  293  ;  on 
ivory,  352. 

Flower,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  n.  4,  34 ;  on 
terra-cotta  plaque,  50  ;  in  mouth  of  lion  on  gold 
breastplate  from  Cervetri,  251  n.  1 ;  on  handle  of 
vessel,  288  ;  nail-head  representing,  327  ;  on  coin, 
359,  360  ;  on  porcelain  whorl,  373. 

Flower  pattern,  on  vases,  79,  80,  83,  85,  88,  94,  105, 
128, 134,  137,  138,  167,  178  ;  on  bronze  pins,  234 
n.  2,  251. 

Flute-player,  terra-cotta,  17,  18. 

Fly,  in  intaglio  on  bronze  seal  ring,  251. 

Foot  with  sandal,  terra-cotta,  16,  43. 

Fortune  (Tyche),  on  coin,  358. 

Francois  vase,  group  on,  compared  with  group  on 
terra-cotta  plaque,  53  ;  other  reference  to,  195  n.  3. 

Frankel,  Max,  references  to,  195  n.  4,  196  n.  4,  204 
n.  1,  333  and  n.  1,  334,  335,  336. 

Free  style,  terra-cotta  figurines  of,  9,  39. 

Frog,  bronze,  203  ;  ivory,  352. 

Fruit,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  n.  4,  34 ;  on 
terra-cotta  mould,  43,  48  ;  nail-head  representing, 
352. 

Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke,  classification  of  My¬ 
cenaean  vases,  62,  72,  74-77,  82  f. ;  theory  for 
origin  of  geometric  style,  66,  102  ;  other  references 
to,  85,  86,  93,  119. 

Furtwangler,  A.,  interpretation  of  winged  figures 
on  Olympia  reliefs,  52 ;  concerning  the  Aristono- 
thos  vase,  164  ;  on  bronze  relief  in  Athens,  169  ; 
view  as  to  Doryphoros  of  Polycleitus  supported  by 
relief  on  lamp  from  Heraeum,  184  ;  theory  as  to 


INDEX 


bronze  safety-pin,  249  ft.  1 ;  dating  of  vase  similar 
to  Heraeum  specimen,  287  n.  1,  other  references 
to,  10  n.  8,  15  ft.  5,  17,  42,  51  n.  6,  52  n.  7,  53 
ft.  1,  54  ft.  5,  64  ft.  2,  99  n.  2,  119,  143,  160  n.  2, 
164  ft.  3,  170,  183  ft.  1,  186,  194  n.  5,  200  n.  2, 
215  notes  1,  2,  232  ft.  2,  243  n.  1,  246  n.  3,  247 
ft.  2,  261  ft.  1,  287  ft  1,  293,  294,  325,  338.  See 
also  Olympia. 

Galerius,  coins  of.  361  f. 

Galley,  on  vase,  113  ft.  2. 

Gallienus,  coin  of,  361. 

Gamedes  oinochoe,  compared  with  one  from  the  He¬ 
raeum,  160  and  ft.  1. 

Gardner,  E.  A.,  references  to,  29,  173,  367  ft.  7. 

Gear,  leather,  imitated  in  bronze,  275. 

Gela,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  ft.  1. 

Gems,  Mycenaean,  compared  with  terra-cotta  plaque 
from  Heraeum,  28.  See  also  Engraved  stones. 

Genre  scenes,  on  vases,  in  geometric  style,  104,  108, 
113,  157. 

Geometric,  terra-cotta  figurines,  5,  6,  9,  14,  23 ; 
geometric  style  in  vases,  60,  62,  64,  101  ff.,  result 
of  Dorian  Invasion,  66,  102,  method  of  classifica¬ 
tion,  101,  102,  104,  difference  from  Mycenaean 
vases,  102,  104,  theories  as  to  origin  of,  102,  de¬ 
velopment  of,  103,  104,  connection  with  Dipylon 
style,  104,  115,  date  of,  104,  relation  to  Argive 
style,  121,  157  ;  “  geometric  ”  period  in  bronzes, 
193,  geometric  style  in  bronzes,  197,  200,  204, 
geometric  ornamentation  on  safety-pins,  242,  243 ; 
engraved  stones,  343,  346,  349  f. 

Girdle,  bronze,  266. 

Glass,  vases,  184;  bottles  of,  353. 

Glaze  color,  use  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  6. 

Globe,  on  coin,  361,  362. 

Goad,  on  vases,  162,  163,  164,  177. 

Goat,  on  vases,  150,  153,  154,  167,  168,  169,  172, 
174;  bronze  statuette  from  Camirus  in  British 
Museum,  201  n.  1. 

Gold,  bronze  plated  with,  273  and  ft.  1 ;  tacks  from 
Mycenae,  325,  fragments  of  sheet  gold,  329,  rivet, 
338. 

Goose,  on  vases,  159,  167. 

Gordion,  fibulae  from,  246  notes  2,  4. 

Gorgon,  terra-cotta  figurine  representing  (?),  28  ;  on 
terra-cotta  plaque  ('?),  52  ;  gorgoneion  on  vase  frag¬ 
ment,  171  ;  on  ivory,  351. 

Gospel,  book  of  the,  on  coins,  363. 

Graeco-Egyptian.  See  Egyptian. 

Gratian,  coin  of,  362. 

Greaves,  on  vases,  161,  162,  172,  177. 

Greece,  coins  of,  357  ff. 

Griffin,  terra-cotta,  head  of,  41  ;  on  vases,  152,  171  ; 
on  bronzes,  193,  274,  294;  on  engraved  stones, 
350;  on  ivory,  351,  352;  on  scarab,  371. 

Griffith,  F.  LI.,  references  to,  367  ft.  2,  370,  371,  373. 


Guilloche,  on  vases,  82,  86,  87,  88,  107,  109,  129, 
130, 143, 145, 158, 161, 162, 163  ;  on  bronzes,  266, 
293. 

Gurlitt,  W.,  reference  to,  196  ft.  1. 

Hadaczek,  C.,  references  to,  44  ft.,  240  ft.  4. 

Hadrian,  head  of,  on  coins,  359,  360. 

Haghios  Sostis,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  9. 

Hair,  development  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  12  ; 
treatment  of,  on  terra-cotta  plaque,  49,  on  vase, 
154 ;  bronze,  lock  of,  194,  treatment  of,  195  and 
notes  3,  4,  197,  287. 

Hallstatt  period,  vase  fragments  in  Vienna  from 
graves  of,  69 ;  in  relation  to  geometric  style,  103. 

Halo,  on  coins,  363. 

Handles,  bronze,  rings  used  as,  254  n.  1,  of  mirrors, 
264-266,  plates  with,  275-277,  bowls  with,  285, 
of  vessels,  288-294,  of  tripods,  295,  miscellaneous, 
297  f. 

Hare,  terra-cotta  figure  holding,  15  ft.  4,  35 ;  on 
vases,  146,  147  ;  porcelain  figure  of,  373. 

Harness,  bronze,  275. 

Harpy,  terra-cotta,  41. 

Hartwig,  P.,  enumeration  of  polychrome  vases,  179  f. 

Hawk,  on  scarabs,  370,  371. 

Hebe,  represented  in  terra-cotta  groups  (?),  13,  22. 

Heermance,  T.  W.,  Inscriptions  on  Vases,  185-187. 

Helbig,  W.,  references  to,  10,  53  ft.  1,  118,  119,  163 
ft.  1,  164,  295. 

Helladios,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  332. 

Helmet,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  40;  on  vases,  148, 
152,  161,  162,  164, 170,  172,  174,  183;  on  coins, 
361,  362. 

Hemispherical  engraved  stones,  345,  346,  347. 

Hera,  seated  figures  of,  5,  15,  represented  in  terra¬ 
cotta  figurines  (?),  13,  22  ;  cult  of,  68  ;  name  in 
inscriptions,  on  vases,  185  f.,  on  bronze,  332,  336, 
337,  338  ;  on  terra-cotta  disk  (?),  354  ;  head  of, 
on  coin,  359. 

Hera  Antheia,  16,  35  ;  terra-cotta  figurines  repre¬ 
senting  (?),  10,  21. 

Hera  Eileithyia,  13  ft.  7,  15  ft.  4,  30. 

Hera  IVtuos,  40. 

Hera,  of  Polycleitus,  13,  39  ;  in  group  with  Hebe,  22. 

Heraea,  22  ft.  1,  336. 

Herakles,  on  vases,  163,  177,  181. 

“  Heraldic  ”  schema,  lions  on  terra-cotta  plaque,  7, 
28  ;  on  vases,  90,  108,  109,  110,  111,  112,  117, 
118,  127,  169. 

Herodotus,  references  to,  65  ft.  1,  174  notes  1,  2, 
175  and  ft.  1,  193,  336. 

Herring-bone  pattern,  on  vases,  69,  70,  87,  92,  130, 
146,  181. 

Heuzey,  L.,  concerning  development  of  “  Bes  ”  type. 
28 ;  concerning  Rhodian  ware,  37  ;  other  references 
to,  10  ft.  1,  14  ft.  5,  18,  19,  22,  27,  28,  34,  35,  36, 
37,  41,  197  ft.  3. 


INDEX 


383 


Himation,  on  vase,  169  ;  on  bronze,  265. 

Hinge,  bronze,  328. 

Hissarlik,  primitive  vases  from,  18,  compared  with 
those  from  Heraeum,  68,  70,  97.  See  also  Troy. 

Hogarth,  D.  G.,  statement  as  to  winged  human  figures 
of  “  Mycenaean  ”  style  discovered  by  him  in  Crete, 
50  7i.  5  ;  excavations  in  Melos,  66  ;  other  refer¬ 
ences  to,  202  n.  1,  217  n.  1,  232  n.  1,  299  n.  1. 

Holleaux,  M.,  references  to,  51  n.  9, 194  n.  5, 195  n.  4. 

Homer,  quoted,  11  notes  4  and  5. 

Homolle,  Th.,  reference  to,  195. 

Hooks,  bronze,  324. 

Hoppin,  J.  C.,  The  Vases  and  Vase  Fragments,  57- 
184.  See  also  Waldstein. 

Horse,  terra-cotta,  6,  15,  23,  29,  40,  41  ;  head  of, 
terra-cotta,  41 ;  on  terra-cotta  plaques,  48,  53,  54  ; 
on  vases,  in  Mycenaean  style,  90,  in  geometric 
style,  108,  109  ff.,  114,  115,  116,  117,  with  human 
figures,  111,  112,  117,  118  ;  in  Argive  style,  130, 
148,  150,  152,  154,  162,  163,  164,  165 ;  in  Corin¬ 
thian  style,  172,  173,  174;  in  black-figured  style, 
176,  177,  178  ;  in  red-figured  style,  179  ;  on  “  red  ” 
ware,  182  ;  on  Megarean  ware,  183 ;  on  lamp, 
184 ;  of  bronze,  197 -200 ;  on  bronze,  243,  265, 
273  re.  1 ;  on  engraved  stones,  343,  347,  with  hu¬ 
man  figures,  347,  winged,  348  ;  on  coins,  357,  361. 

Horseman,  terra-cotta,  8,  29 ;  on  vases,  177,  178, 
182,  183  ;  bronze  statuette  of,  194  f.,  196  n.  4,  po¬ 
sition  as  shown  on  vases,  194  7 1.  3,  and  in  bronze 
rider  in  National  Museum,  Athens,  194  n.  4,  com¬ 
pared  with  other  examples  in  marble,  194  n.  5  ;  on 
coins,  357,  358,  361,  362. 

Horseshoe  ornament,  on  bronze,  249,  266,  299  ; 
shape,  in  links  of  bronze  chain,  327. 

House,  on  engraved  stones,  as  in  Cretan  pictographs, 
347,  348. 

Household  use,  articles  for,  in  ivory,  353. 

Human  figure,  on  vases,  in  Mycenaean  style,  90  f., 
in  geometric  style,  104,  107  ff.,  Ill  ff.,  in  Orien¬ 
tal  Argive,  150,  151,  152,  in  miscellaneous  types, 
162,  163,  on  Corinthian  vases,  169,  in  black-fig¬ 
ured  style,  177,  178,  on  “red”  ware,  182,  183; 
on  lamp,  184 ;  on  bronze,  bearded,  draped,  265  ;  on 
engraved  stones,  343,  346,  347,  348,  349  ;  in  ivory ; 
353  ;  on  coins,  359,  361,  362,  363  ;  in  porcelain, 
373.  See  also  Horse. 

Human  head,  on  vases,  106,  131,  146,  148  (plastic), 
170  (plastic),  177  ;  on  coins,  357,  358,  359,  360, 
361,  362,  363  ;  of  porcelain,  372. 

Hylleis  (HuAcs),  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 

Ialysos,  vases  from,  82,  93. 

“  Ialysos  ”  types  (funnel-shaped  vases),  88. 

Ibex,  on  scarab,  371. 

Idols,  terra-cotta,  22  ;  resemblance  of  bronze  to,  272. 

icpos  yd/zos,  represented  in  terra-cotta  groups  (?),  22  ; 
relation  of  Heraea  to,  22  n.  1. 


Imhoof-Blumer  and  Keller,  reference  to,  78. 

Implements,  utensils,  structural  pieces  and  materials, 
in  bronze,  298-331. 

a  for  t,  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 

Ind,  fibula  from,  247  n.  1. 

Inscribed  bronzes,  ring,  250,  mirror-handle,  265, 
binding-strip,  270,  inscribed  plates,  273  f.,  vessels 
of  bronze,  277,  278,  284,  297,  antyx,  298,  bar,  331. 

Inscriptions,  on  vases,  painted,  185,  incised,  185- 
187  ;  on  bronze,  332—339  ;  on  silver  ring  from 
Heraeum,  338  ;  on  silver  pin  in  British  Museum 
said  to  be  from  near  Heraeum,  339.  See  also  In¬ 
scribed  bronzes  and  Egyptian  objects. 

Intaglio,  ornament  on  seals,  bronze,  250  f. 

Interaction  of  vase  painting  and  coroplastic  art,  6 
and  n.  9,  7. 

Inverted  design,  91,  151  ff. 

Io,  Hellenistic  identification  of  Isis  with,  197. 

Iron,  203,  243,  270,  274,  296,  302,  324,  327,  329, 
330.  See  also  Pins. 

Isis,  197  ;  headdress  of,  compared  with  that  of  terra¬ 
cotta  figurine,  13  n.  4. 

“  Island  stone”  from  bee-hive  tomb  near  Heraeum,  92. 

'tcrdiuov ,  represented  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  31. 

Ivories,  351-353. 

Ivory,  pins  from  Mycenae,  Tiryns,  and  Troy,  208 
7i.  2,  from  Mycenae,  217  7i.  1 ;  seal  of,  251. 

Ivy  pattern,  145,  146,  161,  177,  178. 

Jackal,  on  scarab,  371. 

Jars,  bronze,  286. 

John  Zimisces,  coins  of,  363. 

Jones,  H.  Stuart,  reference  to,  48  7i.  1. 

Jugs  (Kannen),  73,  84,  92,  93,  96,  99,  105,  107,  114, 
118,  131,  132,  143,  145,  153, 154 ;  tea-pot  shaped, 
94, 117,  143  ;  with  three  handles,  71,  96,  100,  101. 

Julia  Domna,  head  and  bust  of,  on  coin,  359  ;  coin  of, 
361. 

Julian  (called  the  Apostate),  coin  of,  362. 

Jupiter,  on  coin,  362. 

Kabbadias,  P.,  references  to,  36,  195  n.  4,  367. 

Kabirion.  See  Cabirion. 

Kalathoi,  124,  125,  144.  See  Calathos. 

Kalkmann,  A.,  his  measurements,  195,  196. 

Kameiros.  See  Camirus. 

Karneia.  See  Carneia. 

Kavousi,  pin  from,  241  n.  7. 

Kekule  von  Stradonitz,  R.,  references  to,  35,  36.  37, 
41,  52. 

Keros,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  112. 

Kertsch,  terra-cotta  figurine  from,  35. 

Key,  bronze,  299. 

Kithara,  on  vase,  112. 

Knives,  bronze,  299  f. 

Knobs  of  covers,  vases,  140  ff. 

Koehler,  U.,  references  to,  112,  333. 


384 


INDEX 


Koppa,  on  inscribed  vase,  186 ;  on  coins,  357  f. 

?opcoros,  name  inscribed  on  vase,  186. 

Kor£,  represented  in  terra-cotta  groups,  14,  22. 

Korte,  A.,  references  to,  68,  70,  71,  97,  332. 

Korte,  G.,  references  to,  196  n.  2,  197  n.  3. 

Korte,  G.  and  A.,  references  to,  246  notes  2,  4. 

Kothons,  143,  166. 

KovpoTpo^ns  figures,  of  terra-cotta,  12  n.  1,  13,  19, 
21,  25. 

Kylix.  See  Cylix. 

Labeo,  L.  Furius,  name  on  coin,  358. 

Laconia,  coins  of,  358  f. 

Ladle,  bronze,  296  f. 

Lamps,  180,  183  f. 

Larisa,  coin  of,  357  ;  head  of,  on  coin,  357. 

Laurent,  M.,  fragment  of  vase  from  Heraeum  pub¬ 
lished  by,  113,  164  n.  2,  165  n.  1. 

Leaf  pattern,  on  vases,  80,  81,  93,  105, 131,  146,  183  ; 
on  bronzes,  233,  266,  282,  283,  285,  287,  288,  296, 
297,  299,  328. 

Leather  gear,  imitated  in  bronze,  275. 

Leaves,  bronze,  274. 

Lecliat,  H.,  references  to,  14  n.  4,  34.  35. 

Lekytlioi,  119,  122,  123, 124, 126, 127, 131, 145,  146, 
148,  151,  158,  176,  178,  197  n.  3. 

Lenticular  shape,  engraved  stones  of,  346,  350. 

Leto,  in  group  with  Clitoris,  on  coin,  359. 

Licinius,  coin  of,  362. 

Linear  development  of  Argive  style,  in  vases,  62,  66, 
88,  120,  121.  See  Argive-Linear. 

Lion,  terra-cotta,  attacking  bull,  15,  39  f.,  heraldic,  on 
plaque,  7,  28,  on  plaques,  48,  54  ;  on  vases,  146, 
151,  153,  159,  160,  161,  167,  169,  171,  177,  182 ; 
bronze,  in  relief,  198,  199,  293,  in  the  round,  202, 
203,  235  (head  of),  on  bow  of  safety-pin,  249,  in¬ 
taglio  on  seal  ring,  250,  on  gold  breastplate  from 
Cervetri,  251  n.  1,  lion’s  feet  tripod  standards, 
295  f.,  paw  of,  331 ;  on  engraved  stone,  350 ;  on 
ivory,  351  ;  skin  of,  on  coin,  359  ;  head  of,  on  coin, 
363. 

Lion  Gate  at  Mycenae,  compared  with  terra-cotta 
plaque  from  Heraeum,  28. 

Lizard,  on  vases,  115,  147 ;  on  bronze,  198. 

Local  varieties  of  vases  at  the  Heraeum,  62,  176. 

Loeschcke,  G.  See  Furtwangler  and  Loeschcke. 

Loop  pattern,  on  vases,  86,  87,  88,  94. 

Lorimer,  II.  L.,  reference  to,  298. 

Lotus,  on  vases,  137,  138,  145,  167,  178  ;  on  bronzes, 
196  f.,  285. 

Louvre,  relief  vase  in,  49  n.  1  ;  other  vases  in,  com¬ 
pared  with  Heraeum  vases,  84,  100,127,131,  163, 
180  ;  torso  from  Aetium  in,  194  ;  hydria  of  Tima- 
goras  in,  195  n.  3. 

Lozenge,  on  vases,  70,  84,  86,  87,  88,  90,  105,  106, 
107,  109,  110,  111.1 14.  116,  117,  118,  121,  127, 
128,  129,  130,  134,  135,  137,  143,  147,  148,  152, 


157,  162  ;  lozenge  shape,  engraved  stones,  346, 

348. 

Lusi,  pin-head  from,  213  n.  1  ;  pin  from,  220  n.  1  ; 
fibula  from,  240  n.  4,  241  notes  1  and  7. 

Lythgoe,  A.  M.,  Egyptian  or  Graeco-Egyptian  Ob¬ 
jects  from  the  Argive  Heraeum,  367-374. 

Maeander,  on  vases,  106,  109,  110,  111,  112,  114, 
115,  116,  117,  118,  121,  129,  130,  133,  134, 135, 
136,  137,  157,  158,  162 ;  on  bronze,  229. 

Maenad,  on  vase,  179. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  head  of,  on  coins,  358,  359. 

Martha,  J.,  references  to,  6  n.  8,  9  n.  6,  14  n.  5,  19, 
21,  24,  28,  32  n.  1,  34,  36,  40,  41,  42,  298. 

Maspero,  G.,  references  to,  369  n.  2,  371,  373,  374. 

Masques  of  terra-cotta,  38. 

Medical  instruments,  bronze,  303,  323. 

Megara  Hyblaea,  terra-cottas  from,  14  n.  6,  28.  34, 
37,  42,  43;  vases  from,  99  n.  1,  100,  119,  131, 
144,  154, 155  ;  pin  from,  218  n.  2,  223  n.  2 ;  rings 
from,  251  n.  3,  264  notes  1  and  3,  327. 

Megarean  vases,  62,  180,  182  f. 

Melian  vases,  159,  163. 

Melos,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1,  pottery 
from,  66,  71,  154,  276  n.  1 ;  engraved  stone  from, 

349. 

Menidhi,  vase  from,  161  ;  bronze  pin  from,  213  n.  2. 

Mikos,  name  on  inscribed  vase,  186. 

Milchhofer,  A.,  theory  as  to  bronze  pins  and  spits,  235 
n.  3  ;  other  references  to,  50  n.  4,  52  n.  5,  181, 
235  notes  3  and  5,  313  n.  1,  329. 

Mirrors  and  mirror-handles,  bronze,  264-266  ;  mirror- 
handle,  196  n.  3. 

Miscellaneous  types  of  vases,  159-165. 

Moncucco,  pins  of  Italic  type  from,  207  n.  3. 

Monkey,  terra-cotta,  15,  42  ;  on  seal  of  silver  ring 
from  Heraeum  (?),  338. 

Montelius,  O.,  references  to,  10  notes  8  and  12,  11  and 
n.  2,  207  n.  3,  208  n,  3,  215  n.  2,  228  n.  1,  235 
n.  2,  240  notes  1,  3,  6,  241  notes  3-6,  242  notes  1, 
2,  244  n.  4,  298,  327. 

Moulds,  use  of,  for  terra-cotta  figurines,  7,  8  ;  of  terra¬ 
cotta,  43,  48  ;  vases,  181. 

Mouse,  bronze,  203. 

Murex,  on  terra-cotta  mould,  48,  49;  on  vases,  81, 
82,  85,  86,  157. 

Murray,  A.  S.,  references  to,  191  n.  1,  217  n.  2,  367 
n.  6,  372. 

Mycenae,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  2,  22  ; 
whorls  from,  44  ;  bull’s  head  from,  23 ;  vases  from, 
71,  78,  97,  102,  108,  113  (silver),  161,  181 ;  pins 
from,  compared  with  bronze  pins  from  Heraeum, 
208  n.  2,  209  n.  1  ;  bronze  tacks  from,  214  n.  1 ; 
pins  from,  217  n.  1 ;  fibulae  from,  240  n.  2,  241 
n.  7,  244  n.  4  ;  gold  ring  from,  250  n.  3,  251  n.  3, 
gold  disks  from,  269  n.  2  ;  bronze  saucer  from, 
278  ;  gold  cu}>  from,  283  n.  1 ;  amphora  from,  287 


INDEX 


385 


n.  1  ;  knives  from,  300 ;  gold  tacks  and  bronze 
nails  from,  325. 

Mycenaean  style  in  vases,  60,  61,  62,  65,  66,  70, 
linear  development  of,  66,  88,  origin  of,  71,  with 
“dull”  decoration,  71-74,  156,  with  “lustrous” 
decoration,  74-91,  156,  from  bee-hive  tombs,  OI¬ 
OS,  classification  of,  74-77,  date  of,  77,  78,  survival 
of  Mycenaean  style,  105,  126  ;  in  bronzes,  193. 

Mycenaean,  terra-cotta  figurines,  5,  9,  14,  22  f. ;  en¬ 
graved  stones,  346,  350. 

Nails,  bronze,  324-327. 

Naples,  vases  in  Museum  at,  compared  with  He- 
raeum  specimens,  131,  135,  155,  166  n.  2. 

Naturalism,  in  Mycenaean  vases,  76,  81. 

Naturalistic  style,  in  bronzes,  horses,  200,  cattle,  201, 
lion,  rodent,  frog,  203,  serpents,  204,  birds,  206. 

Naucratis,  “  cake-stamps  ”  from,  48  ;  pottery  from, 
135,  159,  178,  180  ;  Egyptian  objects  from,  367, 
368,  372. 

Naukydes,  group  of  Hera  and  Hebe  by,  22. 

Nauplia,  vases  found  at,  78,  84. 

Necklace,  forms  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  11 ;  in 
zigzag  pattern,  bronze,  196  ;  compared  with  terra¬ 
cottas  from  Heraeum,  196  n.  5  ;  on  terra-cotta 
figurines  from  Terravecchia,  267  n.  2. 

Needle,  bronze,  250  ;  ivory,  92,  353. 

Nemean  lion,  Herakles  and,  on  vases,  177. 

Nero,  head  of,  on  coin,  360. 

Nessos,  on  vases,  163. 

Net  ornament,  on  vases,  82,  105,  107. 

Neuchatel  and  Brienne  lakes,  pins  from,  217  n.  1. 

Nicandra,  statue,  8,  30. 

Nikasias,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  337. 

Nikd,  on  vase,  183 ;  on  coins,  358,  361. 

Nik£  of  Archermus.  See  Archermus. 

Norton,  R.,  Engraved  Stones,  Gems,  and  Ivories, 
343-354  ;  theory  as  to  flower  ornament  on  bronze 
pin-lieads,  234  n.  2 ;  suggestion  as  to  cut  figure  of 
bronze,  274  n.  2. 

Novilara,  bronze  ring  from,  compared  with  bronzes 
from  Heraeum,  258  n.  1. 

Nude  female  type,  fragment  of  bronze  statuette  of, 
196  and  n.  2. 

Nymphaea  caeruleci ,  373. 

Obsidian,  fragments  of,  found  at  Heraeum,  353. 

Oinochoai,  69,  70  (?),  71,  99, 100, 107,  126,  128-131, 
144,  145,  148-151,  159,  160,  166,  168,  170. 

Olive  branch  on  coins,  361. 

Olympia,  figures  of  animals  found  at,  6 ;  bronze  re¬ 
liefs  from,  compared  with  terra-cotta  reliefs  from 
Heraeum,  51,  52 ;  tripods  from,  164 ;  bronzes 
from,  compared  with  Heraeum  bronzes,  193,  194 
n.  2,  195,  198  notes  1,  2,  3,  199  notes  1,  2,  200 
notes  1,  2,  201  n.  2,  202  n.  4,  204  notes  2,  3,  205 
notes  1,  2,  215  notes  1,  2,  219  n.  1,  223  n.  1,  225 


n.  1, 226  n.  1,  230,  232  n.  2,  235  n.  2,  240  notes  5, 
6,  242  notes  1-4,  243  notes  1,  3,  244  n.  1,  246 
notes  1,  3,  247  notes  1,  2,  249  n.  1,  250  n.  1,  259 
n.  1,  261  notes  1,  4,  262  notes  1,  2,  264  notes  1-6, 
265  n.  3,  267  n.  2,  269  n.  3,  270  n.  1,  275,  283, 
287  n.  1,  288,  289,  291,  292,  293,  294,  295,  296, 
297,  298,  299,  325,  326,  327,  329;  ivory  from, 
351. 

Open-work  vases,  144. 

Orchomenos,  vases  from,  119,  153,  155;  “Apollo” 
statue  from,  195  n.  4. 

Oriental  influence  in  terra-cotta  figurines,  7,  8  n.  3, 
9,  13  and  n.  4,  28  f  .;  in  terra-cotta  plaques,  49, 
52,  54 ;  in  vases,  66, 121, 122, 144, 145,  163,  182  ; 
in  bronzes,  193  ;  in  lotus  headdress  of  bronze  statu¬ 
ette,  196  f.,  in  cattle,  202,  explanation  of  term 
Oriental  as  used  in  connection  with  the  bronzes, 
202,  in  lion,  203,  in  ivories,  251. 

opyo s,  represented  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  11  ;  gold 
liormus  from  Camirus,  51. 

Ornament  and  toilet,  bronze  articles,  207-275  ;  cut 
ornaments  of  bronze,  274;  ornamented  bronze 
bands,  270  ;  ornaments  of  bronze  vessels,  294. 

Orsi,  P.,  Sicilian  terra-cottas  published  by,  3  n.  3,  10 
n.  1, 14  n.  6 ;  on  “  Bes  ”  type,  28  ;  on  “  Spes  ”  type, 
34 ;  other  references  to,  35,  37,  43,  133,  218  n.  2, 
223  n.  2,  232  n.  1,  251  n.  3,  254  n.  1,  264  notes 
1,  3,  267  n.  2,  295,  327. 

Osiris  crown,  translation  of,  into  terms  of  lotus,  197 

n.  4. 

Oven,  terra-cotta,  15. 

Owl,  on  vases,  147,  148,  168,  172. 

Ox.  See  Cattle. 

Oxides,  process  of  removing,  192  and  n.  2 ;  iron 
oxide,  330. 

Pallat,  L.,  references  to,  133,  135,  138,  143,  152, 

153,  158. 

Palm-tree,  on  vases,  85,  87. 

Palmette,  on  vases,  135,  136,  138,  145,  146,  147, 

154,  157,  158,  159,  167,  168,  169,  171,  172,  173, 
174, 177, 179, 182  ;  on  bronzes,  197,  265,  285,  287. 

Pan,  terra-cotta,  37. 

Panther,  on  vases,  115,  147,  149, 150,  151, 152, 153, 
154,  167,  168,  170,  171,  177,  182. 

Patera,  vase,  178  ;  bronze,  from  Tiryns,  275. 

Patrae,  coin  of,  358. 

Pausanias,  references  to,  5  n.  2, 13,  22  n.  1,  174  n.  3, 
234  n.  2,  333. 

Peacock  (?),  of  bronze,  205,  206  n.  1. 

Pegasus,  on  coins,  357,  358. 

“  Pelasgian  ”  origin  of  Mycenaean  style,  71. 

Pendants,  earrings  with,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  12  ; 
bronze,  264  ;  inMuseo  Kircheriano,  264  n.  5  ;  from 
Megara  Hyblaea,  327. 

Peregrinus,  L.  Aerius,  name  on  coin,  358. 

Pernice,  E.,  references  to,  113  n.  2,  154. 


386 


INDEX 


7 repovai,  represented  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  11,  18, 
19,  20.  See  Pins. 

Perrot  and  Chipiez,  references  to,  11  and  n.  9,  18,  23, 
36,  40,  95  n.  1,  195  n.  2,  196  n.  5,  197  n.  1. 

“  Persian  Artemis,”  analogy  of  figure  on  terra-cotta 
plaque  to,  50,  52,  54. 

Pestle,  bronze,  324. 

Petasus,  on  coin,  357. 

Petersen,  E.,  reference  to,  197. 

Petrie,  W.  M.  Flinders,  references  to,  29,  66,  77,  85, 
91,  156,  367  and  notes  3,  7,  370,  371,  373. 

Plialeron  jugs,  122,  153,  160  and  n.  1. 

c f>d6/j.ara ,  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 

Phiale,  178.  See  Saucers  and  Plates. 

Phidon,  of  Argos,  date  of,  64  f. 

Phillias  (?),  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  332. 

Philostratus  quoted,  15  n.  4. 

Phocis,  coin  of,  357. 

Phoenician  ware,  in  British  Museum  and  Louvre, 
analogous  to  Heraeum  vase  fragments,  68  ;  bottle, 
from  Heraeum,  353. 

Phylakopi,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  n.  1  ;  deco¬ 
ration  on  fragment  of  pottery  from,  276  ?i.  1 ;  knives 
from,  300. 

Pig,  terra-cotta,  15,  41. 

Pilos,  on  terra-cotta  figurine,  16,  17. 

Pinakes,  terra-cotta,  47,  54  ;  pottery,  117. 

Pindar,  quoted,  51  n.  4. 

Pins,  bronze,  203,  straight,  191,  207-239,  309,  311, 
321,  safety-pins,  240-249,  pseudo-safety-pins,  249 
f.:  pin  of  iron  separable  from  bronze  head,  209,  210, 
213,  216,  223,  224,  225,  226,  227,  228,  229,  230, 
231,  232  (stem  and  corrugation  of  pin  of  iron),  246, 
247,  248,  pin  of  copper,  separable  from  bronze  head, 
216,  225,  236,  237,  238,  239,  240 ;  of  ivory,  353. 

Pipes,  on  lamp,  youth  playing,  184  ;  porcelain  figure 
of  Apollo  playing,  373. 

Pirasos,  seated  figure  of  Hera  by,  5,  13. 

Pitcher,  bronze,  286. 

Pithoi,  68,  116,  181,  182. 

Plaques,  terra-cotta,  47-54.  See  Terra-cotta  reliefs. 

Plates,  pottery,  80,  107,  115,  116,  126,  141,  142, 
145,  154,  159,  166,  172,  176;  from  Aegina,  116, 
120  n.  1  ;  bronze,  272-274,  275-277. 

Platters,  bronze,  277  f. 

Plektron,  bronze,  324. 

Polos,  representation  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  5, 12, 
13  and  n.  6. 

Polychrome  vases,  158,  178,  179  f. 

Polycleitus,  group  of  Hera  and  Hebe  by,  22  ;  Dory- 
plioros  of,  184.  See  also  Hera. 

Polymedes,  statue  at  Delphi  by,  compared  with  bronze 


statuette,  195. 

Pomegranate,  terra-cotta  figure  holding  (?),  15  n.  4; 

on  vases,  148,  170,  173,  174  ;  on  bronzes,  234  n.  2. 
Pot-hooks,  on  vases,  107,  126,  127,  130,  137,  145, 
148,  154, 173. 


Potter’s  wheel,  use  of,  in  terra-cotta  figurines,  7. 

Pottery.  See  Vases. 

Pottier,  E.,  reference  to,  68  n.  1,  127,  135,  155, 181. 

Pottier  and  Reinach,  interpretation  of  terra-cotta 
cones,  15  n.  10,  42. 

Praesos,  gold  rosette  from,  232  n.  1. 

Prehistoric  style.  See  Primitive. 

Primitive  Argive,  terra-cotta  figurines,  4,  9,  16  f. 

Primitive  style  in  vases,  60,  62,  68  ff. ;  date  of,  68, 
69. 

Primitive  period  in  bronzes,  193. 

Primitive  style  in  engraved  stones  and  gems,  345. 

Probus,  coins  of,  361. 

“  Proto-Corinthian  vases,”  61,  62,  63,  64  and  n.  9,  66, 
67,  122.  See  also  Argive. 

Pseud-amphoras  (Bugelkanne) ,  77,  85,  87,  88,  90, 
92,  95. 

Pseudo-safety-pins,  bronze,  249  f. 

Ptah,  porcelain  figure  of,  372. 

Ptoan  Apollo.  See  Apollo. 

Punctuation  in  inscriptions,  333. 

Pupienus,  coin  of,  361. 

Purple  fish.  See  Murex. 

Pyramid  shape  in  engraved  stones,  349. 

Pyxides,  87,  123,  126,  133,  136-139,  145, 148,  153, 
164,  166,  168,  169,  181. 

Quadriga,  on  terra-cotta  plaques,  48,  53  ;  on  vases, 
113,  178. 

Quiver,  on  coin,  359. 

Rabbit,  porcelain  figure  of,  368. 

Radowitz,  Herr  von,  lekythos  in  collection  of,  146. 

Ram,  terra-cotta,  15  ;  head  of,  41 ;  on  vases,  168  ;  of 
bronze,  201 ;  ram’s  horn  in  Osiris  crown,  197  ;  on 
ivory,  353. 

Rayet,  O.,  and  M.  Collignon,  references  to,  6  n.  10, 
23,  160  n.  1. 

Rays,  on  vases,  70,  82,  91,  101,  106,  110,  111,  114, 

127,  128,  129,  130,  133,  134,  135,  136,  137,  138, 

140,  141,  142,  143,  145,  146,  147,  148,  149,  150, 

151,  152,  153,  154,  157,  158,  159,  162,  166,  167, 

169,  170,  172,  173,  174,  178  ;  on  bronzes,  269, 
280,  281,  282,  331. 

Rectangular  engraved  stones,  346,  348. 

Red-figured  style,  in  vases,  60,  62,  65,  174,  178-180. 

“  Red  ”  ware,  vases,  180-182,  and  180  n.  4. 

Reichel,  W.,  and  A.  Wilhelm.  See  Lusi. 

Reinach,  S.,  concerning  female  figures  with  horses,  40. 
See  also  Pottier. 

Relief,  vases  in,  180. 

Reliefs,  terra-cotta.  See  Terra-cotta. 

Remedello,  silver  pin  from,  215  n.  2. 

Retrograde  inscriptions,  on  vase,  186;  on  bronze, 
332  f. 

Rhodes,  influence  of,  in  terra-cotta  figurines,  15,  37, 
in  vases,  151  ;  connection  with  Argos,  51 ;  vases 


INDEX 


387 


from,  compared  with  those  from  Heraeum,  71,  135, 
154,  159,  163. 

Rhyton,  179. 

Richardson,  R.  B.,  reference  to,  338  n.  1. 

Ridgeway,  W.,  references  to,  9  n.  6,  250  n.  2. 

Rims,  bronze,  272. 

Ring-form  aryballos,  143,  148  n.  1. 

Rings,  of  terra-cotta,  16,  44  ;  of  bronze,  92,  191, 
250-264,  finger-rings,  250  f.,  bracelets,  251,  decora¬ 
tive,  251-263,  structural,  263  f.,  wire  twisted  into 
form  of,  264  n.  1  ;  silver  ring  from  Heraeum,  338. 

Robinson,  E.,  interpretation  of  vase,  162  and  n.  1. 

Rodent,  bronze,  203. 

Rods,  bronze,  294. 

Rogers,  J.  D.,  references  to  inscription  from  He¬ 
raeum  published  by,  273  n.  2,  333  and  notes  1,  3, 
5,  334,  335,  336. 

Rolfe,  J.  C.,  references  to,  299,  339. 

Roma,  on  coin,  362. 

Roman  ware,  62,  180,  183  f. 

Rome,  coins  of,  361  ff. 

Rooster,  on  vase,  168. 

Rosettes,  on  earrings  of  terra-cotta  figurines,  12,  21, 
27,  on  brooch  of  same,  21,  25,  on  dress  of,  26,  on 
headdress  of,  13,  27  ;  on  terra-cotta  spools,  44  ;  on 
terra-cotta  plaques,  48,  54 ;  on  vases,  7 0,  80,  84, 
86,  87,  94, 100, 101,  105,  106, 107,  108,  110,  111, 
127,  130,  131,  139,  141,  142,  145,  146,  147,  149, 
150,  151,  152,  153,  154,  155,  157,  158,  159,  160, 
161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 171, 183, 184  ;  on  bronzes, 
196,  197,  201  n.  3,  202,  203,  217  n.  2,  218,  219, 
232  and  n.  1,  251,  265,  268,  269,  270,  276  n.  1, 
277,  281,  283,  325,  330 ;  on  engraved  stone,  350  ; 
on  ivory,  352  ;  on  coin,  363  ;  on  porcelain  whorl, 
373. 

Running-dog  pattern,  on  terra-cotta  figurine,  31  ;  on 
vases,  85,  87,  88,  105,  107,  111,  116,  128,  131, 
137,  142,  157,  159. 

Ruvo,  cylix  from,  compared  with  one  from  Heraeum, 
180. 

Safety-pins.  See  Pins. 

Sail  or  saucer  pattern  safety-pins,  bronze,  242. 

Salamis,  bronze  rings  from,  250  n.  3. 

Sambuka,  Koehler’s  theory  as  to,  112. 

Sandal,  terra-cotta  foot  with,  16,  43. 

Sanguisuga  type  of  fibulae,  244  n.  4. 

o-am  type,  of  terra-cotta  figurines,  30. 

Sanitary  vases,  93. 

Satyr,  terra-cotta  figurine  representing  (?),  37  ;  on 
vases,  177,  178, 179,  180  ;  on  bronze  mirror-handle, 
ithyphallic  satyr,  265. 

Saucer  pattern.  See  Sail  or  saucer  pattern. 

Saucers,  vases,  96  ff.,  125  ff.,  158, 159  ;  bronze,  278- 
284. 

Scale  pattern,  on  vases,  88,  155,  162 ;  on  bronzes, 
265,  274,  285. 


Scarabaeus,  on  scarabeoids,  371,  372. 

Scarabeoids,  from  Heraeum,  369,  371,  372. 

Scarabs,  352,  368,  370  f. 

Schliemann,  H.,  concerning  “  unpainted  ”  terra-cottas 
from  Tiryns,  6  n.  4 ;  concerning  “  bands  ”  on 
terra-cotta  figurines,  11  ;  other  references  to,  9 
n.  5,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  22,  24,  26,  30,  41,  42,  44, 
78,  85,  86,  88,  89,  90,  91,  143  n.  5,  160  n.  1,  283 
n.  1,  345. 

Schreiber,  Tli.,  reference  to,  195  n.  4. 

Scorpion,  on  vases,  115, 147  ;  on  engraved  stone,  349. 

Scraper,  bronze,  300. 

Seals,  bronze,  250  f.,  264 ;  use  of  engraved  stones  as, 
344. 

Searles,  Helen  M.,  reference  to,  333. 

Serpent,  terra-cotta,  15,  head  of,  41 ;  bronze,  198, 
204,  242,  251,  286,  289,  293.  See  also  Snake. 

Sheep,  on  vase,  170  (plastic)  ;  bronze,  201. 

Sheet  bronze,  objects  in,  266-274. 

Sheet  gold,  fragments  of,  329. 

Shield,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  40;  on  vases,  112 
and  n.  2,  148,  161,  162,  163,  164,  169,  170,  172, 
177,  179,  183  ;  shields  from  Hictaean  Cave,  299 
n.  1 ;  shield  rim,  binding  of,  328  ;  shield  shape, 
engraved  stones,  346,  348  ;  on  coins,  358,  361,  362. 

Ship,  on  vase  fragment,  113  and  n.  2. 

Sickle,  bronze,  299. 

Sicily,  terra-cottas  from,  compared  with  those  from 
Heraeum,  3  n.  3,  10  n.  1,  14  notes  4  and  6,  52  ; 
vases  from,  64  ;  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  338. 
See  also  Orsi. 

Sicyon,  coin  of,  358. 

Sicyonia.  See  Sicyon. 

Sicyonian  inscription,  117  n.  1,  185. 

Silenus,  head  of,  in  relief  on  vase,  187. 

Silver,  pin  from  Heraeum  in  British  Museum,  191 
n.  1,  217  n.  2,  339  ;  pin  from  Remedello,  215  n.  2  ; 
ring  from  Heraeum,  338  ;  coins  of,  357,  358. 

Siren,  terra-cotta,  41 ;  on  vases,  150,  151,  152,  153, 
167,  172. 

Sistrum,  on  coin,  359. 

Situla,  silver,  in  Florence,  compared  with  vase  from 
Heraeum,  148 ;  on  coin,  359. 

Skyphoi,  74,  91,  107,  108  n.  1,  112  n.  2  and  113  n. 
1,  2  (from  Eleusis),  117,  118,  123,  126,  132-136, 
138,  144,  145,  148,  151-153,  158,  166,  167,  168, 
173,  176,  177,  179. 

Slip,  use  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  6,  7,  9. 

Smith,  Cecil,  concerning  stamps  in  British  Museum 
similar  to  terra-cotta  mould  from  Heraeum,  48  f. ; 
excavations  in  Melos,  66  ;  other  references  to,  64 
n.  2,  122,  156. 

Snake,  on  vases,  69  n.  1,  80,  98,  105,  106,  126,  128, 
130,  134,  135,  137,  142,  159,  160,  174 ;  bronze, 
head  of,  249,  274;  on  engraved  stones,  343,  347, 
348,  350,  352.  See  also  Serpent. 

Sodamos  (?),  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  333. 


388 


INDEX 


Sparta,  pins  in  Museum  at,  235  ft.  3. 

Spatula,  bronze,  299. 

Spear,  on  vases,  112,  150,  161,  162,  164,  169,  170, 
172,  174,  177,  178,  182,  184;  on  coin,  357,  361. 

Spear-butt,  bronze,  323  f. 

“  Spes  ”  type,  terra-cotta  figurines,  34. 

Sphinx,  terra-cotta,  8,  29  ;  on  vases,  148,  149,  150, 
154,  165,  167,  168,  169,  170,  171,  172,  177,  182 ; 
bronze,  197  ft.  2,  287  ;  blue-glazed  frit  figure  of, 
371. 

Spider,  on  engraved  stone,  348. 

Spirals,  on  vases,  73,  74,  79,  80,  81,  82,  84,  85,  88, 
93,  94,  105,  130,  154,  156 ;  on  coin,  360. 

Spits,  bronze,  239,  300-323,  326. 

Spool-feet.  See  Tripods. 

Spool  shape,  engraved  stones,  345,  348. 

Spools,  terra-cotta,  15,  44. 

Spoon,  of  ivory,  353. 

Stag,  terra-cotta  figurine  holding  (?),  35  ;  on  vases, 
150,  164,  169 ;  on  scarabs,  368. 

Stamnos,  172. 

Standards,  bronze,  331.  See  also  Tripods. 

Star  pattern,  on  vases,  105,  107,  109, 110,  112, 137, 
142,  154,  168  ;  on  bronze,  275,  281 ;  on  engraved 
stone,  345  ;  on  ivory,  351,  352 ;  on  coin,  361. 

Star-fish  pattern,  on  engraved  stones,  349. 

Statues,  fragments  of,  in  bronze,  194. 

Statuettes,  in  bronze,  194-196,  fragments  of,  196  f. 
See  also  Terra-cotta  figurines. 

Steatite,  as  material  for  engraved  stones,  343,  344. 

Stephan^,  representation  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines, 
12,  13  and  ft.  6,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  22,  24,  26,  27, 
28,  31,  33,  35,  36,  37,  38. 

Stephanos,  representation  of,  on  terra-cotta  figurines, 
12,  13  and  ft.  6 ;  worn  by  Hera,  on  coin,  359. 

Stove,  on  vase,  174. 

.Straight  pins.  See  Pins. 

Strigil,  bronze,  299. 

Strips,  binding,  bronze,  269,  decorative  braces  and 
strips,  bronze,  328-330. 

Studniczka,  F.,  references  to,  10  n.  10,  11  n.  11,  50 
ft.  3,  175,  195  ft.  4,  247  n.  1. 

Stylus  (?),  of  ivory,  353. 

Suessula,  fibula  from,  240  ft.  4. 

Sugar-bowl  vases,  136,  166,  170. 

Suidas  quoted,  13  ft.  12. 

Sun’s  disk,  on  scarabs,  370,  371. 

Supports,  bronze,  330. 

Suspension  vase,  bronze,  193,  286  ;  one  from  Aegina, 
similar  to  specimen  from  Heraeum,  286. 

Swan,  bronze,  206  ;  on  ivory,  352. 

Swastika ,  on  vases,  70,  84,  107,  110,  114,  128,  129, 
162,  163;  on  coin,  358. 

Sword,  on  vases,  113  ft.  1,  148,  150,  161,  162,  163. 

Syra,  vases  from,  73,  97  ;  knife  from,  299. 

Syracuse,  terra-cotta  figurines  in  Museum  at,  similar 
to  Heraeum  specimens,  10  ft.  1,  35,  36,  41,  42; 


vases  from,  99  and  ft.  1,  100,  106,  119 ;  vases  at, 
126,  127,  128,  133,  134,  135,  144,  152,  178. 

Syrinx,  terra-cotta  figure  playing,  18. 

Tables,  terra-cotta,  15,  42. 

Tanagra,  tripod  vase  from,  in  Berlin,  52. 

Tear  jugs,  183. 

Technique,  of  the  bronzes,  193.  See  also  “  Dorian  ” 
technique. 

Tegea,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  5,  9  and  ft.  6,  14 
ft.  4,  19,  21 ;  type  of  bronze  pins  at,  235  notes 
3  and  5  ;  pendant  from,  264  ft.  6 ;  spit  from,  313 
ft.  1 ;  bed  in  archaic  relief  from,  329. 

Temple,  on  coins,  358. 

Terra-cotta  figurines,  3-44  ;  number  of,  3,  9  ;  finding 
places  of,  3  ;  classification  of,  4  ff. ;  interpreta¬ 
tion  of,  13  ff.  ;  catalogue  of,  16  ff. ;  Primitive,  4,  9, 
16  f. ;  Tirynthian  Argive,  5,  7,  9,  17  ff. ;  My¬ 
cenaean,  5,  9,  14,  22  f.  ;  geometric,  5,  6,  9,  14, 
23  ;  Advanced  Argive,  5,  7,  8,  9,  24  ff. ;  under  Ori¬ 
ental  influence,  7,  9,  28  f. ;  Early  Archaic,  8,  9, 
29  ff. ;  Advanced  Archaic,  9,  38  f. ;  Free  style, 
9,  39 ;  animals,  9,  15,  39  ff. ;  various  objects,  9, 
42  ff.  ;  from  bee-hive  tomb  near  Heraeum,  92. 

Terra-cotta  reliefs,  47-54;  finding  places  of,  47; 
classification  of,  47  ;  purpose  of,  48 ;  detailed  de¬ 
scription  of,  49-54  ;  reference  to,  169. 

Terramare,  pins  from,  235  ft.  2. 

Terraveccliia,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  3  ft.  3,  10 
ft.  1,  14  ft.  6,  267  ft.  2. 

Textile  patterns  in  vases  of  Mycenaean  style,  86  ff. 

Thamophilos,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  336. 

Thera,  fibulae  from,  vases  from,  66,  68,  135  ; 
“Apollo  ”  statue  from,  195  ft.  4,  243  ft.  2. 

Therasia,  vases  from,  80 ;  wall  painting  from,  85. 

Thessaly,  coin  of,  357. 

Thisbti,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  10  ft.  1,  24. 

Thoricus,  vases  from,  74,  75,  76,  78. 

Thunderbolt,  on  coins,  358. 

Thyrsos,  on  vases,  179. 

Thystia,  name  in  inscription  on  bronze,  332. 

Tiberius,  head  of,  on  coin,  358. 

Tiles,  terra-cotta,  47. 

Timonidas  jug,  172  ft.  1. 

Tiryns,  terra-cotta  figurines  from,  5,  6  ft.  4,  9, 16, 17, 
18,  19,  20,  22,  24,  41,  42,  44 ;  vases  from,  68,  71, 
78,  90,  97,  102,  119,  143,  181 ;  pins  from,  208 
ft.  2,  215  ft.  2,  217  ft.  1 ;  bronze  patera  from,  275  ; 
knife  from,  300  ;  328. 

Tirynthian  Argive  terra-cotta  figurines,  5,  7,  9, 17  ff. 

Titus,  head  of,  on  coin,  360. 

Toilet.  See  Ornament. 

Tongue  pattern,  on  vases,  70,  80,  131,  137,  139, 140, 
141,  159,  168,  169,  171,  172,  173,  174,  178,  179, 
182. 

Tooth  ornament,  on  bronze,  198,  200. 

Torch,  on  vase,  179  ;  on  coins,  358,  359. 


INDEX 


389 


Tortoise,  terra-cotta,  15,  42. 

Trau  Collection,  bronze  statuette  in,  196  n.  1. 

Tree,  terra-cotta,  16,  43 ;  on  vase,  branch  of,  181  ; 
on  engraved  stone,  347  ;  on  coins,  359,  360. 

Trefoil,  on  vase,  161. 

Triangles,  on  vases,  87,  116,  133  ;  on  bronze,  275, 
276,  277. 

Tripod,  on  vases,  113,  164,  183 ;  tripod  bowl,  166, 
170,  177. 

Tripod-standards,  bronze,  292  ;  tripods  and  tripod- 
standards,  bronze,  294-296 ;  fragment  of  large,  294, 
low  standards,  295,  feet,  block,  spool,  lion’s,  295  f. 

Troy,  ivory  objects  from,  69;  vases  from,  70,  93; 
pins  from,  207  n.  1,  208  n.  2.  See  also  Hissarlik. 

Truth,  goddess  of,  on  scarab,  370. 

Tsountas,  Ch.,  concerning  terra-cotta  figures  from  bee¬ 
hive  tomb  near  Mycenae,  10  n.  2,  references  to, 
13  n.  11,  28,  29,  40,  50  n.  4,  54  n.  2,  240  n.  2, 
241  n.  7,  251  n.  2,  299. 

Turtle,  on  terra-cotta  disk,  354. 

IJraeus,  on  scarabs,  370,  371. 

Utensils.  See  Implements. 

Vases  and  vase  fragments  from  the  Heraeum,  57- 
184  ;  introduction,  60  ff. ;  method  of  sorting  and 
cleaning,  60,  estimated  number  of  fragments,  60, 
finding  places  of,  61,  indigenous  and  foreign  types, 
62,  classification  of,  63  ff.  ;  primitive,  68  ff. ;  My¬ 
cenaean  style,  71  ff.  ;  geometric  style,  101  ff. ; 
Argive  style,  119  ff.  ;  miscellaneous  types,  159  ff. ; 
Corinthian  style,  165  ff. ;  black-  and  red-figured 
styles,  174  ff.  ;  vases  in  relief  and  later  vases, 
180  ff. ;  of  bronze,  275-294. 

Vases  with  three  handles,  Mycenaean,  78,  79,  80,  84, 
87,  92,  94. 

Vehicles,  parts  of,  bronze,  298. 

Venice,  coins  of,  363. 

Verus,  L.,  head  of,  on  coin,  358. 

Vessels,  of  terra-cotta,  47  ;  of  bronze,  275-298. 

Villanova,  objects  from,  228  n.  1,  241  notes  4,  5. 

V olutes,  on  vase,  85  ;  on  headdress  of  bronze  statu¬ 
ette,  196,  197  and  n.  2,  296. 

Vulci,  Polledrara  tomb,  vase  from,  294,  297,  wheel 
on  sarcophagus  from,  298. 

Wagon,  on  geometric  vases,  109.  See  Chariot. 

Waldstein,  C.,  and  G.  H.  Chase,  The  Terra-Cotta 
Figurines  from  the  Argive  Heraeum,  3-44. 

Waldstein,  C.,  and  J.  C.  Hoppin,  Terra-Cotta  Reliefs 
from  the  Heraeum,  47-54. 


Waldstein,  C.,  references  to,  39,  64  n.  1,  120,  195. 
Warrior,  terra-cotta,  mounted,  type  of,  13,  40 ;  on 
vases,  112,  113  and  n.  1,  148,  150,  161-164,  169, 

170,  172,  173,  174,  177,  179,  183;  on  coins, 
362. 

“Warrior  vase”  from  Mycenae,  compared  with  He¬ 
raeum  vase,  148, 160  n.  1,  163. 

Washington,  H.  S.,  results  of  analysis  of  clay  of 
various  vase  fragments,  64  n.  9,  102  n.  2,  116. 
Wave  pattern,  on  vases,  69,  94,  105,  106,  107,  112, 

126,  148,  183,  184. 

Weights,  terra-cotta,  15  and  n.  10,  44. 

Wheels,  on  vases,  85,  105,  116,  118,  132,  146,  164, 

171,  179;  bronze,  298  f. 

Whip,  on  vase,  112  (?),  162,  182. 

Whorls,  terra-cotta,  16,  44 ;  of  steatite,  92,  353  ;  of 
porcelain,  368,  373. 

Wide,  S.,  on  origin  of  geometric  style,  102  ;  classifica¬ 
tion  of  geometric  types  of  vases,  102  n.  1,  103  ff., 
118  ff .  ;  other  references  to,  66,  69  n.  2,  135. 
Wilhelm,  A.  See  Reichel. 

Wilisch,  E.,  references  to,  135,  136,  149,  165  n.  2, 
166,  167,  168,  169  n.  1,  170,  171,  172. 

Winged  figures,  on  terra-cotta  plaques,  47,  49  ff. 
Winged  thunderbolt,  on  coin,  358. 

Winter,  F.,  references  to,  14  n.  4,  34,  37,  194  n.  5, 
197. 

Wire,  bronze,  264,  327. 

Wolters,  P.,  classification  of  Mycenaean  vases,  74- 
76  ;  theory  as  to  origin  of  geometric  style  in  vases, 
102  ;  other  references  to,  41,  51  n.  8,  243  n.  1. 
Wreath,  terra-cotta  figurine  holding,  15  n.  4,  35  ;  on 
vases,  79,  145  ;  on  coins,  357,  358,  359,  362. 

Xoana ,  8,  353. 

Zante.  See  Corfu. 

Zeus,  on  coins,  358. 

Zigzag  pattern,  on  terra-cotta  figurines,  23,  42  ;  on 
vases,  73,  82,  85,  86,  87,  90,  91,  100,  101,  105, 
106,  108,  109,  110,  111,  115,  116,  117,  118,  121, 

127,  128,  129,  130,  132,  133,  134,  135,  136,  137, 

138,  139,  140,  141,  142,  143,  144,  146,  147,  149, 

152,  157,  158,  159,  162,  164,  167,  168,  174 ;  on 
bronzes,  196,  197  and  n.  3,  198,  199,  200,  201, 
207,  232,  235,  236,  237,  238,  239,  243,  250,  260, 

261,  262,  263,  265,  266,  267,  269,  270,  271,  273, 

274,  276,  281,  282,  283,  285,  293,  294,  295,  297, 

299,  300,  307,  308,  309,  310,  311,  312,  313,  314, 

315,  316,  317,  318,  319,  320,  324,  329 ;  on  en¬ 
graved  stones,  346,  347  ;  on  other  objects,  354. 


THE  END. 


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